This gets rid of a significant amount of duplicative code.

KaiGai Kohei, reviewed in earlier versions by Dimitri Fontaine, with
further review and cleanup by me.

This follows recent discussions, so it's quite a bit different from
Dimitri's original.  There will probably be more changes once we get a bit
of experience with it, but let's get it in and start playing with it.

This is still just core code.  I'll start converting contrib modules
shortly.

Dimitri Fontaine and Tom Lane

Per discussion, this is something we should have sooner rather than later,
and it doesn't take much additional code to support it.

This follows my proposal of yesterday, namely that we try to recreate the
previous state of the extension exactly, instead of allowing CREATE
EXTENSION to run a SQL script that might create some entirely-incompatible
on-disk state.  In --binary-upgrade mode, pg_dump won't issue CREATE
EXTENSION at all, but instead uses a kluge function provided by
pg_upgrade_support to recreate the pg_extension row (and extension-level
pg_depend entries) without creating any member objects.  The member objects
are then restored in the same way as if they weren't members, in particular
using pg_upgrade's normal hacks to preserve OIDs that need to be preserved.
Then, for each member object, ALTER EXTENSION ADD is issued to recreate the
pg_depend entry that marks it as an extension member.

In passing, fix breakage in pg_upgrade's enum-type support: somebody didn't
fix it when the noise word VALUE got added to ALTER TYPE ADD.  Also,
rationalize parsetree representation of COMMENT ON DOMAIN and fix
get_object_address() to allow OBJECT_DOMAIN.

This is an essential component of making the extension feature usable;
first because it's needed in the process of converting an existing
installation containing "loose" objects of an old contrib module into
the extension-based world, and second because we'll have to use it
in pg_dump --binary-upgrade, as per recent discussion.

Loosely based on part of Dimitri Fontaine's ALTER EXTENSION UPGRADE
patch.

This patch adds the server infrastructure to support extensions.
There is still one significant loose end, namely how to make it play nice
with pg_upgrade, so I am not yet committing the changes that would make
all the contrib modules depend on this feature.

In passing, fix a disturbingly large amount of breakage in
AlterObjectNamespace() and callers.

Dimitri Fontaine, reviewed by Anssi Kääriäinen,
Itagaki Takahiro, Tom Lane, and numerous others