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提交 a1e5b5c8 编写于 作者: B Bruce Momjian
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Reconfigure failover/replication doc items to be varlist entries, rather 

than new sections, so they appear all on the same web page.
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doc/src/sgml/failover.sgml
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<!-- $PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/failover.sgml,v 1.7 2006/11/16 18:25:58 momjian Exp $ -->
<!-- $PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/failover.sgml,v 1.8 2006/11/16 21:43:33 momjian Exp $ -->
<chapter id="failover">
<title>Failover, Replication, Load Balancing, and Clustering Options</title>
......@@ -76,167 +76,186 @@
and load balancing solutions.
</para>
<sect1 id="shared-disk-failover">
<title>Shared Disk Failover</title>
<para>
Shared disk failover avoids synchronization overhead by having only one
copy of the database. It uses a single disk array that is shared by
multiple servers. If the main database server fails, the backup server
is able to mount and start the database as though it was recovering from
a database crash. This allows rapid failover with no data loss.
</para>
<para>
Shared hardware functionality is common in network storage devices. One
significant limitation of this method is that if the shared disk array
fails or becomes corrupt, the primary and backup servers are both
nonfunctional.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="warm-standby-using-point-in-time-recovery">
<title>Warm Standby Using Point-In-Time Recovery</title>
<para>
A warm standby server (see <xref linkend="warm-standby">) can
be kept current by reading a stream of write-ahead log (WAL)
records. If the main server fails, the warm standby contains
almost all of the data of the main server, and can be quickly
made the new master database server. This is asynchronous and
can only be done for the entire database server.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="continuously-running-replication-server">
<title>Continuously Running Replication Server</title>
<para>
A continuously running replication server allows the backup server to
answer read-only queries while the master server is running. It
receives a continuous stream of write activity from the master server.
Because the backup server can be used for read-only database requests,
it is ideal for data warehouse queries.
</para>
<para>
Slony-I is an example of this type of replication, with per-table
granularity. It updates the backup server in batches, so the replication
is asynchronous and might lose data during a fail over.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="data-partitioning">
<title>Data Partitioning</title>
<para>
Data partitioning splits tables into data sets. Each set can
be modified by only one server. For example, data can be
partitioned by offices, e.g. London and Paris. While London
and Paris servers have all data records, only London can modify
London records, and Paris can only modify Paris records. This
is similar to section <xref
linkend="continuously-running-replication-server"> above, except
that instead of having a read/write server and a read-only server,
each server has a read/write data set and a read-only data
set.
</para>
<para>
Such partitioning provides both failover and load balancing. Failover
is achieved because the data resides on both servers, and this is an
ideal way to enable failover if the servers share a slow communication
channel. Load balancing is possible because read requests can go to any
of the servers, and write requests are split among the servers. Of
course, the communication to keep all the servers up-to-date adds
overhead, so ideally the write load should be low, or localized as in
the London/Paris example above.
</para>
<para>
Data partitioning is usually handled by application code, though rules
and triggers can be used to keep the read-only data sets current. Slony-I
can also be used in such a setup. While Slony-I replicates only entire
tables, London and Paris can be placed in separate tables, and
inheritance can be used to access both tables using a single table name.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="query-broadcast-load-balancing">
<title>Query Broadcast Load Balancing</title>
<para>
Query broadcast load balancing is accomplished by having a
program intercept every SQL query and send it to all servers.
This is unique because most replication solutions have the write
server propagate its changes to the other servers. With query
broadcasting, each server operates independently. Read-only
queries can be sent to a single server because there is no need
for all servers to process it.
</para>
<para>
One limitation of this solution is that functions like
<function>random()</>, <function>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</>, and
sequences can have different values on different servers. This
is because each server operates independently, and because SQL
queries are broadcast (and not actual modified rows). If this
is unacceptable, applications must query such values from a
single server and then use those values in write queries. Also,
care must be taken that all transactions either commit or abort
on all servers Pgpool is an example of this type of replication.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="clustering-for-load-balancing">
<title>Clustering For Load Balancing</title>
<para>
In clustering, each server can accept write requests, and modified
data is transmitted from the original server to every other
server before each transaction commits. Heavy write activity
can cause excessive locking, leading to poor performance. In
fact, write performance is often worse than that of a single
server. Read requests can be sent to any server. Clustering
is best for mostly read workloads, though its big advantage is
that any server can accept write requests &mdash; there is no need
to partition workloads between read/write and read-only servers.
</para>
<para>
Clustering is implemented by <productname>Oracle</> in their
<productname><acronym>RAC</></> product. <productname>PostgreSQL</>
does not offer this type of load balancing, though
<productname>PostgreSQL</> two-phase commit (<xref
linkend="sql-prepare-transaction"
endterm="sql-prepare-transaction-title"> and <xref
linkend="sql-commit-prepared" endterm="sql-commit-prepared-title">)
can be used to implement this in application code or middleware.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="clustering-for-parallel-query-execution">
<title>Clustering For Parallel Query Execution</title>
<para>
This allows multiple servers to work concurrently on a single
query. One possible way this could work is for the data to be
split among servers and for each server to execute its part of
the query and results sent to a central server to be combined
and returned to the user. There currently is no
<productname>PostgreSQL</> open source solution for this.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="commercial-solutions">
<title>Commercial Solutions</title>
<para>
Because <productname>PostgreSQL</> is open source and easily
extended, a number of companies have taken <productname>PostgreSQL</>
and created commercial closed-source solutions with unique
failover, replication, and load balancing capabilities.
