Revise GEQO planner to make use of some heuristic knowledge about SQL, namely

that it's good to join where there are join clauses rather than where there
are not.  Also enable it to generate bushy plans at need, so that it doesn't
fail in the presence of multiple IN clauses containing sub-joins.  These
changes appear to improve the behavior enough that we can substantially reduce
the default pool size and generations count, thereby decreasing the runtime,
and yet get as good or better plans as we were getting in 7.4.  Consequently,
adjust the default GEQO parameters.  I also modified the way geqo_effort is
used so that it affects both population size and number of generations;
it's now useful as a single control to adjust the GEQO runtime-vs-plan-quality
tradeoff.  Bump geqo_threshold to 12, since even with these changes GEQO
seems to be slower than the regular planner at 11 relations.

doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml

 <!--
-$PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml,v 1.231 2004/01/21 23:33:34 tgl Exp $
+$PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml,v 1.232 2004/01/23 23:54:20 tgl Exp $
 -->
 
 <Chapter Id="runtime">
@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ SET ENABLE_SEQSCAN TO OFF;
         Use genetic query optimization to plan queries with at least
         this many <literal>FROM</> items involved. (Note that an outer
         <literal>JOIN</> construct counts as only one <literal>FROM</>
-        item.) The default is 11. For simpler queries it is usually best
+        item.) The default is 12. For simpler queries it is usually best
         to use the deterministic, exhaustive planner, but for queries with
         many tables the deterministic planner takes too long.
        </para>
@@ -1404,25 +1404,33 @@ SET ENABLE_SEQSCAN TO OFF;
      </varlistentry>
 
      <varlistentry>
+      <term><varname>geqo_effort</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <term><varname>geqo_pool_size</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <term><varname>geqo_generations</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
-      <term><varname>geqo_effort</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <term><varname>geqo_selection_bias</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Various tuning parameters for the genetic query optimization
-        algorithm. The pool size is the number of individuals in one
-        population. Valid values are between 128 and 1024. If it is set
-        to 0 (the default) a pool size of 2^(QS+1), where QS is the
-        number of <literal>FROM</> items in the query, is used.
+        algorithm.  The recommended one to modify is
+	<varname>geqo_effort</varname>, which can range from 1 to 10 with
+	a default of 5.  Larger values increase the time spent in planning
+	but make it more likely that a good plan will be found.
+	<varname>geqo_effort</varname> doesn't actually do anything directly,
+	it is just used to compute the default values for the other
+	parameters.  If you prefer, you can set the other parameters by hand
+	instead.
+	The pool size is the number of individuals in the genetic population.
+	It must be at least two, and useful values are typically 100 to 1000.
+	If it is set to zero (the default setting) then a suitable default
+	is chosen based on <varname>geqo_effort</varname> and the number of
+	tables in the query.
 	Generations specifies the number of iterations of the algorithm.
-	The value must be a positive integer. If 0 is specified then
-	<literal>Effort * Log2(PoolSize)</literal> is used.
+	It must be at least one, and useful values are in the same range
+	as the pool size.
+	If it is set to zero (the default setting) then a suitable default
+	is chosen based on the pool size.
 	The run time of the algorithm is roughly proportional to the sum of
 	pool size and generations.
-	<varname>geqo_effort</varname> is only used in computing the default
-	generations setting, as just described.  The default value is 40,
-	and the allowed range 1 to 100.
         The selection bias is the selective pressure within the
         population. Values can be from 1.50 to 2.00; the latter is the
         default.

src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_eval.c

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2003, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_eval.c,v 1.66 2003/11/29 19:51:50 pgsql Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_eval.c,v 1.67 2004/01/23 23:54:21 tgl Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -31,13 +31,17 @@
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 
 
