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提交 c326d8f4 编写于 作者: P Peter Eisentraut
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doc/src/sgml/advanced.sgml
浏览文件 @ c326d8f4
<!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/advanced.sgml,v 1.34 2003/03/25 16:15:35 petere Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/advanced.sgml,v 1.35 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $
-->
<chapter id="tutorial-advanced">
......@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ ERROR: &lt;unnamed&gt; referential integrity violation - key referenced from we
<title>Transactions</title>
<indexterm zone="tutorial-transactions">
<primary>transactions</primary>
<primary>transaction</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......
doc/src/sgml/array.sgml
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<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/array.sgml,v 1.30 2003/08/19 06:06:43 tgl Exp $ -->
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/array.sgml,v 1.31 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $ -->
<sect1 id="arrays">
<title>Arrays</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>arrays</primary>
<primary>array</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......
doc/src/sgml/backup.sgml
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<!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/backup.sgml,v 2.29 2003/08/17 22:05:13 tgl Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/backup.sgml,v 2.30 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $
-->
<chapter id="backup">
<title>Backup and Restore</title>
......@@ -285,13 +285,15 @@ pg_dump -Fc <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> > <replaceable c
</para>
<para>
For reasons of backward compatibility, <application>pg_dump</> does
not dump large objects by default. To dump large objects you must use
either the custom or the TAR output format, and use the <option>-b</> option in
<application>pg_dump</>. See the reference pages for details.
The directory <filename>contrib/pg_dumplo</> of the
<productname>PostgreSQL</> source tree also contains a program that can
dump large objects.
For reasons of backward compatibility, <application>pg_dump</>
does not dump large objects by default.<indexterm><primary>large
object</primary><secondary>backup</secondary></indexterm> To dump
large objects you must use either the custom or the TAR output
format, and use the <option>-b</> option in
<application>pg_dump</>. See the reference pages for details. The
directory <filename>contrib/pg_dumplo</> of the
<productname>PostgreSQL</> source tree also contains a program
that can dump large objects.
</para>
<para>
......@@ -371,7 +373,15 @@ tar -cf backup.tar /usr/local/pgsql/data
<sect1 id="migration">
<title>Migration between releases</title>
<indexterm zone="migration"><primary>upgrading</></>
<indexterm zone="migration">
<primary>upgrading</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="migration">
<primary>version</primary>
<secondary>compatibility</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
As a general rule, the internal data storage format is subject to
......
doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml
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<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml,v 2.37 2003/08/04 04:03:03 tgl Exp $ -->
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml,v 2.38 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="charset">
<title>Localization</>
......@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ initdb --locale=sv_SE
<listitem>
<para>
Sort order in queries using <command>ORDER BY</>
<indexterm><primary>ORDER BY</></>
<indexterm><primary>ORDER BY</><secondary>and locales</></indexterm>
</para>
</listitem>
......
doc/src/sgml/client-auth.sgml
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<!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/client-auth.sgml,v 1.55 2003/08/17 04:39:11 momjian Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/client-auth.sgml,v 1.56 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $
-->
<chapter id="client-authentication">
......@@ -576,6 +576,7 @@ local db1,db2,@demodbs all md5
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>password</primary>
<secondary>authentication</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -865,6 +866,10 @@ omicron bryanh guest1
<sect2 id="auth-pam">
<title>PAM Authentication</title>
<indexterm zone="auth-pam">
<primary>PAM</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
This authentication method operates similarly to
<literal>password</literal> except that it uses PAM (Pluggable
......
doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml
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<!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml,v 1.122 2003/08/09 22:50:21 tgl Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml,v 1.123 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $
-->
<chapter id="datatype">
<title id="datatype-title">Data Types</title>
<indexterm zone="datatype">
<primary>data types</primary>
<primary>data type</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>types</primary>
<see>data types</see>
<primary>type</primary>
<see>data type</see>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -279,68 +279,10 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml,v 1.122 2003/08/09 22:50:21 t
<title>Numeric Types</title>
<indexterm zone="datatype-numeric">
<primary>data types</primary>
<primary>data type</primary>
<secondary>numeric</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-numeric">
<primary>integer</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-numeric">
<primary>smallint</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-numeric">
<primary>bigint</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>int4</primary>
<see>integer</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>int2</primary>
<see>smallint</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>int8</primary>
<see>bigint</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-numeric">
<primary>numeric (data type)</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>decimal</primary>
<see>numeric</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-numeric">
<primary>real</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-numeric">
<primary>double precision</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>float4</primary>
<see>real</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>float8</primary>
<see>double precision</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-numeric">
<primary>floating point</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Numeric types consist of two-, four-, and eight-byte integers,
four- and eight-byte floating-point numbers, and fixed-precision
......@@ -434,6 +376,33 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml,v 1.122 2003/08/09 22:50:21 t
<sect2 id="datatype-int">
<title>Integer Types</title>
<indexterm zone="datatype-int">
<primary>integer</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-int">
<primary>smallint</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-int">
<primary>bigint</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>int4</primary>
<see>integer</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>int2</primary>
<see>smallint</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>int8</primary>
<see>bigint</see>
</indexterm>
<para>
The types <type>smallint</type>, <type>integer</type>, and
<type>bigint</type> store whole numbers, that is, numbers without
......@@ -495,6 +464,15 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml,v 1.122 2003/08/09 22:50:21 t
<sect2 id="datatype-numeric-decimal">
<title>Arbitrary Precision Numbers</title>
<indexterm zone="datatype-numeric-decimal">
<primary>numeric (data type)</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>decimal</primary>
<see>numeric</see>
</indexterm>
<para>
The type <type>numeric</type> can store numbers with up to 1000
digits of precision and perform calculations exactly. It is
......@@ -562,6 +540,28 @@ NUMERIC
<sect2 id="datatype-float">
<title>Floating-Point Types</title>
<indexterm zone="datatype-float">
<primary>real</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-float">
<primary>double precision</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>float4</primary>
<see>real</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>float8</primary>
<see>double precision</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-float">
<primary>floating point</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The data types <type>real</type> and <type>double
precision</type> are inexact, variable-precision numeric types.
......@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ NUMERIC
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>sequences</primary>
<primary>sequence</primary>
<secondary>and serial type</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -807,18 +807,33 @@ CREATE TABLE <replaceable class="parameter">tablename</replaceable> (
<title>Character Types</title>
<indexterm zone="datatype-character">
<primary>character strings</primary>
<primary>character string</primary>
<secondary>data types</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>strings</primary>
<see>character strings</see>
<primary>string</primary>
<see>character string</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-character">
<primary>character</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-character">
<primary>character varying</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-character">
<primary>text</primary>
<see>character strings</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-character">
<primary>char</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-character">
<primary>varchar</primary>
</indexterm>
<table id="datatype-character-table">
......@@ -1020,6 +1035,15 @@ SELECT b, char_length(b) FROM test2;
<sect1 id="datatype-binary">
<title>Binary Data Types</title>
<indexterm zone="datatype-binary">
<primary>binary data</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-binary">
<primary>bytea</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The <type>bytea</type> data type allows storage of binary strings;
see <xref linkend="datatype-binary-table">.
......@@ -1210,6 +1234,34 @@ SELECT b, char_length(b) FROM test2;
<sect1 id="datatype-datetime">
<title>Date/Time Types</title>
<indexterm zone="datatype-datetime">
<primary>date</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-datetime">
<primary>time</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-datetime">
<primary>time without time zone</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-datetime">
<primary>time with time zone</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-datetime">
<primary>timestamp</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-datetime">
<primary>timestamp with time zone</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-datetime">
<primary>timestamp without time zone</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-datetime">
<primary>interval</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="datatype-datetime">
<primary>time span</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> supports the full set of
<acronym>SQL</acronym> date and time types, shown in <xref
......@@ -1387,7 +1439,6 @@ SELECT b, char_length(b) FROM test2;
<indexterm>
<primary>date</primary>
<secondary>data type</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -1461,15 +1512,12 @@ SELECT b, char_length(b) FROM test2;
<indexterm>
<primary>time</primary>
<secondary>data type</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>time without time zone</primary>
<secondary>time</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>time with time zone</primary>
<secondary>data type</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -1587,17 +1635,14 @@ SELECT b, char_length(b) FROM test2;
<indexterm>
<primary>timestamp</primary>
<secondary>data type</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>timestamp with time zone</primary>
<secondary>data type</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>timestamp without time zone</primary>
<secondary>data type</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -1797,13 +1842,13 @@ January 8 04:05:06 1999 PST
<indexterm>
<primary>date</primary>
<secondary>output format</secondary>
<seealso>Formatting</seealso>
<seealso>formatting</seealso>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>time</primary>
<secondary>output format</secondary>
<seealso>Formatting</seealso>
<seealso>formatting</seealso>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -1924,7 +1969,7 @@ January 8 04:05:06 1999 PST
<title>Time Zones</title>
<indexterm zone="datatype-timezones">
<primary>time zones</primary>
<primary>time zone</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -2265,7 +2310,11 @@ SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE a;
<title>Line Segments</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>line</primary>
<primary>lseg</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>line segment</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -2293,6 +2342,10 @@ SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE a;
<primary>box (data type)</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>rectangle</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Boxes are represented by pairs of points that are opposite
corners of the box.
......@@ -2431,7 +2484,7 @@ SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE a;
<indexterm zone="datatype-net-types">
<primary>network</primary>
<secondary>addresses</secondary>
<secondary>data types</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -2708,7 +2761,7 @@ SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE a;
<title>Bit String Types</title>
<indexterm zone="datatype-bit">
<primary>bit strings</primary>
<primary>bit string</primary>
<secondary>data type</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -3045,11 +3098,6 @@ SELECT * FROM test;
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><type>record</></entry>
<entry>Identifies a function returning an unspecified row type.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><type>any</></entry>
<entry>Indicates that a function accepts any input data type whatever.</entry>
......@@ -3058,23 +3106,24 @@ SELECT * FROM test;
<row>
<entry><type>anyarray</></entry>
<entry>Indicates that a function accepts any array data type
(see <xref linkend="types-polymorphic">).</entry>
(see <xref linkend="extend-types-polymorphic">).</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><type>anyelement</></entry>
<entry>Indicates that a function accepts any data type
(see <xref linkend="types-polymorphic">).</entry>
(see <xref linkend="extend-types-polymorphic">).</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><type>void</></entry>
<entry>Indicates that a function returns no value.</entry>
<entry><type>cstring</></entry>
<entry>Indicates that a function accepts or returns a null-terminated C string.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><type>trigger</></entry>
<entry>A trigger function is declared to return <type>trigger.</></entry>
<entry><type>internal</></entry>
<entry>Indicates that a function accepts or returns a server-internal
data type.</entry>
</row>
<row>
......@@ -3083,14 +3132,18 @@ SELECT * FROM test;
</row>
<row>
<entry><type>cstring</></entry>
<entry>Indicates that a function accepts or returns a null-terminated C string.</entry>
<entry><type>record</></entry>
<entry>Identifies a function returning an unspecified row type.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><type>internal</></entry>
<entry>Indicates that a function accepts or returns a server-internal
data type.</entry>
<entry><type>trigger</></entry>
<entry>A trigger function is declared to return <type>trigger.</></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><type>void</></entry>
<entry>Indicates that a function returns no value.</entry>
</row>
<row>
......
doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml
浏览文件 @ c326d8f4
<!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml,v 2.33 2003/08/25 23:30:25 tgl Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml,v 2.34 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $
-->
<appendix id="datetime-appendix">
......@@ -364,7 +364,8 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml,v 2.33 2003/08/25 23:30:25 tg
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>time zones</primary>
<primary>time zone</primary>
<secondary>abbreviations</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......
doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml
浏览文件 @ c326d8f4
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml,v 1.17 2003/08/14 23:13:27 tgl Exp $ -->
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml,v 1.18 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="ddl">
<title>Data Definition</title>
......@@ -19,6 +19,18 @@
<sect1 id="ddl-basics">
<title>Table Basics</title>
<indexterm zone="ddl-basics">
<primary>table</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>row</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>column</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A table in a relational database is much like a table on paper: It
consists of rows and columns. The number and order of the columns
......@@ -60,6 +72,11 @@
containing both date and time.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>table</primary>
<secondary>creating</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To create a table, you use the aptly named <literal>CREATE
TABLE</literal> command. In this command you specify at least a
......@@ -114,6 +131,11 @@ CREATE TABLE products (
highly unusual and often a questionable design.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>table</primary>
<secondary>removing</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
If you no longer need a table, you can remove it using the
<command>DROP TABLE</command> command. For example:
......@@ -156,8 +178,8 @@ DROP TABLE products;
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>columns</primary>
<secondary>system columns</secondary>
<primary>column</primary>
<secondary>system column</secondary>
</indexterm>
<variablelist>
......@@ -167,6 +189,7 @@ DROP TABLE products;
<para>
<indexterm>
<primary>OID</primary>
<secondary>column</secondary>
</indexterm>
The object identifier (object ID) of a row. This is a serial
number that is automatically added by
......@@ -182,6 +205,10 @@ DROP TABLE products;
<varlistentry>
<term><structfield>tableoid</></term>
<listitem>
<indexterm>
<primary>tableoid</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The OID of the table containing this row. This column is
particularly handy for queries that select from inheritance
......@@ -197,6 +224,10 @@ DROP TABLE products;
<varlistentry>
<term><structfield>xmin</></term>
<listitem>
<indexterm>
<primary>xmin</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The identity (transaction ID) of the inserting transaction for
this tuple. (Note: In this context, a tuple is an individual
......@@ -209,6 +240,10 @@ DROP TABLE products;
<varlistentry>
<term><structfield>cmin</></term>
<listitem>
<indexterm>
<primary>cmin</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The command identifier (starting at zero) within the inserting
transaction.
......@@ -219,6 +254,10 @@ DROP TABLE products;
<varlistentry>
<term><structfield>xmax</></term>
<listitem>
<indexterm>
<primary>xmax</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The identity (transaction ID) of the deleting transaction, or
zero for an undeleted tuple. It is possible for this column to
......@@ -232,6 +271,10 @@ DROP TABLE products;
<varlistentry>
<term><structfield>cmax</></term>
<listitem>
<indexterm>
<primary>cmax</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The command identifier within the deleting transaction, or zero.
</para>
......@@ -241,6 +284,10 @@ DROP TABLE products;
<varlistentry>
<term><structfield>ctid</></term>
<listitem>
<indexterm>
<primary>ctid</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The physical location of the tuple within its table. Note that
although the <structfield>ctid</structfield> can be used to
......@@ -292,6 +339,10 @@ DROP TABLE products;
<sect1 id="ddl-default">
<title>Default Values</title>
<indexterm zone="ddl-default">
<primary>default value</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A column can be assigned a default value. When a new row is
created and no values are specified for some of the columns, the
......@@ -302,6 +353,7 @@ DROP TABLE products;
</para>
<para>
<indexterm><primary>null value</primary><secondary>default value</secondary></indexterm>
If no default value is declared explicitly, the null value is the
default value. This usually makes sense because a null value can
be thought to represent unknown data.
......@@ -329,6 +381,10 @@ CREATE TABLE products (
<sect1 id="ddl-constraints">
<title>Constraints</title>
<indexterm zone="ddl-constraints">
<primary>constraint</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Data types are a way to limit the kind of data that can be stored
in a table. For many applications, however, the constraint they
......@@ -351,6 +407,15 @@ CREATE TABLE products (
<sect2>
<title>Check Constraints</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>check constraint</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>constraint</primary>
<secondary>check</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A check constraint is the most generic constraint type. It allows
you to specify that the value in a certain column must satisfy an
......@@ -375,6 +440,11 @@ CREATE TABLE products (
would not make too much sense.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>constraint</primary>
<secondary>name</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
You can also give the constraint a separate name. This clarifies
error messages and allows you to refer to the constraint when you
......@@ -444,6 +514,11 @@ CREATE TABLE products (
It's a matter of taste.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>null value</primary>
<secondary sortas="check constraints">with check constraints</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
It should be noted that a check constraint is satisfied if the
check expression evaluates to true or the null value. Since most
......@@ -457,6 +532,15 @@ CREATE TABLE products (
<sect2>
<title>Not-Null Constraints</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>not-null constraint</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>constraint</primary>
<secondary>NOT NULL</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A not-null constraint simply specifies that a column must not
assume the null value. A syntax example:
......@@ -526,6 +610,15 @@ CREATE TABLE products (
<sect2>
<title>Unique Constraints</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>unique constraint</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>constraint</primary>
<secondary>unique</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Unique constraints ensure that the data contained in a column or a
group of columns is unique with respect to all the rows in the
......@@ -573,6 +666,11 @@ CREATE TABLE products (
</programlisting>
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>null value</primary>
<secondary sortas="unique constraints">with unique constraints</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
In general, a unique constraint is violated when there are (at
least) two rows in the table where the values of each of the
......@@ -591,6 +689,15 @@ CREATE TABLE products (
<sect2>
<title>Primary Keys</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>primary key</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>constraint</primary>
<secondary>primary key</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Technically, a primary key constraint is simply a combination of a
unique constraint and a not-null constraint. So, the following
......@@ -649,6 +756,19 @@ CREATE TABLE example (
<sect2 id="ddl-constraints-fk">
<title>Foreign Keys</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>foreign key</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>constraint</primary>
<secondary>foreign key</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>referential integrity</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A foreign key constraint specifies that the values in a column (or
a group of columns) must match the values appearing in some row
......@@ -749,6 +869,16 @@ CREATE TABLE order_items (
the last table.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>CASCADE</primary>
<secondary>foreign key action</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>RESTRICT</primary>
<secondary>foreign key action</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
We know that the foreign keys disallow creation of orders that
do not relate to any products. But what if a product is removed
......@@ -998,6 +1128,11 @@ SET SQL_Inheritance TO OFF;
<sect1 id="ddl-alter">
<title>Modifying Tables</title>
<indexterm zone="ddl-alter">
<primary>table</primary>
<secondary>modifying</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
When you create a table and you realize that you made a mistake, or
the requirements of the application changed, then you can drop the
......@@ -1042,6 +1177,11 @@ SET SQL_Inheritance TO OFF;
<sect2>
<title>Adding a Column</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>column</primary>
<secondary>adding</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To add a column, use this command:
<programlisting>
......@@ -1070,6 +1210,11 @@ ALTER TABLE products ADD COLUMN description text CHECK (description &lt;&gt; '')
<sect2>
<title>Removing a Column</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>column</primary>
<secondary>removing</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To remove a column, use this command:
<programlisting>
......@@ -1081,6 +1226,11 @@ ALTER TABLE products DROP COLUMN description;
<sect2>
<title>Adding a Constraint</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>constraint</primary>
<secondary>adding</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To add a constraint, the table constraint syntax is used. For example:
<programlisting>
......@@ -1104,6 +1254,11 @@ ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN product_no SET NOT NULL;
<sect2>
<title>Removing a Constraint</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>constraint</primary>
<secondary>removing</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To remove a constraint you need to know its name. If you gave it
a name then that's easy. Otherwise the system assigned a
......@@ -1127,6 +1282,11 @@ ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN product_no DROP NOT NULL;
<sect2>
<title>Changing the Default</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>default value</primary>
<secondary>changing</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To set a new default for a column, use a command like this:
<programlisting>
......@@ -1146,6 +1306,11 @@ ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN price DROP DEFAULT;
<sect2>
<title>Renaming a Column</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>column</primary>
<secondary>renaming</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To rename a column:
<programlisting>
......@@ -1157,6 +1322,11 @@ ALTER TABLE products RENAME COLUMN product_no TO product_number;
<sect2>
<title>Renaming a Table</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>table</primary>
<secondary>renaming</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To rename a table:
<programlisting>
......@@ -1169,6 +1339,15 @@ ALTER TABLE products RENAME TO items;
<sect1 id="ddl-priv">
<title>Privileges</title>
<indexterm zone="ddl-priv">
<primary>privilege</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>permission</primary>
<see>privilege</see>
</indexterm>
<para>
When you create a database object, you become its owner. By
default, only the owner of an object can do anything with the
......@@ -1241,12 +1420,8 @@ REVOKE ALL ON accounts FROM PUBLIC;
<sect1 id="ddl-schemas">
<title>Schemas</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>schemas</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>namespaces</primary>
<indexterm zone="ddl-schemas">
<primary>schema</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -1313,6 +1488,11 @@ REVOKE ALL ON accounts FROM PUBLIC;
<sect2 id="ddl-schemas-create">
<title>Creating a Schema</title>
<indexterm zone="ddl-schemas-create">
<primary>schema</primary>
<secondary>creating</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To create a separate schema, use the command <literal>CREATE
SCHEMA</literal>. Give the schema a name of your choice. For
......@@ -1323,11 +1503,11 @@ CREATE SCHEMA myschema;
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>qualified names</primary>
<primary>qualified name</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>names</primary>
<primary>name</primary>
<secondary>qualified</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -1359,6 +1539,11 @@ CREATE TABLE myschema.mytable (
the following chapters.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>schema</primary>
<secondary>removing</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To drop a schema if it's empty (all objects in it have been
dropped), use
......@@ -1394,6 +1579,11 @@ CREATE SCHEMA <replaceable>schemaname</replaceable> AUTHORIZATION <replaceable>u
<sect2 id="ddl-schemas-public">
<title>The Public Schema</title>
<indexterm zone="ddl-schemas-public">
<primary>schema</primary>
<secondary>public</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
In the previous sections we created tables without specifying any
schema names. By default, such tables (and other objects) are
......@@ -1417,11 +1607,11 @@ CREATE TABLE public.products ( ... );
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>unqualified names</primary>
<primary>unqualified name</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>names</primary>
<primary>name</primary>
<secondary>unqualified</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -1437,6 +1627,11 @@ CREATE TABLE public.products ( ... );
in other schemas in the database.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>schema</primary>
<secondary>current</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The first schema named in the search path is called the current schema.
