t_cpp_generator.cc

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 *
 * Contains some contributions under the Thrift Software License.
 * Please see doc/old-thrift-license.txt in the Thrift distribution for
 * details.
 */

#include <cassert>

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include <sys/stat.h>

#include "thrift/platform.h"
#include "thrift/generate/t_oop_generator.h"

using std::map;
using std::ofstream;
using std::ostream;
using std::string;
using std::vector;

static const string endl = "\n"; // avoid ostream << std::endl flushes

/**
 * C++ code generator. This is legitimacy incarnate.
 *
 */
class t_cpp_generator : public t_oop_generator {
public:
  t_cpp_generator(t_program* program,
                  const std::map<std::string, std::string>& parsed_options,
                  const std::string& option_string)
    : t_oop_generator(program) {
    (void)option_string;
    std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator iter;


    gen_pure_enums_ = false;
    use_include_prefix_ = false;
    gen_cob_style_ = false;
    gen_no_client_completion_ = false;
    gen_no_default_operators_ = false;
    gen_templates_ = false;
    gen_templates_only_ = false;
    gen_moveable_ = false;
    for( iter = parsed_options.begin(); iter != parsed_options.end(); ++iter) {
      if( iter->first.compare("pure_enums") == 0) {
        gen_pure_enums_ = true;
      } else if( iter->first.compare("include_prefix") == 0) {
        use_include_prefix_ = true;
      } else if( iter->first.compare("cob_style") == 0) {
        gen_cob_style_ = true;
      } else if( iter->first.compare("no_client_completion") == 0) {
        gen_no_client_completion_ = true;
      } else if( iter->first.compare("no_default_operators") == 0) {
        gen_no_default_operators_ = true;
      } else if( iter->first.compare("templates") == 0) {
        gen_templates_ = true;
        gen_templates_only_ = (iter->second == "only");
      } else if( iter->first.compare("moveable_types") == 0) {
        gen_moveable_ = true;
      } else {
        throw "unknown option cpp:" + iter->first;
      }
    }

    out_dir_base_ = "gen-cpp";
  }

  /**
   * Init and close methods
   */

  void init_generator();
  void close_generator();

  void generate_consts(std::vector<t_const*> consts);

  /**
   * Program-level generation functions
   */

  void generate_typedef(t_typedef* ttypedef);
  void generate_enum(t_enum* tenum);
  void generate_forward_declaration(t_struct* tstruct);
  void generate_struct(t_struct* tstruct) { generate_cpp_struct(tstruct, false); }
  void generate_xception(t_struct* txception) { generate_cpp_struct(txception, true); }
  void generate_cpp_struct(t_struct* tstruct, bool is_exception);

  void generate_service(t_service* tservice);

  void print_const_value(std::ofstream& out, std::string name, t_type* type, t_const_value* value);
  std::string render_const_value(std::ofstream& out,
                                 std::string name,
                                 t_type* type,
                                 t_const_value* value);

  void generate_struct_declaration(std::ofstream& out,
                                   t_struct* tstruct,
                                   bool is_exception = false,
                                   bool pointers = false,
                                   bool read = true,
                                   bool write = true,
                                   bool swap = false,
                                   bool is_user_struct = false);
  void generate_struct_definition(std::ofstream& out,
                                  std::ofstream& force_cpp_out,
                                  t_struct* tstruct,
                                  bool setters = true);
  void generate_copy_constructor(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct, bool is_exception);
  void generate_move_constructor(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct, bool is_exception);
  void generate_constructor_helper(std::ofstream& out,
                                   t_struct* tstruct,
                                   bool is_excpetion,
                                   bool is_move);
  void generate_assignment_operator(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct);
  void generate_move_assignment_operator(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct);
  void generate_assignment_helper(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct, bool is_move);
  void generate_struct_reader(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct, bool pointers = false);
  void generate_struct_writer(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct, bool pointers = false);
  void generate_struct_result_writer(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct, bool pointers = false);
  void generate_struct_swap(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct);
  void generate_struct_print_method(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct);
  void generate_exception_what_method(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct);

  /**
   * Service-level generation functions
   */

  void generate_service_interface(t_service* tservice, string style);
  void generate_service_interface_factory(t_service* tservice, string style);
  void generate_service_null(t_service* tservice, string style);
  void generate_service_multiface(t_service* tservice);
  void generate_service_helpers(t_service* tservice);
  void generate_service_client(t_service* tservice, string style);
  void generate_service_processor(t_service* tservice, string style);
  void generate_service_skeleton(t_service* tservice);
  void generate_process_function(t_service* tservice,
                                 t_function* tfunction,
                                 string style,
                                 bool specialized = false);
  void generate_function_helpers(t_service* tservice, t_function* tfunction);
  void generate_service_async_skeleton(t_service* tservice);

  /**
   * Serialization constructs
   */

  void generate_deserialize_field(std::ofstream& out,
                                  t_field* tfield,
                                  std::string prefix = "",
                                  std::string suffix = "");

  void generate_deserialize_struct(std::ofstream& out,
                                   t_struct* tstruct,
                                   std::string prefix = "",
                                   bool pointer = false);

  void generate_deserialize_container(std::ofstream& out, t_type* ttype, std::string prefix = "");

  void generate_deserialize_set_element(std::ofstream& out, t_set* tset, std::string prefix = "");

  void generate_deserialize_map_element(std::ofstream& out, t_map* tmap, std::string prefix = "");

  void generate_deserialize_list_element(std::ofstream& out,
                                         t_list* tlist,
                                         std::string prefix,
                                         bool push_back,
                                         std::string index);

  void generate_serialize_field(std::ofstream& out,
                                t_field* tfield,
                                std::string prefix = "",
                                std::string suffix = "");

  void generate_serialize_struct(std::ofstream& out,
                                 t_struct* tstruct,
                                 std::string prefix = "",
                                 bool pointer = false);

  void generate_serialize_container(std::ofstream& out, t_type* ttype, std::string prefix = "");

  void generate_serialize_map_element(std::ofstream& out, t_map* tmap, std::string iter);

  void generate_serialize_set_element(std::ofstream& out, t_set* tmap, std::string iter);

  void generate_serialize_list_element(std::ofstream& out, t_list* tlist, std::string iter);

  void generate_function_call(ostream& out,
                              t_function* tfunction,
                              string target,
                              string iface,
                              string arg_prefix);
  /*
   * Helper rendering functions
   */

  std::string namespace_prefix(std::string ns);
  std::string namespace_open(std::string ns);
  std::string namespace_close(std::string ns);
  std::string type_name(t_type* ttype, bool in_typedef = false, bool arg = false);
  std::string base_type_name(t_base_type::t_base tbase);
  std::string declare_field(t_field* tfield,
                            bool init = false,
                            bool pointer = false,
                            bool constant = false,
                            bool reference = false);
  std::string function_signature(t_function* tfunction,
                                 std::string style,
                                 std::string prefix = "",
                                 bool name_params = true);
  std::string cob_function_signature(t_function* tfunction,
                                     std::string prefix = "",
                                     bool name_params = true);
  std::string argument_list(t_struct* tstruct, bool name_params = true, bool start_comma = false);
  std::string type_to_enum(t_type* ttype);

  void generate_enum_constant_list(std::ofstream& f,
                                   const vector<t_enum_value*>& constants,
                                   const char* prefix,
                                   const char* suffix,
                                   bool include_values);

  void generate_struct_ostream_operator(std::ofstream& f, t_struct* tstruct);
  void generate_struct_print_method_decl(std::ofstream& f, t_struct* tstruct);
  void generate_exception_what_method_decl(std::ofstream& f,
                                           t_struct* tstruct,
                                           bool external = false);

  bool is_reference(t_field* tfield) { return tfield->get_reference(); }

  bool is_complex_type(t_type* ttype) {
    ttype = get_true_type(ttype);

    return ttype->is_container() || ttype->is_struct() || ttype->is_xception()
           || (ttype->is_base_type()
               && (((t_base_type*)ttype)->get_base() == t_base_type::TYPE_STRING));
  }

  void set_use_include_prefix(bool use_include_prefix) { use_include_prefix_ = use_include_prefix; }

private:
  /**
   * Returns the include prefix to use for a file generated by program, or the
   * empty string if no include prefix should be used.
   */
  std::string get_include_prefix(const t_program& program) const;

  /**
   * True if we should generate pure enums for Thrift enums, instead of wrapper classes.
   */
  bool gen_pure_enums_;

  /**
   * True if we should generate templatized reader/writer methods.
   */
  bool gen_templates_;

  /**
   * True iff we should generate process function pointers for only templatized
   * reader/writer methods.
   */
  bool gen_templates_only_;

  /**
   * True if we should generate move constructors & assignment operators.
   */
  bool gen_moveable_;

  /**
   * True iff we should use a path prefix in our #include statements for other
   * thrift-generated header files.
   */
  bool use_include_prefix_;

  /**
   * True if we should generate "Continuation OBject"-style classes as well.
   */
  bool gen_cob_style_;

  /**
   * True if we should omit calls to completion__() in CobClient class.
   */
  bool gen_no_client_completion_;

  /**
   * True if we should omit generating the default opeartors ==, != and <.
   */
  bool gen_no_default_operators_;

  /**
   * Strings for namespace, computed once up front then used directly
   */

  std::string ns_open_;
  std::string ns_close_;

  /**
   * File streams, stored here to avoid passing them as parameters to every
   * function.
   */

  std::ofstream f_types_;
  std::ofstream f_types_impl_;
  std::ofstream f_types_tcc_;
  std::ofstream f_header_;
  std::ofstream f_service_;
  std::ofstream f_service_tcc_;

