mdbook and rustdoc generate links differently, so we need to change all
these links.

There is no longer a `Repr` trait, so mentioning a missing impl of it
was potentially confusing.

These should all have been deprecated for at least one cycle, so this commit
cleans them all out.

This commit applies all stabilizations, renamings, and deprecations that the
library team has decided on for the upcoming 1.9 release. All tracking issues
have gone through a cycle-long "final comment period" and the specific APIs
stabilized/deprecated are:

Stable

* `std::panic`
* `std::panic::catch_unwind` (renamed from `recover`)
* `std::panic::resume_unwind` (renamed from `propagate`)
* `std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe` (renamed from `AssertRecoverSafe`)
* `std::panic::UnwindSafe` (renamed from `RecoverSafe`)
* `str::is_char_boundary`
* `<*const T>::as_ref`
* `<*mut T>::as_ref`
* `<*mut T>::as_mut`
* `AsciiExt::make_ascii_uppercase`
* `AsciiExt::make_ascii_lowercase`
* `char::decode_utf16`
* `char::DecodeUtf16`
* `char::DecodeUtf16Error`
* `char::DecodeUtf16Error::unpaired_surrogate`
* `BTreeSet::take`
* `BTreeSet::replace`
* `BTreeSet::get`
* `HashSet::take`
* `HashSet::replace`
* `HashSet::get`
* `OsString::with_capacity`
* `OsString::clear`
* `OsString::capacity`
* `OsString::reserve`
* `OsString::reserve_exact`
* `OsStr::is_empty`
* `OsStr::len`
* `std::os::unix::thread`
* `RawPthread`
* `JoinHandleExt`
* `JoinHandleExt::as_pthread_t`
* `JoinHandleExt::into_pthread_t`
* `HashSet::hasher`
* `HashMap::hasher`
* `CommandExt::exec`
* `File::try_clone`
* `SocketAddr::set_ip`
* `SocketAddr::set_port`
* `SocketAddrV4::set_ip`
* `SocketAddrV4::set_port`
* `SocketAddrV6::set_ip`
* `SocketAddrV6::set_port`
* `SocketAddrV6::set_flowinfo`
* `SocketAddrV6::set_scope_id`
* `<[T]>::copy_from_slice`
* `ptr::read_volatile`
* `ptr::write_volatile`
* The `#[deprecated]` attribute
* `OpenOptions::create_new`

Deprecated

* `std::raw::Slice` - use raw parts of `slice` module instead
* `std::raw::Repr` - use raw parts of `slice` module instead
* `str::char_range_at` - use slicing plus `chars()` plus `len_utf8`
* `str::char_range_at_reverse` - use slicing plus `chars().rev()` plus `len_utf8`
* `str::char_at` - use slicing plus `chars()`
* `str::char_at_reverse` - use slicing plus `chars().rev()`
* `str::slice_shift_char` - use `chars()` plus `Chars::as_str`
* `CommandExt::session_leader` - use `before_exec` instead.

Closes #27719
cc #27751 (deprecating the `Slice` bits)
Closes #27754
Closes #27780
Closes #27809
Closes #27811
Closes #27830
Closes #28050
Closes #29453
Closes #29791
Closes #29935
Closes #30014
Closes #30752
Closes #31262
cc #31398 (still need to deal with `before_exec`)
Closes #31405
Closes #31572
Closes #31755
Closes #31756

This commit shards the broad `core` feature of the libcore library into finer
grained features. This split groups together similar APIs and enables tracking
each API separately, giving a better sense of where each feature is within the
stabilization process.

A few minor APIs were deprecated along the way:

* Iterator::reverse_in_place
* marker::NoCopy

This commit cleans out a large amount of deprecated APIs from the standard
library and some of the facade crates as well, updating all users in the
compiler and in tests as it goes along.

