We'll now use "exists" for EXISTS(SELECT ...), "array" for ARRAY(SELECT
...), or the sub-select's own result column name for a simple expression
sub-select.  Previously, you usually got "?column?" in such cases.

Marti Raudsepp, reviewed by Kyotaro Horiugchi

We now report errors reported by the just-unblocked and unblocking
transactions identically; this should fix relatively common buildfarm
failures reported by animals that are failing the "wrong" session.

In commit c1d9579d, I changed things so
that the output of the Agg node that feeds the window functions would not
list any ungrouped Vars directly.  Formerly, for example, the Agg tlist
might have included both "x" and "sum(x)", which is not really valid if
"x" isn't a grouping column.  If we then had a window function ordering on
something like "sum(x) + 1", prepare_sort_from_pathkeys would find no exact
match for this in the Agg tlist, and would conclude that it must recompute
the expression.  But it would break the expression down to just the Var
"x", which it would find in the tlist, and then rebuild the ORDER BY
expression using a reference to the subplan's "x" output.  Now, after the
above-referenced changes, "x" isn't in the Agg tlist if it's not a grouping
column, so that prepare_sort_from_pathkeys fails with "could not find
pathkey item to sort", as reported by Bricklen Anderson.

The fix is to not break down Aggrefs into their component parts, but just
treat them as irreducible expressions to be sought in the subplan tlist.
This is definitely OK for the use with respect to window functions in
grouping_planner, since it just built the tlist being used on the same
basis.  AFAICT it is safe for other uses too; most of the other call sites
couldn't encounter Aggrefs anyway.

Cache assorted data in the PLpgSQL_arrayelem struct to avoid repetitive
catalog lookups over multiple executions of the same statement.

Pavel Stehule

Per bug #6205, reported by Abel Abraham Camarillo Ojeda.  This isn't a
particularly elegant fix, but I'm trying to minimize the chances of
causing yet another round of breakage.

Adjust regression tests to exercise this case.

Rewrite plancache.c so that a "cached plan" (which is rather a misnomer
at this point) can support generation of custom, parameter-value-dependent
plans, and can make an intelligent choice between using custom plans and
the traditional generic-plan approach.  The specific choice algorithm
implemented here can probably be improved in future, but this commit is
all about getting the mechanism in place, not the policy.

In addition, restructure the API to greatly reduce the amount of extraneous
data copying needed.  The main compromise needed to make that possible was
to split the initial creation of a CachedPlanSource into two steps.  It's
worth noting in particular that SPI_saveplan is now deprecated in favor of
SPI_keepplan, which accomplishes the same end result with zero data
copying, and no need to then spend even more cycles throwing away the
original SPIPlan.  The risk of long-term memory leaks while manipulating
SPIPlans has also been greatly reduced.  Most of this improvement is based
on use of the recently-added MemoryContextSetParent primitive.

Trailing-zero stripping applied by the FM specifier could strip zeroes
to the left of the decimal point, for a format with no digit positions
after the decimal point (such as "FM999.").

Reported and diagnosed by Marti Raudsepp, though I didn't use his patch.

1. Use new dropdb --if-exists option, to avoid alarming the user if
   the database being dropped doesn't already exist.
2. Bail out if createdb fails.
3. exit 1 if the checks fail.
4. Make it executable.

Josh Kupershmidt, with some kibitzing by me.

Put options listing in a less random order, fix capitalization, and
some typos.

Previously, 'yesterday 04:00:00'::timestamp didn't do the same thing as
'04:00:00 yesterday'::timestamp, and the return value from the latter
was midnight rather than the specified time.

Dean Rasheed, with some stylistic changes

This was deemed unnecessary initially but in later discussion it was
agreed otherwise.

Original file from Kevin Grittner, allegedly from Dan Ports.
I had to clean up whitespace a bit per changes from Heikki.

This is recommended in the flex manual, and there seems no good reason
not to use it everywhere.

Rather than dumping out the raw array as PostgreSQL represents it
internally, we now print it out in a format similar to the one in
which the user input it, which seems a lot more user friendly.

Shigeru Hanada

With these changes, the isolation tests pass again on isolation levels
serializable and repeatable read.

Author: Kevin Grittner

Use something like "error code %lu" for reporting GetLastError()
values on Windows.  Previously, a mix of different wordings and
formats were in use.

Due to tuple-slot mismanagement, evaluation of WHEN conditions for AFTER
ROW UPDATE triggers could crash if there had been a BEFORE ROW trigger
fired for the same update.  Fix by not trying to overload the use of
estate->es_trig_tuple_slot.  Per report from Yoran Heling.

Back-patch to 9.0, when trigger WHEN conditions were introduced.

than /tmp.  Also cleanup C defines and add comments.

Per report by Alex Soto

Now that we have a test that requires nondefault settings to pass, it seems
like we'd better mention that detail in the directions about how to run the
tests.

Also do some very minor copy-editing.

order of begin, prepare, and commit of three concurrent transactions that
have conflicts between them.

The test runs for a quite long time, and the expected output file is huge,
but this test caught some serious bugs during development, so seems
worthwhile to keep. The test uses prepared transactions, so it fails if the
server has max_prepared_transactions=0. Because of that, it's marked as
"ignore" in the schedule file.

