tests to return the correct results per SQL9x when given NULL inputs.
Reimplement these tests as well as IS [NOT] NULL to have their own
expression node types, instead of depending on special functions.
From Joe Conway, with a little help from Tom Lane.

create_index_paths are not immediately discarded, but are available for
subsequent planner work.  This allows avoiding redundant syscache lookups
in several places.  Change interface to operator selectivity estimation
procedures to allow faster and more flexible estimation.
Initdb forced due to change of pg_proc entries for selectivity functions!

be allowed to receive ungrouped variables of the current query level.
Curious that no one reported this bug before...

maintained for each cache entry.  A cache entry will not be freed until
the matching ReleaseSysCache call has been executed.  This eliminates
worries about cache entries getting dropped while still in use.  See
my posting to pg-hackers of even date for more info.

SQL92 semantics, including support for ALL option.  All three can be used
in subqueries and views.  DISTINCT and ORDER BY work now in views, too.
This rewrite fixes many problems with cross-datatype UNIONs and INSERT/SELECT
where the SELECT yields different datatypes than the INSERT needs.  I did
that by making UNION subqueries and SELECT in INSERT be treated like
subselects-in-FROM, thereby allowing an extra level of targetlist where the
datatype conversions can be inserted safely.
INITDB NEEDED!

(Don't forget that an alias is required.)  Views reimplemented as expanding
to subselect-in-FROM.  Grouping, aggregates, DISTINCT in views actually
work now (he says optimistically).  No UNION support in subselects/views
yet, but I have some ideas about that.  Rule-related permissions checking
moved out of rewriter and into executor.
INITDB REQUIRED!

complaints about ungrouped variables.  This is for consistency with
behavior elsewhere, notably the fact that the relname is reported as
an alias in these same complaints.  Also, it'll work with subselect-
in-FROM where old code didn't.

ends to clean up (see my message of same date to pghackers), but mostly
it works.  INITDB REQUIRED!

for example, an SQL function can be used in a functional index.  (I make
no promises about speed, but it'll work ;-).)  Clean up and simplify
handling of functions returning sets.

macros where appropriate (the code used to have several different ways
of doing that, including Int32, Int8, UInt8, ...).  Remove last few
references to float32 and float64 typedefs --- it's all float4/float8
now.  The typedefs themselves should probably stay in c.h for a release
or two, though, to avoid breaking user-written C functions.

right thing with variable-free clauses that contain noncachable functions,
such as 'WHERE random() < 0.5' --- these are evaluated once per
potential output tuple.  Expressions that contain only Params are
now candidates to be indexscan quals --- for example, 'var = ($1 + 1)'
can now be indexed.  Cope with RelabelType nodes atop potential indexscan
variables --- this oversight prevents 7.0.* from recognizing some
potentially indexscanable situations.

from Param nodes, per discussion a few days ago on pghackers.  Add new
expression node type FieldSelect that implements the functionality where
it's actually needed.  Clean up some other unused fields in Func nodes
as well.
NOTE: initdb forced due to change in stored expression trees for rules.

memory contexts.  Currently, only leaks in expressions executed as
quals or projections are handled.  Clean up some old dead cruft in
executor while at it --- unused fields in state nodes, that sort of thing.

that have at least one constant-NULL input, even if other inputs are
not constants.

since it has no way to indicate to its caller that the constant is
actually NULL.  This prevents coredump in cases like
  WHERE textfield < null::text;

WHERE in a place where it can be part of a nestloop inner indexqual.
As the code stood, it put the same physical sub-Plan node into both
indxqual and indxqualorig of the IndexScan plan node.  That confused
later processing in the optimizer (which expected that tracing the
subPlan list would visit each subplan node exactly once), and would
probably have blown up in the executor if the planner hadn't choked first.
Fix by making the 'fixed' indexqual be a complete deep copy of the
original indexqual, rather than trying to share nodes below the topmost
operator node.  This had further ramifications though, because we were
making the aforesaid list of sub-Plan nodes during SS_process_sublinks
which is run before construction of the 'fixed' indexqual, meaning that
the copy of the sub-Plan didn't show up in that list.  Fix by rearranging
logic so that the sub-Plan list is built by the final set_plan_references
pass, not in SS_process_sublinks.  This may sound like a mess, but it's
actually a good deal cleaner now than it was before, because we are no
longer dependent on the assumption that planning will never make a copy
of a sub-Plan node.

