The previous coding frequently failed to fail because for one it's
unusual to have rollup clauses with one column, and for another
sometimes the wrong mapping didn't cause obvious problems.

Author: Jeevan Chalke
Reviewed-By: Andrew Gierth
Discussion: CAM2+6=W=9=hQOipH0HAPbkun3Z3TFWij_EiHue0_6UX=oR=1kw@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch: 9.5, where grouping sets were introduced

Wrap the literals on, off, force, and BYPASSRLS with appropriate
markup. Per Kevin Grittner.

Some of the older OS X critters in the buildfarm are failing regression,
with symptoms showing that a request for 100% sampling in BERNOULLI or
SYSTEM methods actually gets only around 50% of the table.  gdb revealed
that the computation of the "cutoff" number was producing 0x7FFFFFFF
rather than the expected 0x100000000.  Inspecting the assembly code,
it looks like gcc is trying to use lrint() instead of rint() and then
fumbling the conversion from long double to uint64.  This seems like a
clear compiler bug, but assigning the intermediate result into a plain
double variable works around it, so let's just do that.  (Another idea
would be to give up one bit of hash width so that we don't need to use
a uint64 cutoff, but let's see if this is enough.)

This was broken by commit 0e7e355f and
friends, which ignored the fact that gzopen() will treat "-1" in the
mode argument as an invalid character, which it ignores, and a flag for
compression level 1. Now, when this value is encountered no compression
level flag is passed  to gzopen, leaving it to use the zlib default.

Also, enforce the documented allowed range for pg_dump's -Z option,
namely 0 .. 9, and remove some consequently dead code from
pg_backup_tar.c.

Problem reported by Marc Mamin.

Backpatch to 9.1, like the patch that introduced the bug.

Buildfarm member hornet, at least, seems to want -lm in the link command.
Probably this is due to the just-added use of isnan().

Any error other than ENOENT is a bit suspicious here, and perhaps should
not be grounds for assuming the postmaster has failed.  For the moment
though, just report it, and don't change the behavior otherwise.  The
intent is mainly to try to determine why we are seeing intermittent
failures in this area on some buildfarm members.

Back-patch to 9.5 where some of these failures have happened.

New FK relationships for pg_transform.  Also findoidjoins now detects a few
relationships it didn't before for pre-existing catalogs, as a result of
new regression tests leaving entries in those catalogs that weren't there
before.

The original implementation of TABLESAMPLE modeled the tablesample method
API on index access methods, which wasn't a good choice because, without
specialized DDL commands, there's no way to build an extension that can
implement a TSM.  (Raw inserts into system catalogs are not an acceptable
thing to do, because we can't undo them during DROP EXTENSION, nor will
pg_upgrade behave sanely.)  Instead adopt an API more like procedural
language handlers or foreign data wrappers, wherein the only SQL-level
support object needed is a single handler function identified by having
a special return type.  This lets us get rid of the supporting catalog
altogether, so that no custom DDL support is needed for the feature.

Adjust the API so that it can support non-constant tablesample arguments
(the original coding assumed we could evaluate the argument expressions at
ExecInitSampleScan time, which is undesirable even if it weren't outright
unsafe), and discourage sampling methods from looking at invisible tuples.
Make sure that the BERNOULLI and SYSTEM methods are genuinely repeatable
within and across queries, as required by the SQL standard, and deal more
honestly with methods that can't support that requirement.

Make a full code-review pass over the tablesample additions, and fix
assorted bugs, omissions, infelicities, and cosmetic issues (such as
failure to put the added code stanzas in a consistent ordering).
Improve EXPLAIN's output of tablesample plans, too.

Back-patch to 9.5 so that we don't have to support the original API
in production.

UPDATE ... WHERE CURRENT OF would not work in conjunction with
RLS. Arrange to allow the CURRENT OF expression to be pushed down.
Issue noted by Peter Geoghegan. Patch by Dean Rasheed. Back patch
to 9.5 where RLS was introduced.

The wrong is_null flag was being passed to datum_to_json. Also, null
object key values are not permitted, and this was not being checked
for. Add regression tests covering these cases, and also add those tests
to the json set, even though it was doing the right thing.

Fixes bug #13514, initially diagnosed by Tom Lane.

