impl Trait Lifetime Handling

This PR implements the updated strategy for handling `impl Trait` lifetimes, as described in [RFC 1951](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1951-expand-impl-trait.md) (cc #42183).

With this PR, the `impl Trait` desugaring works as follows:
```rust
fn foo<T, 'a, 'b, 'c>(...) -> impl Foo<'a, 'b> { ... }
// desugars to
exists type MyFoo<ParentT, 'parent_a, 'parent_b, 'parent_c, 'a, 'b>: Foo<'a, 'b>;
fn foo<T, 'a, 'b, 'c>(...) -> MyFoo<T, 'static, 'static, 'static, 'a, 'b> { ... }
```
All of the in-scope (parent) generics are listed as parent generics of the anonymous type, with parent regions being replaced by `'static`. Parent regions referenced in the `impl Trait` return type are duplicated into the anonymous type's generics and mapped appropriately.

One case came up that wasn't specified in the RFC: it's possible to write a return type that contains multiple regions, neither of which outlives the other. In that case, it's not clear what the required lifetime of the output type should be, so we generate an error.

There's one remaining FIXME in one of the tests: `-> impl Foo<'a, 'b> + 'c` should be able to outlive both `'a` and `'b`, but not `'c`. Currently, it can't outlive any of them. @nikomatsakis and I have discussed this, and there are some complex interactions here if we ever allow `impl<'a, 'b> SomeTrait for AnonType<'a, 'b> { ... }`, so the plan is to hold off on this until we've got a better idea of what the interactions are here.

cc #34511.
Fixes #44727.