to simplify constant expressions and expand SubLink nodes into SubPlans
is done in a separate routine subquery_planner() that calls union_planner().
We formerly did most of this work in query_planner(), but that's the
wrong place because it may never see the real targetlist.  Splitting
union_planner into two routines also allows us to avoid redundant work
when union_planner is invoked recursively for UNION and inheritance
cases.  Upshot is that it is now possible to do something like
select float8(count(*)) / (select count(*) from int4_tbl)  from int4_tbl
group by f1;
which has never worked before.

that the inputs to a given operator can be recursively simplified to
constants, it was evaluating the operator using the op's *original*
(unsimplified) arg list, so that any subexpressions had to be evaluated
again.  A constant subexpression at depth N got evaluated N times.
Probably not very important in practical situations, but it made us look
real slow in MySQL's 'crashme' test...

represent the result of a binary-compatible type coercion.  At runtime
it just evaluates its argument --- but during type resolution, exprType
will pick up the output type of the RelabelType node instead of the type
of the argument.  This solves some longstanding problems with dropped
type coercions, an example being 'select now()::abstime::int4' which
used to produce date-formatted output, not an integer, because the
coercion to int4 was dropped on the floor.

  SELECT a FROM t1 tx (a);
Allow join syntax, including queries like
  SELECT * FROM t1 NATURAL JOIN t2;
Update RTE structure to hold column aliases in an Attr structure.

  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2000, PostgreSQL, Inc

to all files copyright Regents of Berkeley.  Man, that's a lot of files.

Note this forces initdb because of change of Aggref node in stored rules.

shows the specific ungrouped variable being complained of.  Perhaps this
will reduce user confusion...

Make all system indexes unique.
Make all cache loads use system indexes.
Rename *rel to *relid in inheritance tables.
Rename cache names to be clearer.

mentioned in FROM but not elsewhere in the query: such tables should be
joined over anyway.  Aside from being more standards-compliant, this allows
removal of some very ugly hacks for COUNT(*) processing.  Also, allow
HAVING clause without aggregate functions, since SQL does.  Clean up
CREATE RULE statement-list syntax the same way Bruce just fixed the
main stmtmulti production.
CAUTION: addition of a field to RangeTblEntry nodes breaks stored rules;
you will have to initdb if you have any rules.

in the Expr nodes they produce.  This fixes a few cases of errors like
'typeidTypeRelid: Invalid type - oid = 0' caused by calling parser-related
routines on expression trees that have already been processed by planner-
related routines.

Frankpitt, plus some improvements from yours truly.  The simplifier depends
on the proiscachable field of pg_proc to tell it whether a function is
safe to pre-evaluate --- things like nextval() are not, for example.
Update pg_proc.h to contain reasonable cacheability information; as of
6.5.* hardly any functions were marked cacheable.  I may have erred too
far in the other direction; see recent mail to pghackers for more info.
This update does not force an initdb, exactly, but you won't see much
benefit from the simplifier until you do one.

was rejecting negative attnums as bogus, which of course they are not.
Add code to get_attdisbursion to produce a useful value for OID attribute,
since VACUUM does not store stats for system attributes.
Also, repair bug that's been in eqjoinsel for a long time: it was taking
the max of the two columns' disbursions, whereas it should use the min.

Most parts of the planner should ignore, or indeed never even see, uplevel
Vars because they will be or have been replaced by Params.  There were a
couple of places that got it wrong though, probably my fault from recent
changes...

documented intepretation of the lefthand and oper fields.  Fix a number of
obscure problems while at it --- for example, the old code failed if the parser
decided to insert a type-coercion function just below the operator of a
SubLink.
CAUTION: this will break stored rules that contain subplans.  You may
need to initdb.

and fix_opids processing to a single recursive pass over the plan tree
executed at the very tail end of planning, rather than haphazardly here
and there at different places.  Now that tlist Vars do not get modified
until the very end, it's possible to get rid of the klugy var_equal and
match_varid partial-matching routines, and just use plain equal()
throughout the optimizer.  This is a step towards allowing merge and
hash joins to be done on expressions instead of only Vars ...

store all ordering information in pathkeys lists (which are now lists of
lists of PathKeyItem nodes, not just lists of lists of vars).  This was
a big win --- the code is smaller and IMHO more understandable than it
was, even though it handles more cases.  I believe the node changes will
not force an initdb for anyone; planner nodes don't show up in stored
rules.