Aside from being the first schema searched, it is also the schema in
......@@ -1444,6 +1639,10 @@ CREATE TABLE public.products ( ... );
command does not specify a schema name.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>search_path</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To show the current search path, use the following command:
<programlisting>
......@@ -1523,6 +1722,11 @@ SELECT 3 OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) 4;
<sect2 id="ddl-schemas-priv">
<title>Schemas and Privileges</title>
<indexterm zone="ddl-schemas-priv">
<primary>privilege</primary>
<secondary sortas="schemas">for schemas</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
By default, users cannot see the objects in schemas they do not
own. To allow that, the owner of the schema needs to grant the
......@@ -1550,9 +1754,14 @@ REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA public FROM PUBLIC;
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<sect2 id="ddl-schemas-catalog">
<title>The System Catalog Schema</title>
<indexterm zone="ddl-schemas-catalog">
<primary>system catalog</primary>
<secondary>schema</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
In addition to <literal>public</> and user-created schemas, each
database contains a <literal>pg_catalog</> schema, which contains
......@@ -1701,6 +1910,16 @@ REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA public FROM PUBLIC;
<sect1 id="ddl-depend">
<title>Dependency Tracking</title>
<indexterm zone="ddl-depend">
<primary>CASCADE</primary>
<secondary sortas="DROP">with DROP</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="ddl-depend">
<primary>RESTRICT</primary>
<secondary sortas="DROP">with DROP</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
When you create complex database structures involving many tables
with foreign key constraints, views, triggers, functions, etc. you
......
doc/src/sgml/dfunc.sgml
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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/dfunc.sgml,v 1.25 2003/04/10 01:22:44 petere Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/dfunc.sgml,v 1.26 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $
-->
<sect2 id="dfunc">
......@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/dfunc.sgml,v 1.25 2003/04/10 01:22:44 peter
<para>
Before you are able to use your
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> extension functions written in
C, they must be compiled and linked in a special way to produce a file
that can be dynamically loaded by the server. To be
precise, a <firstterm>shared library</firstterm> needs to be created.
C, they must be compiled and linked in a special way to produce a
file that can be dynamically loaded by the server. To be precise, a
<firstterm>shared library</firstterm> needs to be
created.<indexterm><primary>shared library</></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
......@@ -26,17 +28,18 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/dfunc.sgml,v 1.25 2003/04/10 01:22:44 peter
</para>
<para>
<indexterm><primary>PIC</></>
Creating shared libraries is generally analogous to linking
executables: first the source files are compiled into object files,
then the object files are linked together. The object files need to
be created as <firstterm>position-independent code</firstterm>
(<acronym>PIC</acronym>), which conceptually means that they can be
placed at an arbitrary location in memory when they are loaded by the
executable. (Object files intended for executables are usually not compiled
that way.) The command to link a shared library contains special
flags to distinguish it from linking an executable. --- At least
this is the theory. On some systems the practice is much uglier.
<indexterm><primary>PIC</></> Creating shared libraries is generally
analogous to linking executables: first the source files are
compiled into object files, then the object files are linked
together. The object files need to be created as
<firstterm>position-independent code</firstterm>
(<acronym>PIC</acronym>),<indexterm><primary>PIC</></> which
conceptually means that they can be placed at an arbitrary location
in memory when they are loaded by the executable. (Object files
intended for executables are usually not compiled that way.) The
command to link a shared library contains special flags to
distinguish it from linking an executable. --- At least this is the
theory. On some systems the practice is much uglier.
</para>
<para>
......@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/dfunc.sgml,v 1.25 2003/04/10 01:22:44 peter
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">BSD/OS</></term>
<indexterm><primary>BSD/OS</></>
<indexterm><primary>BSD/OS</><secondary>shared library</></>
<listitem>
<para>
The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
......@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@ ld -shared -o foo.so foo.o
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</></term>
<indexterm><primary>FreeBSD</></>
<indexterm><primary>FreeBSD</><secondary>shared library</></>
<listitem>
<para>
The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
......@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ gcc -shared -o foo.so foo.o
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">HP-UX</></term>
<indexterm><primary>HP-UX</></>
<indexterm><primary>HP-UX</><secondary>shared library</></>
<listitem>
<para>
The compiler flag of the system compiler to create
......@@ -120,7 +123,7 @@ ld -b -o foo.sl foo.o
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">IRIX</></term>
<indexterm><primary>IRIX</></>
<indexterm><primary>IRIX</><secondary>shared library</></>
<listitem>
<para>
<acronym>PIC</acronym> is the default, no special compiler
......@@ -136,7 +139,7 @@ ld -shared -o foo.so foo.o
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">Linux</></term>
<indexterm><primary>Linux</></>
<indexterm><primary>Linux</><secondary>shared library</></>
<listitem>
<para>
The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
......@@ -155,7 +158,7 @@ cc -shared -o foo.so foo.o
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">MacOS X</></term>
<indexterm><primary>MacOS X</></>
<indexterm><primary>MacOS X</><secondary>shared library</></>
<listitem>
<para>
Here is an example. It assumes the developer tools are installed.
......@@ -169,7 +172,7 @@ cc -bundle -flat_namespace -undefined suppress -o foo.so foo.o
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</></term>
<indexterm><primary>NetBSD</></>
<indexterm><primary>NetBSD</><secondary>shared library</></>
<listitem>
<para>
The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
......@@ -187,7 +190,7 @@ gcc -shared -o foo.so foo.o
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">OpenBSD</></term>
<indexterm><primary>OpenBSD</></>
<indexterm><primary>OpenBSD</><secondary>shared library</></>
<listitem>
<para>
The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
......@@ -203,7 +206,7 @@ ld -Bshareable -o foo.so foo.o
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">Solaris</></term>
<indexterm><primary>Solaris</></>
<indexterm><primary>Solaris</><secondary>shared library</></>
<listitem>
<para>
The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
......@@ -227,7 +230,7 @@ gcc -G -o foo.so foo.o
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">Tru64 UNIX</></term>
<indexterm><primary>Tru64 UNIX</></>
<indexterm><primary>Tru64 UNIX</><secondary>shared library</></>
<indexterm><primary>Digital UNIX</><see>Tru64 UNIX</></>
<listitem>
<para>
......@@ -246,7 +249,7 @@ ld -shared -expect_unresolved '*' -o foo.so foo.o
<varlistentry>
<term><systemitem class="osname">UnixWare</></term>
<indexterm><primary>UnixWare</></>
<indexterm><primary>UnixWare</><secondary>shared library</></>
<listitem>
<para>
The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is <option>-K
......
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<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/dml.sgml,v 1.6 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="dml">
<title>Data Manipulation</title>
......@@ -20,6 +20,14 @@
<sect1 id="dml-insert">
<title>Inserting Data</title>
<indexterm zone="dml-insert">
<primary>inserting</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="dml-insert">
<primary>INSERT</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
When a table is created, it contains no data. The first thing to
do before a database can be of much use is to insert data. Data is
......@@ -98,6 +106,14 @@ INSERT INTO products DEFAULT VALUES;
<sect1 id="dml-update">
<title>Updating Data</title>
<indexterm zone="dml-update">
<primary>updating</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="dml-update">
<primary>UPDATE</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The modification of data that is already in the database is
referred to as updating. You can update individual rows, all the
......@@ -182,6 +198,14 @@ UPDATE mytable SET a = 5, b = 3, c = 1 WHERE a > 0;
<sect1 id="dml-delete">
<title>Deleting Data</title>
<indexterm zone="dml-delete">
<primary>deleting</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="dml-delete">
<primary>DELETE</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
So far we have explained how to add data to tables and how to
change data. What remains is to discuss how to remove data that is
......
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-->
<chapter id="ecpg">
<title><application>ECPG</application> - Embedded <acronym>SQL</acronym> in C</title>
<indexterm zone="ecpg"><primary>embedded SQL</primary><secondary>in C</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm zone="ecpg"><primary>C</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm zone="ecpg"><primary>ECPG</primary></indexterm>
<para>
This chapter describes the embedded <acronym>SQL</acronym> package
......
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-->
<chapter id="extend">
......@@ -80,16 +80,25 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/extend.sgml,v 1.23 2003/08/09 22:50:21 tgl
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="type-system">
<sect1 id="extend-type-system">
<title>The <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> Type System</title>
<indexterm zone="type-system">
<primary>extending SQL</primary>
<secondary>types</secondary>
<indexterm zone="extend-type-system">
<primary>base type</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="extend-type-system">
<primary>data type</primary>
<secondary>base</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="extend-type-system">
<primary>composite type</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="type-system">
<primary>data types</primary>
<indexterm zone="extend-type-system">
<primary>data type</primary>
<secondary>composite</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -138,15 +147,25 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/extend.sgml,v 1.23 2003/08/09 22:50:21 tgl
pseudo-types.
</para>
<sect2 id="types-polymorphic">
<sect2 id="extend-types-polymorphic">
<title>Polymorphic Types and Functions</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>polymorphic types</primary>
<indexterm zone="extend-types-polymorphic">
<primary>polymorphic type</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="extend-types-polymorphic">
<primary>polymorphic function</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="extend-types-polymorphic">
<primary>type</primary>
<secondary>polymorphic</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>polymorphic functions</primary>
<indexterm zone="extend-types-polymorphic">
<primary>function</primary>
<secondary>polymorphic</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......
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PostgreSQL documentation
-->
......@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<title>Functions and Operators</title>
<indexterm zone="functions">
<primary>functions</primary>
<primary>function</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="functions">
<primary>operators</primary>
<primary>operator</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<title>Logical Operators</title>
<indexterm zone="functions-logical">
<primary>operators</primary>
<primary>operator</primary>
<secondary>logical</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -54,18 +54,27 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
The usual logical operators are available:
<indexterm>
<primary>and</primary>
<secondary>operator</secondary>
<primary>AND (operator)</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>or</primary>
<secondary>operator</secondary>
<primary>OR (operator)</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>not</primary>
<secondary>operator</secondary>
<primary>NOT (operator)</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>conjunction</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>disjunction</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>negation</primary>
</indexterm>
<simplelist>
......@@ -252,7 +261,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<primary>between</primary>
</indexterm>
In addition to the comparison operators, the special
<token>BETWEEN</token> construct is available.