  // The ProcessorGenerator is used to generate parts of the code,
  // so it needs access to many of our protected members and methods.
  //
  // TODO: The code really should be cleaned up so that helper methods for
  // writing to the output files are separate from the generator classes
  // themselves.
  friend class ProcessorGenerator;
};

/**
 * Prepares for file generation by opening up the necessary file output
 * streams.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::init_generator() {
  // Make output directory
  MKDIR(get_out_dir().c_str());

  // Make output file
  string f_types_name = get_out_dir() + program_name_ + "_types.h";
  f_types_.open(f_types_name.c_str());

  string f_types_impl_name = get_out_dir() + program_name_ + "_types.cpp";
  f_types_impl_.open(f_types_impl_name.c_str());

  if (gen_templates_) {
    // If we don't open the stream, it appears to just discard data,
    // which is fine.
    string f_types_tcc_name = get_out_dir() + program_name_ + "_types.tcc";
    f_types_tcc_.open(f_types_tcc_name.c_str());
  }

  // Print header
  f_types_ << autogen_comment();
  f_types_impl_ << autogen_comment();
  f_types_tcc_ << autogen_comment();

  // Start ifndef
  f_types_ << "#ifndef " << program_name_ << "_TYPES_H" << endl << "#define " << program_name_
           << "_TYPES_H" << endl << endl;
  f_types_tcc_ << "#ifndef " << program_name_ << "_TYPES_TCC" << endl << "#define " << program_name_
               << "_TYPES_TCC" << endl << endl;

  // Include base types
  f_types_ << "#include <iosfwd>" << endl
           << endl
           << "#include <thrift/Thrift.h>" << endl
           << "#include <thrift/TApplicationException.h>" << endl
           << "#include <thrift/TBase.h>" << endl
           << "#include <thrift/protocol/TProtocol.h>" << endl
           << "#include <thrift/transport/TTransport.h>" << endl
           << endl;
  // Include C++xx compatibility header
  f_types_ << "#include <thrift/cxxfunctional.h>" << endl;

  // Include other Thrift includes
  const vector<t_program*>& includes = program_->get_includes();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < includes.size(); ++i) {
    f_types_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*(includes[i])) << includes[i]->get_name()
             << "_types.h\"" << endl;

    // XXX(simpkins): If gen_templates_ is enabled, we currently assume all
    // included files were also generated with templates enabled.
    f_types_tcc_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*(includes[i])) << includes[i]->get_name()
                 << "_types.tcc\"" << endl;
  }
  f_types_ << endl;

  // Include custom headers
  const vector<string>& cpp_includes = program_->get_cpp_includes();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < cpp_includes.size(); ++i) {
    if (cpp_includes[i][0] == '<') {
      f_types_ << "#include " << cpp_includes[i] << endl;
    } else {
      f_types_ << "#include \"" << cpp_includes[i] << "\"" << endl;
    }
  }
  f_types_ << endl;

  // Include the types file
  f_types_impl_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << program_name_
                << "_types.h\"" << endl << endl;
  f_types_tcc_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << program_name_
               << "_types.h\"" << endl << endl;

  // The swap() code needs <algorithm> for std::swap()
  f_types_impl_ << "#include <algorithm>" << endl;
  // for operator<<
  f_types_impl_ << "#include <ostream>" << endl << endl;
  f_types_impl_ << "#include <thrift/TToString.h>" << endl << endl;

  // Open namespace
  ns_open_ = namespace_open(program_->get_namespace("cpp"));
  ns_close_ = namespace_close(program_->get_namespace("cpp"));

  f_types_ << ns_open_ << endl << endl;

  f_types_impl_ << ns_open_ << endl << endl;

  f_types_tcc_ << ns_open_ << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Closes the output files.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::close_generator() {
  // Close namespace
  f_types_ << ns_close_ << endl << endl;
  f_types_impl_ << ns_close_ << endl;
  f_types_tcc_ << ns_close_ << endl << endl;

  // Include the types.tcc file from the types header file,
  // so clients don't have to explicitly include the tcc file.
  // TODO(simpkins): Make this a separate option.
  if (gen_templates_) {
    f_types_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << program_name_
             << "_types.tcc\"" << endl << endl;
  }

  // Close ifndef
  f_types_ << "#endif" << endl;
  f_types_tcc_ << "#endif" << endl;

  // Close output file
  f_types_.close();
  f_types_impl_.close();
  f_types_tcc_.close();
}

/**
 * Generates a typedef. This is just a simple 1-liner in C++
 *
 * @param ttypedef The type definition
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_typedef(t_typedef* ttypedef) {
  f_types_ << indent() << "typedef " << type_name(ttypedef->get_type(), true) << " "
           << ttypedef->get_symbolic() << ";" << endl << endl;
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_enum_constant_list(std::ofstream& f,
                                                  const vector<t_enum_value*>& constants,
                                                  const char* prefix,
                                                  const char* suffix,
                                                  bool include_values) {
  f << " {" << endl;
  indent_up();

  vector<t_enum_value*>::const_iterator c_iter;
  bool first = true;
  for (c_iter = constants.begin(); c_iter != constants.end(); ++c_iter) {
    if (first) {
      first = false;
    } else {
      f << "," << endl;
    }
    indent(f) << prefix << (*c_iter)->get_name() << suffix;
    if (include_values) {
      f << " = " << (*c_iter)->get_value();
    }
  }

  f << endl;
  indent_down();
  indent(f) << "};" << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates code for an enumerated type. In C++, this is essentially the same
 * as the thrift definition itself, using the enum keyword in C++.
 *
 * @param tenum The enumeration
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_enum(t_enum* tenum) {
  vector<t_enum_value*> constants = tenum->get_constants();

  std::string enum_name = tenum->get_name();
  if (!gen_pure_enums_) {
    enum_name = "type";
    f_types_ << indent() << "struct " << tenum->get_name() << " {" << endl;
    indent_up();
  }
  f_types_ << indent() << "enum " << enum_name;

  generate_enum_constant_list(f_types_, constants, "", "", true);

  if (!gen_pure_enums_) {
    indent_down();
    f_types_ << "};" << endl;
  }

  f_types_ << endl;

  /**
     Generate a character array of enum names for debugging purposes.
  */
  std::string prefix = "";
  if (!gen_pure_enums_) {
    prefix = tenum->get_name() + "::";
  }

  f_types_impl_ << indent() << "int _k" << tenum->get_name() << "Values[] =";
  generate_enum_constant_list(f_types_impl_, constants, prefix.c_str(), "", false);

  f_types_impl_ << indent() << "const char* _k" << tenum->get_name() << "Names[] =";
  generate_enum_constant_list(f_types_impl_, constants, "\"", "\"", false);

  f_types_ << indent() << "extern const std::map<int, const char*> _" << tenum->get_name()
           << "_VALUES_TO_NAMES;" << endl << endl;

  f_types_impl_ << indent() << "const std::map<int, const char*> _" << tenum->get_name()
                << "_VALUES_TO_NAMES(::apache::thrift::TEnumIterator(" << constants.size() << ", _k"
                << tenum->get_name() << "Values"
                << ", _k" << tenum->get_name() << "Names), "
                << "::apache::thrift::TEnumIterator(-1, NULL, NULL));" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates a class that holds all the constants.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_consts(std::vector<t_const*> consts) {
  string f_consts_name = get_out_dir() + program_name_ + "_constants.h";
  ofstream f_consts;
  f_consts.open(f_consts_name.c_str());

  string f_consts_impl_name = get_out_dir() + program_name_ + "_constants.cpp";
  ofstream f_consts_impl;
  f_consts_impl.open(f_consts_impl_name.c_str());

  // Print header
  f_consts << autogen_comment();
  f_consts_impl << autogen_comment();

  // Start ifndef
  f_consts << "#ifndef " << program_name_ << "_CONSTANTS_H" << endl << "#define " << program_name_
           << "_CONSTANTS_H" << endl << endl << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program())
           << program_name_ << "_types.h\"" << endl << endl << ns_open_ << endl << endl;

  f_consts_impl << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << program_name_
                << "_constants.h\"" << endl << endl << ns_open_ << endl << endl;

  f_consts << "class " << program_name_ << "Constants {" << endl << " public:" << endl << "  "
           << program_name_ << "Constants();" << endl << endl;
  indent_up();
  vector<t_const*>::iterator c_iter;
  for (c_iter = consts.begin(); c_iter != consts.end(); ++c_iter) {
    string name = (*c_iter)->get_name();
    t_type* type = (*c_iter)->get_type();
    f_consts << indent() << type_name(type) << " " << name << ";" << endl;
  }
  indent_down();
  f_consts << "};" << endl;

  f_consts_impl << "const " << program_name_ << "Constants g_" << program_name_ << "_constants;"
                << endl << endl << program_name_ << "Constants::" << program_name_
                << "Constants() {" << endl;
  indent_up();
  for (c_iter = consts.begin(); c_iter != consts.end(); ++c_iter) {
    print_const_value(f_consts_impl,
                      (*c_iter)->get_name(),
                      (*c_iter)->get_type(),
                      (*c_iter)->get_value());
  }
  indent_down();
  indent(f_consts_impl) << "}" << endl;

  f_consts << endl << "extern const " << program_name_ << "Constants g_" << program_name_
           << "_constants;" << endl << endl << ns_close_ << endl << endl << "#endif" << endl;
  f_consts.close();