Handling of assigned-to expressions with indirection (e.g. set f1[1] =
3) was broken for ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE.  The problem was that
ParseState was consulted to determine if an INSERT-appropriate or
UPDATE-appropriate behavior should be used when transforming expressions
with indirections. When the wrong path was taken the old row was
substituted with NULL, leading to wrong results..

To fix remove p_is_update and only use p_is_insert to decide how to
transform the assignment expression, and uset p_is_insert while parsing
the on conflict statement. This isn't particularly pretty, but it's not
any worse than before.

Author: Peter Geoghegan, slightly edited by me
Discussion: CAM3SWZS8RPvA=KFxADZWw3wAHnnbxMxDzkEC6fNaFc7zSm411w@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch: 9.5, where the feature was introduced

dbf2ec1a changed make check so that the installation logs get directed
to stdout and stderr. Per discussion on -hackers, this patch restores
saving it to a file. It is now saved in /tmp_install/log, which is
created once per invocation of any make target doing regression tests.

Along the way, add a missing /log/ entry to test_ddl_deparse's
.gitignore.

Michael Paquier.

If there were no subtransactions (or multixacts) active, we would calculate
the oldestxid == next xid. That's correct, but if next XID happens to be
on the next pg_subtrans (pg_multixact) page, the page does not exist yet,
and SimpleLruTruncate will produce an "apparent wraparound" warning. The
warning is harmless in this case, but looks very alarming to users.

Backpatch to all supported versions. Patch and analysis by Thomas Munro.

The TABLESAMPLE and row security patches each overlooked this function,
though their errors of omission were opposite: RLS failed to zero out the
securityQuals field, leading to wasteful copying of useless expression
trees in finished plans, while TABLESAMPLE neglected to add a comment
saying that it intentionally *isn't* deleting the tablesample subtree.
There probably should be a similar comment about ctename, too.

Back-patch as appropriate.

Uriy Zhuravlev and Alexander Korotkov, reviewed by Jeff Janes, some cleanup
by me.

Remove HeapScanDescData.rs_initblock, which wasn't being used for anything
in the final version of the patch.

Fix IndexBuildHeapScan so that it supports syncscan again; the patch
broke synchronous scanning for index builds by forcing rs_startblk
to zero even when the caller did not care about that and had asked
for syncscan.

Add some commentary and usage defenses to heap_setscanlimits().

Fix heapam so that asking for rs_numblocks == 0 does what you would
reasonably expect.  As coded it amounted to requesting a whole-table
scan, because those "--x <= 0" tests on an unsigned variable would
behave surprisingly.

initdb.log and postmaster.log were moved to within the temporary instance
path by commit dcae5fac. This directory now gets removed at the end
of the run of pg_regress when there are no failures found, which makes
analysis of after-run issues difficult in some cases, and reduces the
output verbosity of the buildfarm after a run.

Fix by Michael Paquier

Backpatch to 9.5

This was forgotten in cac76582 (and its fixup ad89a5d1).  Since it
seems way too easy to miss this, this commit also introduces a mechanism
to enforce that the array is consistent with the enum.

Problem reported independently by Robert Haas and Jaimin Pan.
Patches proposed by Jaimin Pan, Jim Nasby, Michael Paquier and myself,
though I didn't use any of these and instead went with a cleaner
approach suggested by Tom Lane.

Backpatch to 9.5.

Discussion:
https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CA+Tgmoa6SgDaxW_n_7SEhwBAc=mniYga+obUj5fmw4rU9_mLvA@mail.gmail.com
https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/29788.1437411581@sss.pgh.pa.us

There was already a sanity-check in the other direction: if a page was
marked with WILL_INIT, it had to be initialized by the redo routine. It's
not strictly necessary for correctness that a page is marked with WILL_INIT
if it's going to be initialized at redo, but it's a missed optimization if
nothing else.

Fix a few instances of this issue in SP-GiST, where a block in WAL record
was not marked with WILL_INIT, but was in fact always initialized at redo.
We were creating a full-page image of the page unnecessarily in those
cases.

Backpatch to 9.5, where the new WILL_INIT flag was added.

Since those role specifiers are checked in the grammar, there's no need
for the old checks to remain in place after 31eae602.  Remove them.

Backpatch to 9.5.

