This commit does not remove `ty::arg`, although that should be
possible to do now.

rather than a tuple.  The current setup iterates over
`BaseIter<(&'self K, &'self V)>` where 'self is a lifetime declared
*in the each method*.  You can't place such a type in
the impl declaration.  The compiler currently allows it,
but this will not be legal under #5656 and I'm pretty sure
it's not sound now.

bare function store (which is not in fact a kind of value) but rather
ty::TraitRef.  Removes many uses of fail!() and other telltale signs of
type-semantic mismatch.

cc #4183 (not a fix, but related)

I believe this patch incorporates all expected syntax changes from extern
function reform (#3678). You can now write things like:

    extern "<abi>" fn foo(s: S) -> T { ... }
    extern "<abi>" mod { ... }
    extern "<abi>" fn(S) -> T

The ABI for foreign functions is taken from this syntax (rather than from an
annotation).  We support the full ABI specification I described on the mailing
list.  The correct ABI is chosen based on the target architecture.

Calls by pointer to C functions are not yet supported, and the Rust type of
crust fns is still *u8.

renamed str::slice -> slice_DBG_UNIQ
changed vec slice method -> to_owned()
renamed vec view method  -> slice_V_DBG_BRWD

and obsolete `-` mode altogether (it *was* parsed as `+` mode).

adjusting a few foreign functions that were declared with by-ref
mode.  This also allows us to remove by-val mode in the near future.

With copy mode, though, we have to be careful because Rust will implicitly pass
somethings by pointer but this may not be the C ABI rules.  For example, rust
will pass a struct Foo as a Foo*.  So I added some code into the adapters to
fix this (though the C ABI rules may put the pointer back, oh well).

This patch also includes a lint mode for the use of by-ref mode
in foreign functions as the semantics of this have changed.

Major changes are:
- replace ~[ty_param] with Generics structure, which includes
  both OptVec<TyParam> and OptVec<Lifetime>;
- the use of syntax::opt_vec to avoid allocation for empty lists;

cc #4846