  f_consts_impl << endl << ns_close_ << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Prints the value of a constant with the given type. Note that type checking
 * is NOT performed in this function as it is always run beforehand using the
 * validate_types method in main.cc
 */
void t_cpp_generator::print_const_value(ofstream& out,
                                        string name,
                                        t_type* type,
                                        t_const_value* value) {
  type = get_true_type(type);
  if (type->is_base_type()) {
    string v2 = render_const_value(out, name, type, value);
    indent(out) << name << " = " << v2 << ";" << endl << endl;
  } else if (type->is_enum()) {
    indent(out) << name << " = (" << type_name(type) << ")" << value->get_integer() << ";" << endl
                << endl;
  } else if (type->is_struct() || type->is_xception()) {
    const vector<t_field*>& fields = ((t_struct*)type)->get_members();
    vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;
    const map<t_const_value*, t_const_value*>& val = value->get_map();
    map<t_const_value*, t_const_value*>::const_iterator v_iter;
    bool is_nonrequired_field = false;
    for (v_iter = val.begin(); v_iter != val.end(); ++v_iter) {
      t_type* field_type = NULL;
      is_nonrequired_field = false;
      for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
        if ((*f_iter)->get_name() == v_iter->first->get_string()) {
          field_type = (*f_iter)->get_type();
          is_nonrequired_field = (*f_iter)->get_req() != t_field::T_REQUIRED;
        }
      }
      if (field_type == NULL) {
        throw "type error: " + type->get_name() + " has no field " + v_iter->first->get_string();
      }
      string val = render_const_value(out, name, field_type, v_iter->second);
      indent(out) << name << "." << v_iter->first->get_string() << " = " << val << ";" << endl;
      if (is_nonrequired_field) {
        indent(out) << name << ".__isset." << v_iter->first->get_string() << " = true;" << endl;
      }
    }
    out << endl;
  } else if (type->is_map()) {
    t_type* ktype = ((t_map*)type)->get_key_type();
    t_type* vtype = ((t_map*)type)->get_val_type();
    const map<t_const_value*, t_const_value*>& val = value->get_map();
    map<t_const_value*, t_const_value*>::const_iterator v_iter;
    for (v_iter = val.begin(); v_iter != val.end(); ++v_iter) {
      string key = render_const_value(out, name, ktype, v_iter->first);
      string val = render_const_value(out, name, vtype, v_iter->second);
      indent(out) << name << ".insert(std::make_pair(" << key << ", " << val << "));" << endl;
    }
    out << endl;
  } else if (type->is_list()) {
    t_type* etype = ((t_list*)type)->get_elem_type();
    const vector<t_const_value*>& val = value->get_list();
    vector<t_const_value*>::const_iterator v_iter;
    for (v_iter = val.begin(); v_iter != val.end(); ++v_iter) {
      string val = render_const_value(out, name, etype, *v_iter);
      indent(out) << name << ".push_back(" << val << ");" << endl;
    }
    out << endl;
  } else if (type->is_set()) {
    t_type* etype = ((t_set*)type)->get_elem_type();
    const vector<t_const_value*>& val = value->get_list();
    vector<t_const_value*>::const_iterator v_iter;
    for (v_iter = val.begin(); v_iter != val.end(); ++v_iter) {
      string val = render_const_value(out, name, etype, *v_iter);
      indent(out) << name << ".insert(" << val << ");" << endl;
    }
    out << endl;
  } else {
    throw "INVALID TYPE IN print_const_value: " + type->get_name();
  }
}

/**
 *
 */
string t_cpp_generator::render_const_value(ofstream& out,
                                           string name,
                                           t_type* type,
                                           t_const_value* value) {
  (void)name;
  std::ostringstream render;

  if (type->is_base_type()) {
    t_base_type::t_base tbase = ((t_base_type*)type)->get_base();
    switch (tbase) {
    case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
      render << '"' << get_escaped_string(value) << '"';
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
      render << ((value->get_integer() > 0) ? "true" : "false");
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
      render << value->get_integer();
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
      render << value->get_integer() << "LL";
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
      if (value->get_type() == t_const_value::CV_INTEGER) {
        render << value->get_integer();
      } else {
        render << value->get_double();
      }
      break;
    default:
      throw "compiler error: no const of base type " + t_base_type::t_base_name(tbase);
    }
  } else if (type->is_enum()) {
    render << "(" << type_name(type) << ")" << value->get_integer();
  } else {
    string t = tmp("tmp");
    indent(out) << type_name(type) << " " << t << ";" << endl;
    print_const_value(out, t, type, value);
    render << t;
  }

  return render.str();
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_forward_declaration(t_struct* tstruct) {
  // Forward declare struct def
  f_types_ << indent() << "class " << tstruct->get_name() << ";" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates a struct definition for a thrift data type. This is a class
 * with data members and a read/write() function, plus a mirroring isset
 * inner class.
 *
 * @param tstruct The struct definition
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_cpp_struct(t_struct* tstruct, bool is_exception) {
  generate_struct_declaration(f_types_, tstruct, is_exception, false, true, true, true, true);
  generate_struct_definition(f_types_impl_, f_types_impl_, tstruct);

  std::ofstream& out = (gen_templates_ ? f_types_tcc_ : f_types_impl_);
  generate_struct_reader(out, tstruct);
  generate_struct_writer(out, tstruct);
  generate_struct_swap(f_types_impl_, tstruct);
  generate_copy_constructor(f_types_impl_, tstruct, is_exception);
  if (gen_moveable_) {
    generate_move_constructor(f_types_impl_, tstruct, is_exception);
  }
  generate_assignment_operator(f_types_impl_, tstruct);
  if (gen_moveable_) {
    generate_move_assignment_operator(f_types_impl_, tstruct);
  }
  generate_struct_print_method(f_types_impl_, tstruct);
  if (is_exception) {
    generate_exception_what_method(f_types_impl_, tstruct);
  }
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_copy_constructor(ofstream& out,
                                                t_struct* tstruct,
                                                bool is_exception) {
  generate_constructor_helper(out, tstruct, is_exception, /*is_move=*/false);
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_move_constructor(ofstream& out,
                                                t_struct* tstruct,
                                                bool is_exception) {
  generate_constructor_helper(out, tstruct, is_exception, /*is_move=*/true);
}

namespace {
// Helper to convert a variable to rvalue, if move is enabled
std::string maybeMove(std::string const& other, bool move) {
  if (move) {
    return "std::move(" + other + ")";
  }
  return other;
}
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_constructor_helper(ofstream& out,
                                                  t_struct* tstruct,
                                                  bool is_exception,
                                                  bool is_move) {

  std::string tmp_name = tmp("other");

  indent(out) << tstruct->get_name() << "::" << tstruct->get_name();

  if (is_move) {
    out << "( " << tstruct->get_name() << "&& ";
  } else {
    out << "(const " << tstruct->get_name() << "& ";
  }
  out << tmp_name << ") ";
  if (is_exception)
    out << ": TException() ";
  out << "{" << endl;
  indent_up();

  const vector<t_field*>& members = tstruct->get_members();

  // eliminate compiler unused warning
  if (members.empty())
    indent(out) << "(void) " << tmp_name << ";" << endl;

  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;
  bool has_nonrequired_fields = false;
  for (f_iter = members.begin(); f_iter != members.end(); ++f_iter) {
    if ((*f_iter)->get_req() != t_field::T_REQUIRED)
      has_nonrequired_fields = true;
    indent(out) << (*f_iter)->get_name() << " = "
                << maybeMove(tmp_name + "." + (*f_iter)->get_name(), is_move) << ";" << endl;
  }

  if (has_nonrequired_fields) {
    indent(out) << "__isset = " << maybeMove(tmp_name + ".__isset", is_move) << ";" << endl;
  }

  indent_down();
  indent(out) << "}" << endl;
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_assignment_operator(ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct) {
  generate_assignment_helper(out, tstruct, /*is_move=*/false);
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_move_assignment_operator(ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct) {
  generate_assignment_helper(out, tstruct, /*is_move=*/true);
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_assignment_helper(ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct, bool is_move) {
  std::string tmp_name = tmp("other");

  indent(out) << tstruct->get_name() << "& " << tstruct->get_name() << "::operator=(";

  if (is_move) {
    out << tstruct->get_name() << "&& ";
  } else {
    out << "const " << tstruct->get_name() << "& ";
  }
  out << tmp_name << ") {" << endl;

  indent_up();

  const vector<t_field*>& members = tstruct->get_members();

  // eliminate compiler unused warning
  if (members.empty())
    indent(out) << "(void) " << tmp_name << ";" << endl;

  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;
  bool has_nonrequired_fields = false;
  for (f_iter = members.begin(); f_iter != members.end(); ++f_iter) {
    if ((*f_iter)->get_req() != t_field::T_REQUIRED)
      has_nonrequired_fields = true;
    indent(out) << (*f_iter)->get_name() << " = "
                << maybeMove(tmp_name + "." + (*f_iter)->get_name(), is_move) << ";" << endl;
  }
  if (has_nonrequired_fields) {
    indent(out) << "__isset = " << maybeMove(tmp_name + ".__isset", is_move) << ";" << endl;
  }

  indent(out) << "return *this;" << endl;
  indent_down();
  indent(out) << "}" << endl;
}

/**
 * Writes the struct declaration into the header file
 *
 * @param out Output stream
 * @param tstruct The struct
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_struct_declaration(ofstream& out,
                                                  t_struct* tstruct,
                                                  bool is_exception,
                                                  bool pointers,
                                                  bool read,
                                                  bool write,
                                                  bool swap,
                                                  bool is_user_struct) {
  string extends = "";
  if (is_exception) {
    extends = " : public ::apache::thrift::TException";
  } else {
    if (is_user_struct && !gen_templates_) {
      extends = " : public virtual ::apache::thrift::TBase";
    }
  }

  // Get members
  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator m_iter;
  const vector<t_field*>& members = tstruct->get_members();

  // Write the isset structure declaration outside the class. This makes
  // the generated code amenable to processing by SWIG.
  // We only declare the struct if it gets used in the class.

