This isn't fully tested as yet, in particular I'm not sure that the
"foo--unpackaged--1.0.sql" scripts are OK.  But it's time to get some
buildfarm cycles on it.

sepgsql is not converted to an extension, mainly because it seems to
require a very nonstandard installation process.

Dimitri Fontaine and Tom Lane

This avoids the need to find a way to make PGXS' .sql.in-to-.sql rule
insert the right thing.  We'll just deprecate use of that hack for
extensions.

This allows us to have an unambiguous rule for deconstructing the names
of script files and secondary control files, without having to forbid
extension and version names from containing any dashes.  We do have to
forbid them from containing double dashes or leading/trailing dashes,
but neither restriction is likely to bother anyone in practice.
Per discussion, this seems like a better solution overall than the
original design.

format.

Modify PQescapeStringConn() docs to be consisent with other escaping
functions.

Add mention problems with pre-9.0 versions of libpq using not understanding
bytea hex format to the 9.0 release notes.

Backpatch to 9.0 docs.

This change causes a multi-step update sequence to behave exactly as if the
updates had been commanded one at a time, including updating the "requires"
dependencies afresh at each step.  The initial implementation took the
shortcut of examining only the final target version's "requires" and
changing the catalog entry but once.  But on reflection that's a bad idea,
since it could lead to executing old update scripts under conditions
different than they were designed/tested for.  Better to expend a few extra
cycles and avoid any surprises.

In the same spirit, if a CREATE EXTENSION FROM operation involves applying
a series of update files, it will act as though the CREATE had first been
done using the initial script's target version and then the additional
scripts were invoked with ALTER EXTENSION UPDATE.

I also removed the restriction about not changing encoding in secondary
control files.  The new rule is that a script is assumed to be in whatever
encoding the control file(s) specify for its target version.  Since this
reimplementation causes us to read each intermediate version's control
file, there's no longer any uncertainty about which encoding setting would
get applied.

relative, by creating a function path_is_relative_and_below_cwd() to
check for specific requirements.  It is unclear if this fixes a security
problem or not but the new code is more robust.

- collowner field
- CREATE COLLATION
- ALTER COLLATION
- DROP COLLATION
- COMMENT ON COLLATION
- integration with extensions
- pg_dump support for the above
- dependency management
- psql tab completion
- psql \dO command

When the old type is binary coercible to the new type and the using
clause does not change the column contents, we can avoid a full table
rewrite, though any indexes on the affected columns will still need
to be rebuilt.  This applies, for example, when changing a varchar
column to be of type text.

The prior coding assumed that the set of operations that force a
rewrite is identical to the set of operations that must be propagated
to tables making use of the affected table's rowtype.  This is
no longer true: even though the tuples in those tables wouldn't
need to be modified, the data type change invalidate indexes built
using those composite type columns.  Indexes on the table we're
actually modifying can be invalidated too, of course, but the
existing machinery is sufficient to handle that case.

Along the way, add some debugging messages that make it possible
to understand what operations ALTER TABLE is actually performing
in these cases.

Noah Misch and Robert Haas

Arrange for the control files to be in $SHAREDIR/extension not
$SHAREDIR/contrib, since we're generally trying to deprecate the term
"contrib" and this is a once-in-many-moons opportunity to get rid of it in
install paths.  Fix PGXS to install the $EXTENSION file into that directory
no matter what MODULEDIR is set to; a nondefault MODULEDIR should only
affect the script and secondary extension files.  Fix the control file
directory parameter to be interpreted relative to $SHAREDIR, to avoid a
surprising disconnect between how you specify that and what you set
MODULEDIR to.

Per discussion with David Wheeler.

This follows recent discussions, so it's quite a bit different from
Dimitri's original.  There will probably be more changes once we get a bit
of experience with it, but let's get it in and start playing with it.

This is still just core code.  I'll start converting contrib modules
shortly.

Dimitri Fontaine and Tom Lane

Christoph Berg

Per discussion with Noah Misch, the previous coding, introduced by
my commit 65377e0b on 2011-02-06,
was really an abuse of RELKIND_COMPOSITE_TYPE, since the caller in
typecmds.c is actually passing the name of a domain.  So go back
having a type name argument, but make the first argument a Relation
rather than just a string so we can tell whether it's a table or
a foreign table and emit the proper error message.

Per discussion, this is something we should have sooner rather than later,
and it doesn't take much additional code to support it.

defined.