+static bool desirable_join(Query *root,
+						   RelOptInfo *outer_rel, RelOptInfo *inner_rel);
+
+
 /*
  * geqo_eval
  *
  * Returns cost of a query tree as an individual of the population.
  */
 Cost
-geqo_eval(Query *root, List *initial_rels, Gene *tour, int num_gene)
+geqo_eval(Gene *tour, int num_gene, GeqoEvalData *evaldata)
 {
 	MemoryContext mycontext;
 	MemoryContext oldcxt;
@@ -52,9 +56,9 @@ geqo_eval(Query *root, List *initial_rels, Gene *tour, int num_gene)
 	 * redundant cost calculations, we simply reject tours where tour[0] >
 	 * tour[1], assigning them an artificially bad fitness.
 	 *
-	 * (It would be better to tweak the GEQO logic to not generate such tours
-	 * in the first place, but I'm not sure of all the implications in the
-	 * mutation logic.)
+	 * init_tour() is aware of this rule and so we should never reject a
+	 * tour during the initial filling of the pool.  It seems difficult to
+	 * persuade the recombination logic never to break the rule, however.
 	 */
 	if (num_gene >= 2 && tour[0] > tour[1])
 		return DBL_MAX;
@@ -80,10 +84,10 @@ geqo_eval(Query *root, List *initial_rels, Gene *tour, int num_gene)
 	 * this, it'll be pointing at recycled storage after the
 	 * MemoryContextDelete below.
 	 */
-	savelist = root->join_rel_list;
+	savelist = evaldata->root->join_rel_list;
 
 	/* construct the best path for the given combination of relations */
-	joinrel = gimme_tree(root, initial_rels, tour, num_gene);
+	joinrel = gimme_tree(tour, num_gene, evaldata);
 
 	/*
 	 * compute fitness
@@ -97,7 +101,7 @@ geqo_eval(Query *root, List *initial_rels, Gene *tour, int num_gene)
 		fitness = DBL_MAX;
 
 	/* restore join_rel_list */
-	root->join_rel_list = savelist;
+	evaldata->root->join_rel_list = savelist;
 
 	/* release all the memory acquired within gimme_tree */
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
@@ -111,63 +115,156 @@ geqo_eval(Query *root, List *initial_rels, Gene *tour, int num_gene)
  *	  Form planner estimates for a join tree constructed in the specified
  *	  order.
  *
- *	 'root' is the Query
- *	 'initial_rels' is the list of initial relations (FROM-list items)
  *	 'tour' is the proposed join order, of length 'num_gene'
+ *	 'evaldata' contains the context we need
  *
  * Returns a new join relation whose cheapest path is the best plan for
  * this join order.  NB: will return NULL if join order is invalid.
  *
- * Note that at each step we consider using the next rel as both left and
- * right side of a join.  However, we cannot build general ("bushy") plan
- * trees this way, only left-sided and right-sided trees.
+ * The original implementation of this routine always joined in the specified
+ * order, and so could only build left-sided plans (and right-sided and
+ * mixtures, as a byproduct of the fact that make_join_rel() is symmetric).
+ * It could never produce a "bushy" plan.  This had a couple of big problems,
+ * of which the worst was that as of 7.4, there are situations involving IN
+ * subqueries where the only valid plans are bushy.
+ *
+ * The present implementation takes the given tour as a guideline, but
+ * postpones joins that seem unsuitable according to some heuristic rules.
+ * This allows correct bushy plans to be generated at need, and as a nice
+ * side-effect it seems to materially improve the quality of the generated
+ * plans.
  */
 RelOptInfo *
-gimme_tree(Query *root, List *initial_rels,
-		   Gene *tour, int num_gene)
+gimme_tree(Gene *tour, int num_gene, GeqoEvalData *evaldata)
 {
+	RelOptInfo **stack;
+	int			stack_depth;
 	RelOptInfo *joinrel;
-	int			cur_rel_index;
 	int			rel_count;
 
 	/*
-	 * Start with the first relation ...
+	 * Create a stack to hold not-yet-joined relations.
 	 */
-	cur_rel_index = (int) tour[0];
-
-	joinrel = (RelOptInfo *) nth(cur_rel_index - 1, initial_rels);
+	stack = (RelOptInfo **) palloc(num_gene * sizeof(RelOptInfo *));
+	stack_depth = 0;
 