<token>BETWEEN</token> construct is available.<indexterm><primary>BETWEEN</primary></indexterm>
<synopsis>
<replaceable>a</replaceable> BETWEEN <replaceable>x</replaceable> AND <replaceable>y</replaceable>
</synopsis>
......@@ -284,6 +293,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> ISNULL
<replaceable>expression</replaceable> NOTNULL
</synopsis>
<indexterm><primary>null value</primary><secondary>comparing</secondary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
......@@ -847,7 +857,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<entry>
String concatenation
<indexterm>
<primary>character strings</primary>
<primary>character string</primary>
<secondary>concatenation</secondary>
</indexterm>
</entry>
......@@ -869,12 +879,12 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<entry>
Number of characters in string
<indexterm>
<primary>character strings</primary>
<primary>character string</primary>
<secondary>length</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>length</primary>
<secondary>character strings</secondary>
<secondary sortas="character string">of a character string</secondary>
<see>character strings, length</see>
</indexterm>
</entry>
......@@ -1110,12 +1120,12 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<entry>
Number of characters in string
<indexterm>
<primary>character strings</primary>
<primary>character string</primary>
<secondary>length</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>length</primary>
<secondary>character strings</secondary>
<secondary sortas="character string">of a character string</secondary>
<see>character strings, length</see>
</indexterm>
</entry>
......@@ -1174,7 +1184,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal><function>quote_ident</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> text)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal><function>quote_ident</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> text)</literal><indexterm><primary>quote_ident</></></entry>
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
<entry>
Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as an identifier
......@@ -1188,7 +1198,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal><function>quote_literal</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> text)</literal></entry>
<entry><literal><function>quote_literal</function>(<parameter>string</parameter> text)</literal><indexterm><primary>quote_literal</></></entry>
<entry><type>text</type></entry>
<entry>
Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal
......@@ -2055,6 +2065,11 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<sect1 id="functions-binarystring">
<title>Binary String Functions and Operators</title>
<indexterm zone="functions-binarystring">
<primary>binary data</primary>
<secondary>functions</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
This section describes functions and operators for examining and
manipulating values of type <type>bytea</type>.
......@@ -2092,7 +2107,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<entry>
String concatenation
<indexterm>
<primary>binary strings</primary>
<primary>binary string</primary>
<secondary>concatenation</secondary>
</indexterm>
</entry>
......@@ -2243,12 +2258,12 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<entry>
Length of binary string
<indexterm>
<primary>binary strings</primary>
<primary>binary string</primary>
<secondary>length</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>length</primary>
<secondary>binary strings</secondary>
<secondary sortas="binary string">of a binary string</secondary>
<see>binary strings, length</see>
</indexterm>
</entry>
......@@ -2321,8 +2336,8 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<sect2 id="functions-like">
<title><function>LIKE</function></title>
<indexterm>
<primary>like</primary>
<indexterm zone="functions-like">
<primary>LIKE</primary>
</indexterm>
<synopsis>
......@@ -2420,12 +2435,12 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
Regular Expressions</title>
<indexterm zone="functions-sql99-regexp">
<primary>regular expressions</primary>
<primary>regular expression</primary>
<!-- <seealso>pattern matching</seealso> breaks index build -->
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>similar to</primary>
<primary>SIMILAR TO</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
......@@ -2547,7 +2562,7 @@ substring('foobar' from '#"o_b#"%' for '#') <lineannotation>NULL</lineannotat
<title><acronym>POSIX</acronym> Regular Expressions</title>
<indexterm zone="functions-posix-regexp">
<primary>regular expressions</primary>
<primary>regular expression</primary>
<seealso>pattern matching</seealso>
</indexterm>
......@@ -3794,6 +3809,10 @@ substring('foobar' from 'o(.)b') <lineannotation>o</lineannotation>
<primary>formatting</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="functions-formatting">
<primary>to_char</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> formatting functions
provide a powerful set of tools for converting various data types
......@@ -6004,7 +6023,7 @@ SELECT TIMESTAMP 'now';
<title>Sequence-Manipulation Functions</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>sequences</primary>
<primary>sequence</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>nextval</primary>
......@@ -6167,11 +6186,11 @@ SELECT setval('foo', 42, false); <lineannotation>Next <function>nextval</> wi
<title>Conditional Expressions</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>case</primary>
<primary>CASE</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>conditionals</primary>
<primary>conditional expression</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -6292,8 +6311,12 @@ SELECT a,
<sect2>
<title><literal>COALESCE</></title>
<indexterm>
<primary>COALESCE</primary>
</indexterm>
<synopsis>
<function>COALESCE</function>(<replaceable>value</replaceable> <optional>, ...</optional>)
<function>coalesce</function>(<replaceable>value</replaceable> <optional>, ...</optional>)
</synopsis>
<para>
......@@ -6502,7 +6525,8 @@ SET search_path TO <replaceable>schema</> <optional>, <replaceable>schema</>, ..
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
<primary>configuration</primary>
<secondary>server</secondary>
<secondary sortas="server">of the server</secondary>
<tertiary>functions</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -6539,6 +6563,11 @@ SELECT set_config('show_statement_stats', 'off', false);
</programlisting>
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>privilege</primary>
<secondary>querying</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
<xref linkend="functions-misc-access-table"> lists functions that
allow the user to query object access privileges programmatically.
......@@ -6971,6 +7000,11 @@ SELECT pg_type_is_visible('myschema.widget'::regtype);
<primary>col_description</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="functions-misc">
<primary>comment</primary>
<secondary sortas="database objects">about database objects</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The function shown in <xref
linkend="functions-misc-comment-table"> extract comments
......@@ -7272,6 +7306,11 @@ SELECT pg_type_is_visible('myschema.widget'::regtype);
<sect1 id="functions-aggregate">
<title>Aggregate Functions</title>
<indexterm zone="functions-aggregate">
<primary>aggregate function</primary>
<secondary>built-in</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
<firstterm>Aggregate functions</firstterm> compute a single result
value from a set of input values. <xref
......@@ -7300,7 +7339,6 @@ SELECT pg_type_is_visible('myschema.widget'::regtype);
<entry>
<indexterm>
<primary>average</primary>
<secondary>function</secondary>
</indexterm>
<function>avg(<replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>)</function>
</entry>
......@@ -7482,31 +7520,31 @@ SELECT col FROM sometable ORDER BY col ASC LIMIT 1;
<title>Subquery Expressions</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>exists</primary>
<primary>EXISTS</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>in</primary>
<primary>IN</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>not in</primary>
<primary>NOT IN</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>any</primary>
<primary>ANY</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>all</primary>
<primary>ALL</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>some</primary>
<primary>SOME</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>subqueries</primary>
<primary>subquery</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -7808,6 +7846,11 @@ SELECT col1 FROM tab1
<sect2>
<title>Row-wise Comparison</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>comparison</primary>
<secondary>of rows</secondary>
</indexterm>
<synopsis>
(<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceable>expression</replaceable> ...</optional>) <replaceable>operator</replaceable> (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
</synopsis>
......
doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml
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<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml,v 1.42 2003/05/28 16:03:55 tgl Exp $ -->
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml,v 1.43 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="indexes">
<title id="indexes-title">Indexes</title>
<indexterm zone="indexes">
<primary>indexes</primary>
<primary>index</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -109,12 +109,12 @@ CREATE INDEX test1_id_index ON test1 (id);
B-tree, R-tree, GiST, and Hash. Each index type is more appropriate for
a particular query type because of the algorithm it uses.
<indexterm>
<primary>indexes</primary>
<primary>index</primary>
<secondary>B-tree</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>B-tree</primary>
<see>indexes</see>
<see>index</see>
</indexterm>
By
default, the <command>CREATE INDEX</command> command will create a
......@@ -147,12 +147,12 @@ CREATE INDEX test1_id_index ON test1 (id);
<para>
<indexterm>
<primary>indexes</primary>
<primary>index</primary>
<secondary>R-tree</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>R-tree</primary>
<see>indexes</see>
<see>index</see>
</indexterm>
R-tree indexes are especially suited for spatial data. To create
an R-tree index, use a command of the form
......@@ -178,12 +178,12 @@ CREATE INDEX <replaceable>name</replaceable> ON <replaceable>table</replaceable>
<para>
<indexterm>
<primary>indexes</primary>
<primary>index</primary>
<secondary>hash</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>hash</primary>
<see>indexes</see>
<see>index</see>
</indexterm>
The query planner will consider using a hash index whenever an
indexed column is involved in a comparison using the
......@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ CREATE INDEX <replaceable>name</replaceable> ON <replaceable>table</replaceable>
<title>Multicolumn Indexes</title>
<indexterm zone="indexes-multicolumn">
<primary>indexes</primary>
<primary>index</primary>
<secondary>multicolumn</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ SELECT name FROM test2 WHERE major = <replaceable>constant</replaceable> OR mino
<title>Unique Indexes</title>
<indexterm zone="indexes-unique">
<primary>indexes</primary>
<primary>index</primary>
<secondary>unique</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -337,8 +337,8 @@ CREATE UNIQUE INDEX <replaceable>name</replaceable> ON <replaceable>table</repla
<title>Indexes on Expressions</title>
<indexterm zone="indexes-expressional">
<primary>indexes</primary>
<secondary>on expressions</secondary>
<primary>index</primary>
<secondary sortas="expressions">on expressions</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -392,6 +392,10 @@ CREATE INDEX people_names ON people ((first_name || ' ' || last_name));
<sect1 id="indexes-opclass">
<title>Operator Classes</title>
<indexterm zone="indexes-opclass">
<primary>operator class</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
An index definition may specify an <firstterm>operator
class</firstterm> for each column of an index.
......@@ -492,7 +496,7 @@ SELECT am.amname AS index_method,
<title>Partial Indexes</title>
<indexterm zone="indexes-partial">
<primary>indexes</primary>
<primary>index</primary>
<secondary>partial</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -709,6 +713,11 @@ CREATE UNIQUE INDEX tests_success_constraint ON tests (subject, target)
<sect1 id="indexes-examine">
<title>Examining Index Usage</title>
<indexterm zone="indexes-examine">
<primary>index</primary>
<secondary>examining usage</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Although indexes in <productname>PostgreSQL</> do not need
maintenance and tuning, it is still important to check
......
doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml
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<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml,v 1.138 2003/08/04 04:03:03 tgl Exp $ -->
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml,v 1.139 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="installation">
<title><![%standalone-include[<productname>PostgreSQL</>]]>
......@@ -383,6 +383,7 @@ JAVACMD=$JAVA_HOME/bin/java
<para>
<indexterm>
<primary>pg_dumpall</primary>
<secondary>use during upgrade</secondary>
</indexterm>
To back up your database installation, type:
......@@ -875,8 +876,8 @@ JAVACMD=$JAVA_HOME/bin/java
<term><option>--with-pam</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Build with <acronym>PAM</> (Pluggable Authentication Modules)
support.
Build with <acronym>PAM</><indexterm><primary>PAM</></>
(Pluggable Authentication Modules) support.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
......@@ -1163,7 +1164,7 @@ All of PostgreSQL is successfully made. Ready to install.
<title>Shared Libraries</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>shared libraries</primary>
<primary>shared library</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -1284,7 +1285,6 @@ set path = ( /usr/local/pgsql/bin $path )
<para>
<indexterm>
<primary><envar>MANPATH</envar></primary>
<seealso>man pages</seealso>
</indexterm>
To enable your system to find the <application>man</>
documentation, you need to add lines like the following to a
......
doc/src/sgml/jdbc.sgml
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<!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/jdbc.sgml,v 1.47 2003/08/07 05:06:40 barry Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/jdbc.sgml,v 1.48 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $
-->
<chapter id="jdbc">
<title><acronym>JDBC</acronym> Interface</title>
<indexterm zone="jdbc">
<primary>JDBC</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="jdbc">
<primary>Java</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
<acronym>JDBC</acronym> is a core <acronym>API</acronym> of Java 1.1 and later.