* The lint visitor's visit_ty method did not recurse, and had a
  reference to the now closed #10894
* The newly enabled recursion has only affected the `deprectated` lint
  which now detects uses of deprecated items in trait impls and
  function return types
* Renamed some references to `CowString` and `CowVec` to `Cow<str>` and
  `Cow<[T]>`, respectively, which appear outside of the crate which
  defines them
* Replaced a few instances of `InvariantType<T>` with
  `PhantomData<Cell<T>>`
* Disabled the `deprecated` lint in several places that
  reference/implement traits on deprecated items which will get cleaned
  up in the future
* Disabled the `exceeding_bitshifts` lint for
  compile-fail/huge-array-simple test so it doesn't shadow the expected
  error on 32bit systems
* Unfortunately, this means that if a library declares
  `#![deny(deprecated)]` and marks anything as deprecated, it will have
  to disable the lint for any uses of said item, e.g. any impl the now
  deprecated item

For any library that denies deprecated items but has deprecated items
of its own, this is a [breaking-change]

The default implementation of .repr() will call conveniently call
transmute_copy which should be appropriate for all implementors, but is
memory unsafe if used wrong.

Fixes #22260

You need to use `unsafe impl` to implement the Repr trait now.

[breaking-change]

This overhauls the very meager docs that currently exist to clarify
various understandable confusions that I've noticed, e.g. people look in
`std::raw` for the "real" types of slices like `&[T]`, or think that
`Slice<T>` refers to `[T]` (fixes #22214).

This patch takes the liberty of offering some "style" guidance around
`raw::Slice`, since there's more restricted ways to duplicate all
functionality connected to it: `std::slice::from_raw_parts{,_mut}` for
construction and `.as_{,mut_}ptr` & `.len` for deconstruction.

It also deprecates the `std::raw::Closure` type which is now useless for
non-type-erased closures, and replaced by `TraitObject` for `&Fn`, `&mut
FnMut` etc, so I guess it should be called a:

[breaking-change]

* `core` - for the core crate
* `hash` - hashing
* `io` - io
* `path` - path
* `alloc` - alloc crate
* `rand` - rand crate
* `collections` - collections crate
* `std_misc` - other parts of std
* `test` - test crate
* `rustc_private` - everything else

This gets rid of the 'experimental' level, removes the non-staged_api
case (i.e. stability levels for out-of-tree crates), and lets the
staged_api attributes use 'unstable' and 'deprecated' lints.

This makes the transition period to the full feature staging design
a bit nicer.

[breaking-change]

language. Recommend `move||` instead.

This change makes the compiler no longer infer whether types (structures
and enumerations) implement the `Copy` trait (and thus are implicitly
copyable). Rather, you must implement `Copy` yourself via `impl Copy for
MyType {}`.

A new warning has been added, `missing_copy_implementations`, to warn
you if a non-generic public type has been added that could have
implemented `Copy` but didn't.

For convenience, you may *temporarily* opt out of this behavior by using
`#![feature(opt_out_copy)]`. Note though that this feature gate will never be
accepted and will be removed by the time that 1.0 is released, so you should
transition your code away from using it.

This breaks code like:

    #[deriving(Show)]
    struct Point2D {
        x: int,
        y: int,
    }

    fn main() {
        let mypoint = Point2D {
            x: 1,
            y: 1,
        };
        let otherpoint = mypoint;
        println!("{}{}", mypoint, otherpoint);
    }

Change this code to:

    #[deriving(Show)]
    struct Point2D {
        x: int,
        y: int,
    }

    impl Copy for Point2D {}

    fn main() {
        let mypoint = Point2D {
            x: 1,
            y: 1,
        };
        let otherpoint = mypoint;
        println!("{}{}", mypoint, otherpoint);
    }

This is the backwards-incompatible part of #13231.

Part of RFC #3.

[breaking-change]

This PR changes the signature of several methods from `foo(self, ...)` to
`foo(&self, ...)`/`foo(&mut self, ...)`, but there is no breakage of the usage
of these methods due to the autoref nature of `method.call()`s. This PR also
removes the lifetime parameter from some traits (`Trait<'a>` -> `Trait`). These
changes break any use of the extension traits for generic programming, but
those traits are not meant to be used for generic programming in the first
place. In the whole rust distribution there was only one misuse of a extension
trait as a bound, which got corrected (the bound was unnecessary and got
removed) as part of this PR.

[breaking-change]

Closes #18313

Fixes #17470.