  // Isset struct has boolean fields, but only for non-required fields.
  bool has_nonrequired_fields = false;
  for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter) {
    if ((*m_iter)->get_req() != t_field::T_REQUIRED)
      has_nonrequired_fields = true;
  }

  if (has_nonrequired_fields && (!pointers || read)) {

    out << indent() << "typedef struct _" << tstruct->get_name() << "__isset {" << endl;
    indent_up();

    indent(out) << "_" << tstruct->get_name() << "__isset() ";
    bool first = true;
    for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter) {
      if ((*m_iter)->get_req() == t_field::T_REQUIRED) {
        continue;
      }
      string isSet = ((*m_iter)->get_value() != NULL) ? "true" : "false";
      if (first) {
        first = false;
        out << ": " << (*m_iter)->get_name() << "(" << isSet << ")";
      } else {
        out << ", " << (*m_iter)->get_name() << "(" << isSet << ")";
      }
    }
    out << " {}" << endl;

    for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter) {
      if ((*m_iter)->get_req() != t_field::T_REQUIRED) {
        indent(out) << "bool " << (*m_iter)->get_name() << " :1;" << endl;
      }
    }

    indent_down();
    indent(out) << "} _" << tstruct->get_name() << "__isset;" << endl;
  }

  out << endl;

  // Open struct def
  out << indent() << "class " << tstruct->get_name() << extends << " {" << endl << indent()
      << " public:" << endl << endl;
  indent_up();

  if (!pointers) {
    // Copy constructor
    indent(out) << tstruct->get_name() << "(const " << tstruct->get_name() << "&);" << endl;

    // Move constructor
    if (gen_moveable_) {
      indent(out) << tstruct->get_name() << "(" << tstruct->get_name() << "&&);" << endl;
    }

    // Assignment Operator
    indent(out) << tstruct->get_name() << "& operator=(const " << tstruct->get_name() << "&);"
                << endl;

    // Move assignment operator
    if (gen_moveable_) {
      indent(out) << tstruct->get_name() << "& operator=(" << tstruct->get_name() << "&&);" << endl;
    }

    // Default constructor
    indent(out) << tstruct->get_name() << "()";

    bool init_ctor = false;

    for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter) {
      t_type* t = get_true_type((*m_iter)->get_type());
      if (t->is_base_type() || t->is_enum() || is_reference(*m_iter)) {
        string dval;
        if (t->is_enum()) {
          dval += "(" + type_name(t) + ")";
        }
        dval += (t->is_string() || is_reference(*m_iter)) ? "" : "0";
        t_const_value* cv = (*m_iter)->get_value();
        if (cv != NULL) {
          dval = render_const_value(out, (*m_iter)->get_name(), t, cv);
        }
        if (!init_ctor) {
          init_ctor = true;
          out << " : ";
          out << (*m_iter)->get_name() << "(" << dval << ")";
        } else {
          out << ", " << (*m_iter)->get_name() << "(" << dval << ")";
        }
      }
    }
    out << " {" << endl;
    indent_up();
    // TODO(dreiss): When everything else in Thrift is perfect,
    // do more of these in the initializer list.
    for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter) {
      t_type* t = get_true_type((*m_iter)->get_type());

      if (!t->is_base_type()) {
        t_const_value* cv = (*m_iter)->get_value();
        if (cv != NULL) {
          print_const_value(out, (*m_iter)->get_name(), t, cv);
        }
      }
    }
    scope_down(out);
  }

  if (tstruct->annotations_.find("final") == tstruct->annotations_.end()) {
    out << endl << indent() << "virtual ~" << tstruct->get_name() << "() throw();" << endl;
  }

  // Declare all fields
  for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter) {
    indent(out) << declare_field(*m_iter,
                                 false,
                                 (pointers && !(*m_iter)->get_type()->is_xception()),
                                 !read) << endl;
  }

  // Add the __isset data member if we need it, using the definition from above
  if (has_nonrequired_fields && (!pointers || read)) {
    out << endl << indent() << "_" << tstruct->get_name() << "__isset __isset;" << endl;
  }

  // Create a setter function for each field
  for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter) {
    if (pointers) {
      continue;
    }
    if (is_reference((*m_iter))) {
      out << endl << indent() << "void __set_" << (*m_iter)->get_name() << "(boost::shared_ptr<"
          << type_name((*m_iter)->get_type(), false, false) << ">";
      out << " val);" << endl;
    } else {
      out << endl << indent() << "void __set_" << (*m_iter)->get_name() << "("
          << type_name((*m_iter)->get_type(), false, true);
      out << " val);" << endl;
    }
  }
  out << endl;

  if (!pointers) {
    // Should we generate default operators?
    if (!gen_no_default_operators_) {
      // Generate an equality testing operator.  Make it inline since the compiler
      // will do a better job than we would when deciding whether to inline it.
      out << indent() << "bool operator == (const " << tstruct->get_name() << " & "
          << (members.size() > 0 ? "rhs" : "/* rhs */") << ") const" << endl;
      scope_up(out);
      for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter) {
        // Most existing Thrift code does not use isset or optional/required,
        // so we treat "default" fields as required.
        if ((*m_iter)->get_req() != t_field::T_OPTIONAL) {
          out << indent() << "if (!(" << (*m_iter)->get_name() << " == rhs."
              << (*m_iter)->get_name() << "))" << endl << indent() << "  return false;" << endl;
        } else {
          out << indent() << "if (__isset." << (*m_iter)->get_name() << " != rhs.__isset."
              << (*m_iter)->get_name() << ")" << endl << indent() << "  return false;" << endl
              << indent() << "else if (__isset." << (*m_iter)->get_name() << " && !("
              << (*m_iter)->get_name() << " == rhs." << (*m_iter)->get_name() << "))" << endl
              << indent() << "  return false;" << endl;
        }
      }
      indent(out) << "return true;" << endl;
      scope_down(out);
      out << indent() << "bool operator != (const " << tstruct->get_name() << " &rhs) const {"
          << endl << indent() << "  return !(*this == rhs);" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl
          << endl;

      // Generate the declaration of a less-than operator.  This must be
      // implemented by the application developer if they wish to use it.  (They
      // will get a link error if they try to use it without an implementation.)
      out << indent() << "bool operator < (const " << tstruct->get_name() << " & ) const;" << endl
          << endl;
    }
  }

  if (read) {
    if (gen_templates_) {
      out << indent() << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl << indent()
          << "uint32_t read(Protocol_* iprot);" << endl;
    } else {
      out << indent() << "uint32_t read("
          << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* iprot);" << endl;
    }
  }
  if (write) {
    if (gen_templates_) {
      out << indent() << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl << indent()
          << "uint32_t write(Protocol_* oprot) const;" << endl;
    } else {
      out << indent() << "uint32_t write("
          << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* oprot) const;" << endl;
    }
  }
  out << endl;

  if (is_user_struct) {
    out << indent() << "virtual ";
    generate_struct_print_method_decl(out, NULL);
    out << ";" << endl;
  }

  // std::exception::what()
  if (is_exception) {
    out << indent() << "mutable std::string thriftTExceptionMessageHolder_;" << endl;
    out << indent();
    generate_exception_what_method_decl(out, tstruct, false);
    out << ";" << endl;
  }

  indent_down();
  indent(out) << "};" << endl << endl;

  if (swap) {
    // Generate a namespace-scope swap() function
    out << indent() << "void swap(" << tstruct->get_name() << " &a, " << tstruct->get_name()
        << " &b);" << endl << endl;
  }

  if (is_user_struct) {
    generate_struct_ostream_operator(out, tstruct);
  }
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_struct_definition(ofstream& out,
                                                 ofstream& force_cpp_out,
                                                 t_struct* tstruct,
                                                 bool setters) {
  // Get members
  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator m_iter;
  const vector<t_field*>& members = tstruct->get_members();

  // Destructor
  if (tstruct->annotations_.find("final") == tstruct->annotations_.end()) {
    force_cpp_out << endl << indent() << tstruct->get_name() << "::~" << tstruct->get_name()
                  << "() throw() {" << endl;
    indent_up();

    indent_down();
    force_cpp_out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
  }

  // Create a setter function for each field
  if (setters) {
    for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter) {
      if (is_reference((*m_iter))) {
        std::string type = type_name((*m_iter)->get_type());
        out << endl << indent() << "void " << tstruct->get_name() << "::__set_"
            << (*m_iter)->get_name() << "(boost::shared_ptr<"
            << type_name((*m_iter)->get_type(), false, false) << ">";
        out << " val) {" << endl;
      } else {
        out << endl << indent() << "void " << tstruct->get_name() << "::__set_"
            << (*m_iter)->get_name() << "(" << type_name((*m_iter)->get_type(), false, true);
        out << " val) {" << endl;
      }
      indent_up();
      out << indent() << "this->" << (*m_iter)->get_name() << " = val;" << endl;
      indent_down();

