set.sgml

<!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/set.sgml,v 1.40 2000/04/14 15:17:28 thomas Exp $
Postgres documentation
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<refentry id="SQL-SET">
 <refmeta>
  <refentrytitle id="SQL-SET-TITLE">
   SET
  </refentrytitle>
  <refmiscinfo>SQL - Language Statements</refmiscinfo>
 </refmeta>
 <refnamediv>
  <refname>
   SET
  </refname>
  <refpurpose>
   Set run-time parameters for session
  </refpurpose>
 </refnamediv>
 <refsynopsisdiv>
  <refsynopsisdivinfo>
   <date>1999-07-20</date>
  </refsynopsisdivinfo>
  <synopsis>
SET <replaceable class="PARAMETER">variable</replaceable> { TO | = } { <replaceable class="PARAMETER">value</replaceable> | '<replaceable class="PARAMETER">value</replaceable>' | DEFAULT }
SET CONSTRAINTS {ALL | <replaceable class="parameter">constraintlist</replaceable>} <replaceable>mode</replaceable>
SET TIME ZONE { '<replaceable class="PARAMETER">timezone</replaceable>' | LOCAL | DEFAULT }
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL { READ COMMITTED | SERIALIZABLE }
  </synopsis>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-SET-1">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>1998-09-24</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    Inputs
   </title>
   <para>
		
    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">variable</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Settable global parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">value</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	New value of parameter.  <option>DEFAULT</option> can be
	used to specify resetting the parameter to its default
	value. Lists of strings are allowed, but more complex
	constructs may need to be single or double quoted.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>

   <para>
    The possible variables and allowed values are:
		
    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>CLIENT_ENCODING | NAMES</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Sets the multi-byte client encoding. Parameters are:
	
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">value</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Sets the multi-byte client encoding to
	    <replaceable class="parameter">value</replaceable>.
	    The specified encoding must be supported by the backend.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>

       <para>
	This option is only available if MULTIBYTE support was enabled
	during the configure step of building Postgres.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>DATESTYLE</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Set the date/time representation style. Affects the output format,
	and in some cases it can affect the interpretation of input.

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ISO</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    use ISO 8601-style dates and times
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>SQL</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    use Oracle/Ingres-style dates and times
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>Postgres</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    use traditional <productname>Postgres</productname> format
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>European</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    use <literal>dd/mm/yyyy</literal> for numeric date representations.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>NonEuropean</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    use <literal>mm/dd/yyyy</literal> for numeric date representations.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>German</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    use <literal>dd.mm.yyyy</literal> for numeric date representations.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>US</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    same as <literal>NonEuropean</literal>
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>DEFAULT</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    restores the default values (<literal>ISO</literal>)
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>

       <para>
	Date format initialization may be done by:
	<simplelist>
	 <member>
	  Setting the <envar>PGDATESTYLE</envar> environment variable.
	  If PGDATESTYLE is set in the frontend environment of a client
	  based on libpq, libpq will automatically set DATESTYLE to the
	  value of PGDATESTYLE during connection startup.
	 </member>
	 <member>
	  Running postmaster using the option <option>-o -e</option> to set
	  dates to the <literal>European</literal> convention.
	  Note that this affects only some combinations of date styles; for example
	  the ISO style is not affected by this parameter.
	 </member>
	 <member>
	  Changing variables in 
	  <filename>src/backend/utils/init/globals.c</filename>.
	 </member>
	</simplelist>
       </para>
       <para>
	The variables in <filename>globals.c</filename> which can be changed are:
	<simplelist>
	 <member>
	  bool EuroDates = false | true
	 </member>
	 <member>
	  int  DateStyle = USE_ISO_DATES | USE_POSTGRES_DATES | USE_SQL_DATES | USE_GERMAN_DATES
	 </member>
	</simplelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>SEED</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Sets the internal seed for the random number generator.
	
