installation.sgml

<!-- $PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml,v 1.265 2006/10/23 14:13:43 petere Exp $ -->

<chapter id="installation">
 <title><![%standalone-include[<productname>PostgreSQL</>]]>
  Installation Instructions</title>

 <indexterm zone="installation">
  <primary>installation</primary>
 </indexterm>

 <para>
  This <![%standalone-include;[document]]>
  <![%standalone-ignore;[chapter]]> describes the installation of
  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> from the source code
  distribution.  (If you are installing a pre-packaged distribution,
  such as an RPM or Debian package, ignore this
  <![%standalone-include;[document]]>
  <![%standalone-ignore;[chapter]]>
  and read the packager's instructions instead.)
 </para>

 <sect1 id="install-short">
  <title>Short Version</title>

  <para>
<synopsis>
./configure
gmake
su
gmake install
adduser postgres
mkdir /usr/local/pgsql/data
chown postgres /usr/local/pgsql/data
su - postgres
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -D /usr/local/pgsql/data &gt;logfile 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/createdb test
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql test
</synopsis>
   The long version is the rest of this
   <![%standalone-include;[document.]]>
   <![%standalone-ignore;[chapter.]]>
  </para>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="install-requirements">
  <title>Requirements</title>

  <para>
   In general, a modern Unix-compatible platform should be able to run
   <productname>PostgreSQL</>.
   The platforms that had received specific testing at the
   time of release are listed in <xref linkend="supported-platforms">
   below. In the <filename>doc</> subdirectory of the distribution
   there are several platform-specific <acronym>FAQ</> documents you
   might wish to consult if you are having trouble.
  </para>

  <para>
   The following software packages are required for building
   <productname>PostgreSQL</>:

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>make</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <acronym>GNU</> <application>make</> is required; other
      <application>make</> programs will <emphasis>not</> work.
      <acronym>GNU</> <application>make</> is often installed under
      the name <filename>gmake</filename>; this document will always
      refer to it by that name. (On some systems
      <acronym>GNU</acronym> <application>make</> is the default tool with the name
      <filename>make</>.) To test for <acronym>GNU</acronym>
      <application>make</application> enter
<screen>
<userinput>gmake --version</userinput>
</screen>
      It is recommended to use version 3.76.1 or later.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      You need an <acronym>ISO</>/<acronym>ANSI</> C compiler. Recent
      versions of <productname>GCC</> are recommendable, but
      <productname>PostgreSQL</> is known to build with a wide variety
      of compilers from different vendors.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <application>tar</> is required to unpack the source
      distribution in the first place, in addition to either
      <application>gzip</> or <application>bzip2</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>readline</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>libedit</primary>
      </indexterm>

      The <acronym>GNU</> <productname>Readline</> library (for
      simple line editing and command history retrieval) is
      used by default. If you don't want to use it then you must specify
      the <option>--without-readline</option> option for
      <filename>configure</>. As an alternative, you can often use the
      BSD-licensed <filename>libedit</filename> library, originally
      developed on <productname>NetBSD</productname>. The
      <filename>libedit</filename> library is
      GNU <productname>Readline</productname>-compatible and is used if
      <filename>libreadline</filename> is not found, or if
      <option>--with-libedit-preferred</option> is used as an 
      option to <filename>configure</>. If you are using a package-based
      Linux distribution, be aware that you need both the 
      <literal>readline</> and <literal>readline-devel</> packages, if 
      those are separate in your distribution.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>zlib</primary>
      </indexterm>

      The <productname>zlib</productname> compression library will be
      used by default. If you don't want to use it then you must
      specify the <option>--without-zlib</option> option for
      <filename>configure</filename>. Using this option disables
      support for compressed archives in <application>pg_dump</> and
      <application>pg_restore</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>installation</primary>
       <secondary>on Windows</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      Additional software is needed to build
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> on <productname>Windows</>.
      You can build <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> for
      <productname>NT</>-based versions of <productname>Windows</>
      (like Windows XP and 2003) using <productname>MinGW</productname>;
      see <filename>doc/FAQ_MINGW</> for details.  You can also build
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> using
      <productname>Cygwin</productname>; see <filename>doc/FAQ_CYGWIN</>.
      A <productname>Cygwin</productname>-based build will work on older
      versions of <productname>Windows</>, but if you have a choice,
      we recommend the <productname>MinGW</productname> approach.
      While these are the only tool sets recommended for a complete build,
      it is possible to build just the C client library
      (<application>libpq</application>) and the interactive terminal
      (<application>psql</application>) using other <productname>Windows</>
      tool sets.  For details of that see
      <![%standalone-include[the documentation chapter "Client-Only
      Installation on Windows"]]> <![%standalone-ignore[<xref
      linkend="install-win32">]]>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </para>

  <para>
   The following packages are optional.  They are not required in the
   default configuration, but they are needed when certain build
   options are enabled, as explained below.

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      To build the server programming language
      <application>PL/Perl</application> you need a full
      <productname>Perl</productname> installation, including the
      <filename>libperl</filename> library and the header files.
      Since <application>PL/Perl</application> will be a shared
      library, the <indexterm><primary>libperl</primary></indexterm>
      <filename>libperl</filename> library must be a shared library
      also on most platforms.  This appears to be the default in
      recent <productname>Perl</productname> versions, but it was not
      in earlier versions, and in any case it is the choice of whomever
      installed Perl at your site.
     </para>

     <para>
      If you don't have the shared library but you need one, a message
      like this will appear during the build to point out this fact:
<screen>
*** Cannot build PL/Perl because libperl is not a shared library.
*** You might have to rebuild your Perl installation.  Refer to
*** the documentation for details.
</screen>
      (If you don't follow the on-screen output you will merely notice
      that the <application>PL/Perl</application> library object,
      <filename>plperl.so</filename> or similar, will not be
      installed.)  If you see this, you will have to rebuild and
      install <productname>Perl</productname> manually to be able to
      build <application>PL/Perl</application>.  During the
      configuration process for <productname>Perl</productname>,
      request a shared library.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      To build the <application>PL/Python</> server programming
      language, you need a <productname>Python</productname>
      installation with the header files and the <application>distutils</application> module.
      The <application>distutils</application> module is included by default with
      <productname>Python</productname> 1.6 and later; users of
      earlier versions of <productname>Python</productname> will need
      to install it.
     </para>

     <para>
      Since <application>PL/Python</application> will be a shared
      library, the <indexterm><primary>libpython</primary></indexterm>
      <filename>libpython</filename> library must be a shared library
      also on most platforms.  This is not the case in a default
      <productname>Python</productname> installation.  If after
      building and installing you have a file called
      <filename>plpython.so</filename> (possibly a different
      extension), then everything went well.  Otherwise you should
      have seen a notice like this flying by:
<screen>
*** Cannot build PL/Python because libpython is not a shared library.
*** You might have to rebuild your Python installation.  Refer to
*** the documentation for details.
</screen>
      That means you have to rebuild (part of) your
      <productname>Python</productname> installation to supply this
      shared library.
     </para>