      // assume all fields are required except optional fields.
      // for optional fields change __isset.name to true
      bool is_optional = (*m_iter)->get_req() == t_field::T_OPTIONAL;
      if (is_optional) {
        out << indent() << indent() << "__isset." << (*m_iter)->get_name() << " = true;" << endl;
      }
      out << indent() << "}" << endl;
    }
  }
  out << endl;
}

/**
 * Makes a helper function to gen a struct reader.
 *
 * @param out Stream to write to
 * @param tstruct The struct
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_struct_reader(ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct, bool pointers) {
  if (gen_templates_) {
    out << indent() << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl << indent() << "uint32_t "
        << tstruct->get_name() << "::read(Protocol_* iprot) {" << endl;
  } else {
    indent(out) << "uint32_t " << tstruct->get_name()
                << "::read(::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* iprot) {" << endl;
  }
  indent_up();

  const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_members();
  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

  // Declare stack tmp variables
  out << endl
      << indent() << "apache::thrift::protocol::TInputRecursionTracker tracker(*iprot);" << endl
      << indent() << "uint32_t xfer = 0;" << endl
      << indent() << "std::string fname;" << endl
      << indent() << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TType ftype;" << endl
      << indent() << "int16_t fid;" << endl
      << endl
      << indent() << "xfer += iprot->readStructBegin(fname);" << endl
      << endl
      << indent() << "using ::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocolException;" << endl
      << endl;

  // Required variables aren't in __isset, so we need tmp vars to check them.
  for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
    if ((*f_iter)->get_req() == t_field::T_REQUIRED)
      indent(out) << "bool isset_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << " = false;" << endl;
  }
  out << endl;

  // Loop over reading in fields
  indent(out) << "while (true)" << endl;
  scope_up(out);

  // Read beginning field marker
  indent(out) << "xfer += iprot->readFieldBegin(fname, ftype, fid);" << endl;

  // Check for field STOP marker
  out << indent() << "if (ftype == ::apache::thrift::protocol::T_STOP) {" << endl << indent()
      << "  break;" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl;

  if (fields.empty()) {
    out << indent() << "xfer += iprot->skip(ftype);" << endl;
  } else {
    // Switch statement on the field we are reading
    indent(out) << "switch (fid)" << endl;

    scope_up(out);

    // Generate deserialization code for known cases
    for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
      indent(out) << "case " << (*f_iter)->get_key() << ":" << endl;
      indent_up();
      indent(out) << "if (ftype == " << type_to_enum((*f_iter)->get_type()) << ") {" << endl;
      indent_up();

      const char* isset_prefix = ((*f_iter)->get_req() != t_field::T_REQUIRED) ? "this->__isset."
                                                                               : "isset_";

#if 0
          // This code throws an exception if the same field is encountered twice.
          // We've decided to leave it out for performance reasons.
          // TODO(dreiss): Generate this code and "if" it out to make it easier
          // for people recompiling thrift to include it.
          out <<
            indent() << "if (" << isset_prefix << (*f_iter)->get_name() << ")" << endl <<
            indent() << "  throw TProtocolException(TProtocolException::INVALID_DATA);" << endl;
#endif

      if (pointers && !(*f_iter)->get_type()->is_xception()) {
        generate_deserialize_field(out, *f_iter, "(*(this->", "))");
      } else {
        generate_deserialize_field(out, *f_iter, "this->");
      }
      out << indent() << isset_prefix << (*f_iter)->get_name() << " = true;" << endl;
      indent_down();
      out << indent() << "} else {" << endl << indent() << "  xfer += iprot->skip(ftype);" << endl
          <<
          // TODO(dreiss): Make this an option when thrift structs
          // have a common base class.
          // indent() << "  throw TProtocolException(TProtocolException::INVALID_DATA);" << endl <<
          indent() << "}" << endl << indent() << "break;" << endl;
      indent_down();
    }

    // In the default case we skip the field
    out << indent() << "default:" << endl << indent() << "  xfer += iprot->skip(ftype);" << endl
        << indent() << "  break;" << endl;

    scope_down(out);
  } //!fields.empty()
  // Read field end marker
  indent(out) << "xfer += iprot->readFieldEnd();" << endl;

  scope_down(out);

  out << endl << indent() << "xfer += iprot->readStructEnd();" << endl;

  // Throw if any required fields are missing.
  // We do this after reading the struct end so that
  // there might possibly be a chance of continuing.
  out << endl;
  for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
    if ((*f_iter)->get_req() == t_field::T_REQUIRED)
      out << indent() << "if (!isset_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << ')' << endl << indent()
          << "  throw TProtocolException(TProtocolException::INVALID_DATA);" << endl;
  }

  indent(out) << "return xfer;" << endl;

  indent_down();
  indent(out) << "}" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates the write function.
 *
 * @param out Stream to write to
 * @param tstruct The struct
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_struct_writer(ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct, bool pointers) {
  string name = tstruct->get_name();
  const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_sorted_members();
  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

  if (gen_templates_) {
    out << indent() << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl << indent() << "uint32_t "
        << tstruct->get_name() << "::write(Protocol_* oprot) const {" << endl;
  } else {
    indent(out) << "uint32_t " << tstruct->get_name()
                << "::write(::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* oprot) const {" << endl;
  }
  indent_up();

  out << indent() << "uint32_t xfer = 0;" << endl;

  indent(out) << "apache::thrift::protocol::TOutputRecursionTracker tracker(*oprot);" << endl;
  indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->writeStructBegin(\"" << name << "\");" << endl;

  for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
    bool check_if_set = (*f_iter)->get_req() == t_field::T_OPTIONAL
                        || (*f_iter)->get_type()->is_xception();
    if (check_if_set) {
      out << endl << indent() << "if (this->__isset." << (*f_iter)->get_name() << ") {" << endl;
      indent_up();
    } else {
      out << endl;
    }

    // Write field header
    out << indent() << "xfer += oprot->writeFieldBegin("
        << "\"" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << "\", " << type_to_enum((*f_iter)->get_type()) << ", "
        << (*f_iter)->get_key() << ");" << endl;
    // Write field contents
    if (pointers && !(*f_iter)->get_type()->is_xception()) {
      generate_serialize_field(out, *f_iter, "(*(this->", "))");
    } else {
      generate_serialize_field(out, *f_iter, "this->");
    }
    // Write field closer
    indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->writeFieldEnd();" << endl;
    if (check_if_set) {
      indent_down();
      indent(out) << '}';
    }
  }

  out << endl;

  // Write the struct map
  out << indent() << "xfer += oprot->writeFieldStop();" << endl << indent()
      << "xfer += oprot->writeStructEnd();" << endl << indent()
      << "return xfer;" << endl;

  indent_down();
  indent(out) << "}" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Struct writer for result of a function, which can have only one of its
 * fields set and does a conditional if else look up into the __isset field
 * of the struct.
 *
 * @param out Output stream
 * @param tstruct The result struct
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_struct_result_writer(ofstream& out,
                                                    t_struct* tstruct,
                                                    bool pointers) {
  string name = tstruct->get_name();
  const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_sorted_members();
  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

  if (gen_templates_) {
    out << indent() << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl << indent() << "uint32_t "
        << tstruct->get_name() << "::write(Protocol_* oprot) const {" << endl;
  } else {
    indent(out) << "uint32_t " << tstruct->get_name()
                << "::write(::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* oprot) const {" << endl;
  }
  indent_up();

  out << endl << indent() << "uint32_t xfer = 0;" << endl << endl;

  indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->writeStructBegin(\"" << name << "\");" << endl;

  bool first = true;
  for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
    if (first) {
      first = false;
      out << endl << indent() << "if ";
    } else {
      out << " else if ";
    }

    out << "(this->__isset." << (*f_iter)->get_name() << ") {" << endl;

    indent_up();

    // Write field header
    out << indent() << "xfer += oprot->writeFieldBegin("
        << "\"" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << "\", " << type_to_enum((*f_iter)->get_type()) << ", "
        << (*f_iter)->get_key() << ");" << endl;
    // Write field contents
    if (pointers) {
      generate_serialize_field(out, *f_iter, "(*(this->", "))");
    } else {
      generate_serialize_field(out, *f_iter, "this->");
    }
    // Write field closer
    indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->writeFieldEnd();" << endl;

    indent_down();
    indent(out) << "}";
  }

  // Write the struct map
  out << endl << indent() << "xfer += oprot->writeFieldStop();" << endl << indent()
      << "xfer += oprot->writeStructEnd();" << endl << indent() << "return xfer;" << endl;

  indent_down();
  indent(out) << "}" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates the swap function.
 *
 * @param out Stream to write to
 * @param tstruct The struct
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_struct_swap(ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct) {
  out << indent() << "void swap(" << tstruct->get_name() << " &a, " << tstruct->get_name()
      << " &b) {" << endl;
  indent_up();

  // Let argument-dependent name lookup find the correct swap() function to
  // use based on the argument types.  If none is found in the arguments'
  // namespaces, fall back to ::std::swap().
  out << indent() << "using ::std::swap;" << endl;

  bool has_nonrequired_fields = false;
  const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_members();
  for (vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
    t_field* tfield = *f_iter;

    if (tfield->get_req() != t_field::T_REQUIRED) {
      has_nonrequired_fields = true;
    }

    out << indent() << "swap(a." << tfield->get_name() << ", b." << tfield->get_name() << ");"
        << endl;
  }

  if (has_nonrequired_fields) {
    out << indent() << "swap(a.__isset, b.__isset);" << endl;
  }