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">value</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    The value for the seed to be used by the
	    <function>random</function> catalog function. Significant
	    values are floating point numbers between 0 and 1, which
	    are then multiplied by RAND_MAX. This product will
	    silently overflow if a number outside the range is used.
	   </para>

	   <para>
	    The seed can also be set by invoking the
	    <function>setseed</function> SQL function:

	    <programlisting>
SELECT setseed(<replaceable>value</replaceable>);
	    </programlisting>
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>

       <para>
	This option is only available if MULTIBYTE support was enabled
	during the configure step of building Postgres.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>SERVER_ENCODING</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Sets the multi-byte server encoding to:
	
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">value</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    The identifying value for the server encoding.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>

       <para>
	This option is only available if MULTIBYTE support was enabled
	during the configure step of building Postgres.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>CONSTRAINT</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	SET CONSTRAINTS is the SQL3 specified command to  change  the
	default behaviour of constraints with respect to deferring in the current
	transaction. Allowed parameters are:

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">constraintlist</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Comma separated list of deferrable constraint names.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>

	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">mode</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    The constraint mode. Allowed values are
	    <option>DEFERRED</option> and <option>IMMEDIATE</option>.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>

       <para>
	In deferred mode, the actual check of the constraint is  held
	back  until  either its mode is explicitly set to <option>IMMEDIATE</option>,
	or until COMMIT.  This is actually only done for foreign  key
	constraints,  so  it  does  not  apply  to  UNIQUE  or  other
	constraints.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>TIME ZONE</term>
      <term>TIMEZONE</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The possible values for timezone depends on your operating
	system. For example on Linux /usr/lib/zoneinfo contains the
	database of timezones.
       </para>
       <para>
	Here are some valid values for timezone:
				
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>PST8PDT</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    set the timezone for California
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>Portugal</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    set time zone for Portugal.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>'Europe/Rome'</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    set time zone for Italy.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>DEFAULT</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    set time zone to your local timezone
	    (value of the TZ environment variable).
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
       <para>
	If an invalid time zone is specified, the time zone
	becomes GMT (on most systems anyway).
       </para>
       <para>
	The second syntax shown above, allows one to set the timezone
	with a syntax similar to SQL92 <command>SET TIME ZONE</command>.
	The LOCAL keyword is just an alternate form
	of DEFAULT for SQL92 compatibility.
       </para>
       <para>
        If the PGTZ environment variable is set in the frontend
	environment of a client based on libpq, libpq will automatically
	set TIMEZONE to the value of PGTZ during connection startup.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Sets the isolation level for the current transaction.
	
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>READ COMMITTED</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    The current transaction queries read only rows committed
	    before a query began. READ COMMITTED is the default.
	   </para>

	   <note>
	   <para>
	    <acronym>SQL92</acronym> standard requires 
	    SERIALIZABLE to be the default isolation level.
	   </para>
	   </note>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>SERIALIZABLE</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    The current transaction queries read only rows committed
	    before first DML statement 
	    (<command>SELECT/INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE/FETCH/COPY_TO</command>)
	    was executed in this transaction. 
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>

   <para>
    There are also several internal or optimization
    parameters which can be specified
    by the <command>SET</command> command:
    
    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>PG_OPTIONS</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets various backend parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    
     <varlistentry>
      <term>RANDOM_PAGE_COST</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the optimizer's estimate of the cost of a nonsequentially
	fetched disk page.  This is measured as a multiple of the cost
	of a sequential page fetch.
	
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">float8</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Set the cost of a random page access
	    to the specified floating-point value.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    
     <varlistentry>
      <term>CPU_TUPLE_COST</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the optimizer's estimate of the cost of processing each
	tuple during a query.  This is measured as a fraction of the cost
	of a sequential page fetch.
	
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">float8</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Set the cost of per-tuple CPU processing
	    to the specified floating-point value.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    
     <varlistentry>
      <term>CPU_INDEX_TUPLE_COST</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the optimizer's estimate of the cost of processing each
	index tuple during an index scan.  This is measured as a fraction
	of the cost of a sequential page fetch.
	