     <para>
      If you have problems, run <productname>Python</> 2.3 or later's
      configure using the <literal>--enable-shared</> flag.  On some
      operating systems you don't have to build a shared library, but
      you will have to convince the <productname>PostgreSQL</> build
      system of this.  Consult the <filename>Makefile</filename> in
      the <filename>src/pl/plpython</filename> directory for details.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      If you want to build the <application>PL/Tcl</application>
      procedural language, you of course need a Tcl installation.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      To enable Native Language Support (<acronym>NLS</acronym>), that
      is, the ability to display a program's messages in a language
      other than English, you need an implementation of the
      <application>Gettext</> <acronym>API</acronym>.  Some operating
      systems have this built-in (e.g., <systemitem
      class="osname">Linux</>, <systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</>,
      <systemitem class="osname">Solaris</>), for other systems you
      can download an add-on package from <ulink
      url="http://developer.postgresql.org/~petere/bsd-gettext/"></ulink>.
      If you are using the <application>Gettext</> implementation in
      the <acronym>GNU</acronym> C library then you will additionally
      need the <productname>GNU Gettext</productname> package for some
      utility programs.  For any of the other implementations you will
      not need it.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <application>Kerberos</>, <productname>OpenSSL</>, 
      <productname>OpenLDAP</>, and/or
      <application>PAM</>, if you want to support authentication or
      encryption using these services.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </para>

  <para>
   If you are building from a <acronym>CVS</acronym> tree instead of
   using a released source package, or if you want to do development,
   you also need the following packages:

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>flex</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>bison</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>yacc</primary>
      </indexterm>

      GNU <application>Flex</> and <application>Bison</>
      are needed to build a CVS checkout or if you changed the actual
      scanner and parser definition files. If you need them, be sure
      to get <application>Flex</> 2.5.4 or later and
      <application>Bison</> 1.875 or later. Other <application>yacc</>
      programs can sometimes be used, but doing so requires extra
      effort and is not recommended. Other <application>lex</>
      programs will definitely not work.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </para>

  <para>
   If you need to get a <acronym>GNU</acronym> package, you can find
   it at your local <acronym>GNU</acronym> mirror site (see <ulink
   url="http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html"></>
   for a list) or at <ulink
   url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/"></ulink>.
  </para>

  <para>
   Also check that you have sufficient disk space. You will need about
   65 MB for the source tree during compilation and about 15 MB for
   the installation directory. An empty database cluster takes about
   25 MB, databases take about five times the amount of space that a
   flat text file with the same data would take. If you are going to
   run the regression tests you will temporarily need up to an extra
   90 MB. Use the <command>df</command> command to check free disk
   space.
  </para>
 </sect1>

<![%standalone-ignore;[
 <sect1 id="install-getsource">
  <title>Getting The Source</title>

  <para>
   The <productname>PostgreSQL</> &version; sources can be obtained by
   anonymous FTP from <ulink
   url="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v&version;/postgresql-&version;.tar.gz"></ulink>.
   Other download options can be found on our website:
   <ulink url="http://www.postgresql.org/download/"></ulink>. After you
   have obtained the file, unpack it:
<screen>
<userinput>gunzip postgresql-&version;.tar.gz</userinput>
<userinput>tar xf postgresql-&version;.tar</userinput>
</screen>
   This will create a directory
   <filename>postgresql-&version;</filename> under the current directory
   with the <productname>PostgreSQL</> sources.
   Change into that directory for the rest
   of the installation procedure.
  </para>
 </sect1>
]]>

 <sect1 id="install-upgrading">
  <title>If You Are Upgrading</title>

  <indexterm zone="install-upgrading">
   <primary>upgrading</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>
   The internal data storage format changes with new releases of
   <productname>PostgreSQL</>. Therefore, if you are upgrading an
   existing installation that does not have a version number
   <quote>&majorversion;.x</quote>, you must back up and restore your
   data as shown here. These instructions assume that your existing
   installation is under the <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</> directory,
   and that the data area is in <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/data</>.
   Substitute your paths appropriately.
  </para>

  <procedure>
   <step>
    <para>
     Make sure that your database is not updated during or after the
     backup. This does not affect the integrity of the backup, but the
     changed data would of course not be included. If necessary, edit
     the permissions in the file
     <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf</> (or equivalent) to
     disallow access from everyone except you.
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     <indexterm>
      <primary>pg_dumpall</primary>
      <secondary>use during upgrade</secondary>
     </indexterm>

     To back up your database installation, type:
<screen>
<userinput>pg_dumpall &gt; <replaceable>outputfile</></userinput>
</screen>
     If you need to preserve OIDs (such as when using them as
     foreign keys), then use the <option>-o</option> option when running
     <application>pg_dumpall</>.
    </para>

    <para>
     To make the backup, you can use the <application>pg_dumpall</application>
     command from the version you are currently running.  For best
     results, however, try to use the <application>pg_dumpall</application>
     command from <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> &version;,
     since this version contains bug fixes and improvements over older
     versions.  While this advice might seem idiosyncratic since you
     haven't installed the new version yet, it is advisable to follow
     it if you plan to install the new version in parallel with the
     old version.  In that case you can complete the installation
     normally and transfer the data later.  This will also decrease
     the downtime.
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     If you are installing the new version at the same location as the
     old one then shut down the old server, at the latest before you
     install the new files:
<screen>
<userinput>pg_ctl stop</>
</screen>
     On systems that have <productname>PostgreSQL</> started at boot time,
     there is probably a start-up file that will accomplish the same thing. For
     example, on a <systemitem class="osname">Red Hat Linux</> system one
     might find that
<screen>
<userinput>/etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql stop</userinput>
</screen>
     works.
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     If you are installing in the same place as the old version then
     it is also a good idea to move the old installation out of the
     way, in case you have trouble and need to revert to it.
     Use a command like this:
<screen>
<userinput>mv /usr/local/pgsql /usr/local/pgsql.old</>
</screen>
    </para>
   </step>
  </procedure>

  <para>
   After you have installed <productname>PostgreSQL</> &version;, create a new database
   directory and start the new server. Remember that you must execute
   these commands while logged in to the special database user account
   (which you already have if you are upgrading).
<programlisting>
<userinput>/usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</>
<userinput>/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</>
</programlisting>
   Finally, restore your data with
<screen>
<userinput>/usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql -d postgres -f <replaceable>outputfile</></userinput>
</screen>
   using the <emphasis>new</> <application>psql</>.
  </para>