It provides a standard set of
......@@ -66,6 +74,14 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/jdbc.sgml,v 1.47 2003/08/07 05:06:40
<sect2 id="jdbc-classpath">
<title>Setting up the Class Path</title>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-classpath">
<primary>class path</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-classpath">
<primary>CLASSPATH</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
To use the driver, the JAR archive (named
<filename>postgresql.jar</filename> if you built from source, otherwise
......@@ -316,6 +332,18 @@ db.close();
<sect1 id="jdbc-query">
<title>Issuing a Query and Processing the Result</title>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-query">
<primary>Statement</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-query">
<primary>PreparedStatement</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-query">
<primary>ResultSet</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Any time you want to issue <acronym>SQL</acronym> statements to
the database, you require a <classname>Statement</classname> or
......@@ -681,6 +709,16 @@ st.close();
<sect1 id="jdbc-binary-data">
<title>Storing Binary Data</title>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-binary-data">
<primary>bytea</primary>
<secondary sortas="JDBC">in JDBC</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-binary-data">
<primary>large object</primary>
<secondary sortas="JDBC">in JDBC</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
<application>PostgreSQL</application> provides two distinct ways to
store binary data. Binary data can be stored in a table using
......@@ -2597,6 +2635,11 @@ public void unlink(int oid) throws SQLException
<sect1 id="jdbc-thread">
<title>Using the Driver in a Multithreaded or a Servlet Environment</title>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-thread">
<primary>threads</primary>
<secondary sortas="JDBC">with JDBC</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A problem with many <acronym>JDBC</acronym> drivers is that only
one thread can use a <classname>Connection</classname> at any one
......@@ -2645,6 +2688,15 @@ public void unlink(int oid) throws SQLException
<sect1 id="jdbc-datasource">
<title>Connection Pools and Data Sources</title>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-datasource">
<primary>connection pool</primary>
<secondary sortas="JDBC">in JDBC</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-datasource">
<primary>DataSource</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
<acronym>JDBC</> 2 introduced standard connection pooling features in an
add-on <acronym>API</> known as the <acronym>JDBC</acronym> 2.0 Optional
......@@ -3029,7 +3081,11 @@ try {
</sect2>
<sect2 id="jdbc-jndi">
<title>Data Sources and <acronym>JNDI</acronym></title>
<title>Data Sources and <acronym>JNDI</acronym></title>
<indexterm zone="jdbc-jndi">
<primary>JNDI</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
All the <literal>ConnectionPoolDataSource</literal> and
......
doc/src/sgml/keywords.sgml
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<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/keywords.sgml,v 2.9 2003/06/12 07:49:43 momjian Exp $ -->
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/keywords.sgml,v 2.10 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $ -->
<appendix id="sql-keywords-appendix">
<title><acronym>SQL</acronym> Key Words</title>
<indexterm zone="sql-keywords-appendix">
<primary>key words</primary>
<primary>key word</primary>
<secondary>list of</secondary>
</indexterm>
......
doc/src/sgml/libpgtcl.sgml
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......@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@
<para>
The <function>pg_lo_*</function> commands are interfaces to the
large object features of
<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName>.<indexterm><primary>Large
Object</></> The functions are designed to mimic the analogous file
<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName>.<indexterm><primary>large
object</><secondary>in pgctl</></> The functions are designed to mimic the analogous file
system functions in the standard Unix file system interface. The
<function>pg_lo_*</function> commands should be used within a
<command>BEGIN</command>/<command>COMMIT</command> transaction
......@@ -1043,12 +1043,12 @@ pg_listen <parameter>conn</parameter> <parameter>notifyName</parameter> <optiona
message bearing the given name arrives from the server. This
occurs when any <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> client
application issues a
<command>NOTIFY</command><indexterm><primary>NOTIFY</><secondary>in
pgtcl</></> command referencing that name. The command string is
executed from the Tcl idle loop. That is the normal idle state of
an application written with Tk. In non-Tk Tcl shells, you can
execute <function>update</function> or <function>vwait</function>
to cause the idle loop to be entered.
<command>NOTIFY</command><indexterm><primary>NOTIFY</><secondary
sortas="pgtcl">in pgtcl</></> command referencing that name. The
command string is executed from the Tcl idle loop. That is the
normal idle state of an application written with Tk. In non-Tk Tcl
shells, you can execute <function>update</function> or
<function>vwait</function> to cause the idle loop to be entered.
</para>
<para>
......
doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
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此差异已折叠。
doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml
浏览文件 @ c326d8f4
<!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml,v 1.29 2003/06/21 21:51:33 tgl Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml,v 1.30 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $
-->
<chapter id="largeObjects">
......@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml,v 1.29 2003/06/21 21:51:33 tgl Ex
<synopsis>
Oid lo_creat(PGconn *conn, int mode);
</synopsis>
<indexterm><primary>lo_creat</></>
creates a new large object.
<replaceable class="parameter">mode</replaceable> is a bit mask
describing several different attributes of the new
......@@ -143,7 +144,8 @@ inv_oid = lo_creat(INV_READ|INV_WRITE);
<synopsis>
Oid lo_import(PGconn *conn, const char *filename);
</synopsis>
<replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
<indexterm><primary>lo_import</></>
<replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
specifies the operating system name of
the file to be imported as a large object.
The return value is the OID that was assigned to the new large object.
......@@ -159,6 +161,7 @@ Oid lo_import(PGconn *conn, const char *filename);
<synopsis>
int lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, const char *filename);
</synopsis>
<indexterm><primary>lo_export</></>
The <parameter>lobjId</parameter> argument specifies the OID of the large
object to export and the <parameter>filename</parameter> argument specifies
the operating system name name of the file.
......@@ -173,6 +176,7 @@ int lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, const char *filename);
<synopsis>
int lo_open(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int mode);
</synopsis>
<indexterm><primary>lo_open</></>
The <parameter>lobjId</parameter> argument specifies the OID of the large
object to open. The <parameter>mode</parameter> bits control whether the
object is opened for reading (<symbol>INV_READ</>), writing (<symbol>INV_WRITE</symbol>), or
......@@ -194,10 +198,13 @@ int lo_open(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int mode);
<synopsis>
int lo_write(PGconn *conn, int fd, const char *buf, size_t len);
</synopsis>
writes <parameter>len</parameter> bytes from <parameter>buf</parameter> to large object <parameter>fd</>. The <parameter>fd</parameter>
argument must have been returned by a previous <function>lo_open</function>.
The number of bytes actually written is returned. In
the event of an error, the return value is negative.
<indexterm><primary>lo_write</></> writes
<parameter>len</parameter> bytes from <parameter>buf</parameter>
to large object <parameter>fd</>. The <parameter>fd</parameter>
argument must have been returned by a previous
<function>lo_open</function>. The number of bytes actually
written is returned. In the event of an error, the return value
is negative.
</para>
</sect2>
......@@ -209,10 +216,13 @@ int lo_write(PGconn *conn, int fd, const char *buf, size_t len);
<synopsis>
int lo_read(PGconn *conn, int fd, char *buf, size_t len);
</synopsis>
reads <parameter>len</parameter> bytes from large object <parameter>fd</parameter> into <parameter>buf</parameter>. The <parameter>fd</parameter>
argument must have been returned by a previous <function>lo_open</function>.
The number of bytes actually read is returned. In
the event of an error, the return value is negative.
<indexterm><primary>lo_read</></> reads
<parameter>len</parameter> bytes from large object
<parameter>fd</parameter> into <parameter>buf</parameter>. The
<parameter>fd</parameter> argument must have been returned by a
previous <function>lo_open</function>. The number of bytes
actually read is returned. In the event of an error, the return
value is negative.
</para>
</sect2>
......@@ -225,10 +235,14 @@ int lo_read(PGconn *conn, int fd, char *buf, size_t len);
<synopsis>
int lo_lseek(PGconn *conn, int fd, int offset, int whence);
</synopsis>
This function moves the current location pointer for the
large object described by <parameter>fd</> to the new location specified
by <parameter>offset</>. The valid values for <parameter>whence</> are
<symbol>SEEK_SET</> (seek from object start), <symbol>SEEK_CUR</> (seek from current position), and <symbol>SEEK_END</> (seek from object end). The return value is the new location pointer.
<indexterm><primary>lo_lseek</></> This function moves the
current location pointer for the large object described by
<parameter>fd</> to the new location specified by
<parameter>offset</>. The valid values for <parameter>whence</>
are <symbol>SEEK_SET</> (seek from object start),
<symbol>SEEK_CUR</> (seek from current position), and
<symbol>SEEK_END</> (seek from object end). The return value is
the new location pointer.
</para>
</sect2>
......@@ -241,7 +255,8 @@ int lo_lseek(PGconn *conn, int fd, int offset, int whence);
<synopsis>
int lo_tell(PGconn *conn, int fd);
</synopsis>
If there is an error, the return value is negative.
<indexterm><primary>lo_tell</></> If there is an error, the
return value is negative.
</para>
</sect2>
......@@ -253,9 +268,10 @@ int lo_tell(PGconn *conn, int fd);
<synopsis>
int lo_close(PGconn *conn, int fd);
</synopsis>
where <parameter>fd</> is a large object descriptor returned by
<function>lo_open</function>. On success, <function>lo_close</function>
returns zero. On error, the return value is negative.
<indexterm><primary>lo_close</></> where <parameter>fd</> is a
large object descriptor returned by <function>lo_open</function>.
On success, <function>lo_close</function> returns zero. On
error, the return value is negative.
</para>
<para>
......@@ -272,8 +288,10 @@ int lo_close(PGconn *conn, int fd);
<synopsis>
int lo_unlink(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId);
</synopsis>
The <parameter>lobjId</parameter> argument specifies the OID of the large
object to remove. In the event of an error, the return value is negative.
<indexterm><primary>lo_unlink</></> The
<parameter>lobjId</parameter> argument specifies the OID of the
large object to remove. In the event of an error, the return
value is negative.
</para>
</sect2>
......@@ -284,11 +302,13 @@ int lo_unlink(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId);
<title>Server-side Functions</title>
<para>
There are two built-in server-side functions, <function>lo_import</function>
and <function>lo_export</function>, for large object access, which are available for use
in <acronym>SQL</acronym>
commands.