 	/*
-	 * And add on each relation in the specified order ...
+	 * Push each relation onto the stack in the specified order.  After
+	 * pushing each relation, see whether the top two stack entries are
+	 * joinable according to the desirable_join() heuristics.  If so,
+	 * join them into one stack entry, and try again to combine with the
+	 * next stack entry down (if any).  When the stack top is no longer
+	 * joinable, continue to the next input relation.  After we have pushed
+	 * the last input relation, the heuristics are disabled and we force
+	 * joining all the remaining stack entries.
+	 *
+	 * If desirable_join() always returns true, this produces a straight
+	 * left-to-right join just like the old code.  Otherwise we may produce
+	 * a bushy plan or a left/right-sided plan that really corresponds to
+	 * some tour other than the one given.  To the extent that the heuristics
+	 * are helpful, however, this will be a better plan than the raw tour.
+	 *
+	 * Also, when a join attempt fails (because of IN-clause constraints),
+	 * we may be able to recover and produce a workable plan, where the old
+	 * code just had to give up.  This case acts the same as a false result
+	 * from desirable_join().
 	 */
-	for (rel_count = 1; rel_count < num_gene; rel_count++)
+	for (rel_count = 0; rel_count < num_gene; rel_count++)
 	{
-		RelOptInfo *inner_rel;
-		RelOptInfo *new_rel;
+		int			cur_rel_index;
 
+		/* Get the next input relation and push it */
 		cur_rel_index = (int) tour[rel_count];
-
-		inner_rel = (RelOptInfo *) nth(cur_rel_index - 1, initial_rels);
+		stack[stack_depth] = (RelOptInfo *) nth(cur_rel_index - 1,
+												evaldata->initial_rels);
+		stack_depth++;
 
 		/*
-		 * Construct a RelOptInfo representing the previous joinrel joined
-		 * to inner_rel.  These are always inner joins.  Note that we
-		 * expect the joinrel not to exist in root->join_rel_list yet, and
-		 * so the paths constructed for it will only include the ones we
-		 * want.
+		 * While it's feasible, pop the top two stack entries and replace
+		 * with their join.
 		 */
-		new_rel = make_join_rel(root, joinrel, inner_rel, JOIN_INNER);
+		while (stack_depth >= 2)
+		{
+			RelOptInfo *outer_rel = stack[stack_depth - 2];
+			RelOptInfo *inner_rel = stack[stack_depth - 1];
+
+			/*
+			 * Don't pop if heuristics say not to join now.  However,
+			 * once we have exhausted the input, the heuristics can't
+			 * prevent popping.
+			 */
+			if (rel_count < num_gene - 1 &&
+				!desirable_join(evaldata->root, outer_rel, inner_rel))
+				break;
 
-		/* Fail if join order is not valid */
-		if (new_rel == NULL)
-			return NULL;
+			/*
+			 * Construct a RelOptInfo representing the join of these
+			 * two input relations.  These are always inner joins.
+			 * Note that we expect the joinrel not to exist in
+			 * root->join_rel_list yet, and so the paths constructed for it
+			 * will only include the ones we want.
+			 */
+			joinrel = make_join_rel(evaldata->root, outer_rel, inner_rel,
+									JOIN_INNER);
 
-		/* Find and save the cheapest paths for this rel */
-		set_cheapest(new_rel);
+			/* Can't pop stack here if join order is not valid */
+			if (!joinrel)
+				break;
 
-		/* and repeat... */
-		joinrel = new_rel;
+			/* Find and save the cheapest paths for this rel */
+			set_cheapest(joinrel);
+
+			/* Pop the stack and replace the inputs with their join */
+			stack_depth--;
+			stack[stack_depth - 1] = joinrel;
+		}
 	}
 
+	/* Did we succeed in forming a single join relation? */
+	if (stack_depth == 1)
+		joinrel = stack[0];
+	else
+		joinrel = NULL;
+
+	pfree(stack);
+
 	return joinrel;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Heuristics for gimme_tree: do we want to join these two relations?
+ */
+static bool
+desirable_join(Query *root,
+			   RelOptInfo *outer_rel, RelOptInfo *inner_rel)
+{
+	List	   *i;
+
+	/*
+	 * Join if there is an applicable join clause.
+	 */
+	foreach(i, outer_rel->joininfo)
+	{
+		JoinInfo   *joininfo = (JoinInfo *) lfirst(i);
+
+		if (bms_is_subset(joininfo->unjoined_relids, inner_rel->relids))
+			return true;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Join if the rels are members of the same IN sub-select.  This is
+	 * needed to improve the odds that we will find a valid solution in
+	 * a case where an IN sub-select has a clauseless join.
+	 */
+	foreach(i, root->in_info_list)
+	{
+		InClauseInfo *ininfo = (InClauseInfo *) lfirst(i);
+
+		if (bms_is_subset(outer_rel->relids, ininfo->righthand) &&
+			bms_is_subset(inner_rel->relids, ininfo->righthand))
+			return true;
+	}
+
+	/* Otherwise postpone the join till later. */
+	return false;
+}

src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_main.c

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2003, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_main.c,v 1.42 2004/01/21 23:33:34 tgl Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_main.c,v 1.43 2004/01/23 23:54:21 tgl Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@
 /*
  * Configuration options
  */
+int			Geqo_effort;
 int			Geqo_pool_size;
 int			Geqo_generations;
-int			Geqo_effort;
 double		Geqo_selection_bias;
 