  <para>
   Further discussion appears in
   <![%standalone-include[the documentation,]]>
   <![%standalone-ignore[<xref linkend="migration">,]]>
   which you are encouraged to read in any case.
  </para>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="install-procedure">
  <title>Installation Procedure</title>

  <procedure>

  <step id="configure">
   <title>Configuration</>

   <indexterm zone="configure">
    <primary>configure</primary>
   </indexterm>

   <para>
    The first step of the installation procedure is to configure the
    source tree for your system and choose the options you would like.
    This is done by running the <filename>configure</> script. For a
    default installation simply enter
<screen>
<userinput>./configure</userinput>
</screen>
    This script will run a number of tests to guess values for various
    system dependent variables and detect some quirks of your
    operating system, and finally will create several files in the
    build tree to record what it found.  (You can also run
    <filename>configure</filename> in a directory outside the source
    tree if you want to keep the build directory separate.)
   </para>

   <para>
    The default configuration will build the server and utilities, as
    well as all client applications and interfaces that require only a
    C compiler. All files will be installed under
    <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</> by default.
   </para>

   <para>
    You can customize the build and installation process by supplying one
    or more of the following command line options to
    <filename>configure</filename>:

     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--prefix=<replaceable>PREFIX</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Install all files under the directory <replaceable>PREFIX</>
         instead of <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</filename>. The actual
         files will be installed into various subdirectories; no files
         will ever be installed directly into the
         <replaceable>PREFIX</> directory.
        </para>

        <para>
         If you have special needs, you can also customize the
         individual subdirectories with the following options. However,
         if you leave these with their defaults, the installation will be
         relocatable, meaning you can move the directory after
         installation. (The <literal>man</> and <literal>doc</>
         locations are not affected by this.)
        </para>

        <para>
         For relocatable installs, you might want to use 
         <filename>configure</filename>'s <literal>--disable-rpath</>
         option.  Also, you will need to tell the operating system how
         to find the shared libraries.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--exec-prefix=<replaceable>EXEC-PREFIX</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         You can install architecture-dependent files under a
         different prefix, <replaceable>EXEC-PREFIX</>, than what
         <replaceable>PREFIX</> was set to. This can be useful to
         share architecture-independent files between hosts. If you
         omit this, then <replaceable>EXEC-PREFIX</> is set equal to
         <replaceable>PREFIX</> and both architecture-dependent and
         independent files will be installed under the same tree,
         which is probably what you want.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--bindir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Specifies the directory for executable programs. The default
         is <filename><replaceable>EXEC-PREFIX</>/bin</>, which
         normally means <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/bin</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--datadir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Sets the directory for read-only data files used by the
         installed programs. The default is
         <filename><replaceable>PREFIX</>/share</>. Note that this has
         nothing to do with where your database files will be placed.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--sysconfdir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The directory for various configuration files,
         <filename><replaceable>PREFIX</>/etc</> by default.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--libdir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The location to install libraries and dynamically loadable
         modules. The default is
         <filename><replaceable>EXEC-PREFIX</>/lib</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--includedir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The directory for installing C and C++ header files. The
         default is <filename><replaceable>PREFIX</>/include</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--mandir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The man pages that come with <productname>PostgreSQL</> will be installed under
         this directory, in their respective
         <filename>man<replaceable>x</></> subdirectories.
         The default is <filename><replaceable>PREFIX</>/man</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-docdir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <term><option>--without-docdir</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Documentation files, except <quote>man</> pages, will be
         installed into this directory. The default is
         <filename><replaceable>PREFIX</>/doc</>.  If the option
         <option>--without-docdir</option> is specified, the
         documentation will not be installed by <command>make
         install</command>.  This is intended for packaging scripts
         that have special methods for installing documentation.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>

     <note>
      <para>
       Care has been taken to make it possible to install
       <productname>PostgreSQL</> into shared installation locations
       (such as <filename>/usr/local/include</filename>) without
       interfering with the namespace of the rest of the system. First,
       the string <quote><literal>/postgresql</literal></quote> is
       automatically appended to <varname>datadir</varname>,
       <varname>sysconfdir</varname>, and <varname>docdir</varname>,
       unless the fully expanded directory name already contains the
       string <quote><literal>postgres</></quote> or
       <quote><literal>pgsql</></quote>. For example, if you choose
       <filename>/usr/local</filename> as prefix, the documentation will
       be installed in <filename>/usr/local/doc/postgresql</filename>,
       but if the prefix is <filename>/opt/postgres</filename>, then it
       will be in <filename>/opt/postgres/doc</filename>. The public C
       header files of the client interfaces are installed into
       <varname>includedir</varname> and are namespace-clean. The
       internal header files and the server header files are installed
       into private directories under <varname>includedir</varname>. See
       the documentation of each interface for information about how to
       get at the its header files. Finally, a private subdirectory will
       also be created, if appropriate, under <varname>libdir</varname>
       for dynamically loadable modules.
      </para>
     </note>
    </para>

    <para>
     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-includes=<replaceable>DIRECTORIES</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         <replaceable>DIRECTORIES</> is a colon-separated list of
         directories that will be added to the list the compiler
         searches for header files. If you have optional packages
         (such as GNU <application>Readline</>) installed in a non-standard
         location,
         you have to use this option and probably also the corresponding
         <option>--with-libraries</> option.
        </para>
        <para>
         Example: <literal>--with-includes=/opt/gnu/include:/usr/sup/include</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-libraries=<replaceable>DIRECTORIES</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         <replaceable>DIRECTORIES</> is a colon-separated list of
         directories to search for libraries. You will probably have
         to use this option (and the corresponding
         <option>--with-includes</> option) if you have packages
         installed in non-standard locations.
        </para>
        <para>
         Example: <literal>--with-libraries=/opt/gnu/lib:/usr/sup/lib</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--enable-nls<optional>=<replaceable>LANGUAGES</replaceable></optional></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Enables Native Language Support (<acronym>NLS</acronym>),
         that is, the ability to display a program's messages in a
         language other than English.
         <replaceable>LANGUAGES</replaceable> is a space-separated
         list of codes of the languages that you want supported, for
         example <literal>--enable-nls='de fr'</>.  (The intersection
         between your list and the set of actually provided
         translations will be computed automatically.)  If you do not
         specify a list, then all available translations are
         installed.
        </para>