</para>
</sect1>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Shared Disk Failover</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Shared disk failover avoids synchronization overhead by having only one
copy of the database. It uses a single disk array that is shared by
multiple servers. If the main database server fails, the backup server
is able to mount and start the database as though it was recovering from
a database crash. This allows rapid failover with no data loss.
</para>
<para>
Shared hardware functionality is common in network storage devices. One
significant limitation of this method is that if the shared disk array
fails or becomes corrupt, the primary and backup servers are both
nonfunctional.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Warm Standby Using Point-In-Time Recovery</term>
<listitem>
<para>
A warm standby server (see <xref linkend="warm-standby">) can
be kept current by reading a stream of write-ahead log (WAL)
records. If the main server fails, the warm standby contains
almost all of the data of the main server, and can be quickly
made the new master database server. This is asynchronous and
can only be done for the entire database server.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Continuously Running Replication Server</term>
<listitem>
<para>
A continuously running replication server allows the backup server to
answer read-only queries while the master server is running. It
receives a continuous stream of write activity from the master server.
Because the backup server can be used for read-only database requests,
it is ideal for data warehouse queries.
</para>
<para>
Slony-I is an example of this type of replication, with per-table
granularity. It updates the backup server in batches, so the replication
is asynchronous and might lose data during a fail over.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Data Partitioning</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Data partitioning splits tables into data sets. Each set can
be modified by only one server. For example, data can be
partitioned by offices, e.g. London and Paris. While London
and Paris servers have all data records, only London can modify
London records, and Paris can only modify Paris records. This
is similar to the "Continuously Running Replication Server"
item above, except that instead of having a read/write server
and a read-only server, each server has a read/write data set
and a read-only data set.
</para>
<para>
Such partitioning provides both failover and load balancing. Failover
is achieved because the data resides on both servers, and this is an
ideal way to enable failover if the servers share a slow communication
channel. Load balancing is possible because read requests can go to any
of the servers, and write requests are split among the servers. Of
course, the communication to keep all the servers up-to-date adds
overhead, so ideally the write load should be low, or localized as in
the London/Paris example above.
</para>
<para>
Data partitioning is usually handled by application code, though rules
and triggers can be used to keep the read-only data sets current. Slony-I
can also be used in such a setup. While Slony-I replicates only entire
tables, London and Paris can be placed in separate tables, and
inheritance can be used to access both tables using a single table name.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Query Broadcast Load Balancing</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Query broadcast load balancing is accomplished by having a
program intercept every SQL query and send it to all servers.
This is unique because most replication solutions have the write
server propagate its changes to the other servers. With query
broadcasting, each server operates independently. Read-only
queries can be sent to a single server because there is no need
for all servers to process it.
</para>
<para>
One limitation of this solution is that functions like
<function>random()</>, <function>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</>, and
sequences can have different values on different servers. This
is because each server operates independently, and because SQL
queries are broadcast (and not actual modified rows). If this
is unacceptable, applications must query such values from a
single server and then use those values in write queries. Also,
care must be taken that all transactions either commit or abort
on all servers Pgpool is an example of this type of replication.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Clustering For Load Balancing</term>
<listitem>
<para>
In clustering, each server can accept write requests, and modified
data is transmitted from the original server to every other
server before each transaction commits. Heavy write activity
can cause excessive locking, leading to poor performance. In
fact, write performance is often worse than that of a single
server. Read requests can be sent to any server. Clustering
is best for mostly read workloads, though its big advantage is
that any server can accept write requests &mdash; there is no need
to partition workloads between read/write and read-only servers.
</para>
<para>
Clustering is implemented by <productname>Oracle</> in their
<productname><acronym>RAC</></> product. <productname>PostgreSQL</>
does not offer this type of load balancing, though
<productname>PostgreSQL</> two-phase commit (<xref
linkend="sql-prepare-transaction"
endterm="sql-prepare-transaction-title"> and <xref
linkend="sql-commit-prepared" endterm="sql-commit-prepared-title">)
can be used to implement this in application code or middleware.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Clustering For Parallel Query Execution</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This allows multiple servers to work concurrently on a single
query. One possible way this could work is for the data to be
split among servers and for each server to execute its part of
the query and results sent to a central server to be combined
and returned to the user. There currently is no
<productname>PostgreSQL</> open source solution for this.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Commercial Solutions</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Because <productname>PostgreSQL</> is open source and easily
extended, a number of companies have taken <productname>PostgreSQL</>
and created commercial closed-source solutions with unique
failover, replication, and load balancing capabilities.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</chapter>
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