 
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ static int	gimme_number_generations(int pool_size);
 RelOptInfo *
 geqo(Query *root, int number_of_rels, List *initial_rels)
 {
+	GeqoEvalData evaldata;
 	int			generation;
 	Chromosome *momma;
 	Chromosome *daddy;
@@ -90,6 +91,10 @@ geqo(Query *root, int number_of_rels, List *initial_rels)
 	int			mutations = 0;
 #endif
 
+/* set up evaldata */
+	evaldata.root = root;
+	evaldata.initial_rels = initial_rels;
+
 /* set GA parameters */
 	pool_size = gimme_pool_size(number_of_rels);
 	number_generations = gimme_number_generations(pool_size);
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ geqo(Query *root, int number_of_rels, List *initial_rels)
 	pool = alloc_pool(pool_size, number_of_rels);
 
 /* random initialization of the pool */
-	random_init_pool(root, initial_rels, pool, 0, pool->size);
+	random_init_pool(pool, &evaldata);
 
 /* sort the pool according to cheapest path as fitness */
 	sort_pool(pool);			/* we have to do it only one time, since
@@ -107,41 +112,54 @@ geqo(Query *root, int number_of_rels, List *initial_rels)
 								 * in future (-> geqo_pool.c:spread_chromo
 								 * ) */
 
+#ifdef GEQO_DEBUG
+	elog(DEBUG1, "GEQO selected %d pool entries, best %.2f, worst %.2f",
+		 pool_size,
+		 pool->data[0].worth,
+		 pool->data[pool_size - 1].worth);
+#endif
+
 /* allocate chromosome momma and daddy memory */
 	momma = alloc_chromo(pool->string_length);
 	daddy = alloc_chromo(pool->string_length);
 
 #if defined (ERX)
-	ereport(DEBUG2,
-			(errmsg_internal("using edge recombination crossover [ERX]")));
+#ifdef GEQO_DEBUG
+	elog(DEBUG2, "using edge recombination crossover [ERX]");
+#endif
 /* allocate edge table memory */
 	edge_table = alloc_edge_table(pool->string_length);
 #elif defined(PMX)
-	ereport(DEBUG2,
-			(errmsg_internal("using partially matched crossover [PMX]")));
+#ifdef GEQO_DEBUG
+	elog(DEBUG2, "using partially matched crossover [PMX]");
+#endif
 /* allocate chromosome kid memory */
 	kid = alloc_chromo(pool->string_length);
 #elif defined(CX)
-	ereport(DEBUG2,
-			(errmsg_internal("using cycle crossover [CX]")));
+#ifdef GEQO_DEBUG
+	elog(DEBUG2, "using cycle crossover [CX]");
+#endif
 /* allocate city table memory */
 	kid = alloc_chromo(pool->string_length);
 	city_table = alloc_city_table(pool->string_length);
 #elif defined(PX)
-	ereport(DEBUG2,
-			(errmsg_internal("using position crossover [PX]")));
+#ifdef GEQO_DEBUG
+	elog(DEBUG2, "using position crossover [PX]");
+#endif
 /* allocate city table memory */
 	kid = alloc_chromo(pool->string_length);
 	city_table = alloc_city_table(pool->string_length);
 #elif defined(OX1)
-	ereport(DEBUG2,
-			(errmsg_internal("using order crossover [OX1]")));
+#ifdef GEQO_DEBUG
+	elog(DEBUG2, "using order crossover [OX1]");
+#endif
 /* allocate city table memory */
 	kid = alloc_chromo(pool->string_length);
 	city_table = alloc_city_table(pool->string_length);
 #elif defined(OX2)
-	ereport(DEBUG2,
-			(errmsg_internal("using order crossover [OX2]")));
+#ifdef GEQO_DEBUG
+	elog(DEBUG2, "using order crossover [OX2]");
+#endif
 /* allocate city table memory */
 	kid = alloc_chromo(pool->string_length);
 	city_table = alloc_city_table(pool->string_length);
@@ -189,8 +207,7 @@ geqo(Query *root, int number_of_rels, List *initial_rels)
 