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">float8</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Set the cost of per-index-tuple CPU processing
	    to the specified floating-point value.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    
     <varlistentry>
      <term>CPU_OPERATOR_COST</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the optimizer's estimate of the cost of processing each
	operator in a WHERE clause.  This is measured as a fraction
	of the cost of a sequential page fetch.
	
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">float8</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Set the cost of per-operator CPU processing
	    to the specified floating-point value.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    
     <varlistentry>
      <term>EFFECTIVE_CACHE_SIZE</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the optimizer's assumption about the effective size of the
	disk cache (that is, the portion of the kernel's disk cache that
	will be used for Postgres data files).  This is measured in disk
	pages, which are normally 8Kb apiece.
	
	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">float8</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Set the assumed cache size
	    to the specified floating-point value.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>ENABLE_SEQSCAN</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the planner's use of sequential scan plan types.
	(It's not possible to suppress sequential scans entirely, but turning
	this variable OFF discourages the planner from using one if there is
	any other method available.)

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ON</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    enables use of sequential scans (default setting).
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>OFF</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    disables use of sequential scans.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>ENABLE_INDEXSCAN</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the planner's use of index scan plan types.

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ON</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    enables use of index scans (default setting).
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>OFF</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    disables use of index scans.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>ENABLE_TIDSCAN</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the planner's use of TID scan plan types.

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ON</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    enables use of TID scans (default setting).
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>OFF</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    disables use of TID scans.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>ENABLE_SORT</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the planner's use of explicit sort steps.
	(It's not possible to suppress explicit sorts entirely, but turning
	this variable OFF discourages the planner from using one if there is
	any other method available.)

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ON</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    enables use of sorts (default setting).
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>OFF</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    disables use of sorts.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>ENABLE_NESTLOOP</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the planner's use of nested-loop join plans.
	(It's not possible to suppress nested-loop joins entirely, but turning
	this variable OFF discourages the planner from using one if there is
	any other method available.)

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ON</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    enables use of nested-loop joins (default setting).
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>OFF</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    disables use of nested-loop joins.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>ENABLE_MERGEJOIN</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the planner's use of mergejoin plans.

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ON</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    enables use of merge joins (default setting).
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>OFF</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    disables use of merge joins.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>ENABLE_HASHJOIN</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the planner's use of hashjoin plans.

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ON</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    enables use of hash joins (default setting).
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>OFF</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    disables use of hash joins.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>GEQO</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Sets the threshold for using the genetic optimizer algorithm.

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ON</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    enables the genetic optimizer algorithm
	    for statements with 11 or more tables.
	    (This is also the DEFAULT setting.)
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>

	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ON=<replaceable class="parameter">#</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Takes an integer argument to enable the genetic optimizer algorithm
	    for statements with <replaceable class="parameter">#</replaceable>
	    or more tables in the query.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>

	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>OFF</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    disables the genetic optimizer algorithm.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>

       <para>
	See the chapter on GEQO in the Programmer's Guide
	for more information about query optimization.
       </para>
       <para>
        If the PGGEQO environment variable is set in the frontend
	environment of a client based on libpq, libpq will automatically
	set GEQO to the value of PGGEQO during connection startup.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>KSQO</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	<firstterm>Key Set Query Optimizer</firstterm> causes the query
	planner to convert queries whose WHERE clause contains many
	OR'ed AND clauses (such as "WHERE (a=1 AND b=2) OR (a=2 AND b=3) ...")
	into a UNION query.  This method can be faster than the default
	implementation, but it doesn't necessarily give exactly the same
	results, since UNION implicitly adds a SELECT DISTINCT clause to
	eliminate identical output rows.  KSQO is commonly used when
	working with products like <productname>MicroSoft
	Access</productname>, which tend to generate queries of this form.