        <para>
         To use this option, you will need an implementation of the
         <application>Gettext</> API; see above.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-pgport=<replaceable>NUMBER</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Set <replaceable>NUMBER</> as the default port number for
         server and clients. The default is 5432. The port can always
         be changed later on, but if you specify it here then both
         server and clients will have the same default compiled in,
         which can be very convenient.  Usually the only good reason
         to select a non-default value is if you intend to run multiple
         <productname>PostgreSQL</> servers on the same machine.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-perl</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Build the <application>PL/Perl</> server-side language.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-python</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Build the <application>PL/Python</> server-side language.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-tcl</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Build the <application>PL/Tcl</> server-side language.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-tclconfig=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Tcl installs the file <filename>tclConfig.sh</filename>, which
         contains configuration information needed to build modules
         interfacing to Tcl. This file is normally found automatically
         at a well-known location, but if you want to use a different
         version of Tcl you can specify the directory in which to look
         for it.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-krb5</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Build with support for Kerberos 5 authentication. On many
         systems, the Kerberos system is not installed in a location
         that is searched by default (e.g., <filename>/usr/include</>,
         <filename>/usr/lib</>), so you must use the options
         <option>--with-includes</> and <option>--with-libraries</> in
         addition to this option.  <filename>configure</> will check
         for the required header files and libraries to make sure that
         your Kerberos installation is sufficient before proceeding.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-krb-srvnam=<replaceable>NAME</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The default name of the Kerberos service principal.
         <literal>postgres</literal> is the default. There's usually no
         reason to change this.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <indexterm>
        <primary>OpenSSL</primary>
        <seealso>SSL</seealso>
       </indexterm>

       <term><option>--with-openssl</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Build with support for <acronym>SSL</> (encrypted)
         connections. This requires the <productname>OpenSSL</>
         package to be installed.  <filename>configure</> will check
         for the required header files and libraries to make sure that
         your <productname>OpenSSL</> installation is sufficient
         before proceeding.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-pam</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Build with <acronym>PAM</><indexterm><primary>PAM</></>
         (Pluggable Authentication Modules) support.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-ldap</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Build with <acronym>LDAP</><indexterm><primary>LDAP</></>
         support for authentication and connection parameter lookup (see 
         <![%standalone-include[the documentation about client authentication
         and libpq]]><![%standalone-ignore[<xref linkend="libpq-ldap"> and
         <xref linkend="auth-ldap">]]> for more information). On Unix,
         this requires the <productname>OpenLDAP</> package to be
         installed. <filename>configure</> will check for the required
         header files and libraries to make sure that your
         <productname>OpenLDAP</> installation is sufficient before
         proceeding. On Windows, the default <productname>WinLDAP</>
         library is used.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--without-readline</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Prevents use of the <application>Readline</> library
         (and <application>libedit</> as well).  This option disables
         command-line editing and history in
         <application>psql</application>, so it is not recommended.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-libedit-preferred</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Favors the use of the BSD-licensed <application>libedit</> library
         rather than GPL-licensed <application>Readline</>.  This option
         is significant only if you have both libraries installed; the
         default in that case is to use <application>Readline</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-bonjour</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Build with Bonjour support.  This requires Bonjour support
         in your operating system.  Recommended on Mac OS X.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--enable-integer-datetimes</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Use 64-bit integer storage for datetimes and intervals, rather
         than the default floating-point storage.  This reduces the range
         of representable values but guarantees microsecond precision across
         the full range (see
         <![%standalone-include[the documentation about datetime datatypes]]>
         <![%standalone-ignore[<xref linkend="datatype-datetime">]]>
         for more information).  Note also that the integer datetimes code is
         newer than the floating-point code, and we still find bugs in it from
         time to time.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--disable-spinlocks</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Allow the build to succeed even if <productname>PostgreSQL</>
         has no CPU spinlock support for the platform.  The lack of
         spinlock support will result in poor performance; therefore,
         this option should only be used if the build aborts and
         informs you that the platform lacks spinlock support. If this
         option is required to build <productname>PostgreSQL</> on
         your platform, please report the problem to the
         <productname>PostgreSQL</> developers.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--enable-thread-safety</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Make the client libraries thread-safe.  This allows
         concurrent threads in <application>libpq</application> and
         <application>ECPG</application> programs to safely control
         their private connection handles.  This option requires adequate
         threading support in your operating system.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--without-zlib</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         <indexterm>
          <primary>zlib</primary>
         </indexterm>
         Prevents use of the <application>Zlib</> library.  This disables
         support for compressed archives in <application>pg_dump</application>
         and <application>pg_restore</application>.
         This option is only intended for those rare systems where this
         library is not available.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--enable-debug</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Compiles all programs and libraries with debugging symbols.
         This means that you can run the programs through a debugger
         to analyze problems. This enlarges the size of the installed
         executables considerably, and on non-GCC compilers it usually
         also disables compiler optimization, causing slowdowns. However,
         having the symbols available is extremely helpful for dealing
         with any problems that may arise.  Currently, this option is
         recommended for production installations only if you use GCC.
         But you should always have it on if you are doing development work
         or running a beta version.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--enable-cassert</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Enables <firstterm>assertion</> checks in the server, which test for
         many <quote>can't happen</> conditions.  This is invaluable for
         code development purposes, but the tests slow things down a little.
         Also, having the tests turned on won't necessarily enhance the
         stability of your server!  The assertion checks are not categorized
         for severity, and so what might be a relatively harmless bug will
         still lead to server restarts if it triggers an assertion
         failure.  Currently, this option is not recommended for
         production use, but you should have it on for development work
         or when running a beta version.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--enable-depend</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Enables automatic dependency tracking.  With this option, the
         makefiles are set up so that all affected object files will
         be rebuilt when any header file is changed.  This is useful
         if you are doing development work, but is just wasted overhead
         if you intend only to compile once and install.  At present,
         this option will work only if you use GCC.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--enable-dtrace</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         <indexterm>
          <primary>DTrace</primary>
         </indexterm>
         Compiles with support for the dynamic tracing tool DTrace.
         Operating system support for DTrace is currently only
         available in Solaris.
        </para>

        <para>
         To point to the <command>dtrace</command> program, the
         environment variable <envar>DTRACE</envar> can be set.  This
         will often be necessary because <command>dtrace</command> is
         typically installed under <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>,
         which might not be in the path.  Additional command-line
         options for the <command>dtrace</command> program can be
         specified in the environment variable
         <envar>DTRACEFLAGS</envar>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </para>

    <para>
     If you prefer a C compiler different from the one
     <filename>configure</filename> picks, you can set the
     environment variable <envar>CC</> to the program of your choice.
     By default, <filename>configure</filename> will pick
     <filename>gcc</filename> if available, else the platform's
     default (usually <filename>cc</>).  Similarly, you can override the
     default compiler flags if needed with the <envar>CFLAGS</envar> variable.
    </para>

    <para>
     You can specify environment variables on the
     <filename>configure</filename> command line, for example:
<screen>
<userinput>./configure CC=/opt/bin/gcc CFLAGS='-O2 -pipe'</>
</screen>
    </para>

    <para>
     Here is a list of the significant variables that can be set in
     this manner:
 