  // handle empty structs
  if (fields.size() == 0) {
    out << indent() << "(void) a;" << endl;
    out << indent() << "(void) b;" << endl;
  }

  scope_down(out);
  out << endl;
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_struct_ostream_operator(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct) {
  out << "inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const "
      << tstruct->get_name()
      << "& obj)" << endl;
  scope_up(out);
  out << indent() << "obj.printTo(out);" << endl
      << indent() << "return out;" << endl;
  scope_down(out);
  out << endl;
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_struct_print_method_decl(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct) {
  out << "void ";
  if (tstruct) {
    out << tstruct->get_name() << "::";
  }
  out << "printTo(std::ostream& out) const";
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_exception_what_method_decl(std::ofstream& out,
                                                          t_struct* tstruct,
                                                          bool external) {
  out << "const char* ";
  if (external) {
    out << tstruct->get_name() << "::";
  }
  out << "what() const throw()";
}

namespace struct_ostream_operator_generator {
void generate_required_field_value(std::ofstream& out, const t_field* field) {
  out << " << to_string(" << field->get_name() << ")";
}

void generate_optional_field_value(std::ofstream& out, const t_field* field) {
  out << "; (__isset." << field->get_name() << " ? (out";
  generate_required_field_value(out, field);
  out << ") : (out << \"<null>\"))";
}

void generate_field_value(std::ofstream& out, const t_field* field) {
  if (field->get_req() == t_field::T_OPTIONAL)
    generate_optional_field_value(out, field);
  else
    generate_required_field_value(out, field);
}

void generate_field_name(std::ofstream& out, const t_field* field) {
  out << "\"" << field->get_name() << "=\"";
}

void generate_field(std::ofstream& out, const t_field* field) {
  generate_field_name(out, field);
  generate_field_value(out, field);
}

void generate_fields(std::ofstream& out,
                     const vector<t_field*>& fields,
                     const std::string& indent) {
  const vector<t_field*>::const_iterator beg = fields.begin();
  const vector<t_field*>::const_iterator end = fields.end();

  for (vector<t_field*>::const_iterator it = beg; it != end; ++it) {
    out << indent << "out << ";

    if (it != beg) {
      out << "\", \" << ";
    }

    generate_field(out, *it);
    out << ";" << endl;
  }
}
}

/**
 * Generates operator<<
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_struct_print_method(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct) {
  out << indent();
  generate_struct_print_method_decl(out, tstruct);
  out << " {" << endl;

  indent_up();

  out << indent() << "using ::apache::thrift::to_string;" << endl;
  out << indent() << "out << \"" << tstruct->get_name() << "(\";" << endl;
  struct_ostream_operator_generator::generate_fields(out, tstruct->get_members(), indent());
  out << indent() << "out << \")\";" << endl;

  indent_down();
  out << "}" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates what() method for exceptions
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_exception_what_method(std::ofstream& out, t_struct* tstruct) {
  out << indent();
  generate_exception_what_method_decl(out, tstruct, true);
  out << " {" << endl;

  indent_up();
  out << indent() << "try {" << endl;

  indent_up();
  out << indent() << "std::stringstream ss;" << endl;
  out << indent() << "ss << \"TException - service has thrown: \" << *this;" << endl;
  out << indent() << "this->thriftTExceptionMessageHolder_ = ss.str();" << endl;
  out << indent() << "return this->thriftTExceptionMessageHolder_.c_str();" << endl;
  indent_down();

  out << indent() << "} catch (const std::exception&) {" << endl;

  indent_up();
  out << indent() << "return \"TException - service has thrown: " << tstruct->get_name() << "\";"
      << endl;
  indent_down();

  out << indent() << "}" << endl;

  indent_down();
  out << "}" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates a thrift service. In C++, this comprises an entirely separate
 * header and source file. The header file defines the methods and includes
 * the data types defined in the main header file, and the implementation
 * file contains implementations of the basic printer and default interfaces.
 *
 * @param tservice The service definition
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_service(t_service* tservice) {
  string svcname = tservice->get_name();

  // Make output files
  string f_header_name = get_out_dir() + svcname + ".h";
  f_header_.open(f_header_name.c_str());

  // Print header file includes
  f_header_ << autogen_comment();
  f_header_ << "#ifndef " << svcname << "_H" << endl << "#define " << svcname << "_H" << endl
            << endl;
  if (gen_cob_style_) {
    f_header_ << "#include <thrift/transport/TBufferTransports.h>" << endl << // TMemoryBuffer
        "#include <thrift/cxxfunctional.h>" << endl
              << "namespace apache { namespace thrift { namespace async {" << endl
              << "class TAsyncChannel;" << endl << "}}}" << endl;
  }
  f_header_ << "#include <thrift/TDispatchProcessor.h>" << endl;
  if (gen_cob_style_) {
    f_header_ << "#include <thrift/async/TAsyncDispatchProcessor.h>" << endl;
  }
  f_header_ << "#include <thrift/async/TConcurrentClientSyncInfo.h>" << endl;
  f_header_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << program_name_ << "_types.h\""
            << endl;

  t_service* extends_service = tservice->get_extends();
  if (extends_service != NULL) {
    f_header_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*(extends_service->get_program()))
              << extends_service->get_name() << ".h\"" << endl;
  }

  f_header_ << endl << ns_open_ << endl << endl;

  f_header_ << "#ifdef _WIN32\n"
               "  #pragma warning( push )\n"
               "  #pragma warning (disable : 4250 ) //inheriting methods via dominance \n"
               "#endif\n\n";

  // Service implementation file includes
  string f_service_name = get_out_dir() + svcname + ".cpp";
  f_service_.open(f_service_name.c_str());
  f_service_ << autogen_comment();
  f_service_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << svcname << ".h\"" << endl;
  if (gen_cob_style_) {
    f_service_ << "#include \"thrift/async/TAsyncChannel.h\"" << endl;
  }
  if (gen_templates_) {
    f_service_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << svcname << ".tcc\""
               << endl;

    string f_service_tcc_name = get_out_dir() + svcname + ".tcc";
    f_service_tcc_.open(f_service_tcc_name.c_str());
    f_service_tcc_ << autogen_comment();
    f_service_tcc_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << svcname << ".h\""
                   << endl;

    f_service_tcc_ << "#ifndef " << svcname << "_TCC" << endl << "#define " << svcname << "_TCC"
                   << endl << endl;

    if (gen_cob_style_) {
      f_service_tcc_ << "#include \"thrift/async/TAsyncChannel.h\"" << endl;
    }
  }

  f_service_ << endl << ns_open_ << endl << endl;
  f_service_tcc_ << endl << ns_open_ << endl << endl;

  // Generate all the components
  generate_service_interface(tservice, "");
  generate_service_interface_factory(tservice, "");
  generate_service_null(tservice, "");
  generate_service_helpers(tservice);
  generate_service_client(tservice, "");
  generate_service_processor(tservice, "");
  generate_service_multiface(tservice);
  generate_service_skeleton(tservice);
  generate_service_client(tservice, "Concurrent");

  // Generate all the cob components
  if (gen_cob_style_) {
    generate_service_interface(tservice, "CobCl");
    generate_service_interface(tservice, "CobSv");
    generate_service_interface_factory(tservice, "CobSv");
    generate_service_null(tservice, "CobSv");
    generate_service_client(tservice, "Cob");
    generate_service_processor(tservice, "Cob");
    generate_service_async_skeleton(tservice);
  }

  f_header_ << "#ifdef _WIN32\n"
               "  #pragma warning( pop )\n"
               "#endif\n\n";

  // Close the namespace
  f_service_ << ns_close_ << endl << endl;
  f_service_tcc_ << ns_close_ << endl << endl;
  f_header_ << ns_close_ << endl << endl;

  // TODO(simpkins): Make this a separate option
  if (gen_templates_) {
    f_header_ << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << svcname << ".tcc\"" << endl
              << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << program_name_
              << "_types.tcc\"" << endl << endl;
  }

  f_header_ << "#endif" << endl;
  f_service_tcc_ << "#endif" << endl;

  // Close the files
  f_service_tcc_.close();
  f_service_.close();
  f_header_.close();
}

/**
 * Generates helper functions for a service. Basically, this generates types
 * for all the arguments and results to functions.
 *
 * @param tservice The service to generate a header definition for
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_service_helpers(t_service* tservice) {
  vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
  vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;
  std::ofstream& out = (gen_templates_ ? f_service_tcc_ : f_service_);

  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    t_struct* ts = (*f_iter)->get_arglist();
    string name_orig = ts->get_name();