Dan Ports

cosmetic, it removes a lot of IMHO ugly whitespace from the expected output.

Along the way, rename "Options" to "FDW Options" in various places for
consistency and clarity.

Shigeru Hanada

A PlaceHolderVar's expression might contain another, lower-level
PlaceHolderVar.  If the outer PlaceHolderVar is used, the inner one
certainly will be also, and so we have to make sure that both of them get
into the placeholder_list with correct ph_may_need values during the
initial pre-scan of the query (before deconstruct_jointree starts).
We did this correctly for PlaceHolderVars appearing in the query quals,
but overlooked the issue for those appearing in the top-level targetlist;
with the result that nested placeholders referenced only in the targetlist
did not work correctly, as illustrated in bug #6154.

While at it, add some error checking to find_placeholder_info to ensure
that we don't try to create new placeholders after it's too late to do so;
they have to all be created before deconstruct_jointree starts.

Back-patch to 8.4 where the PlaceHolderVar mechanism was introduced.

The relevant backslash commands already exist, so we're just adding an
additional column.  With this commit, all objects that have psql backslash
commands and accept comments should now display those comments at least
in verbose mode.

Josh Kupershmidt, with doc additions by me.

Shigeru Hanada, with fairly minor editing by me.

I broke this in commit 5da79169, which
was obviously insufficiently well tested.  Add some regression tests
in the hope of making future slip-ups more likely to be noticed.

Previously, xpath() simply returned an empty array if the expression did
not yield a node set.  This is useless for expressions that return scalars,
such as one with name() at the top level.  Arrange to return the scalar
value as a single-element xml array, instead.  (String values will be
suitably escaped.)

This change will also cause xpath_exists() to return true, not false,
for such expressions.

Florian Pflug, reviewed by Radoslaw Smogura

Without this it's possible for the output to not be legal XML, as
illustrated by the added regression test cases.

NB: this change will need to be called out as an incompatibility in the
9.2 release notes, since it's possible somebody was relying on the old
behavior, even though it's clearly wrong.

Florian Pflug, reviewed by Radoslaw Smogura

This requires a new shared catalog, pg_shseclabel.

Along the way, fix the security_label regression tests so that they
don't monkey with the labels of any pre-existing objects.  This is
unlikely to matter in practice, since only the label for the "dummy"
provider was being manipulated.  But this way still seems cleaner.

KaiGai Kohei, with fairly extensive hacking by me.

libxml reports some errors (like invalid xmlns attributes) via the error
handler hook, but still returns a success indicator to the library caller.
This causes us to miss some errors that are important to report.  Since the
"generic" error handler hook doesn't know whether the message it's getting
is for an error, warning, or notice, stop using that and instead start
using the "structured" error handler hook, which gets enough information
to be useful.

While at it, arrange to save and restore the error handler hook setting in
each libxml-using function, rather than assuming we can set and forget the
hook.  This should improve the odds of working nicely with third-party
libraries that also use libxml.

In passing, volatile-ize some local variables that get modified within
PG_TRY blocks.  I noticed this while testing with an older gcc version
than I'd previously tried to compile xml.c with.

Florian Pflug and Tom Lane, with extensive review/testing by Noah Misch

Noah Misch diagnosed the buildfarm problems in the isolation tests
partly as failure to differentiate backends properly; the old code was
using backend IDs, which is not good enough because a new backend might
use an already used ID.  Use PIDs instead.

Also, the code was purposely careless about other concurrent activity,
because it isn't expected; and in fact, it doesn't affect the vast
majority of the time.  However, it can be observed that autovacuum can
block tables for long enough to cause sporadic failures.  The new code
accounts for that by ignoring locks held by processes not explicitly
declared in our spec file.

Author: Noah Misch

The previous value of 20ms is dangerously close to the time actually
spent just waiting for the deadlock to happen, so on occasion it causes
the test to fail simply because the other session didn't get to run
early enough, not managing to cause the deadlock that needs to be
detected.  With this new value, it's expected that most machines on
normal load will be able to pass the test.

Author: Noah Misch

These new files allow the new FK tests on isolationtester to pass on the
serializable and repeatable read isolation levels (which are untested
by the buildfarm).

Author: Kevin Grittner
Reviewed by Noah Misch

This is more SQL-spec-compliant, more easily extensible, and better
performing than the old method of inventing special variables.

Pavel Stehule, reviewed by Shigeru Hanada and David Wheeler

When an AccessShareLock, RowShareLock, or RowExclusiveLock is requested
on an unshared database relation, and we can verify that no conflicting
locks can possibly be present, record the lock in a per-backend queue,
stored within the PGPROC, rather than in the primary lock table.  This
eliminates a great deal of contention on the lock manager LWLocks.

This patch also refactors the interface between GetLockStatusData() and
pg_lock_status() to be a bit more abstract, so that we don't rely so
heavily on the lock manager's internal representation details.  The new
fast path lock structures don't have a LOCK or PROCLOCK structure to
return, so we mustn't depend on that for purposes of listing outstanding
locks.

Review by Jeff Davis.

This provides deterministic deadlock-detection ordering for new
isolation tests, fixing the sporadic failures in them.

Author: Noah Misch