Formatting via reflection has been a little questionable for some time now, and
it's a little unfortunate that one of the standard macros will silently use
reflection when you weren't expecting it. This adds small bits of code bloat to
libraries, as well as not always being necessary. In light of this information,
this commit switches assert_eq!() to using {} in the error message instead of
{:?}.

In updating existing code, there were a few error cases that I encountered:

* It's impossible to define Show for [T, ..N]. I think DST will alleviate this
  because we can define Show for [T].
* A few types here and there just needed a #[deriving(Show)]
* Type parameters needed a Show bound, I often moved this to `assert!(a == b)`
* `Path` doesn't implement `Show`, so assert_eq!() cannot be used on two paths.
  I don't think this is much of a regression though because {:?} on paths looks
  awful (it's a byte array).

Concretely speaking, this shaved 10K off a 656K binary. Not a lot, but sometime
significant for smaller binaries.

This PR for #12507 marks the top level `Module` in rustdoc as a crate and does render the header accordingly.

I've been playing around with code size when linking to libstd recently, and these were some findings I found that really helped code size. I started out by eliminating all I/O implementations from libnative and instead just return an unimplemented error.

In doing so, a `fn main() {}` executable was ~378K before this patch, and about 170K after the patch. These size wins are all pretty minor, but they all seemed pretty reasonable to me. With native I/O not stubbed out, this takes the size of an LTO executable from 675K to 400K.

This function is a tiny wrapper that LLVM doesn't want to inline, and it ends up
causing more bloat than necessary. The bloat is pretty small, but it's a win of
at least 7k for small executables, and I imagine that the number goes up as
there are more calls to fail!().

This removes all usage of Poly in format strings from libstd. This doesn't
prevent more future strings from coming in, but it at least removes the ones for
now.

Most of these are unnecessary because we're only looking at static strings. This
also moves to Vec in a few places instead of ~[T].

This didn't end up getting much of a code size win (update_log_settings is the
third largest function in the executables I'm looking at), but this seems like a
generally nice improvement regardless.

This lowers the #[allow(missing_doc)] directive into some of the lower modules
which are less mature. Most I/O modules now require comprehensive documentation.

These hashes are used to detect changes to upstream crates and generate errors which mention that crates possibly need recompilation.

More details can be found in the respective commit messages below. This change is also accompanied with a much needed refactoring of some of the crate loading code to focus more on crate ids instead of name/version pairs.

Closes #12601

This lowers the #[allow(missing_doc)] directive into some of the lower modules
which are less mature. Most I/O modules now require comprehensive documentation.

Previously, format!("{a}{b}", a=foo(), b=bar()) has foo() and bar() run in a
nondeterminisc order. This is clearly a non-desirable property, so this commit
uses iteration over a list instead of iteration over a hash map to provide
deterministic code generation of these format arguments.

This new SVH is used to uniquely identify all crates as a snapshot in time of
their ABI/API/publicly reachable state. This current calculation is just a hash
of the entire crate's AST. This is obviously incorrect, but it is currently the
reality for today.

This change threads through the new Svh structure which originates from crate
dependencies. The concept of crate id hash is preserved to provide efficient
matching on filenames for crate loading. The inspected hash once crate metadata
is opened has been changed to use the new Svh.

The goal of this hash is to identify when upstream crates have changed but
downstream crates have not been recompiled. This will prevent the def-id drift
problem where upstream crates were recompiled, thereby changing their metadata,
but downstream crates were not recompiled.

In the future this hash can be expanded to exclude contents of the AST like doc
comments, but limitations in the compiler prevent this change from being made at
this time.

Closes #10207

The previous code passed around a {name,version} pair everywhere, but this is
better expressed as a CrateId. This patch changes these paths to store and pass
around crate ids instead of these pairs of name/version. This also prepares the
code to change the type of hash that is stored in crates.

This is a ubiquitous type in concurrent code, and the assertions are causing
significant code bloat for simple operations such as reading the pointer
(injecting a failure point, etc).

I am testing executable sizes with no I/O implementations (everything stubbed
out to return nothing), and this took the size of a libnative executable from
328K to 207K (37% reduction in size), so I think that this is one assertion
that's well worth configuring off for now.

Explicitly note in vec `partition` and `partitioned` that the left and
right parts each map to satisfying and non-satisfying elements.

These are types that are in exported type signatures, but are not
exported themselves, e.g.

    struct Foo { ... }

    pub fn bar() -> Foo { ... }

will warn about the Foo.

Such types are not listed in documentation, and cannot be named outside
the crate in which they are declared, which is very user-unfriendly.

cc #10573.

Explicitly note in vec `partition` and `partitioned` that the left and
right parts each map to satisfying and non-satisfying elements.

There's a lot of these types in the compiler libraries, and a few of the
older or private stdlib ones. Some types are obviously meant to be
public, others not so much.

The sync submodule also has a `Condvar` type, and its reexport was
shadowing the `arc` type, making it crate-private.

These are types that are in exported type signatures, but are not
exported themselves, e.g.

    struct Foo { ... }

    pub fn bar() -> Foo { ... }

will warn about the Foo.

