There's a lot more that could be done here yet - in particular, this
reports only very coarse-grained information about the index vacuuming
phase - but even as it stands, the new pg_stat_progress_vacuum can
tell you quite a bit about what a long-running vacuum is actually
doing.

Amit Langote and Robert Haas, based on earlier work by Vinayak Pokale
and Rahila Syed.

Previously, we included <xlocale.h> only if necessary to get the definition
of type locale_t.  According to notes in PGAC_TYPE_LOCALE_T, this is
important because on some versions of glibc that file supplies an
incompatible declaration of locale_t.  (This info may be obsolete, because
on my RHEL6 box that seems to be the *only* definition of locale_t; but
there may still be glibc's in the wild for which it's a live concern.)

It turns out though that on FreeBSD and maybe other BSDen, you can get
locale_t from stdlib.h or locale.h but mbstowcs_l() and friends only from
<xlocale.h>.  This was leaving us compiling calls to mbstowcs_l() and
friends with no visible prototype, which causes a warning and could
possibly cause actual trouble, since it's not declared to return int.

Hence, adjust the configure checks so that we'll include <xlocale.h>
either if it's necessary to get type locale_t or if it's necessary to
get a declaration of mbstowcs_l().

Report and patch by Aleksander Alekseev, somewhat whacked around by me.
Back-patch to all supported branches, since we have been using
mbstowcs_l() since 9.1.

This is basically like the just-added create_upper_paths_hook, but
control is funneled only to the FDW responsible for all the baserels
of the current query; so providing such a callback is much less likely
to add useless overhead than using the hook function is.

The documentation is a bit sketchy.  We'll likely want to improve it,
and/or adjust the call conventions, when we get some experience with
actually using this callback.  Hopefully somebody will find time to
experiment with it before 9.6 feature freeze.

We don't support any parallel write operations at present, so choosing
a parallel plan causes us to error out.  Also, add a new regression
test that uses EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT INTO; if we'd had this previously,
force_parallel_mode testing would have caught this issue.

Mithun Cy and Robert Haas

In the initial revision of the upper-planner pathification work, the only
available way for an FDW or custom-scan provider to inject Paths
representing post-scan-join processing was to insert them during scan-level
GetForeignPaths or similar processing.  While that's not impossible, it'd
require quite a lot of duplicative processing to look forward and see if
the extension would be capable of implementing the whole query.  To improve
matters for custom-scan providers, provide a hook function at the point
where the core code is about to start filling in upperrel Paths.  At this
point Paths are available for the whole scan/join tree, which should reduce
the amount of redundant effort considerably.

(An alternative design that was suggested was to provide a separate hook
for each post-scan-join processing step, but that seems messy and not
clearly more useful.)

Following our time-honored tradition, there's no documentation for this
hook outside the source code.

As-is, this hook is only meant for custom scan providers, which we can't
assume very much about.  A followon patch will implement an FDW callback
to let FDWs do the same thing in a somewhat more structured fashion.

Although the default choice of rel->reltarget should typically be
sufficient for scan or join paths, it's not at all sufficient for the
purposes PathTargets were invented for; in particular not for
upper-relation Paths.  So break API compatibility by adding a PathTarget
argument to create_foreignscan_path().  To ease updating of existing
code, accept a NULL value of the argument as selecting rel->reltarget.

In commit 19a54114 I did not make PathTarget a subtype of Node,
and embedded a RelOptInfo's reltarget directly into it rather than having
a separately-allocated Node.  In hindsight that was misguided
micro-optimization, enabled by the fact that at that point we didn't have
any Paths with custom PathTargets.  Now that PathTarget processing has
been fleshed out some more, it's easier to see that it's better to have
PathTarget as an indepedent Node type, even if it does cost us one more
palloc to create a RelOptInfo.  So change it while we still can.

This commit just changes the representation, without doing anything more
interesting than that.

Negative klen is documented since Perl 5.16, and 5.6 is no longer
supported so no need to comment about it.

Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker

Perl's integers are pointer-sized, so can hold more than INT_MAX on LP64
platforms, and come in both signed (IV) and unsigned (UV).  Floating
point values (NV) may also be larger than double.

Since Perl 5.19.4 array indices are SSize_t instead of I32, so allow up
to SSize_t_max on those versions.  The limit is not imposed just by
av_extend's argument type, but all the array handling code, so remove
the speculative comment.

Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker

Etsuro Fujita, reviewed (though not completely endorsed) by Ashutosh
Bapat, and slightly expanded by me.

Commit 23a27b03 widened the rows-stored counters to uint64, but
that's academic unless we allow the tuple pointer array to exceed 1GB.

(It might be a good idea to provide some other limit on how much storage
a SPITupleTable can eat.  On the other hand, there are plenty of other
ways to drive a backend into swap hell.)

Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker

The old code is bad for two reasons.  First, it has an off-by-one
error.  Second, it won't help if you aren't running with assertions
enabled.  Per discussion, we want a check here in that case too.

Author: KaiGai Kohei, adjusted by me.
Reviewed-by: Petr Jelinek
Discussion: 56E0D547.1030101@2ndquadrant.com

I didn't bother with a catversion bump.

Report and patch by Thomas Munro

Commit d88976cf removed this code from ginFreeScanKeys():
-		if (entry->list)
-			pfree(entry->list);
evidently in the belief that that ItemPointer array is allocated in the
keyCtx and so would be reclaimed by the following MemoryContextReset.
Unfortunately, it isn't and it won't.  It'd likely be a good idea for
that to become so, but as a simple and back-patchable fix in the
meantime, restore this code to ginFreeScanKeys().

Also, add a similar pfree to where startScanEntry() is about to zero out
entry->list.  I am not sure if there are any code paths where this
change prevents a leak today, but it seems like cheap future-proofing.

In passing, make the initial allocation of so->entries[] use palloc
not palloc0.  The code doesn't depend on unused entries being zero;
if it did, the array-enlargement code in ginFillScanEntry() would be
wrong.  So using palloc0 initially can only serve to confuse readers
about what the invariant is.

Per report from Felipe de Jesús Molina Bravo, via Jaime Casanova in
<CAJGNTeMR1ndMU2Thpr8GPDUfiHTV7idELJRFusA5UXUGY1y-eA@mail.gmail.com>

Noted by Tomas Vondra

This longstanding functionality evidently got lost in commit
3d6d1b58.  Noted while studying an OOM report from Jaime
Casanova.  Backpatch to 9.5 where the bug was introduced.

_strtoui64() is available in MSVC builds, but apparently not with
other Windows toolchains.  Thanks to Petr Jelinek for the diagnosis.

Commit a2dabf0e had the bright idea that it could modify a "const"
global variable if it merely casted away const from a pointer.  This does
not work on platforms where the compiler puts "const" variables into
read-only storage.  Depressingly, we evidently have no such platforms in
our buildfarm ... an oversight I have now remedied.  (The one platform
that is known to catch this is recent OS X with -fno-common.)

Per report from Chris Ruprecht.  Back-patch to 9.5 where the bogus
code was introduced.

This patch widens SPI_processed, EState's es_processed field, PortalData's
portalPos field, FuncCallContext's call_cntr and max_calls fields,
ExecutorRun's count argument, PortalRunFetch's result, and the max number
of rows in a SPITupleTable to uint64, and deals with (I hope) all the
ensuing fallout.  Some of these values were declared uint32 before, and
others "long".

I also removed PortalData's posOverflow field, since that logic seems
pretty useless given that portalPos is now always 64 bits.

The user-visible results are that command tags for SELECT etc will
correctly report tuple counts larger than 4G, as will plpgsql's GET
GET DIAGNOSTICS ... ROW_COUNT command.  Queries processing more tuples
than that are still not exactly the norm, but they're becoming more
common.

Most values associated with FETCH/MOVE distances, such as PortalRun's count
argument and the count argument of most SPI functions that have one, remain
declared as "long".  It's not clear whether it would be worth promoting
those to int64; but it would definitely be a large dollop of additional
API churn on top of this, and it would only help 32-bit platforms which
seem relatively less likely to see any benefit.

Andreas Scherbaum, reviewed by Christian Ullrich, additional hacking by me

Buildfarm members gaur and pademelon are old enough not to know about
MAP_FAILED; which is used in 428b1d6b. Include portability/mem.h to fix;
as already done in a bunch of other places.

CitusDB is using these and don't wish to redesign their code right now.
I am not on board with this being a good idea, or a good precedent,
but I lack the energy to fight about it.