 
 		/* EVALUATE FITNESS */
-		kid->worth = geqo_eval(root, initial_rels,
-							   kid->string, pool->string_length);
+		kid->worth = geqo_eval(kid->string, pool->string_length, &evaldata);
 
 		/* push the kid into the wilderness of life according to its worth */
 		spread_chromo(kid, pool);
@@ -207,24 +224,28 @@ geqo(Query *root, int number_of_rels, List *initial_rels)
 #if defined(ERX) && defined(GEQO_DEBUG)
 	if (edge_failures != 0)
 		elog(LOG, "[GEQO] failures: %d, average: %d",
-			 edge_failures, (int) generation / edge_failures);
+			 edge_failures, (int) number_generations / edge_failures);
 	else
 		elog(LOG, "[GEQO] no edge failures detected");
 #endif
 
-
 #if defined(CX) && defined(GEQO_DEBUG)
 	if (mutations != 0)
-		elog(LOG, "[GEQO] mutations: %d, generations: %d", mutations, generation);
+		elog(LOG, "[GEQO] mutations: %d, generations: %d",
+			 mutations, number_generations);
 	else
 		elog(LOG, "[GEQO] no mutations processed");
 #endif
 
-
 #ifdef GEQO_DEBUG
 	print_pool(stdout, pool, 0, pool_size - 1);
 #endif
 
+#ifdef GEQO_DEBUG
+	elog(DEBUG1, "GEQO best is %.2f after %d generations",
+		 pool->data[0].worth, number_generations);
+#endif
+
 
 	/*
 	 * got the cheapest query tree processed by geqo; first element of the
@@ -233,8 +254,7 @@ geqo(Query *root, int number_of_rels, List *initial_rels)
 	best_tour = (Gene *) pool->data[0].string;
 
 	/* root->join_rel_list will be modified during this ! */
-	best_rel = gimme_tree(root, initial_rels,
-						  best_tour, pool->string_length);
+	best_rel = gimme_tree(best_tour, pool->string_length, &evaldata);
 
 	if (best_rel == NULL)
 		elog(ERROR, "failed to make a valid plan");
@@ -272,53 +292,49 @@ geqo(Query *root, int number_of_rels, List *initial_rels)
 }
 
 
-
 /*
- * Return either configured pool size or
- * a good default based on query size (no. of relations)
- * = 2^(QS+1)
- * also constrain between 128 and 1024
+ * Return either configured pool size or a good default
+ *
+ * The default is based on query size (no. of relations) = 2^(QS+1),
+ * but constrained to a range based on the effort value.
  */
 static int
 gimme_pool_size(int nr_rel)
 {
 	double		size;
+	int			minsize;
+	int			maxsize;
 
-	if (Geqo_pool_size > 0)
+	/* Legal pool size *must* be at least 2, so ignore attempt to select 1 */
+	if (Geqo_pool_size >= 2)
 		return Geqo_pool_size;
 
 	size = pow(2.0, nr_rel + 1.0);
 
-	if (size < MIN_GEQO_POOL_SIZE)
-		return MIN_GEQO_POOL_SIZE;
-	else if (size > MAX_GEQO_POOL_SIZE)
-		return MAX_GEQO_POOL_SIZE;
-	else
-		return (int) ceil(size);
-}
+	maxsize = 50 * Geqo_effort;			/* 50 to 500 individuals */
+	if (size > maxsize)
+		return maxsize;
 
+	minsize = 10 * Geqo_effort;			/* 10 to 100 individuals */
+	if (size < minsize)
+		return minsize;
+
+	return (int) ceil(size);
+}
 
 
 /*
- * Return either configured number of generations or
- * some reasonable default calculated on the fly.
- * = Effort * Log2(PoolSize)
+ * Return either configured number of generations or a good default
+ *
+ * The default is the same as the pool size, which allows us to be
+ * sure that less-fit individuals get pushed out of the breeding
+ * population before the run finishes.
  */
 static int
 gimme_number_generations(int pool_size)
 {
-	double		gens;
-
 	if (Geqo_generations > 0)
 		return Geqo_generations;
 