    // TODO(dreiss): Why is this stuff not in generate_function_helpers?
    ts->set_name(tservice->get_name() + "_" + (*f_iter)->get_name() + "_args");
    generate_struct_declaration(f_header_, ts, false);
    generate_struct_definition(out, f_service_, ts, false);
    generate_struct_reader(out, ts);
    generate_struct_writer(out, ts);
    ts->set_name(tservice->get_name() + "_" + (*f_iter)->get_name() + "_pargs");
    generate_struct_declaration(f_header_, ts, false, true, false, true);
    generate_struct_definition(out, f_service_, ts, false);
    generate_struct_writer(out, ts, true);
    ts->set_name(name_orig);

    generate_function_helpers(tservice, *f_iter);
  }
}

/**
 * Generates a service interface definition.
 *
 * @param tservice The service to generate a header definition for
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_service_interface(t_service* tservice, string style) {

  string service_if_name = service_name_ + style + "If";
  if (style == "CobCl") {
    // Forward declare the client.
    string client_name = service_name_ + "CobClient";
    if (gen_templates_) {
      client_name += "T";
      service_if_name += "T";
      indent(f_header_) << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl;
    }
    indent(f_header_) << "class " << client_name << ";" << endl << endl;
  }

  string extends = "";
  if (tservice->get_extends() != NULL) {
    extends = " : virtual public " + type_name(tservice->get_extends()) + style + "If";
    if (style == "CobCl" && gen_templates_) {
      // TODO(simpkins): If gen_templates_ is enabled, we currently assume all
      // parent services were also generated with templates enabled.
      extends += "T<Protocol_>";
    }
  }

  if (style == "CobCl" && gen_templates_) {
    f_header_ << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl;
  }
  f_header_ << "class " << service_if_name << extends << " {" << endl << " public:" << endl;
  indent_up();
  f_header_ << indent() << "virtual ~" << service_if_name << "() {}" << endl;

  vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
  vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;
  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    if ((*f_iter)->has_doc())
      f_header_ << endl;
    generate_java_doc(f_header_, *f_iter);
    f_header_ << indent() << "virtual " << function_signature(*f_iter, style) << " = 0;" << endl;
  }
  indent_down();
  f_header_ << "};" << endl << endl;

  if (style == "CobCl" && gen_templates_) {
    // generate a backwards-compatible typedef for clients that do not
    // know about the new template-style code
    f_header_ << "typedef " << service_if_name << "< ::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol> "
              << service_name_ << style << "If;" << endl << endl;
  }
}

/**
 * Generates a service interface factory.
 *
 * @param tservice The service to generate an interface factory for.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_service_interface_factory(t_service* tservice, string style) {
  string service_if_name = service_name_ + style + "If";

  // Figure out the name of the upper-most parent class.
  // Getting everything to work out properly with inheritance is annoying.
  // Here's what we're doing for now:
  //
  // - All handlers implement getHandler(), but subclasses use covariant return
  //   types to return their specific service interface class type.  We have to
  //   use raw pointers because of this; shared_ptr<> can't be used for
  //   covariant return types.
  //
  // - Since we're not using shared_ptr<>, we also provide a releaseHandler()
  //   function that must be called to release a pointer to a handler obtained
  //   via getHandler().
  //
  //   releaseHandler() always accepts a pointer to the upper-most parent class
  //   type.  This is necessary since the parent versions of releaseHandler()
  //   may accept any of the parent types, not just the most specific subclass
  //   type.  Implementations can use dynamic_cast to cast the pointer to the
  //   subclass type if desired.
  t_service* base_service = tservice;
  while (base_service->get_extends() != NULL) {
    base_service = base_service->get_extends();
  }
  string base_if_name = type_name(base_service) + style + "If";

  // Generate the abstract factory class
  string factory_name = service_if_name + "Factory";
  string extends;
  if (tservice->get_extends() != NULL) {
    extends = " : virtual public " + type_name(tservice->get_extends()) + style + "IfFactory";
  }

  f_header_ << "class " << factory_name << extends << " {" << endl << " public:" << endl;
  indent_up();
  f_header_ << indent() << "typedef " << service_if_name << " Handler;" << endl << endl << indent()
            << "virtual ~" << factory_name << "() {}" << endl << endl << indent() << "virtual "
            << service_if_name << "* getHandler("
            << "const ::apache::thrift::TConnectionInfo& connInfo) = 0;" << endl << indent()
            << "virtual void releaseHandler(" << base_if_name << "* /* handler */) = 0;" << endl;

  indent_down();
  f_header_ << "};" << endl << endl;

  // Generate the singleton factory class
  string singleton_factory_name = service_if_name + "SingletonFactory";
  f_header_ << "class " << singleton_factory_name << " : virtual public " << factory_name << " {"
            << endl << " public:" << endl;
  indent_up();
  f_header_ << indent() << singleton_factory_name << "(const boost::shared_ptr<" << service_if_name
            << ">& iface) : iface_(iface) {}" << endl << indent() << "virtual ~"
            << singleton_factory_name << "() {}" << endl << endl << indent() << "virtual "
            << service_if_name << "* getHandler("
            << "const ::apache::thrift::TConnectionInfo&) {" << endl << indent()
            << "  return iface_.get();" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl << indent()
            << "virtual void releaseHandler(" << base_if_name << "* /* handler */) {}" << endl;

  f_header_ << endl << " protected:" << endl << indent() << "boost::shared_ptr<" << service_if_name
            << "> iface_;" << endl;

  indent_down();
  f_header_ << "};" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates a null implementation of the service.
 *
 * @param tservice The service to generate a header definition for
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_service_null(t_service* tservice, string style) {
  string extends = "";
  if (tservice->get_extends() != NULL) {
    extends = " , virtual public " + type_name(tservice->get_extends()) + style + "Null";
  }
  f_header_ << "class " << service_name_ << style << "Null : virtual public " << service_name_
            << style << "If" << extends << " {" << endl << " public:" << endl;
  indent_up();
  f_header_ << indent() << "virtual ~" << service_name_ << style << "Null() {}" << endl;
  vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
  vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;
  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    f_header_ << indent() << function_signature(*f_iter, style, "", false) << " {" << endl;
    indent_up();

    t_type* returntype = (*f_iter)->get_returntype();
    t_field returnfield(returntype, "_return");

    if (style == "") {
      if (returntype->is_void() || is_complex_type(returntype)) {
        f_header_ << indent() << "return;" << endl;
      } else {
        f_header_ << indent() << declare_field(&returnfield, true) << endl << indent()
                  << "return _return;" << endl;
      }
    } else if (style == "CobSv") {
      if (returntype->is_void()) {
        f_header_ << indent() << "return cob();" << endl;
      } else {
        t_field returnfield(returntype, "_return");
        f_header_ << indent() << declare_field(&returnfield, true) << endl << indent()
                  << "return cob(_return);" << endl;
      }

    } else {
      throw "UNKNOWN STYLE";
    }

    indent_down();
    f_header_ << indent() << "}" << endl;
  }
  indent_down();
  f_header_ << "};" << endl << endl;
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_function_call(ostream& out,
                                             t_function* tfunction,
                                             string target,
                                             string iface,
                                             string arg_prefix) {
  bool first = true;
  t_type* ret_type = get_true_type(tfunction->get_returntype());
  out << indent();
  if (!tfunction->is_oneway() && !ret_type->is_void()) {
    if (is_complex_type(ret_type)) {
      first = false;
      out << iface << "->" << tfunction->get_name() << "(" << target;
    } else {
      out << target << " = " << iface << "->" << tfunction->get_name() << "(";
    }
  } else {
    out << iface << "->" << tfunction->get_name() << "(";
  }
  const std::vector<t_field*>& fields = tfunction->get_arglist()->get_members();
  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;
  for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
    if (first) {
      first = false;
    } else {
      out << ", ";
    }
    out << arg_prefix << (*f_iter)->get_name();
  }
  out << ");" << endl;
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_service_async_skeleton(t_service* tservice) {
  string svcname = tservice->get_name();

  // Service implementation file includes
  string f_skeleton_name = get_out_dir() + svcname + "_async_server.skeleton.cpp";

  string ns = namespace_prefix(tservice->get_program()->get_namespace("cpp"));

  ofstream f_skeleton;
  f_skeleton.open(f_skeleton_name.c_str());
  f_skeleton << "// This autogenerated skeleton file illustrates one way to adapt a synchronous"
             << endl << "// interface into an asynchronous interface. You should copy it to another"
             << endl
             << "// filename to avoid overwriting it and rewrite as asynchronous any functions"
             << endl << "// that would otherwise introduce unwanted latency." << endl << endl
             << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << svcname << ".h\"" << endl
             << "#include <thrift/protocol/TBinaryProtocol.h>" << endl << endl
             << "using namespace ::apache::thrift;" << endl
             << "using namespace ::apache::thrift::protocol;" << endl
             << "using namespace ::apache::thrift::transport;" << endl
             << "using namespace ::apache::thrift::async;" << endl << endl
             << "using boost::shared_ptr;" << endl << endl;

  // the following code would not compile:
  // using namespace ;
  // using namespace ::;
  if ((!ns.empty()) && (ns.compare(" ::") != 0)) {
    f_skeleton << "using namespace " << string(ns, 0, ns.size() - 2) << ";" << endl << endl;
  }

  f_skeleton << "class " << svcname << "AsyncHandler : "
             << "public " << svcname << "CobSvIf {" << endl << " public:" << endl;
  indent_up();
  f_skeleton << indent() << svcname << "AsyncHandler() {" << endl << indent()
             << "  syncHandler_ = std::auto_ptr<" << svcname << "Handler>(new " << svcname
             << "Handler);" << endl << indent() << "  // Your initialization goes here" << endl
             << indent() << "}" << endl;
  f_skeleton << indent() << "virtual ~" << service_name_ << "AsyncHandler();" << endl;

  vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
  vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;
  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    f_skeleton << endl << indent() << function_signature(*f_iter, "CobSv", "", true) << " {"
               << endl;
    indent_up();

    t_type* returntype = (*f_iter)->get_returntype();
    t_field returnfield(returntype, "_return");

    string target = returntype->is_void() ? "" : "_return";
    if (!returntype->is_void()) {
      f_skeleton << indent() << declare_field(&returnfield, true) << endl;
    }
    generate_function_call(f_skeleton, *f_iter, target, "syncHandler_", "");
    f_skeleton << indent() << "return cob(" << target << ");" << endl;

    scope_down(f_skeleton);
  }
  f_skeleton << endl << " protected:" << endl << indent() << "std::auto_ptr<" << svcname
             << "Handler> syncHandler_;" << endl;
  indent_down();
  f_skeleton << "};" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates a multiface, which is a single server that just takes a set
 * of objects implementing the interface and calls them all, returning the
 * value of the last one to be called.
 *
 * @param tservice The service to generate a multiserver for.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_service_multiface(t_service* tservice) {
  // Generate the dispatch methods
  vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
  vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;

  string extends = "";
  string extends_multiface = "";
  if (tservice->get_extends() != NULL) {
    extends = type_name(tservice->get_extends());
    extends_multiface = ", public " + extends + "Multiface";
  }

  string list_type = string("std::vector<boost::shared_ptr<") + service_name_ + "If> >";