     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>CC</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         C compiler
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>CFLAGS</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         options to pass to the C compiler
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>CPP</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         C preprocessor
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>CPPFLAGS</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         options to pass to the C preprocessor
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>DTRACE</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         location of the <command>dtrace</command> program
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>DTRACEFLAGS</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         options to pass to the <command>dtrace</command> program
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>LDFLAGS</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         options to pass to the link editor
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>LDFLAGS_SL</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         linker options for shared library linking
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>MSGFMT</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         <command>msgfmt</command> program for native language support
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>PERL</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Full path to the Perl interpreter.  This will be used to
         determine the dependencies for building PL/Perl.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>PYTHON</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Full path to the Python interpreter.  This will be used to
         determine the dependencies for building PL/Python.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>TCLSH</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Full path to the Tcl interpreter.  This wil be used to
         determine the dependencies for building PL/Tcl.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><envar>YACC</envar></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Yacc program (<literal>bison -y</literal> if using Bison)
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
   </step>

  <step>
   <title>Build</title>

   <para>
    To start the build, type
<screen>
<userinput>gmake</userinput>
</screen>
    (Remember to use <acronym>GNU</> <application>make</>.) The build
    may take anywhere from 5 minutes to half an hour depending on your
    hardware. The last line displayed should be
<screen>
All of PostgreSQL is successfully made. Ready to install.
</screen>
   </para>
  </step>

  <step>
   <title>Regression Tests</title>

   <indexterm>
    <primary>regression test</primary>
   </indexterm>

   <para>
    If you want to test the newly built server before you install it,
    you can run the regression tests at this point. The regression
    tests are a test suite to verify that <productname>PostgreSQL</>
    runs on your machine in the way the developers expected it
    to. Type
<screen>
<userinput>gmake check</userinput>
</screen>
    (This won't work as root; do it as an unprivileged user.)
    <![%standalone-include[The file
    <filename>src/test/regress/README</> and the
    documentation contain]]>
    <![%standalone-ignore[<xref linkend="regress"> contains]]>
    detailed information about interpreting the test results. You can
    repeat this test at any later time by issuing the same command.
   </para>
  </step>

  <step id="install">
   <title>Installing The Files</title>

   <note>
    <para>
     If you are upgrading an existing system and are going to install
     the new files over the old ones, be sure to back up
     your data and shut down the old server before proceeding, as explained in
     <xref linkend="install-upgrading"> above.
    </para>
   </note>

   <para>
    To install <productname>PostgreSQL</> enter
<screen>
<userinput>gmake install</userinput>
</screen>
    This will install files into the directories that were specified
    in <xref linkend="configure">. Make sure that you have appropriate
    permissions to write into that area. Normally you need to do this
    step as root. Alternatively, you could create the target
    directories in advance and arrange for appropriate permissions to
    be granted.
   </para>

   <para>
    You can use <literal>gmake install-strip</literal> instead of
    <literal>gmake install</literal> to strip the executable files and
    libraries as they are installed.  This will save some space.  If
    you built with debugging support, stripping will effectively
    remove the debugging support, so it should only be done if
    debugging is no longer needed.  <literal>install-strip</literal>
    tries to do a reasonable job saving space, but it does not have
    perfect knowledge of how to strip every unneeded byte from an
    executable file, so if you want to save all the disk space you
    possibly can, you will have to do manual work.
   </para>

   <para>
    The standard installation provides all the header files needed for client
    application development as well as for server-side program
    development, such as custom functions or data types written in C.
    (Prior to <productname>PostgreSQL</> 8.0, a separate <literal>gmake
    install-all-headers</> command was needed for the latter, but this
    step has been folded into the standard install.)
   </para>

   <formalpara>
    <title>Client-only installation:</title>
    <para>
     If you want to install only the client applications and
     interface libraries, then you can use these commands:
<screen>
<userinput>gmake -C src/bin install</>
<userinput>gmake -C src/include install</>
<userinput>gmake -C src/interfaces install</>
<userinput>gmake -C doc install</>
</screen>
    </para>
   </formalpara>
  </step>
  </procedure>

  <formalpara>
   <title>Registering <application>eventlog</> on <systemitem 
   class="osname">Windows</>:</title>
   <para>
    To register a <systemitem class="osname">Windows</> <application>eventlog</>
    library with the operating system, issue this command after installation:
<screen>
<userinput>regsvr32 <replaceable>pgsql_library_directory</>/pgevent.dll</>
</screen>
    This creates registry entries used by the event viewer.
   </para>
  </formalpara>

  <formalpara>
   <title>Uninstallation:</title>
   <para>
    To undo the installation use the command <command>gmake
    uninstall</>. However, this will not remove any created directories.
   </para>
  </formalpara>

  <formalpara>
   <title>Cleaning:</title>

   <para>
    After the installation you can make room by removing the built
    files from the source tree with the command <command>gmake
    clean</>. This will preserve the files made by the <command>configure</command>
    program, so that you can rebuild everything with <command>gmake</>
    later on. To reset the source tree to the state in which it was
    distributed, use <command>gmake distclean</>. If you are going to
    build for several platforms within the same source tree you must do
    this and re-configure for each build.  (Alternatively, use
    a separate build tree for each platform, so that the source tree
    remains unmodified.)
   </para>
  </formalpara>

  <para>
   If you perform a build and then discover that your <command>configure</>
   options were wrong, or if you change anything that <command>configure</>
   investigates (for example, software upgrades), then it's a good
   idea to do <command>gmake distclean</> before reconfiguring and
   rebuilding.  Without this, your changes in configuration choices
   may not propagate everywhere they need to.
  </para>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="install-post">
  <title>Post-Installation Setup</title>

  <sect2>
   <title>Shared Libraries</title>

   <indexterm>
    <primary>shared library</primary>
   </indexterm>

   <para>
    On some systems that have shared libraries (which most systems do)
    you need to tell your system how to find the newly installed
    shared libraries.  The systems on which this is
    <emphasis>not</emphasis> necessary include <systemitem
    class="osname">BSD/OS</>, <systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</>,
    <systemitem class="osname">HP-UX</>, <systemitem
    class="osname">IRIX</>, <systemitem class="osname">Linux</>,
    <systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</>, <systemitem
    class="osname">OpenBSD</>, <systemitem class="osname">Tru64
    UNIX</> (formerly <systemitem class="osname">Digital UNIX</>), and
    <systemitem class="osname">Solaris</>.
   </para>

   <para>
    The method to set the shared library search path varies between
    platforms, but the most widely usable method is to set the
    environment variable <envar>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</> like so: In Bourne
    shells (<command>sh</>, <command>ksh</>, <command>bash</>, <command>zsh</>)
<programlisting>
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
</programlisting>
    or in <command>csh</> or <command>tcsh</>
<programlisting>
setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH /usr/local/pgsql/lib
</programlisting>
    Replace <literal>/usr/local/pgsql/lib</> with whatever you set
    <option><literal>--libdir</></> to in <xref linkend="configure">.
    You should put these commands into a shell start-up file such as
    <filename>/etc/profile</> or <filename>~/.bash_profile</>.  Some
    good information about the caveats associated with this method can
    be found at <ulink
    url="http://www.visi.com/~barr/ldpath.html"></ulink>.
   </para>