-	gens = Geqo_effort * log((double) pool_size) / log(2.0);
-
-	/* bound it to a sane range */
-	if (gens <= 0)
-		gens = 1;
-	else if (gens > 10000)
-		gens = 10000;
-
-	return (int) ceil(gens);
+	return pool_size;
 }

src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_pool.c

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2003, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_pool.c,v 1.22 2003/11/29 22:39:49 pgsql Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_pool.c,v 1.23 2004/01/23 23:54:21 tgl Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -22,6 +22,11 @@
 /* -- parts of this are adapted from D. Whitley's Genitor algorithm -- */
 
 #include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <float.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
 #include "optimizer/geqo.h"
 #include "optimizer/geqo_copy.h"
 #include "optimizer/geqo_pool.h"
@@ -84,19 +89,42 @@ free_pool(Pool *pool)
  *		initialize genetic pool
  */
 void
-random_init_pool(Query *root, List *initial_rels,
-				 Pool *pool, int strt, int stp)
+random_init_pool(Pool *pool, GeqoEvalData *evaldata)
 {
 	Chromosome *chromo = (Chromosome *) pool->data;
 	int			i;
+	int			bad = 0;
 
-	for (i = strt; i < stp; i++)
+	/*
+	 * We immediately discard any invalid individuals (those that geqo_eval
+	 * returns DBL_MAX for), thereby not wasting pool space on them.
+	 *
+	 * If we fail to make any valid individuals after 10000 tries, give up;
+	 * this probably means something is broken, and we shouldn't just let
+	 * ourselves get stuck in an infinite loop.
+	 */
+	i = 0;
+	while (i < pool->size)
 	{
 		init_tour(chromo[i].string, pool->string_length);
-		pool->data[i].worth = geqo_eval(root, initial_rels,
-										chromo[i].string,
-										pool->string_length);
+		pool->data[i].worth = geqo_eval(chromo[i].string,
+										pool->string_length,
+										evaldata);
+		if (pool->data[i].worth < DBL_MAX)
+			i++;
+		else
+		{
+			bad++;
+			if (i == 0 && bad >= 10000)
+				elog(ERROR, "failed to make a valid plan");
+		}
 	}
+
+#ifdef GEQO_DEBUG
+	if (bad > 0)
+		elog(DEBUG1, "%d invalid tours found while selecting %d pool entries",
+			 bad, pool->size);
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -113,20 +141,17 @@ sort_pool(Pool *pool)
 
 /*
  * compare
- *	 static input function for pg_sort
- *
- *	 return values for sort from smallest to largest are prooved!
- *	 don't change them!
+ *	 qsort comparison function for sort_pool
  */
 static int
 compare(const void *arg1, const void *arg2)
 {
-	Chromosome	chromo1 = *(Chromosome *) arg1;
-	Chromosome	chromo2 = *(Chromosome *) arg2;
+	const Chromosome *chromo1 = (const Chromosome *) arg1;
+	const Chromosome *chromo2 = (const Chromosome *) arg2;
 
-	if (chromo1.worth == chromo2.worth)
+	if (chromo1->worth == chromo2->worth)
 		return 0;
-	else if (chromo1.worth > chromo2.worth)
+	else if (chromo1->worth > chromo2->worth)
 		return 1;
 	else
 		return -1;

src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_recombination.c

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 * geqo_recombination.c
 *	 misc recombination procedures
 *
-* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_recombination.c,v 1.12 2003/11/29 22:39:49 pgsql Exp $
+* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_recombination.c,v 1.13 2004/01/23 23:54:21 tgl Exp $
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 /* -- parts of this are adapted from D. Whitley's Genitor algorithm -- */
 
 #include "postgres.h"
+
 #include "optimizer/geqo_random.h"
 #include "optimizer/geqo_recombination.h"
 
@@ -32,7 +33,6 @@
  *	 points on the tour and randomly chooses the 'next' city from
  *	 this array.  When a city is chosen, the array is shortened
  *	 and the procedure repeated.
- *
  */
 void
 init_tour(Gene *tour, int num_gene)
@@ -42,31 +42,43 @@ init_tour(Gene *tour, int num_gene)
 	int			next,
 				i;
 