Such types are not listed in documentation, and cannot be named outside
the crate in which they are declared, which is very user-unfriendly.

cc #10573

Add `time` crate to index, expand docs of `test`.

This PR allows `HashMap`s to work with custom hashers. Also with this patch are:

* a couple generic implementations of `Hash` for a variety of types.
* added `Default`, `Clone` impls to the hashers.
* added a `HashMap::with_hasher()` constructor.

Closes #12546 (Add new target 'make dist-osx' to create a .pkg installer for OS X) r=brson
Closes #12575 (rustc: Move local native libs back in link-args) r=brson
Closes #12587 (Provide a more helpful error for tests that fail due to noexec) r=brson
Closes #12589 (rustc: Remove codemap and reachable from metadata encoder) r=alexcrichton
Closes #12591 (Fix syntax::ext::deriving{,::*} docs formatting.) r=huonw
Closes #12592 (Miscellaneous Vim improvements) r=alexcrichton
Closes #12596 (path: Implement windows::make_non_verbatim()) r=alexcrichton
Closes #12598 (Improve the ctags function regular expression) r=alexcrichton
Closes #12599 (Tutorial improvement (new variant of PR #12472).) r=pnkfelix
Closes #12603 (std: Export the select! macro) r=pcwalton
Closes #12605 (Fix typo in doc of Binary trait in std::fmt) r=alexcrichton
Closes #12613 (Fix bytepos_to_file_charpos) r=brson

This PR includes:
- Create an iterator for ```List<T>``` called ```Items<T>```;
- Move all list operations inside ```List<T>``` impl;
- Removed functions that are already provided by ```Iterator``` trait;
- Refactor on ```len()``` and ```is_empty``` using ```Container``` trait;
- Bunch of minor fixes;

A replacement for using @ is intended, but still in discussion.

Closes #12344.

Make bytepos_to_charpos relative to the start of the filemap rather than its previous behaviour which was to be realtive to the start of the codemap, but ignoring multi-byte chars in earlier filemaps. Rename to bytepos_to_file_charpos. Add tests for multi-byte chars.

Mark it as #[experimental] for now. In theory this attribute will be read in the
future. I believe that the implementation is solid enough for general use,
although I would not be surprised if there were bugs in it still. I think that
it's at the point now where public usage of it will start to uncover hopefully
the last few remaining bugs.

Closes #12044

Refactoring examples on implementation of generics for linked list.
Fixing typo of 'Note's for coherancy.

Adding internal links inside the tutorial example with traits,
generics etc...

Before it would only catch lines starting `fn` or `pub fn`.

Now it can cope with:

- attributes (e.g. `#[test] fn`)
- external functions (e.g. `extern fn`, `extern "C" fn`)
- unsafe functions (e.g. `unsafe fn`)

… and any correct combination of these
(e.g. `#[test] extern "C" unsafe fn`).

make_non_verbatim() takes a WindowsPath and returns a new one that does
not use the \\?\ verbatim prefix, if possible.

Get rid of the unnecessary parenthesies that crept into some macros.
Remove a FIXME that was already fixed.
Fix a comment that wasn't rendering correctly in rustdoc.

(Expressed another way: make `[[` et al. work with the curly brace at
the end of a line as is standard Rust style, not just at the start is it
is by default in Vim, from K&R style.)

This came out of #11492, where a simpler but less effective technique
was initially proposed; some discussion of the techniques, ways and
means can be found there.

There are still a few caveats:

- Operator-pending mode behaves differently to the standard behaviour:
  if inside curly braces, it should delete up to and including the
  closing of the outermost curly brace (that doesn't seem to me
  consistent with documented behaviour, but it's what it does). Actual
  behaviour (the more logical and consistent, in my opinion): up to the
  start of the next outermost curly brace.

- With folding enabled (`set fdm=syntax`), `[[` and `]]` do not behave
  as they should: the default behaviour treats an entire closed fold as
  one line for these purposes while this code does not (I explicitly
  `set nofoldenable` in the function—the side-effects are worse with
  folds enabled), leading to unexpected behaviour, the worst of which is
  `[[` and/or `]]` not working in visual mode on a closed fold (visual
  mode keeps it at the extreme end of the region line of the folded
  region, so it's always going back to the opening line of that fold and
  immediately being shoved back to the end by visual mode).

- `[[` and `]]` are operating inside comments, whereas the standard
  behaviour skips comments.

- The viewport position is sometimes changed when it should not be
  necessary.

This means it gets highlighted as Error by default.

Just like the bare keyword `crate` is highlighted as Error (a little
dubious, actually, given macros), `mod` is invalid after `extern`: it's
obsolete syntax.

The most significant fix is for `syntax::ext::deriving::encodable`,
where one of the blocks of code, auspiciously containing `<S>` (recall
that Markdown allows arbitrary HTML to be contained inside it), was not
formatted as a code block, with a fun but messy effect.

The rustdoc tests create and execute a file in a temporary directory. By
default on UNIX-like platforms this is in `/tmp`, which some users mount
with the `noexec` option. In those cases, the tests fail in a mysterious
way. This change adds a note that suggests what the problem might be, if
the error looks like it could have been caused by the `noexec` setup.

Closes #12558