   <para>
    On some systems it might be preferable to set the environment
    variable <envar>LD_RUN_PATH</envar> <emphasis>before</emphasis>
    building.
   </para>

   <para>
    On <systemitem class="osname">Cygwin</systemitem>, put the library
    directory in the <envar>PATH</envar> or move the
    <filename>.dll</filename> files into the <filename>bin</filename>
    directory.
   </para>

   <para>
    If in doubt, refer to the manual pages of your system (perhaps
    <command>ld.so</command> or <command>rld</command>). If you later
    on get a message like
<screen>
psql: error in loading shared libraries
libpq.so.2.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
</screen>
    then this step was necessary.  Simply take care of it then.
   </para>

   <para>
    <indexterm>
     <primary>ldconfig</primary>
    </indexterm>
    If you are on <systemitem class="osname">BSD/OS</>, <systemitem
    class="osname">Linux</>, or <systemitem class="osname">SunOS 4</>
    and you have root access you can run
<programlisting>
/sbin/ldconfig /usr/local/pgsql/lib
</programlisting>
    (or equivalent directory) after installation to enable the
    run-time linker to find the shared libraries faster.  Refer to the
    manual page of <command>ldconfig</> for more information.  On
    <systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</>, <systemitem
    class="osname">NetBSD</>, and <systemitem
    class="osname">OpenBSD</> the command is
<programlisting>
/sbin/ldconfig -m /usr/local/pgsql/lib
</programlisting>
    instead.  Other systems are not known to have an equivalent
    command.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Environment Variables</title>

   <indexterm>
    <primary><envar>PATH</envar></primary>
   </indexterm>

   <para>
    If you installed into <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</> or some other
    location that is not searched for programs by default, you should
    add <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/bin</> (or whatever you set
    <option><literal>--bindir</></> to in <xref linkend="configure">)
    into your <envar>PATH</>.  Strictly speaking, this is not
    necessary, but it will make the use of <productname>PostgreSQL</>
    much more convenient.
   </para>

   <para>
    To do this, add the following to your shell start-up file, such as
    <filename>~/.bash_profile</> (or <filename>/etc/profile</>, if you
    want it to affect every user):
<programlisting>
PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin:$PATH
export PATH
</programlisting>
    If you are using <command>csh</> or <command>tcsh</>, then use this command:
<programlisting>
set path = ( /usr/local/pgsql/bin $path )
</programlisting>
   </para>

   <para>
    <indexterm>
     <primary><envar>MANPATH</envar></primary>
    </indexterm>
    To enable your system to find the <application>man</>
    documentation, you need to add lines like the following to a
    shell start-up file unless you installed into a location that is
    searched by default.
<programlisting>
MANPATH=/usr/local/pgsql/man:$MANPATH
export MANPATH
</programlisting>
   </para>

   <para>
    The environment variables <envar>PGHOST</> and <envar>PGPORT</>
    specify to client applications the host and port of the database
    server, overriding the compiled-in defaults. If you are going to
    run client applications remotely then it is convenient if every
    user that plans to use the database sets <envar>PGHOST</>.  This
    is not required, however: the settings can be communicated via command
    line options to most client programs.
   </para>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>


<![%standalone-include;[
 <sect1 id="install-getting-started">
  <title>Getting Started</title>

  <para>
   The following is a quick summary of how to get <productname>PostgreSQL</> up and
   running once installed. The main documentation contains more information.
  </para>

  <procedure>
   <step>
    <para>
     Create a user account for the <productname>PostgreSQL</>
     server. This is the user the server will run as. For production
     use you should create a separate, unprivileged account
     (<quote>postgres</> is commonly used). If you do not have root
     access or just want to play around, your own user account is
     enough, but running the server as root is a security risk and
     will not work.
<screen>
<userinput>adduser postgres</>
</screen>
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     Create a database installation with the <command>initdb</>
     command. To run <command>initdb</> you must be logged in to your
     <productname>PostgreSQL</> server account. It will not work as
     root.
<screen>
root# <userinput>mkdir /usr/local/pgsql/data</>
root# <userinput>chown postgres /usr/local/pgsql/data</>
root# <userinput>su - postgres</>
postgres$ <userinput>/usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</>
</screen>
    </para>

    <para>
     The <option>-D</> option specifies the location where the data
     will be stored. You can use any path you want, it does not have
     to be under the installation directory. Just make sure that the
     server account can write to the directory (or create it, if it
     doesn't already exist) before starting <command>initdb</>, as
     illustrated here.
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     The previous step should have told you how to start up the
     database server. Do so now. The command should look something
     like
<programlisting>
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
</programlisting>
     This will start the server in the foreground. To put the server
     in the background use something like
<programlisting>
nohup /usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -D /usr/local/pgsql/data \
    &lt;/dev/null &gt;&gt;server.log 2&gt;&amp;1 &lt;/dev/null &amp;
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
     To stop a server running in the background you can type
<programlisting>
kill `cat /usr/local/pgsql/data/postmaster.pid`
</programlisting>
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     Create a database:
<screen>
<userinput>createdb testdb</>
</screen>
     Then enter
<screen>
<userinput>psql testdb</>
</screen>
     to connect to that database. At the prompt you can enter SQL
     commands and start experimenting.
    </para>
   </step>
  </procedure>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="install-whatnow">
  <title>What Now?</title>

  <para>
   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The <productname>PostgreSQL</> distribution contains a
      comprehensive documentation set, which you should read sometime.
      After installation, the documentation can be accessed by
      pointing your browser to
      <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/doc/html/index.html</>, unless you
      changed the installation directories.
     </para>

     <para>
      The first few chapters of the main documentation are the Tutorial,
      which should be your first reading if you are completely new to
      <acronym>SQL</> databases.  If you are familiar with database
      concepts then you want to proceed with part on server
      administration, which contains information about how to set up
      the database server, database users, and authentication.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Usually, you will want to modify your computer so that it will
      automatically start the database server whenever it boots. Some
      suggestions for this are in the documentation.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Run the regression tests against the installed server (using
      <command>gmake installcheck</command>). If you didn't run the
      tests before installation, you should definitely do it now. This
      is also explained in the documentation.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      By default, <productname>PostgreSQL</> is configured to run on
      minimal hardware.  This allows it to start up with almost any
      hardware configuration. The default configuration is, however,
      not designed for optimum performance. To achieve optimum
      performance, several server parameters must be adjusted, the two
      most common being <varname>shared_buffers</varname> and
      <varname>work_mem</varname>.
      Other parameters mentioned in the documentation also affect
      performance.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </para>
 </sect1>
]]>