+	/* Fill a temp array with the IDs of all not-yet-visited cities */
 	tmp = (Gene *) palloc(num_gene * sizeof(Gene));
 
 	for (i = 0; i < num_gene; i++)
-	{
-		tmp[i] = (Gene) i + 1;	/* builds tours "1 - 2 - 3" etc. */
-	}
+		tmp[i] = (Gene) (i + 1);
 
 	remainder = num_gene - 1;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < num_gene; i++)
 	{
-		next = (int) geqo_randint(remainder, 0);		/* choose city between 0
-														 * and remainder */
+		/* choose value between 0 and remainder inclusive */
+		next = (int) geqo_randint(remainder, 0);
+		/* output that element of the tmp array */
 		tour[i] = tmp[next];
+		/* and delete it */
 		tmp[next] = tmp[remainder];
 		remainder--;
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Since geqo_eval() will reject tours where tour[0] > tour[1],
+	 * we may as well switch the two to make it a valid tour.
+	 */
+	if (num_gene >= 2 && tour[0] > tour[1])
+	{
+		Gene	gtmp = tour[0];
+
+		tour[0] = tour[1];
+		tour[1] = gtmp;
+	}
+
 	pfree(tmp);
 }
 
 /* alloc_city_table
  *
  *	 allocate memory for city table
- *
  */
 City *
 alloc_city_table(int num_gene)
@@ -77,7 +89,6 @@ alloc_city_table(int num_gene)
 	 * palloc one extra location so that nodes numbered 1..n can be
 	 * indexed directly; 0 will not be used
 	 */
-
 	city_table = (City *) palloc((num_gene + 1) * sizeof(City));
 
 	return city_table;
@@ -86,7 +97,6 @@ alloc_city_table(int num_gene)
 /* free_city_table
  *
  *	  deallocate memory of city table
- *
  */
 void
 free_city_table(City *city_table)

src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
  * Written by Peter Eisentraut <peter_e@gmx.net>.
  *
  * IDENTIFICATION
- *	  $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c,v 1.178 2004/01/21 23:33:34 tgl Exp $
+ *	  $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c,v 1.179 2004/01/23 23:54:21 tgl Exp $
  *
  *--------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -921,33 +921,32 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 			NULL
 		},
 		&geqo_threshold,
-		11, 2, INT_MAX, NULL, NULL
+		12, 2, INT_MAX, NULL, NULL
 	},
 	{
-		{"geqo_pool_size", PGC_USERSET, QUERY_TUNING_GEQO,
-			gettext_noop("GEQO: number of individuals in one population."),
+		{"geqo_effort", PGC_USERSET, QUERY_TUNING_GEQO,
+			gettext_noop("GEQO: effort is used to set the default for other GEQO parameters."),
 			NULL
 		},
+		&Geqo_effort,
+		DEFAULT_GEQO_EFFORT, MIN_GEQO_EFFORT, MAX_GEQO_EFFORT, NULL, NULL
+	},
+	{
+		{"geqo_pool_size", PGC_USERSET, QUERY_TUNING_GEQO,
+			gettext_noop("GEQO: number of individuals in the population."),
+			gettext_noop("Zero selects a suitable default value.")
+		},
 		&Geqo_pool_size,
-		DEFAULT_GEQO_POOL_SIZE, 0, MAX_GEQO_POOL_SIZE, NULL, NULL
+		0, 0, INT_MAX, NULL, NULL
 	},
 	{
 		{"geqo_generations", PGC_USERSET, QUERY_TUNING_GEQO,
 			gettext_noop("GEQO: number of iterations of the algorithm."),
-			gettext_noop("The value must be a positive integer. If 0 is "
-						 "specified then effort * log2(poolsize) is used.")
+			gettext_noop("Zero selects a suitable default value.")
 		},
 		&Geqo_generations,
 		0, 0, INT_MAX, NULL, NULL
 	},
-	{
-		{"geqo_effort", PGC_USERSET, QUERY_TUNING_GEQO,
-			gettext_noop("GEQO: effort is used to set the default for generations."),
-			NULL
-		},
-		&Geqo_effort,
-		DEFAULT_GEQO_EFFORT, MIN_GEQO_EFFORT, MAX_GEQO_EFFORT, NULL, NULL
-	},
 
