Refactor passes and pass execution to be more parallel

For `syntex_syntax` (with 16 threads and 8 cores):
- Cuts `misc checking 1` from `0.096s` to `0.08325s`.
- Cuts `misc checking 2` from `0.3575s` to `0.2545s`.
- Cuts `misc checking 3` from `0.34625s` to `0.21375s`.
- Cuts `wf checking` from `0.3085s` to `0.05025s`.

Reduces overall execution time for `syntex_syntax` (with 8 threads and cores) from `4.92s` to `4.34s`.

Subsumes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/58494
Blocked on https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/58250

r? @michaelwoerister