Commit a892234f added a second bit per
page to the visibility map, but pg_upgrade has been unaware of it up
until now.  Therefore, a pg_upgrade from an earlier major release of
PostgreSQL to any commit preceding this one and following the one
mentioned above would result in invalid visibility map contents on the
new cluster, very possibly leading to data corruption.  This plugs
that hole.

Masahiko Sawada, reviewed by Jeff Janes, Bruce Momjian, Simon Riggs,
Michael Paquier, Andres Freund, me, and others.

It is frequently useful for volatile, set-returning, or expensive functions
in a SELECT's targetlist to be postponed till after ORDER BY and LIMIT are
done.  Otherwise, the functions might be executed for every row of the
table despite the presence of LIMIT, and/or be executed in an unexpected
order.  For example, in
	SELECT x, nextval('seq') FROM tab ORDER BY x LIMIT 10;
it's probably desirable that the nextval() values are ordered the same
as x, and that nextval() is not run more than 10 times.

In the past, Postgres was inconsistent in this area: you would get the
desirable behavior if the ordering were performed via an indexscan, but
not if it had to be done by an explicit sort step.  Getting the desired
behavior reliably required contortions like
	SELECT x, nextval('seq')
	  FROM (SELECT x FROM tab ORDER BY x) ss LIMIT 10;

This patch conditionally postpones evaluation of pure-output target
expressions (that is, those that are not used as DISTINCT, ORDER BY, or
GROUP BY columns) so that they effectively occur after sorting, even if an
explicit sort step is necessary.  Volatile expressions and set-returning
expressions are always postponed, so as to provide consistent semantics.
Expensive expressions (costing more than 10 times typical operator cost,
which by default would include any user-defined function) are postponed
if there is a LIMIT or if there are expressions that must be postponed.

We could be more aggressive and postpone any nontrivial expression, but
there are costs associated with doing so: it requires an extra Result plan
node which adds some overhead, and postponement changes the volume of data
going through the sort step, perhaps for the worse.  Since we tend not to
have very good estimates of the output width of nontrivial expressions,
it's hard to have much confidence in our ability to predict whether
postponement would increase or decrease the cost of the sort; therefore
this patch doesn't attempt to make decisions conditionally on that.
Between these factors and a general desire not to change query behavior
when there's not a demonstrable benefit, it seems best to be conservative
about applying postponement.  We might tweak the decision rules in the
future, though.

Konstantin Knizhnik, heavily rewritten by me

Also it fixes dynamic array allocation disallowed by ANSI-C.

Author: Stas Kelvich

Some dictionaries have duplicated base words with different affix set, we
just merge that sets into one set. But previously merging of sets of affixes
was actually a concatenation of strings but it's wrong for numeric
representation of affixes because such representation uses comma to
separate affixes.

Author: Artur Zakirov

Adds several tsvector editting function: convert tsvector to/from text array,
set weight for given lexemes, delete lexeme(s), unnest, filter lexemes
with given weights

Author: Stas Kelvich with some editorization by me
Reviewers: Tomas Vondram, Teodor Sigaev

Teach make_group_input_target() and make_window_input_target() to work
entirely with the PathTarget representation of tlists, rather than
constructing a tlist and immediately deconstructing it into PathTarget
format.  In itself this only saves a few palloc's; the bigger picture is
that it opens the door for sharing cost_qual_eval work across all of
planner.c's constructions of PathTargets.  I'll come back to that later.

In support of this, flesh out tlist.c's infrastructure for PathTargets
a bit more.

Andreas Karlsson and Robert Haas

Per Amit Kapila.

Much cruft had accumulated over time with a large number of parameters
passed down between functions very deep. With this refactoring, instead
introduce a StreamCtl structure that holds the parameters, and pass around
a pointer to this structure instead. This makes it much easier to add or
remove fields that are needed deeper down in the implementation without
having to modify every function header in the file.

Patch by me after much nagging from Andres
Reviewed by Craig Ringer and Daniel Gustafsson

emit_log_hook could only see the translated text, making it harder to identify
which message was being sent. Pass original text to allow the exact message to
be identified, whichever language is used for logging.

