Orca uses this property for cardinality estimation of joins.
For example, a join predicate foo join bar on foo.a = upper(bar.b)
will have a cardinality estimate similar to foo join bar on foo.a = bar.b.

Other functions, like foo join bar on foo.a = substring(bar.b, 1, 1)
won't be treated that way, since they are more likely to have a greater
effect on join cardinalities.

Since this is specific to ORCA, we use logic in the translator to determine
whether a function or operator is NDV-preserving. Right now, we consider
a very limited set of operators, we may add more at a later time.

Let's assume that we join tables R and S and that f is a function or
expression that refers to a single column and does not preserve
NDVs. Let's also assume that p is a function or expression that also
refers to a single column and that does preserve NDVs:

join predicate       card. estimate                         comment
-------------------  -------------------------------------  -----------------------------
col1 = col2          |R| * |S| / max(NDV(col1), NDV(col2))  build an equi-join histogram
f(col1) = p(col2)    |R| * |S| / NDV(col2)                  use NDV-based estimation
f(col1) = col2       |R| * |S| / NDV(col2)                  use NDV-based estimation
p(col1) = col2       |R| * |S| / max(NDV(col1), NDV(col2))  use NDV-based estimation
p(col1) = p(col2)    |R| * |S| / max(NDV(col1), NDV(col2))  use NDV-based estimation
otherwise            |R| * |S| * 0.4                        this is an unsupported pred
Note that adding casts to these expressions is ok, as well as switching left and right side.

Here is a list of expressions that we currently treat as NDV-preserving:

coalesce(col, const)
col || const
lower(col)
trim(col)
upper(col)

One more note: We need the NDVs of the inner side of Semi and
Anti-joins for cardinality estimation, so only normal columns and
NDV-preserving functions are allowed in that case.

This is a port of these GPDB 5X and GPOrca PRs:
https://github.com/greenplum-db/gporca/pull/585
https://github.com/greenplum-db/gpdb/pull/10090

This is take 2, after reverting the first attempt due to a merge conflict that
caused a test to fail.

Regression test "gporca" started failing after merging d565edac.

This reverts commit d565edac.

Orca uses this property for cardinality estimation of joins.
For example, a join predicate foo join bar on foo.a = upper(bar.b)
will have a cardinality estimate similar to foo join bar on foo.a = bar.b.

Other functions, like foo join bar on foo.a = substring(bar.b, 1, 1)
won't be treated that way, since they are more likely to have a greater
effect on join cardinalities.

Since this is specific to ORCA, we use logic in the translator to determine
whether a function or operator is NDV-preserving. Right now, we consider
a very limited set of operators, we may add more at a later time.

Let's assume that we join tables R and S and that f is a function or
expression that refers to a single column and does not preserve
NDVs. Let's also assume that p is a function or expression that also
refers to a single column and that does preserve NDVs:

join predicate       card. estimate                         comment
-------------------  -------------------------------------  -----------------------------
col1 = col2          |R| * |S| / max(NDV(col1), NDV(col2))  build an equi-join histogram
f(col1) = p(col2)    |R| * |S| / NDV(col2)                  use NDV-based estimation
f(col1) = col2       |R| * |S| / NDV(col2)                  use NDV-based estimation
p(col1) = col2       |R| * |S| / max(NDV(col1), NDV(col2))  use NDV-based estimation
p(col1) = p(col2)    |R| * |S| / max(NDV(col1), NDV(col2))  use NDV-based estimation
otherwise            |R| * |S| * 0.4                        this is an unsupported pred
Note that adding casts to these expressions is ok, as well as switching left and right side.

Here is a list of expressions that we currently treat as NDV-preserving:

coalesce(col, const)
col || const
lower(col)
trim(col)
upper(col)

One more note: We need the NDVs of the inner side of Semi and
Anti-joins for cardinality estimation, so only normal columns and
NDV-preserving functions are allowed in that case.

This is a port of these GPDB 5X and GPOrca PRs:
https://github.com/greenplum-db/gporca/pull/585
https://github.com/greenplum-db/gpdb/pull/10090