Add test for overflowing pow

This would catch regressions of issue #28012.

src/test/run-fail/overflowing-pow.rs

+// Copyright 2015 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+// error-pattern:thread '<main>' panicked at 'arithmetic operation overflowed'
+// compile-flags: -C debug-assertions
+
+fn main() {
+    let _x = 2i32.pow(1024);
+}