Here is an example of their use:
There are two built-in server-side functions,
<function>lo_import</function><indexterm><primary>lo_import</></>
and
<function>lo_export</function>,<indexterm><primary>lo_export</></>
for large object access, which are available for use in
<acronym>SQL</acronym> commands. Here is an example of their
use:
<programlisting>
CREATE TABLE image (
name text,
......
doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml
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<!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml,v 1.23 2003/06/18 12:19:11 petere Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml,v 1.24 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $
-->
<chapter id="maintenance">
<title>Routine Database Maintenance Tasks</title>
<indexterm zone="maintenance">
<primary>maintenance</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
There are a few routine maintenance chores that must be performed on
a regular basis to keep a <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
......@@ -158,6 +162,15 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml,v 1.23 2003/06/18 12:19:11
<sect2 id="vacuum-for-statistics">
<title>Updating planner statistics</title>
<indexterm zone="vacuum-for-statistics">
<primary>statistics</primary>
<secondary>of the planner</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="vacuum-for-statistics">
<primary>ANALYZE</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> query planner relies on
statistical information about the contents of tables in order to
......@@ -396,7 +409,8 @@ VACUUM
<title>Log File Maintenance</title>
<indexterm zone="logfile-maintenance">
<primary>log files</primary>
<primary>server log</primary>
<secondary>log file maintenance</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......
doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml
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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml,v 2.27 2003/03/25 16:15:37 petere Exp $
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<chapter id="managing-databases">
......@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml,v 2.27 2003/03/25 16:15:37 p
<sect1 id="manage-ag-overview">
<title>Overview</title>
<indexterm zone="manage-ag-overview">
<primary>schema</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A database is a named collection of <acronym>SQL</acronym> objects
(<quote>database objects</quote>). Generally, every database
......@@ -70,8 +74,8 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml,v 2.27 2003/03/25 16:15:37 p
</para>
<para>
Databases are created with the SQL command
<command>CREATE DATABASE</command>:
Databases are created with the SQL command <command>CREATE
DATABASE</command>:<indexterm><primary>CREATE DATABASE</></>
<synopsis>
CREATE DATABASE <replaceable>name</>;
</synopsis>
......@@ -93,9 +97,10 @@ CREATE DATABASE <replaceable>name</>;
question remains how the <emphasis>first</> database at any given
site can be created. The first database is always created by the
<command>initdb</> command when the data storage area is
initialized. (See <xref linkend="creating-cluster">.)
This database is called <literal>template1</>. So to create the
first <quote>real</> database you can connect to
initialized. (See <xref linkend="creating-cluster">.) This
database is called
<literal>template1</>.<indexterm><primary>template1</></> So to
create the first <quote>real</> database you can connect to
<literal>template1</>.
</para>
......@@ -112,7 +117,7 @@ CREATE DATABASE <replaceable>name</>;
<para>
As an extra convenience, there is also a program that you can
execute from the shell to create new databases,
<command>createdb</>.
<command>createdb</>.<indexterm><primary>createdb</></>
<synopsis>
createdb <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable>
......@@ -157,31 +162,33 @@ createdb -O <replaceable>username</> <replaceable>dbname</>
<para>
<command>CREATE DATABASE</> actually works by copying an existing
database. By default, it copies the standard system database named
<literal>template1</>. Thus that database is the <quote>template</>
from which new databases are made. If you add objects to
<literal>template1</>, these objects
<literal>template1</>.<indexterm><primary>template1</></> Thus that
database is the <quote>template</> from which new databases are
made. If you add objects to <literal>template1</>, these objects
will be copied into subsequently created user databases. This
behavior allows site-local modifications to the standard set of
objects in databases. For example, if you install the procedural
language <application>PL/pgSQL</> in <literal>template1</>, it will
automatically be available in user databases without any extra action
being taken when those databases are made.
automatically be available in user databases without any extra
action being taken when those databases are made.
</para>
<para>
There is a second standard system database named <literal>template0</>.
This database contains the same data as the initial contents of
<literal>template1</>, that is, only the standard objects predefined by
your version of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
<literal>template0</> should never be changed
after <command>initdb</>. By instructing <command>CREATE DATABASE</> to
copy <literal>template0</> instead of <literal>template1</>, you can
create a <quote>virgin</> user database that contains none of the
site-local additions in <literal>template1</>. This is particularly
handy when restoring a <literal>pg_dump</> dump: the dump script should
be restored in a virgin database to ensure that one recreates the
correct contents of the dumped database, without any conflicts with
additions that may now be present in <literal>template1</>.
There is a second standard system database named
<literal>template0</>.<indexterm><primary>template0</></> This
database contains the same data as the initial contents of
<literal>template1</>, that is, only the standard objects
predefined by your version of
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname>. <literal>template0</>
should never be changed after <command>initdb</>. By instructing
<command>CREATE DATABASE</> to copy <literal>template0</> instead
of <literal>template1</>, you can create a <quote>virgin</> user
database that contains none of the site-local additions in
<literal>template1</>. This is particularly handy when restoring a
<literal>pg_dump</> dump: the dump script should be restored in a
virgin database to ensure that one recreates the correct contents
of the dumped database, without any conflicts with additions that
may now be present in <literal>template1</>.
</para>
<para>
......@@ -214,7 +221,7 @@ createdb -T template0 <replaceable>dbname</>
</para>
<para>
Two useful flags exist in <literal>pg_database</literal> for each
Two useful flags exist in <literal>pg_database</literal><indexterm><primary>pg_database</></> for each
database: the columns <literal>datistemplate</literal> and
<literal>datallowconn</literal>. <literal>datistemplate</literal>
may be set to indicate that a database is intended as a template for
......@@ -382,7 +389,8 @@ gmake CPPFLAGS=-DALLOW_ABSOLUTE_DBPATHS all
<title>Destroying a Database</title>
<para>
Databases are destroyed with the command <command>DROP DATABASE</command>:
Databases are destroyed with the command <command>DROP
DATABASE</command>:<indexterm><primary>DROP DATABASE</></>
<synopsis>
DROP DATABASE <replaceable>name</>;
</synopsis>
......@@ -403,7 +411,8 @@ DROP DATABASE <replaceable>name</>;
</para>
<para>
For convenience, there is also a shell program to drop databases:
For convenience, there is also a shell program to drop
databases:<indexterm><primary>dropdb</></>
<synopsis>
dropdb <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable>
</synopsis>
......
doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
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<chapter id="monitoring">
<title>Monitoring Database Activity</title>
<indexterm zone="monitoring">
<primary>monitoring</primary>
<secondary>database activity</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="monitoring">
<primary>database activity</primary>
<secondary>monitoring</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A database administrator frequently wonders, <quote>What is the system
doing right now?</quote>
......@@ -589,6 +599,11 @@ SELECT pg_stat_get_backend_pid(s.backendid) AS procpid,
<sect1 id="monitoring-locks">
<title>Viewing Locks</title>
<indexterm zone="monitoring-locks">
<primary>lock</primary>
<secondary>monitoring</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Another useful tool for monitoring database activity is the
<literal>pg_locks</literal> system table. It allows the
......
doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml
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<chapter id="mvcc">
......@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml,v 2.35 2003/03/25 16:15:37 petere
<sect1 id="mvcc-intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>MVCC</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Unlike traditional database systems which use locks for concurrency control,
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
......@@ -57,6 +61,10 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml,v 2.35 2003/03/25 16:15:37 petere
<sect1 id="transaction-iso">
<title>Transaction Isolation</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>transaction isolation</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The <acronym>SQL</acronym> standard defines four levels of
transaction isolation in terms of three phenomena that must be
......@@ -108,7 +116,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml,v 2.35 2003/03/25 16:15:37 petere
<para>
<indexterm>
<primary>isolation levels</primary>
<primary>transaction isolation level</primary>
</indexterm>
The four transaction isolation levels and the corresponding
behaviors are described in <xref linkend="mvcc-isolevel-table">.
......@@ -206,7 +214,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml,v 2.35 2003/03/25 16:15:37 petere
<title>Read Committed Isolation Level</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>isolation levels</primary>
<primary>transaction isolation level</primary>
<secondary>read committed</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -292,7 +300,7 @@ COMMIT;
<title>Serializable Isolation Level</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>isolation levels</primary>
<primary>transaction isolation level</primary>
<secondary>serializable</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -376,7 +384,7 @@ ERROR: Can't serialize access due to concurrent update
<title>Explicit Locking</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>locking</primary>
<primary>lock</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -394,6 +402,10 @@ ERROR: Can't serialize access due to concurrent update
<sect2 id="locking-tables">
<title>Table-Level Locks</title>
<indexterm zone="locking-tables">
<primary>LOCK</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The list below shows the available lock modes and the contexts in
which they are used automatically by
......@@ -644,6 +656,10 @@ ERROR: Can't serialize access due to concurrent update
<sect2 id="locking-deadlocks">
<title>Deadlocks</title>
<indexterm zone="locking-deadlocks">
<primary>deadlock</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The use of explicit locking can increase the likelyhood of
<firstterm>deadlocks</>, wherein two (or more) transactions each
......@@ -813,6 +829,11 @@ UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100.00 WHERE acctnum = 22222;
<sect1 id="locking-indexes">
<title>Locking and Indexes</title>
<indexterm zone="locking-indexes">
<primary>index</primary>
<secondary>locks</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Though <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
provides nonblocking read/write access to table
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doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml
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<chapter id="performance-tips">
......@@ -15,6 +15,14 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml,v 1.30 2003/06/25 02:07:33 mom
<sect1 id="using-explain">
<title>Using <command>EXPLAIN</command></title>
<indexterm zone="using-explain">
<primary>EXPLAIN</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="using-explain">
<primary>query plan</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> devises a <firstterm>query
plan</firstterm> for each query it is given. Choosing the right
......@@ -336,6 +344,11 @@ EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tenk1 t1, tenk2 t2 WHERE t1.unique1 &lt; 50 AND t1
<sect1 id="planner-stats">
<title>Statistics Used by the Planner</title>
<indexterm zone="planner-stats">
<primary>statistics</primary>
<secondary>of the planner</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
As we saw in the previous section, the query planner needs to estimate
the number of rows retrieved by a query in order to make good choices
......@@ -381,6 +394,10 @@ SELECT relname, relkind, reltuples, relpages FROM pg_class WHERE relname LIKE 't
since it does not read every row of the table.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>pg_statistic</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Most queries retrieve only a fraction of the rows in a table, due
to having <literal>WHERE</> clauses that restrict the rows to be examined.
