translation: doc comments with derives, subdiagnostic-less enum variants, more derive use

- Adds support for `doc` attributes in the diagnostic derives so that documentation comments don't result in the derive failing.
- Adds support for enum variants in the subdiagnostic derive to not actually correspond to an addition to a diagnostic.
- Made use of the derive in more places in the `rustc_ast_lowering`, `rustc_ast_passes`, `rustc_lint`, `rustc_session`, `rustc_infer` - taking advantage of recent additions like eager subdiagnostics, multispan suggestions, etc.

cc #100717