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>ON</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    enables this optimization.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>OFF</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    disables this optimization (default setting).
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	 
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term>DEFAULT</term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Equivalent to specifying <command>SET KSQO=OFF</command>.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>

       <para>
        The KSQO algorithm used to be absolutely essential for queries
	with many OR'ed AND clauses, but in Postgres 7.0 and later
	the standard planner handles these queries fairly successfully.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>MAX_EXPR_DEPTH</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the maximum expression nesting depth that the parser will
	accept.  The default value is high enough for any normal query,
	but you can raise it if you need to.  (But if you raise it too high,
	you run the risk of backend crashes due to stack overflow.)

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><replaceable class="parameter">integer</replaceable></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Maximum depth.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-SET-2">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>1998-09-24</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    Outputs
   </title>
   <para>
    
    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><computeroutput>
SET VARIABLE
       </computeroutput></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Message returned if successful.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     
     <varlistentry>
      <term><computeroutput>
WARN:  Bad value for <replaceable class="parameter">variable</replaceable> (<replaceable class="parameter">value</replaceable>)
       </computeroutput></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	If the command fails to set the specified variable.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsynopsisdiv>
 
 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-SET-1">
  <refsect1info>
   <date>1998-09-24</date>
  </refsect1info>
  <title>
   Description
  </title>
  <para>
   <command>SET</command> will modify configuration parameters for variable during
   a session.
  </para>
  <para>
   Current values can be obtained using <command>SHOW</command>, and values
   can be restored to the defaults using <command>RESET</command>.
   Parameters and values are case-insensitive. Note that the value
   field is always specified as a string, so is enclosed in
   single-quotes.
  </para>
  <para>
   <command>SET TIME ZONE</command> changes the session's
   default time zone offset.
   An SQL-session always begins with an initial default time zone
   offset.
   The <command>SET TIME ZONE</command> statement is used to change the default
   time zone offset for the current SQL session.
  </para>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-SET-3">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>1998-09-24</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    Notes
   </title>
   <para>
    The <command>SET <replaceable class="parameter">variable</replaceable></command>
    statement is a <productname>Postgres</productname> language extension.
   </para>
   <para>
    Refer to <command>SHOW</command> and <command>RESET</command> to 
    display or reset the current values.
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsect1>
 
 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-SET-2">
  <title>
   Usage
  </title>
  <para>
   Set the style of date to ISO (no quotes on the argument is required):

   <programlisting>
SET DATESTYLE TO ISO;
   </programlisting>

   Enable GEQO for queries with 4 or more tables (note the use of
   single quotes to handle the equal sign inside the value argument):

   <programlisting> 
SET GEQO = 'ON=4';
   </programlisting>

   Set GEQO to default:

   <programlisting> 
SET GEQO = DEFAULT;
   </programlisting>

   Set the timezone for Berkeley, California, using double quotes to
   preserve the uppercase
   attributes of the time zone specifier:

<programlisting> 
SET TIME ZONE "PST8PDT";
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS today;
   
         today
------------------------
 1998-03-31 07:41:21-08
</programlisting>

   Set the timezone for Italy (note the required single or double quotes to handle 
   the special characters):

<programlisting> 
SET TIME ZONE 'Europe/Rome';
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS today;
   
         today
------------------------
 1998-03-31 17:41:31+02
</programlisting>
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-SET-3">
  <title>
   Compatibility
  </title>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-SET-4">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>1998-09-24</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    SQL92
   </title>
   <para>
    There is no general
    <command>SET <replaceable class="parameter">variable</replaceable></command>
    in <acronym>SQL92</acronym> (with the exception of
    <command>SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL</command>).

    The <acronym>SQL92</acronym> syntax for <command>SET TIME ZONE</command>
    is slightly different,
    allowing only a single integer value for time zone specification:
    
    <synopsis>
SET TIME ZONE { interval_value_expression | LOCAL }
    </synopsis>
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsect1>
</refentry>

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