Discussion: 20160216.184755.59721141.horiguchi.kyotaro@lab.ntt.co.jp
Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi

The old code is wrong, because it returns a pointer to an automatic
variable.  And it's also more clever than we really need to be
considering that the case it's worrying about should never happen.

Reported-By: Peter Eisentraut
Discussion: 56E2239E.1050607@gmx.net

Up to now checkpoints were written in the order they're in the
BufferDescriptors. That's nearly random in a lot of cases, which
performs badly on rotating media, but even on SSDs it causes slowdowns.

To avoid that, sort checkpoints before writing them out. We currently
sort by tablespace, relfilenode, fork and block number.

One of the major reasons that previously wasn't done, was fear of
imbalance between tablespaces. To address that balance writes between
tablespaces.

The other prime concern was that the relatively large allocation to sort
the buffers in might fail, preventing checkpoints from happening. Thus
pre-allocate the required memory in shared memory, at server startup.

This particularly makes it more efficient to have checkpoint flushing
enabled, because that'll often result in a lot of writes that can be
coalesced into one flush.

Discussion: alpine.DEB.2.10.1506011320000.28433@sto
Author: Fabien Coelho and Andres Freund

Currently writes to the main data files of postgres all go through the
OS page cache. This means that some operating systems can end up
collecting a large number of dirty buffers in their respective page
caches.  When these dirty buffers are flushed to storage rapidly, be it
because of fsync(), timeouts, or dirty ratios, latency for other reads
and writes can increase massively.  This is the primary reason for
regular massive stalls observed in real world scenarios and artificial
benchmarks; on rotating disks stalls on the order of hundreds of seconds
have been observed.

On linux it is possible to control this by reducing the global dirty
limits significantly, reducing the above problem. But global
configuration is rather problematic because it'll affect other
applications; also PostgreSQL itself doesn't always generally want this
behavior, e.g. for temporary files it's undesirable.

Several operating systems allow some control over the kernel page
cache. Linux has sync_file_range(2), several posix systems have msync(2)
and posix_fadvise(2). sync_file_range(2) is preferable because it
requires no special setup, whereas msync() requires the to-be-flushed
range to be mmap'ed. For the purpose of flushing dirty data
posix_fadvise(2) is the worst alternative, as flushing dirty data is
just a side-effect of POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED, which also removes the pages
from the page cache.  Thus the feature is enabled by default only on
linux, but can be enabled on all systems that have any of the above
APIs.

While desirable and likely possible this patch does not contain an
implementation for windows.

With the infrastructure added, writes made via checkpointer, bgwriter
and normal user backends can be flushed after a configurable number of
writes. Each of these sources of writes controlled by a separate GUC,
checkpointer_flush_after, bgwriter_flush_after and backend_flush_after
respectively; they're separate because the number of flushes that are
good are separate, and because the performance considerations of
controlled flushing for each of these are different.

A later patch will add checkpoint sorting - after that flushes from the
ckeckpoint will almost always be desirable. Bgwriter flushes are most of
the time going to be random, which are slow on lots of storage hardware.
Flushing in backends works well if the storage and bgwriter can keep up,
but if not it can have negative consequences.  This patch is likely to
have negative performance consequences without checkpoint sorting, but
unfortunately so has sorting without flush control.

Discussion: alpine.DEB.2.10.1506011320000.28433@sto
Author: Fabien Coelho and Andres Freund

All along, this function should have treated WindowFuncs in a manner
similar to Aggrefs, ie with an option whether or not to recurse into them.
By not considering the case, it was always recursing, which is OK for most
callers (although I suspect that the case in prepare_sort_from_pathkeys
might represent a bug).  But now we need return-without-recursing behavior
as well.  There are also more than a few callers that should never see a
WindowFunc, and now we'll get some error checking on that.

Commit a892234f gave us enough
infrastructure to avoid vacuuming pages where every tuple on the
page is already frozen.  So, replace the notion of a scan_all or
whole-table vacuum with the less onerous notion of an "aggressive"
vacuum, which will pages that are all-visible, but still skip those
that are all-frozen.

This should greatly reduce the cost of anti-wraparound vacuuming
on large clusters where the majority of data is never touched
between one cycle and the next, because we'll no longer have to
read all of those pages only to find out that we don't need to
do anything with them.

Patch by me, reviewed by Masahiko Sawada.