......@@ -393,6 +410,10 @@ SELECT relname, relkind, reltuples, relpages FROM pg_class WHERE relname LIKE 't
and are always approximate even when freshly updated.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>pg_stats</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Rather than look at <structname>pg_statistic</structname> directly,
it's better to look at its view <structname>pg_stats</structname>
......@@ -538,6 +559,11 @@ SELECT attname, n_distinct, most_common_vals FROM pg_stats WHERE tablename = 'ro
<sect1 id="explicit-joins">
<title>Controlling the Planner with Explicit <literal>JOIN</> Clauses</title>
<indexterm zone="explicit-joins">
<primary>join</primary>
<secondary>controlling the order</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
It is possible
to control the query planner to some extent by using the explicit <literal>JOIN</>
......@@ -700,6 +726,10 @@ SELECT * FROM x, y, a, b, c WHERE something AND somethingelse;
<sect2 id="disable-autocommit">
<title>Disable Autocommit</title>
<indexterm zone="disable-autocommit">
<primary>autocommit</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Turn off autocommit and just do one commit at
the end. (In plain SQL, this means issuing <command>BEGIN</command>
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doc/src/sgml/plperl.sgml
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<chapter id="plperl">
......@@ -73,11 +73,12 @@ CREATE FUNCTION perl_max (integer, integer) RETURNS integer AS '
</para>
<para>
If an SQL null value is passed to a function, the argument value
will appear as <quote>undefined</> in Perl. The above function
definition will not behave very nicely with null inputs (in fact,
it will act as though they are zeroes). We could add
<literal>STRICT</> to the function definition to make
If an SQL null value<indexterm><primary>null value</><secondary
sortas="PL/Perl">in PL/Perl</></indexterm> is passed to a function,
the argument value will appear as <quote>undefined</> in Perl. The
above function definition will not behave very nicely with null
inputs (in fact, it will act as though they are zeroes). We could
add <literal>STRICT</> to the function definition to make
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> do something more reasonable:
if a null value is passed, the function will not be called at all,
but will just return a null result automatically. Alternatively,
......@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ SELECT name, empcomp(employee) FROM employee;
mirror sites</ulink>). This module makes available a
<acronym>DBI</>-compliant database-handle named
<varname>$pg_dbh</varname> that can be used to perform queries
with normal <acronym>DBI</> syntax.
with normal <acronym>DBI</> syntax.<indexterm><primary>DBI</></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
......@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ SELECT name, empcomp(employee) FROM employee;
<varlistentry>
<indexterm>
<primary>elog</primary>
<secondary>PL/Perl</secondary>
<secondary>in PL/Perl</secondary>
</indexterm>
<term><function>elog</> <replaceable>level</replaceable>, <replaceable>msg</replaceable></term>
......@@ -202,6 +203,11 @@ SELECT name, empcomp(employee) FROM employee;
<sect1 id="plperl-trusted">
<title>Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl</title>
<indexterm zone="plperl-trusted">
<primary>trusted</primary>
<secondary>PL/Perl</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Normally, PL/Perl is installed as a <quote>trusted</> programming
language named <literal>plperl</>. In this setup, certain Perl
......@@ -231,13 +237,14 @@ CREATE FUNCTION badfunc() RETURNS integer AS '
<para>
Sometimes it is desirable to write Perl functions that are not
restricted. For example, one might want a Perl function that
sends mail. To handle these cases, PL/Perl can also be installed
as an <quote>untrusted</> language (usually called
<application>PL/PerlU</application>). In this case the full Perl language is
available. If the <command>createlang</command> program is used to
install the language, the language name <literal>plperlu</literal>
will select the untrusted PL/Perl variant.
restricted. For example, one might want a Perl function that sends
mail. To handle these cases, PL/Perl can also be installed as an
<quote>untrusted</> language (usually called
<application>PL/PerlU</application><indexterm><primary>PL/PerlU</></indexterm>).
In this case the full Perl language is available. If the
<command>createlang</command> program is used to install the
language, the language name <literal>plperlu</literal> will select
the untrusted PL/Perl variant.
</para>
<para>
......@@ -272,7 +279,9 @@ CREATE FUNCTION badfunc() RETURNS integer AS '
<listitem>
<para>
PL/Perl cannot be used to write trigger functions.
PL/Perl cannot be used to write trigger
functions.<indexterm><primary>trigger</><secondary>in
PL/Perl</></indexterm>
</para>
</listitem>
......
doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml
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<chapter id="plpgsql">
......@@ -63,20 +63,22 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml,v 1.20 2003/08/09 22:50:22 tgl
</para>
<para>
As each expression and <acronym>SQL</acronym> command is first used
in the function, the <application>PL/pgSQL</> interpreter creates
a prepared execution plan (using the <acronym>SPI</acronym>
manager's <function>SPI_prepare</function> and
<function>SPI_saveplan</function> functions). Subsequent visits
to that expression or command reuse the prepared plan. Thus, a
function with conditional code that contains many statements for
which execution plans might be required will only prepare and save
those plans that are really used during the lifetime of the
database connection. This can substantially reduce the total
amount of time required to parse, and generate execution plans for the
statements in a <application>PL/pgSQL</> function. A disadvantage is
that errors in a specific expression or command may not be detected
until that part of the function is reached in execution.
As each expression and <acronym>SQL</acronym> command is first
used in the function, the <application>PL/pgSQL</> interpreter
creates a prepared execution plan (using the
<acronym>SPI</acronym> manager's <function>SPI_prepare</function>
and <function>SPI_saveplan</function>
functions).<indexterm><primary>preparing a query</><secondary>in
PL/pgSQL</></> Subsequent visits to that expression or command
reuse the prepared plan. Thus, a function with conditional code
that contains many statements for which execution plans might be
required will only prepare and save those plans that are really
used during the lifetime of the database connection. This can
substantially reduce the total amount of time required to parse,
and generate execution plans for the statements in a
<application>PL/pgSQL</> function. A disadvantage is that errors
in a specific expression or command may not be detected until that
part of the function is reached in execution.
</para>
<para>
......@@ -196,7 +198,7 @@ END;
and return the <quote>polymorphic</> types
<type>anyelement</type> and <type>anyarray</type>. The actual
datatypes handled by a polymorphic function can vary from call to
call, as discussed in <xref linkend="types-polymorphic">.
call, as discussed in <xref linkend="extend-types-polymorphic">.
An example is shown in <xref linkend="plpgsql-declaration-aliases">.
</para>
......@@ -563,7 +565,7 @@ END;
or <type>anyarray</type>), a special parameter <literal>$0</literal>
is created. Its datatype is the actual return type of the function,
as deduced from the actual input types (see <xref
linkend="types-polymorphic">).
linkend="extend-types-polymorphic">).
This allows the function to access its actual return type
as shown in <xref linkend="plpgsql-declaration-type">.
<literal>$0</literal> is initialized to NULL and can be modified by
......@@ -903,6 +905,11 @@ tax := subtotal * 0.06;
<sect2 id="plpgsql-select-into">
<title><command>SELECT INTO</command></title>
<indexterm zone="plpgsql-select-into">
<primary>SELECT INTO</primary>
<secondary>in PL/pgSQL</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The result of a <command>SELECT</command> command yielding multiple columns (but
only one row) can be assigned to a record variable, row-type
......@@ -1097,14 +1104,16 @@ EXECUTE ''UPDATE tbl SET ''
<para>
This example shows use of the functions
<function>quote_ident(<type>text</type>)</function> and
<function>quote_literal(<type>text</type>)</function>.
Variables containing column and table identifiers should be
passed to function <function>quote_ident</function>.
Variables containing values that should be literal strings in the
constructed command should be passed to
<function>quote_literal</function>. Both take the
appropriate steps to return the input text enclosed in double
or single quotes respectively, with any embedded special characters
<function>quote_literal(<type>text</type>)</function>.<indexterm><primary>quote_ident</><secondary>use
in
PL/pgSQL</></indexterm><indexterm><primary>quote_literal</><secondary>use
in PL/pgSQL</></indexterm> Variables containing column and table
identifiers should be passed to function
<function>quote_ident</function>. Variables containing values
that should be literal strings in the constructed command should
be passed to <function>quote_literal</function>. Both take the
appropriate steps to return the input text enclosed in double or
single quotes respectively, with any embedded special characters
properly escaped.
</para>
......@@ -1517,6 +1526,11 @@ END IF;
<sect2 id="plpgsql-control-structures-loops">
<title>Simple Loops</title>
<indexterm zone="plpgsql-control-structures-loops">
<primary>loop</primary>
<secondary>in PL/pgSQL</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
With the <literal>LOOP</>, <literal>EXIT</>, <literal>WHILE</>,
and <literal>FOR</> statements, you can arrange for your
......@@ -1734,6 +1748,11 @@ END LOOP;
<sect1 id="plpgsql-cursors">
<title>Cursors</title>
<indexterm zone="plpgsql-cursors">
<primary>cursor</primary>
<secondary>in PL/pgSQL</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Rather than executing a whole query at once, it is possible to set
up a <firstterm>cursor</> that encapsulates the query, and then read
......@@ -2096,6 +2115,11 @@ RAISE EXCEPTION ''Inexistent ID --> %'', user_id;
<sect1 id="plpgsql-trigger">
<title>Trigger Procedures</title>
<indexterm zone="plpgsql-trigger">
<primary>trigger</primary>
<secondary>in PL/pgSQL</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
<application>PL/pgSQL</application> can be used to define trigger
procedures. A trigger procedure is created with the
......@@ -2302,10 +2326,12 @@ CREATE TRIGGER emp_stamp BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON emp
<indexterm zone="plpgsql-porting">
<primary>Oracle</primary>
<secondary>porting from PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="plpgsql-porting">
<primary>PL/SQL</primary>
<primary>PL/SQL (Oracle)</primary>
<secondary>porting to PL/pgSQL</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -2546,7 +2572,8 @@ END;
with <literal>OUT</> parameters and string manipulation.
<productname>PostgreSQL</> does not have an
<function>instr</function> function, but you can work around it
using a combination of other functions. In <xref
using a combination of other
functions.<indexterm><primary>instr</></indexterm> In <xref
linkend="plpgsql-porting-appendix"> there is a
<application>PL/pgSQL</application> implementation of
<function>instr</function> that you can use to make your porting
......
doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml
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<chapter id="plpython">
<title>PL/Python - Python Procedural Language</title>
......@@ -68,9 +68,10 @@ def __plpython_procedure_myfunc_23456():
<para>
If you do not provide a return value, Python returns the default
<symbol>None</symbol>. The
language module translates Python's <symbol>None</symbol> into the
SQL null value.
<symbol>None</symbol>. The language module translates Python's
<symbol>None</symbol> into the SQL null
value.<indexterm><primary>null value</><secondary
sortas="PL/Python">in PL/Python</></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
......@@ -87,7 +88,9 @@ def __plpython_procedure_myfunc_23456():
The global dictionary <varname>SD</varname> is available to store
data between function calls. This variable is private static data.
The global dictionary <varname>GD</varname> is public data,
available to all Python functions within a session. Use with care.
available to all Python functions within a session. Use with
care.<indexterm><primary>global data</><secondary>in
PL/Python</></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
......@@ -102,6 +105,11 @@ def __plpython_procedure_myfunc_23456():
<sect1 id="plpython-trigger">
<title>Trigger Functions</title>
<indexterm zone="plpython-trigger">
<primary>trigger</primary>
<secondary>in PL/Python</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
When a function is used in a trigger, the dictionary
<literal>TD</literal> contains trigger-related values. The trigger
......@@ -146,7 +154,8 @@ def __plpython_procedure_myfunc_23456():
<literal>plpy.error("msg")</literal>, and
<literal>plpy.fatal("msg")</literal>. They are mostly equivalent
to calling <literal>elog(<replaceable>LEVEL</>, "msg")</literal>
from C code. <function>plpy.error</function> and
from C code.<indexterm><primary>elog</><secondary>in
PL/Python</></indexterm> <function>plpy.error</function> and
<function>plpy.fatal</function> actually raise a Python exception
which, if uncaught, causes the PL/Python module to call
<literal>elog(ERROR, msg)</literal> when the function handler
......@@ -187,10 +196,11 @@ foo = rv[i]["my_column"]
</para>
<para>
The second function, <function>plpy.prepare</function>, prepares the
execution plan for a query. It is called with a query string and a
list of parameter types, if you have parameter references in the
query. For example:
<indexterm><primary>preparing a query</><secondary>in PL/Python</></indexterm>
The second function, <function>plpy.prepare</function>, prepares
the execution plan for a query. It is called with a query string
and a list of parameter types, if you have parameter references in
the query. For example:
<programlisting>
plan = plpy.prepare("SELECT last_name FROM my_users WHERE first_name = $1", [ "text" ])
</programlisting>
......@@ -235,7 +245,8 @@ CREATE FUNCTION usesavedplan() RETURNS trigger AS '
</para>
</sect1>
<!-- NOT CURRENTLY SUPPORTED
<![IGNORE[
<!-- NOT CURRENTLY SUPPORTED -->
<sect1 id="plpython-trusted">
<title>Restricted Environment</title>
......@@ -259,6 +270,6 @@ CREATE FUNCTION usesavedplan() RETURNS trigger AS '
</para>
</sect1>
-->
]]>
</chapter>
doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml
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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml,v 2.24 2003/06/22 16:17:00 tgl Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml,v 2.25 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $
-->
<chapter id="pltcl">
......@@ -190,6 +190,11 @@ CREATE FUNCTION overpaid(employee) RETURNS boolean AS '
<sect1 id="pltcl-global">
<title>Global Data in PL/Tcl</title>
<indexterm zone="pltcl-global">
<primary>global data</primary>
<secondary>in PL/Tcl</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
Sometimes it
is useful to have some global data that is held between two
......@@ -298,8 +303,10 @@ spi_exec -array C "SELECT * FROM pg_class" {
<term><function>spi_prepare</function> <replaceable>query</replaceable> <replaceable>typelist</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Prepares and saves a query plan for later execution. The saved plan
will be retained for the life of the current session.