Noted and patch by Jeevan Chalke

to make it faster to implement indexed queries where some keys are
common and some are rare.

Patch by Jeff Janes

Backpatch to 9.5.

Author: Pavel Stěhule

As reported by Bill Parker, PL/Tcl did not validate some malloc() calls
against NULL return.  Fix by using palloc() in a new long-lived memory
context instead.  This allows us to simplify error handling too, by
simply deleting the memory context instead of doing retail frees.

There's still a lot that could be done to improve PL/Tcl's memory
handling ...

This is pretty ancient, so backpatch all the way back.

Author: Michael Paquier and Álvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAFrbyQwyLDYXfBOhPfoBGqnvuZO_Y90YgqFM11T2jvnxjLFmqw@mail.gmail.com

This removes some info about support procedures being used, which was
obsoleted by commit db5f98ab, as well as add some more documentation
on how to create new opclasses using the Minmax infrastructure.
(Hopefully we can get something similar for Inclusion as well.)

In passing, fix some obsolete mentions of "mmtuples" in source code
comments.

Backpatch to 9.5, where BRIN was introduced.

Per comments from Heikki Linnakangas.

Backpatch to 9.5, where this module was introduced.

In the passing, also move AT_ReAddComment to more logical position in the
enum, after all the Constraint-related subcommands.

This fixes a compiler warning, added by commit e42375fc. Backpatch to 9.5,
like that patch.

Defect noticed by Coverity.

In the previous coding, timeout would be noticed and reported only when
poll() or socket() returned zero (or the equivalent behavior on Windows).
Ordinarily that should work well enough, but it seems conceivable that we
could get into a state where poll() always returns a nonzero value --- for
example, if it is noticing a condition on one of the file descriptors that
we do not think is reason to exit the loop.  If that happened, we'd be in a
busy-wait loop that would fail to terminate even when the timeout expires.

We can make this more robust at essentially no cost, by deciding to exit
of our own accord if we compute a zero or negative time-remaining-to-wait.
Previously the code noted this but just clamped the time-remaining to zero,
expecting that we'd detect timeout on the next loop iteration.

Back-patch to 9.2.  While 9.1 had a version of WaitLatchOrSocket, it was
primitive compared to later versions, and did not guarantee reliable
detection of timeouts anyway.  (Essentially, this is a refinement of
commit 3e7fdcff, which was back-patched only as far as 9.2.)

This still doesn't work correctly with Python 3, but I am committing
this so we can get Cygwin buildfarm members building with Python 2.

Note that json and jsonb extraction operators no longer consider a
negative subscript to be invalid.

Previously, there was an inconsistency across json/jsonb operators that
operate on datums containing JSON arrays -- only some operators
supported negative array count-from-the-end subscripting.  Specifically,
only a new-to-9.5 jsonb deletion operator had support (the new "jsonb -
integer" operator).  This inconsistency seemed likely to be
counter-intuitive to users.  To fix, allow all places where the user can
supply an integer subscript to accept a negative subscript value,
including path-orientated operators and functions, as well as other
extraction operators.  This will need to be called out as an
incompatibility in the 9.5 release notes, since it's possible that users
are relying on certain established extraction operators changed here
yielding NULL in the event of a negative subscript.

For the json type, this requires adding a way of cheaply getting the
total JSON array element count ahead of time when parsing arrays with a
negative subscript involved, necessitating an ad-hoc lex and parse.
This is followed by a "conversion" from a negative subscript to its
equivalent positive-wise value using the count.  From there on, it's as
if a positive-wise value was originally provided.

Note that there is still a minor inconsistency here across jsonb
deletion operators.  Unlike the aforementioned new "-" deletion operator
that accepts an integer on its right hand side, the new "#-" path
orientated deletion variant does not throw an error when it appears like
an array subscript (input that could be recognized by as an integer
literal) is being used on an object, which is wrong-headed.  The reason
for not being stricter is that it could be the case that an object pair
happens to have a key value that looks like an integer; in general,
these two possibilities are impossible to differentiate with rhs path
text[] argument elements.  However, we still don't allow the "#-"
path-orientated deletion operator to perform array-style subscripting.
Rather, we just return the original left operand value in the event of a
negative subscript (which seems analogous to how the established
"jsonb/json #> text[]" path-orientated operator may yield NULL in the
event of an invalid subscript).