 <sect1 id="supported-platforms">
  <title>Supported Platforms</title>

  <para>
   <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been verified by the developer
   community to work on the platforms listed below. A supported
   platform generally means that <productname>PostgreSQL</> builds and
   installs according to these instructions and that the regression
   tests pass.  <quote>Build farm</quote> entries refer to active test
   machines in the <ulink url="http://www.pgbuildfarm.org/">
   PostgreSQL Build Farm</ulink>.
   Platform entries that show an older version of
   PostgreSQL are those that did not receive explicit testing at the
   time of release of version &majorversion; but that we still
   expect to work.
  </para>

  <note>
   <para>
    If you are having problems with the installation on a supported
    platform, please write to <email>pgsql-bugs@postgresql.org</email>
    or <email>pgsql-ports@postgresql.org</email>, not to the people
    listed here.
   </para>
  </note>

    <informaltable>
     <tgroup cols="5">
      <thead>
       <row>
        <entry><acronym>OS</acronym></entry>
        <entry>Processor</entry>
        <entry>Version</entry>
        <entry>Reported</entry>
        <entry>Remarks</entry>
       </row>
      </thead>
      <tbody>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">AIX</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PowerPC</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm
         <systemitem class="systemname">kookaburra</systemitem> (5.2, cc 6.0); 
         <systemitem class="systemname">asp</systemitem> (5.2, gcc 3.3.2)</entry>
        <entry>see <filename>doc/FAQ_AIX</filename>,
         particularly if using AIX 5.3 ML3</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">AIX</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>RS6000</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Hans-J&uuml;rgen Sch&ouml;nig (<email>hs@cybertec.at</email>), 2004-12-06</entry>
        <entry>see <filename>doc/FAQ_AIX</filename></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">BSD/OS</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Bruce Momjian (<email>pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</email>), 2005-10-26</entry>
        <entry>4.3.1</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>Alpha</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">hare</systemitem> (3.1, gcc 3.3.4)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>AMD64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">panda</systemitem> (sid, gcc 3.3.5)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>ARM</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">penguin</systemitem> (3.1, gcc 3.3.4)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>Athlon XP</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">rook</systemitem> (3.1, gcc 3.3.5)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>IA64</></entry>
        <entry>7.4</entry>
        <entry>No&egrave;l K&ouml;the (<email>noel@debian.org</email>), 2003-10-25</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>m68k</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>No&egrave;l K&ouml;the (<email>noel@debian.org</email>), 2004-12-09</entry>
        <entry>sid</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>MIPS</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm
         <systemitem class="systemname">otter</systemitem> (3.1, gcc 3.3.4)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>MIPSEL</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm
         <systemitem class="systemname">lionfish</systemitem> (3.1, gcc 3.3.4);
         <systemitem class="systemname">corgi</systemitem> (3.1, gcc 3.3.4)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PA-RISC</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem
         class="systemname">kingfisher</systemitem> (3.1, gcc 3.3.5)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
     </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PowerPC</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>No&egrave;l K&ouml;the (<email>noel@debian.org</email>), 2004-12-15</entry>
        <entry>sid</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>S/390</></entry>
        <entry>7.4</entry>
        <entry>No&egrave;l K&ouml;the (<email>noel@debian.org</email>), 2003-10-25</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>Sparc</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">dormouse</systemitem>
         (3.1, gcc 3.2.5; 64-bit)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Debian GNU/Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Peter Eisentraut (<email>peter_e@gmx.net</email>), 2004-12-06</entry>
        <entry>3.1 (sarge), kernel 2.6</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Fedora</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>AMD64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">viper</systemitem> (FC3, gcc 3.4.2)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Fedora</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">thrush</systemitem> (FC1, gcc 3.3.2)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>Alpha</></entry>
        <entry>7.4</entry>
        <entry>Peter Eisentraut (<email>peter_e@gmx.net</email>), 2003-10-25</entry>
        <entry>4.8</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>AMD64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm
         <systemitem class="systemname">platypus</systemitem> (5.2.1, gcc 3.3.3);
         <systemitem class="systemname">dove</systemitem> (5.4, gcc 3.4.2)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm
         <systemitem class="systemname">octopus</systemitem> (4.11, gcc 2.95.4);
         <systemitem class="systemname">flatworm</systemitem> (5.3, gcc 3.4.2);
         <systemitem class="systemname">echidna</systemitem> (6, gcc 3.4.2);
         <systemitem class="systemname">herring</systemitem> (6, Intel cc 7.1)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Gentoo Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>AMD64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">caribou</systemitem> (2.6.9, gcc 3.3.5)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Gentoo Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>IA64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">stoat</systemitem> (2.6, gcc 3.3)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Gentoo Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PowerPC 64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">cobra</systemitem> (1.4.16, gcc 3.4.3)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Gentoo Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Paul Bort (<email>pbort@tmwsystems.com</email>), 2004-12-07</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">HP-UX</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>IA64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Tom Lane (<email>tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us</email>), 2005-10-15</entry>
        <entry>11.23, <command>gcc</> and <command>cc</>; see <filename>doc/FAQ_HPUX</filename></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">HP-UX</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PA-RISC</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Tom Lane (<email>tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us</email>), 2005-10-15</entry>
        <entry>10.20 and 11.23, <command>gcc</> and <command>cc</>; see <filename>doc/FAQ_HPUX</filename></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">IRIX</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>MIPS</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Kenneth Marshall (<email>ktm@is.rice.edu</email>), 2005-11-04</entry>
        <entry>6.5, <command>cc</command> only</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Mac OS X</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PowerPC</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm
         <systemitem class="systemname">tuna</systemitem> (10.4.2, gcc 4.0);
         <systemitem class="systemname">cuckoo</systemitem> (10.3.9, gcc 3.3);
         <systemitem class="systemname">wallaroo</systemitem> (10.3.8, gcc 3.3)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Mandrake Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">shrew</systemitem> (10.0, gcc 3.3.2)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>arm32</></entry>
        <entry>7.4</entry>
        <entry>Patrick Welche (<email>prlw1@newn.cam.ac.uk</email>), 2003-11-12</entry>
        <entry>1.6ZE/acorn32</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>m68k</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">osprey</systemitem> (2.0, gcc 3.3.3)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>Sparc</></entry>
        <entry>7.4.1</entry>
        <entry>Peter Eisentraut (<email>peter_e@gmx.net</email>), 2003-11-26</entry>
        <entry>1.6.1, 32-bit</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">canary</systemitem>, snapshot 2004-12-06 03:30:00</entry>
        <entry>1.6</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">OpenBSD</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>Sparc</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Chris Mair (<email>list@1006.org</email>), 2005-01-10</entry>
        <entry>3.3</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">OpenBSD</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>Sparc64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem
        class="systemname">spoonbill</systemitem> (3.6, gcc 3.3.2)</entry>
        <entry>compiler bug affects <filename>contrib/seg</></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">OpenBSD</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">emu</systemitem>, snapshot 2004-12-06 11:35:03</entry>
        <entry>3.6</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Red Hat Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>AMD64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Tom Lane (<email>tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us</email>), 2005-10-23</entry>
        <entry>RHEL 4</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Red Hat Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>IA64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Tom Lane (<email>tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us</email>), 2005-10-23</entry>
        <entry>RHEL 4</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Red Hat Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PowerPC</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Tom Lane (<email>tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us</email>), 2005-10-23</entry>
        <entry>RHEL 4</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Red Hat Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PowerPC 64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Tom Lane (<email>tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us</email>), 2005-10-23</entry>
        <entry>RHEL 4</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Red Hat Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>S/390</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Tom Lane (<email>tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us</email>), 2005-10-23</entry>
        <entry>RHEL 4</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Red Hat Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>S/390x</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Tom Lane (<email>tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us</email>), 2005-10-23</entry>
        <entry>RHEL 4</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Red Hat Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Tom Lane (<email>tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us</email>), 2005-10-23</entry>
        <entry>RHEL 4</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Slackware Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Sergey Koposov (<email>math@sai.msu.ru</email>), 2005-10-24</entry>
        <entry>10.0</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Solaris</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>Sparc</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">buzzard</systemitem>
        (Solaris 10, gcc 3.3.2);
        Robert Lor (<email>Robert.Lor@sun.com</email>), 2005-11-04
        (Solaris 9);
        Kenneth Marshall (<email>ktm@is.rice.edu</email>), 2005-10-28
        (Solaris 8, gcc 3.4.3)</entry>
        <entry>see <filename>doc/FAQ_Solaris</filename></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Solaris</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Robert Lor (<email>Robert.Lor@sun.com</email>), 2005-11-04
        (Solaris 10)</entry>
        <entry>see <filename>doc/FAQ_Solaris</filename></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">SUSE Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>AMD64</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Josh Berkus (<email>josh@agliodbs.com</email>), 2005-10-23</entry>
        <entry>SLES 9.3</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">SUSE Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>IA64</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Reinhard Max (<email>max@suse.de</email>), 2005-01-03</entry>
        <entry>SLES 9</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">SUSE Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PowerPC</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Reinhard Max (<email>max@suse.de</email>), 2005-01-03</entry>
        <entry>SLES 9</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">SUSE Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PowerPC 64</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Reinhard Max (<email>max@suse.de</email>), 2005-01-03</entry>
        <entry>SLES 9</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">SUSE Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>S/390</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Reinhard Max (<email>max@suse.de</email>), 2005-01-03</entry>
        <entry>SLES 9</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">SUSE Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>S/390x</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Reinhard Max (<email>max@suse.de</email>), 2005-01-03</entry>
        <entry>SLES 9</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">SUSE Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.0.0</entry>
        <entry>Reinhard Max (<email>max@suse.de</email>), 2005-01-03</entry>
        <entry>9.0, 9.1, 9.2, SLES 9</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Tru64 UNIX</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>Alpha</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Honda Shigehiro (<email>fwif0083@mb.infoweb.ne.jp</email>), 2005-11-01</entry>
        <entry>5.0, <command>cc</> 6.1-011</entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">UnixWare</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">firefly</systemitem>
         (7.1.4, <command>cc</command> 4.2)</entry>
        <entry>see <filename>doc/FAQ_SCO</filename></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Windows</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm
         <systemitem class="systemname">loris</systemitem> (XP Pro, gcc 3.2.3);
         <systemitem class="systemname">snake</systemitem> (Windows Server 2003, gcc 3.4.2)</entry>
        <entry>see <filename>doc/FAQ_MINGW</filename></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Windows with <application>Cygwin</application></></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">ferret</systemitem>
         (XP Pro, gcc 3.3.3)</entry>
        <entry>see <filename>doc/FAQ_CYGWIN</filename></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><systemitem class="osname">Yellow Dog Linux</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>PowerPC</></entry>
        <entry>8.1.0</entry>
        <entry>Build farm <systemitem class="systemname">carp</systemitem> (4.0, gcc 3.3.3)</entry>
        <entry></entry>
       </row>
      </tbody>
     </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