 	{
 		{"deadlock_timeout", PGC_SIGHUP, LOCK_MANAGEMENT,

src/backend/utils/misc/postgresql.conf.sample

@@ -122,11 +122,10 @@
 # - Genetic Query Optimizer -
 
 #geqo = true
-#geqo_threshold = 11
-#geqo_pool_size = 0		# default based on tables in statement,
-				# range 128-1024
-#geqo_generations = 0		# use default: effort * log2(pool_size)
-#geqo_effort = 40		# range 1-100
+#geqo_threshold = 12
+#geqo_effort = 5		# range 1-10
+#geqo_pool_size = 0		# selects default based on effort
+#geqo_generations = 0		# selects default based on effort
 #geqo_selection_bias = 2.0	# range 1.5-2.0
 
 # - Other Planner Options -

src/include/optimizer/geqo.h

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2003, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/optimizer/geqo.h,v 1.34 2004/01/21 23:33:34 tgl Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/optimizer/geqo.h,v 1.35 2004/01/23 23:54:21 tgl Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "nodes/relation.h"
 #include "optimizer/geqo_gene.h"
 
+
 /* GEQO debug flag */
 /*
  #define GEQO_DEBUG
@@ -47,21 +48,15 @@
  *
  * If you change these, update backend/utils/misc/postgresql.sample.conf
  */
-extern int	Geqo_pool_size;
-
-#define DEFAULT_GEQO_POOL_SIZE 0	/* = default based on no. of relations. */
-#define MIN_GEQO_POOL_SIZE 128
-#define MAX_GEQO_POOL_SIZE 1024
+extern int	Geqo_effort;		/* 1 .. 10, knob for adjustment of defaults */
 
-extern int	Geqo_generations;	/* 1 .. inf, or 0 to use default based on
-								 * pool size */
+#define DEFAULT_GEQO_EFFORT 5
+#define MIN_GEQO_EFFORT 1
+#define MAX_GEQO_EFFORT 10
 
-extern int	Geqo_effort;		/* only used to calculate default for
-								 * generations */
+extern int	Geqo_pool_size;		/* 2 .. inf, or 0 to use default */
 
-#define DEFAULT_GEQO_EFFORT 40
-#define MIN_GEQO_EFFORT 1
-#define MAX_GEQO_EFFORT 100
+extern int	Geqo_generations;	/* 1 .. inf, or 0 to use default */
 
 extern double Geqo_selection_bias;
 
@@ -70,13 +65,23 @@ extern double Geqo_selection_bias;
 #define MAX_GEQO_SELECTION_BIAS 2.0
 
 
+/*
+ * Data structure to encapsulate information needed for building plan trees
+ * (i.e., geqo_eval and gimme_tree).
+ */
+typedef struct
+{
+	Query	   *root;			/* the query we are planning */
+	List	   *initial_rels;	/* the base relations */
+} GeqoEvalData;
+
+
 /* routines in geqo_main.c */
 extern RelOptInfo *geqo(Query *root, int number_of_rels, List *initial_rels);
 
 /* routines in geqo_eval.c */
-extern Cost geqo_eval(Query *root, List *initial_rels,
-		  Gene *tour, int num_gene);
-extern RelOptInfo *gimme_tree(Query *root, List *initial_rels,
-		   Gene *tour, int num_gene);
+extern Cost geqo_eval(Gene *tour, int num_gene, GeqoEvalData *evaldata);
+extern RelOptInfo *gimme_tree(Gene *tour, int num_gene,
+							  GeqoEvalData *evaldata);
 
 #endif   /* GEQO_H */

src/include/optimizer/geqo_pool.h

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2003, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/optimizer/geqo_pool.h,v 1.18 2003/11/29 22:41:07 pgsql Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/optimizer/geqo_pool.h,v 1.19 2004/01/23 23:54:21 tgl Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -23,14 +23,13 @@
 #ifndef GEQO_POOL_H
 #define GEQO_POOL_H
 
-#include "optimizer/geqo_gene.h"
-#include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
+#include "optimizer/geqo.h"
+
 
 extern Pool *alloc_pool(int pool_size, int string_length);
 extern void free_pool(Pool *pool);
 
-extern void random_init_pool(Query *root, List *initial_rels,
-				 Pool *pool, int strt, int stop);
+extern void random_init_pool(Pool *pool, GeqoEvalData *evaldata);
 extern Chromosome *alloc_chromo(int string_length);
 extern void free_chromo(Chromosome *chromo);