It was still claiming that the keyword list is in keywords.c, when it
is now in kwlist.h.

prototype for cases where there is no multi-language support.

the standby has written, flushed, and applied the WAL. At the moment, this
is for informational purposes only, the values are only shown in
pg_stat_replication system view, but in the future they will also be needed
for synchronous replication.

Extracted from Simon riggs' synchronous replication patch by Robert Haas, with
some tweaking by me.

Tracks one counter for each database, which is reset whenever
the statistics for any individual object inside the database is
reset, and one counter for the background writer.

Tomas Vondra, reviewed by Greg Smith

Avoids warning and waiting for the last segment to be
archived, which isn't necessary when we're including the
required WAL in the backup itself.

run out of shared memory when you try to assign an xid to a transaction.

Kevin Grittner

Flattening of subquery range tables during setrefs.c could lead to the
rangetable indexes in PlanRowMark nodes not matching up with the column
names previously assigned to the corresponding resjunk ctid (resp. tableoid
or wholerow) columns.  Typical symptom would be either a "cannot extract
system attribute from virtual tuple" error or an Assert failure.  This
wasn't a problem before 9.0 because we didn't support FOR UPDATE below the
top query level, and so the final flattening could never renumber an RTE
that was relevant to FOR UPDATE.  Fix by using a plan-tree-wide unique
number for each PlanRowMark to label the associated resjunk columns, so
that the number need not change during flattening.

Per report from David Johnston (though I'm darned if I can see how this got
past initial testing of the relevant code).  Back-patch to 9.0.

by Kevin Grittner

This follows my proposal of yesterday, namely that we try to recreate the
previous state of the extension exactly, instead of allowing CREATE
EXTENSION to run a SQL script that might create some entirely-incompatible
on-disk state.  In --binary-upgrade mode, pg_dump won't issue CREATE
EXTENSION at all, but instead uses a kluge function provided by
pg_upgrade_support to recreate the pg_extension row (and extension-level
pg_depend entries) without creating any member objects.  The member objects
are then restored in the same way as if they weren't members, in particular
using pg_upgrade's normal hacks to preserve OIDs that need to be preserved.
Then, for each member object, ALTER EXTENSION ADD is issued to recreate the
pg_depend entry that marks it as an extension member.

In passing, fix breakage in pg_upgrade's enum-type support: somebody didn't
fix it when the noise word VALUE got added to ALTER TYPE ADD.  Also,
rationalize parsetree representation of COMMENT ON DOMAIN and fix
get_object_address() to allow OBJECT_DOMAIN.

Add the views character_sets, collations, and
collation_character_set_applicability.

My original idea of doing extension member identification during
getDependencies() didn't work correctly: we have to mark member tables as
not-to-be-dumped rather earlier than that, else their subsidiary objects
like indexes get dumped anyway.  Rearrange code to mark them early enough.

This is an essential component of making the extension feature usable;
first because it's needed in the process of converting an existing
installation containing "loose" objects of an old contrib module into
the extension-based world, and second because we'll have to use it
in pg_dump --binary-upgrade, as per recent discussion.

Loosely based on part of Dimitri Fontaine's ALTER EXTENSION UPGRADE
patch.

also take the RW-conflict pool into account in the PredicateLockShmemSize()
estimate.

Specifying this option makes the server not wait for the
xlog to be archived, or emit a warning that it can't,
instead leaving the responsibility with the client.

This is useful when the log is being streamed using
the streaming protocol in parallel with the backup,
without having log archiving enabled.

Older versions of gcc tend to throw "variable might be clobbered by
`longjmp' or `vfork'" warnings whenever a variable is assigned in more than
one place and then used after the end of a PG_TRY block.  That's reasonably
easy to work around in execute_extension_script, and the overhead of
unconditionally saving/restoring the GUC variables seems unlikely to be a
serious concern.

Also clean up logic in ATExecValidateConstraint to make it easier to read
and less likely to provoke "variable might be used uninitialized in this
function" warnings.

This patch adds the server infrastructure to support extensions.
There is still one significant loose end, namely how to make it play nice
with pg_upgrade, so I am not yet committing the changes that would make
all the contrib modules depend on this feature.

In passing, fix a disturbingly large amount of breakage in
AlterObjectNamespace() and callers.

Dimitri Fontaine, reviewed by Anssi Kääriäinen,
Itagaki Takahiro, Tom Lane, and numerous others