Prepares and saves a query plan for later execution. The
saved plan will be retained for the life of the current
session.<indexterm><primary>preparing a query</><secondary>in
PL/Tcl</></>
</para>
<para>
The query may use parameters, that is, placeholders for
......@@ -437,7 +444,7 @@ SELECT 'doesn''t' AS ret
<varlistentry>
<indexterm>
<primary>elog</primary>
<secondary>PL/Tcl</secondary>
<secondary>in PL/Tcl</secondary>
</indexterm>
<term><function>elog</> <replaceable>level</replaceable> <replaceable>msg</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
......@@ -466,7 +473,7 @@ SELECT 'doesn''t' AS ret
<title>Trigger Procedures in PL/Tcl</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>triggers</primary>
<primary>trigger</primary>
<secondary>in PL/Tcl</secondary>
</indexterm>
......
doc/src/sgml/queries.sgml
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<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/queries.sgml,v 1.23 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="queries">
<title>Queries</title>
<indexterm zone="queries">
<primary>query</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries">
<primary>SELECT</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The previous chapters explained how to create tables, how to fill
them with data, and how to manipulate that data. Now we finally
......@@ -73,6 +81,10 @@ SELECT random();
<sect1 id="queries-table-expressions">
<title>Table Expressions</title>
<indexterm zone="queries-table-expressions">
<primary>table expression</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
A <firstterm>table expression</firstterm> computes a table. The
table expression contains a <literal>FROM</> clause that is
......@@ -112,6 +124,10 @@ FROM <replaceable>table_reference</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceable>table_r
overall table expression.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>ONLY</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
When a table reference names a table that is the supertable of a
table inheritance hierarchy, the table reference produces rows of
......@@ -125,7 +141,7 @@ FROM <replaceable>table_reference</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceable>table_r
<title>Joined Tables</title>
<indexterm zone="queries-join">
<primary>joins</primary>
<primary>join</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -141,10 +157,14 @@ FROM <replaceable>table_reference</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceable>table_r
<term>Cross join</term>
<indexterm>
<primary>joins</primary>
<primary>join</primary>
<secondary>cross</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>cross join</primary>
</indexterm>
<listitem>
<synopsis>
<replaceable>T1</replaceable> CROSS JOIN <replaceable>T2</replaceable>
......@@ -175,10 +195,14 @@ FROM <replaceable>table_reference</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceable>table_r
<term>Qualified joins</term>
<indexterm>
<primary>joins</primary>
<primary>join</primary>
<secondary>outer</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>outer join</primary>
</indexterm>
<listitem>
<synopsis>
<replaceable>T1</replaceable> { <optional>INNER</optional> | { LEFT | RIGHT | FULL } <optional>OUTER</optional> } JOIN <replaceable>T2</replaceable> ON <replaceable>boolean_expression</replaceable>
......@@ -227,9 +251,12 @@ FROM <replaceable>table_reference</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceable>table_r
<para>
<indexterm>
<primary>joins</primary>
<primary>join</primary>
<secondary>natural</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>natural join</primary>
</indexterm>
Finally, <literal>NATURAL</> is a shorthand form of
<literal>USING</>: it forms a <literal>USING</> list
consisting of exactly those column names that appear in both
......@@ -256,10 +283,14 @@ FROM <replaceable>table_reference</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceable>table_r
<term><literal>LEFT OUTER JOIN</></term>
<indexterm>
<primary>joins</primary>
<primary>join</primary>
<secondary>left</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>left join</primary>
</indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>
First, an inner join is performed. Then, for each row in
......@@ -274,6 +305,15 @@ FROM <replaceable>table_reference</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceable>table_r
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>RIGHT OUTER JOIN</></term>
<indexterm>
<primary>join</primary>
<secondary>right</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>right join</primary>
</indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>
First, an inner join is performed. Then, for each row in
......@@ -424,13 +464,13 @@ FROM <replaceable>table_reference</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceable>table_r
<title>Table and Column Aliases</title>
<indexterm zone="queries-table-aliases">
<primary>label</primary>
<secondary>table</secondary>
<primary>alias</primary>
<secondary>in the FROM clause</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>alias</primary>
<see>label</see>
<primary>label</primary>
<see>alias</see>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -530,7 +570,7 @@ SELECT a.* FROM (my_table AS a JOIN your_table AS b ON ...) AS c
<title>Subqueries</title>
<indexterm zone="queries-subqueries">
<primary>subqueries</primary>
<primary>subquery</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -556,6 +596,11 @@ FROM (SELECT * FROM table1) AS alias_name
<indexterm zone="queries-tablefunctions"><primary>table function</></>
<indexterm zone="queries-tablefunctions">
<primary>function</>
<secondary>in the FROM clause</>
</indexterm>
<para>
Table functions are functions that produce a set of rows, made up
of either base data types (scalar types) or composite data types
......@@ -628,7 +673,7 @@ SELECT *
<title>The WHERE Clause</title>
<indexterm zone="queries-where">
<primary>where</primary>
<primary>WHERE</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -716,7 +761,11 @@ SELECT ... FROM fdt WHERE EXISTS (SELECT c1 FROM t2 WHERE c2 > fdt.c1)
<title>The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses</title>
<indexterm zone="queries-group">
<primary>group</primary>
<primary>GROUP BY</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries-group">
<primary>grouping</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -827,6 +876,10 @@ SELECT product_id, p.name, (sum(s.units) * p.price) AS sales
column names is also allowed.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>HAVING</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
If a table has been grouped using a <literal>GROUP BY</literal>
clause, but then only certain groups are of interest, the
......@@ -884,7 +937,7 @@ SELECT product_id, p.name, (sum(s.units) * (p.price - p.cost)) AS profit
<title>Select Lists</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>select</primary>
<primary>SELECT</primary>
<secondary>select list</secondary>
</indexterm>
......@@ -901,6 +954,10 @@ SELECT product_id, p.name, (sum(s.units) * (p.price - p.cost)) AS profit
<sect2 id="queries-select-list-items">
<title>Select-List Items</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>*</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The simplest kind of select list is <literal>*</literal> which
emits all columns that the table expression produces. Otherwise,
......@@ -944,8 +1001,8 @@ SELECT tbl1.a, tbl2.a, tbl1.b FROM ...
<title>Column Labels</title>
<indexterm zone="queries-column-labels">
<primary>label</primary>
<secondary>column</secondary>
<primary>alias</primary>
<secondary>in the select list</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -981,7 +1038,11 @@ SELECT a AS value, b + c AS sum FROM ...
<title>DISTINCT</title>
<indexterm zone="queries-distinct">
<primary>distinct</primary>
<primary>DISTINCT</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries-distinct">
<primary>duplicates</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -997,6 +1058,8 @@ SELECT DISTINCT <replaceable>select_list</replaceable> ...
</para>
<para>
<indexterm><primary>null value</><secondary sortas="DISTINCT">in
DISTINCT</></indexterm>
Obviously, two rows are considered distinct if they differ in at
least one column value. Null values are considered equal in this
comparison.
......@@ -1035,13 +1098,25 @@ SELECT DISTINCT ON (<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceab
<title>Combining Queries</title>
<indexterm zone="queries-union">
<primary>union</primary>
<primary>UNION</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries-union">
<primary>INTERSECT</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries-union">
<primary>EXCEPT</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries-union">
<primary>set union</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries-union">
<primary>set intersection</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries-union">
<primary>intersection</primary>
<primary>set difference</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries-union">
<primary>except</primary>
<primary>set operation</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -1104,7 +1179,10 @@ SELECT DISTINCT ON (<replaceable>expression</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceab
<indexterm zone="queries-order">
<primary>sorting</primary>
<secondary>query results</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries-order">
<primary>ORDER BY</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......@@ -1173,12 +1251,11 @@ SELECT a AS b FROM table1 ORDER BY a;
<title>LIMIT and OFFSET</title>
<indexterm zone="queries-limit">
<primary>limit</primary>
<primary>LIMIT</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="queries-limit">
<primary>offset</primary>
<secondary>with query results</secondary>
<primary>OFFSET</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......
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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/query.sgml,v 1.32 2003/06/24 23:27:24 momjian Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/query.sgml,v 1.33 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $
-->
<chapter id="tutorial-sql">
......@@ -87,7 +87,8 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/query.sgml,v 1.32 2003/06/24 23:27:24 momji
</para>
<para>
<indexterm><primary>cluster</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>database cluster</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>cluster</primary><secondary>of databases</secondary><see>database cluster</see></indexterm>
Tables are grouped into databases, and a collection of databases
managed by a single <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server
......@@ -562,7 +563,7 @@ SELECT *
<title>Aggregate Functions</title>
<indexterm zone="tutorial-agg">
<primary>aggregate</primary>
<primary>aggregate function</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
......
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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/abort.sgml,v 1.13 2003/04/26 23:56:51 petere Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/abort.sgml,v 1.14 2003/08/31 17:32:21 petere Exp $
PostgreSQL documentation
-->
......@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<refpurpose>abort the current transaction</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<indexterm zone="sql-abort">
<primary>ABORT</primary>
</indexterm>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<synopsis>
ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
......
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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_aggregate.sgml,v 1.1 2003/06/27 14:45:25 petere Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_aggregate.sgml,v 1.2 2003/08/31 17:32:21 petere Exp $
PostgreSQL documentation
-->
......@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
<refpurpose>change the definition of an aggregate function</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<indexterm zone="sql-alteraggregate">
<primary>ALTER AGGREGATE</primary>
</indexterm>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<synopsis>
ALTER AGGREGATE <replaceable>name</replaceable> ( <replaceable>type</replaceable> ) RENAME TO <replaceable>newname</replaceable>
......
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