In passing, make SetArrayPath() stricter about not accepting cases where
there is trailing non-numeric garbage bytes rather than a clean NUL
byte.  This means, for example, that strings like "10e10" are now not
accepted as an array subscript of 10 by some new-to-9.5 path-orientated
jsonb operators (e.g. the new #- operator).  Finally, remove dead code
for jsonb subscript deletion; arguably, this should have been done in
commit b81c7b40.

Peter Geoghegan and Andrew Dunstan

In commit 1345cc67, I introduced caching
of expressions representing type-cast operations into plpgsql.  However,
I supposed that I could cache both the expression trees and the evaluation
state trees derived from them for the life of the session.  This doesn't
work, because we execute the expressions in plpgsql's simple_eval_estate,
which has an ecxt_per_query_memory that is only transaction-lifespan.
Therefore we can end up putting pointers into the evaluation state tree
that point to transaction-lifespan memory; in particular this happens if
the cast expression calls a SQL-language function, as reported by Geoff
Winkless.

The minimum-risk fix seems to be to treat the state trees the same way
we do for "simple expression" trees in plpgsql, ie create them in the
simple_eval_estate's ecxt_per_query_memory, which means recreating them
once per transaction.

Since I had to introduce bookkeeping overhead for that anyway, I bought
back some of the added cost by sharing the read-only expression trees
across all functions in the session, instead of using a per-function
table as originally.  The simple-expression bookkeeping takes care of
the recursive-usage risk that I was concerned about avoiding before.

At some point we should take a harder look at how all this works,
and see if we can't reduce the amount of tree reinitialization needed.
But that won't happen for 9.5.

Not only did this test fail to test what it was supposed to test, but it
left a user definition lying around, which caused subsequent runs of the
regression tests to fail.

This tells you what fraction of NOTIFY's queue is currently filled.

Brendan Jurd, reviewed by Merlin Moncure and Gurjeet Singh.  A few
further tweaks by me.

xlc provides "long long" unconditionally at C99-compatible language
levels, and this option provokes a warning.  The warning interferes with
"configure" tests that fail in response to any warning.  Notably, before
commit 85a2a890, it interfered with the
test for -qnoansialias.  Back-patch to 9.0 (all supported versions).

It's standard for quicksort implementations, after having partitioned the
input into two subgroups, to recurse to process the smaller partition and
then handle the larger partition by iterating.  This method guarantees
that no more than log2(N) levels of recursion can be needed.  However,
Bentley and McIlroy argued that checking to see which partition is smaller
isn't worth the cycles, and so their code doesn't do that but just always
recurses on the left partition.  In most cases that's fine; but with
worst-case input we might need O(N) levels of recursion, and that means
that qsort could be driven to stack overflow.  Such an overflow seems to
be the only explanation for today's report from Yiqing Jin of a SIGSEGV
in med3_tuple while creating an index of a couple billion entries with a
very large maintenance_work_mem setting.  Therefore, let's spend the few
additional cycles and lines of code needed to choose the smaller partition
for recursion.

Also, fix up the qsort code so that it properly uses size_t not int for
some intermediate values representing numbers of items.  This would only
be a live risk when sorting more than INT_MAX bytes (in qsort/qsort_arg)
or tuples (in qsort_tuple), which I believe would never happen with any
caller in the current core code --- but perhaps it could happen with
call sites in third-party modules?  In any case, this is trouble waiting
to happen, and the corrected code is probably if anything shorter and
faster than before, since it removes sign-extension steps that had to
happen when converting between int and size_t.

In passing, move a couple of CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS() calls so that it's
not necessary to preserve the value of "r" across them, and prettify
the output of gen_qsort_tuple.pl a little.

Back-patch to all supported branches.  The odds of hitting this issue
are probably higher in 9.4 and up than before, due to the new ability
to allocate sort workspaces exceeding 1GB, but there's no good reason
to believe that it's impossible to crash older branches this way.

David Rowley

David Christensen

The result closely resembles linking of these modules for the "win32"
port.  Augment the $(exports_file) header so the file is also usable as
an import file.  Unfortunately, relocating an AIX installation will now
require adding $(pkglibdir) to LD_LIBRARY_PATH.  Back-patch to 9.5,
where the modules were introduced.