These `where` clauses are accepted everywhere generics are currently
accepted and desugar during type collection to the type parameter bounds
we have today.

A new keyword, `where`, has been added. Therefore, this is a breaking
change. Change uses of `where` to other identifiers.

[breaking-change]

methods.

This paves the way to associated items by introducing an extra level of
abstraction ("impl-or-trait item") between traits/implementations and
methods. This new abstraction is encoded in the metadata and used
throughout the compiler where appropriate.

There are no functional changes; this is purely a refactoring.

meaning `'b outlives 'a`. Syntax currently does nothing but is needed for full
fix to #5763. To use this syntax, the issue_5763_bootstrap feature guard is
required.

Generic extern functions written in Rust have their names mangled, as well as their internal clownshoe __rust_abi functions. This allows e.g. specific monomorphizations of these functions to be used as callbacks.

Closes #12502.

Closes #6334

except where trait objects are involved.

Part of issue #15349, though I'm leaving it open for trait objects.
Cross borrowing for trait objects remains because it is needed until we
have DST.

This will break code like:

    fn foo(x: &int) { ... }

    let a = box 3i;
    foo(a);

Change this code to:

    fn foo(x: &int) { ... }

    let a = box 3i;
    foo(&*a);

[breaking-change]

This makes two changes to region inference: (1) it allows region
inference to relate early-bound regions; and (2) it allows regions to be
related before variance runs. The former is needed because there is no
relation between the two regions before region substitution happens,
while the latter is needed because type collection has to run before
variance. We assume that, before variance is inferred, that lifetimes
are invariant. This is a conservative overapproximation.

This relates to #13885. This does not remove `~self` from the language
yet, however.

[breaking-change]

Per @pnkfelix 's suggestion, using a trait to make these
field accesses more readable (and vastly more similar
to the original code.

oops fix new ast_map fix

This change propagates to many locations, but because of the
Macro Exterminator (or, more properly, the invariant that it
protects), macro invocations can't occur downstream of expansion.
This means that in librustc and librustdoc, extracting the
desired field can simply assume that it can't be a macro
invocation. Functions in ast_util abstract over this check.

[breaking-change]

closes #13367

[breaking-change] Use `Sized?` to indicate a dynamically sized type parameter or trait (used to be `type`). E.g.,

```
trait Tr for Sized? {}

fn foo<Sized? X: Share>(x: X) {}
```

parameters

This involves numerous substeps:

1. Treat Self same as any other parameter.
2. No longer compute offsets for method parameters.
3. Store all generic types (both trait/impl and method) with a method,
   eliminating odd discrepancies.
4. Stop doing unspeakable things to static methods and instead just use
   the natural types, now that we can easily add the type parameters from
   trait into the method's polytype.
5. No doubt some more. It was hard to separate these into distinct commits.

Fixes #13564

A number of functions/methods have been moved or renamed to align
better with rust standard conventions.

rustc::back::link::WriteOutputFile => write_output_file
rustc::middle::ty::EmptyBuiltinBounds => empty_builtin_bounds
rustc::middle::ty::AllBuiltinBounds => all_builtin_bounds
rustc::middle::liveness::IrMaps => IrMaps::new
rustc::middle::liveness::Liveness => Liveness::new
rustc::middle::resolve::NameBindings => NameBindings::new
rustc::middle::resolve::PrimitiveTypeTable => PrimitiveTypeTable::new
rustc::middle::resolve::Resolver => Resolver::new
rustc::middle::trans::datum::Datum => Datum::new
rustc::middle::trans::datum::DatumBlock => DatumBlock::new
rustc::middle::trans::datum::Rvalue => Rvalue::new
rustc::middle::typeck::infer::new_ValsAndBindings => ::infer::unify::ValsAndBindings::new
rustc::middle::typeck::infer::region_inference::RegionVarBindings => RegionVarBindings::new

[breaking-change]

Temporary patch to accept arbitrary lifetimes (behind feature gate) in bound lists. This is needed to bootstrap fix for #5723.

[RFC #3]

cc #13231

No subtyping, no interaction with traits. Partially addresses #9912.

Renamed ast::Purity to ast::FnStyle and ast::ImpureFn to ast::NormalFn and updated associated variable and function names.

This change removes the AbiSet from the AST, converting all usage to have just
one Abi value. The current scheme selects a relevant ABI given a list of ABIs
based on the target architecture and how relevant each ABI is to that
architecture.

Instead of this mildly complicated scheme, only one ABI will be allowed in abi
strings, and pseudo-abis will be created for special cases as necessary. For
example the "system" abi exists for stdcall on win32 and C on win64.

Closes #10049

These were only free functions on `~[T]` because taking self by-value
used to be broken.

This change is in preparation for #8122. Nothing is currently done with these
visibility qualifiers, they are just parsed and accepted by the compiler.

RFC: 0004-private-fields

Favor using '*' instead