  <formalpara>
   <title>Unsupported Platforms:</title>
   <para>
    The following platforms are either known not to work, or they used
    to work in a fairly distant previous release.  We include these
    here to let you know that these platforms <emphasis>could</> be
    supported if given some attention.
   </para>
  </formalpara>

  <informaltable>
   <tgroup cols="5">
    <thead>
     <row>
      <entry><acronym>OS</acronym></entry>
      <entry>Processor</entry>
      <entry>Version</entry>
      <entry>Reported</entry>
      <entry>Remarks</entry>
     </row>
    </thead>

    <tbody>
     <row>
      <entry><systemitem class="osname">Linux</></entry>
      <entry><systemitem>PlayStation 2</></entry>
      <entry>8.0.0</entry>
      <entry>Chris Mair (<email>list@1006.org</email>), 2005-01-09</entry>
      <entry>requires <option>--disable-spinlocks</option> (works, but slow)</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</></entry>
      <entry><systemitem>Alpha</></entry>
      <entry>7.2</entry>
      <entry>Thomas Thai (<email>tom@minnesota.com</email>), 2001-11-20</entry>
      <entry>1.5W</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</></entry>
      <entry><systemitem>MIPS</></entry>
      <entry>7.2.1</entry>
      <entry>Warwick Hunter (<email>whunter@agile.tv</email>), 2002-06-13</entry>
      <entry>1.5.3</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</></entry>
      <entry><systemitem>PowerPC</></entry>
      <entry>7.2</entry>
      <entry>Bill Studenmund (<email>wrstuden@netbsd.org</email>), 2001-11-28</entry>
      <entry>1.5</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</></entry>
      <entry><systemitem>VAX</></entry>
      <entry>7.1</entry>
      <entry>Tom I. Helbekkmo (<email>tih@kpnQwest.no</email>), 2001-03-30</entry>
      <entry>1.5</entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><systemitem class="osname">SCO OpenServer</></entry>
      <entry><systemitem>x86</></entry>
      <entry>7.3.1</entry>
      <entry>Shibashish Satpathy (<email>shib@postmark.net</>), 2002-12-11</entry>
      <entry>5.0.4, <command>gcc</>;  see also <filename>doc/FAQ_SCO</filename></entry>
     </row>
     <row>
      <entry><systemitem class="osname">SunOS 4</></entry>
      <entry><systemitem>Sparc</></entry>
      <entry>7.2</entry>
      <entry>Tatsuo Ishii (<email>t-ishii@sra.co.jp</email>), 2001-12-04</entry>
      <entry></entry>
     </row>
    </tbody>
   </tgroup>
  </informaltable>
 </sect1>

</chapter>