  // Generate the header portion
  f_header_ << "class " << service_name_ << "Multiface : "
            << "virtual public " << service_name_ << "If" << extends_multiface << " {" << endl
            << " public:" << endl;
  indent_up();
  f_header_ << indent() << service_name_ << "Multiface(" << list_type
            << "& ifaces) : ifaces_(ifaces) {" << endl;
  if (!extends.empty()) {
    f_header_ << indent()
              << "  std::vector<boost::shared_ptr<" + service_name_ + "If> >::iterator iter;"
              << endl << indent() << "  for (iter = ifaces.begin(); iter != ifaces.end(); ++iter) {"
              << endl << indent() << "    " << extends << "Multiface::add(*iter);" << endl
              << indent() << "  }" << endl;
  }
  f_header_ << indent() << "}" << endl << indent() << "virtual ~" << service_name_
            << "Multiface() {}" << endl;
  indent_down();

  // Protected data members
  f_header_ << " protected:" << endl;
  indent_up();
  f_header_ << indent() << list_type << " ifaces_;" << endl << indent() << service_name_
            << "Multiface() {}" << endl << indent() << "void add(boost::shared_ptr<"
            << service_name_ << "If> iface) {" << endl;
  if (!extends.empty()) {
    f_header_ << indent() << "  " << extends << "Multiface::add(iface);" << endl;
  }
  f_header_ << indent() << "  ifaces_.push_back(iface);" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl;
  indent_down();

  f_header_ << indent() << " public:" << endl;
  indent_up();

  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    t_struct* arglist = (*f_iter)->get_arglist();
    const vector<t_field*>& args = arglist->get_members();
    vector<t_field*>::const_iterator a_iter;

    string call = string("ifaces_[i]->") + (*f_iter)->get_name() + "(";
    bool first = true;
    if (is_complex_type((*f_iter)->get_returntype())) {
      call += "_return";
      first = false;
    }
    for (a_iter = args.begin(); a_iter != args.end(); ++a_iter) {
      if (first) {
        first = false;
      } else {
        call += ", ";
      }
      call += (*a_iter)->get_name();
    }
    call += ")";

    f_header_ << indent() << function_signature(*f_iter, "") << " {" << endl;
    indent_up();
    f_header_ << indent() << "size_t sz = ifaces_.size();" << endl << indent() << "size_t i = 0;"
              << endl << indent() << "for (; i < (sz - 1); ++i) {" << endl;
    indent_up();
    f_header_ << indent() << call << ";" << endl;
    indent_down();
    f_header_ << indent() << "}" << endl;

    if (!(*f_iter)->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
      if (is_complex_type((*f_iter)->get_returntype())) {
        f_header_ << indent() << call << ";" << endl << indent() << "return;" << endl;
      } else {
        f_header_ << indent() << "return " << call << ";" << endl;
      }
    } else {
      f_header_ << indent() << call << ";" << endl;
    }

    indent_down();
    f_header_ << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
  }

  indent_down();
  f_header_ << indent() << "};" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates a service client definition.
 *
 * @param tservice The service to generate a server for.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_service_client(t_service* tservice, string style) {
  string ifstyle;
  if (style == "Cob") {
    ifstyle = "CobCl";
  }

  std::ofstream& out = (gen_templates_ ? f_service_tcc_ : f_service_);
  string template_header, template_suffix, short_suffix, protocol_type, _this;
  string const prot_factory_type = "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocolFactory";
  if (gen_templates_) {
    template_header = "template <class Protocol_>\n";
    short_suffix = "T";
    template_suffix = "T<Protocol_>";
    protocol_type = "Protocol_";
    _this = "this->";
  } else {
    protocol_type = "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol";
  }
  string prot_ptr = "boost::shared_ptr< " + protocol_type + ">";
  string client_suffix = "Client" + template_suffix;
  string if_suffix = "If";
  if (style == "Cob") {
    if_suffix += template_suffix;
  }

  string extends = "";
  string extends_client = "";
  if (tservice->get_extends() != NULL) {
    // TODO(simpkins): If gen_templates_ is enabled, we currently assume all
    // parent services were also generated with templates enabled.
    extends = type_name(tservice->get_extends());
    extends_client = ", public " + extends + style + client_suffix;
  }

  // Generate the header portion
  if (style == "Concurrent") {
    f_header_ << "// The \'concurrent\' client is a thread safe client that correctly handles\n"
                 "// out of order responses.  It is slower than the regular client, so should\n"
                 "// only be used when you need to share a connection among multiple threads\n";
  }
  f_header_ << template_header << "class " << service_name_ << style << "Client" << short_suffix
            << " : "
            << "virtual public " << service_name_ << ifstyle << if_suffix << extends_client << " {"
            << endl << " public:" << endl;

  indent_up();
  if (style != "Cob") {
    f_header_ << indent() << service_name_ << style << "Client" << short_suffix << "(" << prot_ptr
              << " prot) ";

    if (extends.empty()) {
      f_header_ << "{" << endl;
      f_header_ << indent() << "  setProtocol" << short_suffix << "(prot);" << endl << indent()
                << "}" << endl;
    } else {
      f_header_ << ":" << endl;
      f_header_ << indent() << "  " << extends << style << client_suffix << "(prot, prot) {}"
                << endl;
    }

    f_header_ << indent() << service_name_ << style << "Client" << short_suffix << "(" << prot_ptr
              << " iprot, " << prot_ptr << " oprot) ";
    if (extends.empty()) {
      f_header_ << "{" << endl;
      f_header_ << indent() << "  setProtocol" << short_suffix << "(iprot,oprot);" << endl
                << indent() << "}" << endl;
    } else {
      f_header_ << ":" << indent() << "  " << extends << style << client_suffix
                << "(iprot, oprot) {}" << endl;
    }

    // create the setProtocol methods
    if (extends.empty()) {
      f_header_ << " private:" << endl;
      // 1: one parameter
      f_header_ << indent() << "void setProtocol" << short_suffix << "(" << prot_ptr << " prot) {"
                << endl;
      f_header_ << indent() << "setProtocol" << short_suffix << "(prot,prot);" << endl;
      f_header_ << indent() << "}" << endl;
      // 2: two parameter
      f_header_ << indent() << "void setProtocol" << short_suffix << "(" << prot_ptr << " iprot, "
                << prot_ptr << " oprot) {" << endl;

      f_header_ << indent() << "  piprot_=iprot;" << endl << indent() << "  poprot_=oprot;" << endl
                << indent() << "  iprot_ = iprot.get();" << endl << indent()
                << "  oprot_ = oprot.get();" << endl;

      f_header_ << indent() << "}" << endl;
      f_header_ << " public:" << endl;
    }

    // Generate getters for the protocols.
    // Note that these are not currently templated for simplicity.
    // TODO(simpkins): should they be templated?
    f_header_ << indent()
              << "boost::shared_ptr< ::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol> getInputProtocol() {"
              << endl << indent() << "  return " << _this << "piprot_;" << endl << indent() << "}"
              << endl;

    f_header_ << indent()
              << "boost::shared_ptr< ::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol> getOutputProtocol() {"
              << endl << indent() << "  return " << _this << "poprot_;" << endl << indent() << "}"
              << endl;

  } else /* if (style == "Cob") */ {
    f_header_ << indent() << service_name_ << style << "Client" << short_suffix << "("
              << "boost::shared_ptr< ::apache::thrift::async::TAsyncChannel> channel, "
              << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocolFactory* protocolFactory) :" << endl;
    if (extends.empty()) {
      f_header_ << indent() << "  channel_(channel)," << endl << indent()
                << "  itrans_(new ::apache::thrift::transport::TMemoryBuffer())," << endl
                << indent() << "  otrans_(new ::apache::thrift::transport::TMemoryBuffer()),"
                << endl;
      if (gen_templates_) {
        // TProtocolFactory classes return generic TProtocol pointers.
        // We have to dynamic cast to the Protocol_ type we are expecting.
        f_header_ << indent() << "  piprot_(boost::dynamic_pointer_cast<Protocol_>("
                  << "protocolFactory->getProtocol(itrans_)))," << endl << indent()
                  << "  poprot_(boost::dynamic_pointer_cast<Protocol_>("
                  << "protocolFactory->getProtocol(otrans_))) {" << endl;
        // Throw a TException if either dynamic cast failed.
        f_header_ << indent() << "  if (!piprot_ || !poprot_) {" << endl << indent()
                  << "    throw ::apache::thrift::TException(\""
                  << "TProtocolFactory returned unexpected protocol type in " << service_name_
                  << style << "Client" << short_suffix << " constructor\");" << endl << indent()
                  << "  }" << endl;
      } else {
        f_header_ << indent() << "  piprot_(protocolFactory->getProtocol(itrans_))," << endl
                  << indent() << "  poprot_(protocolFactory->getProtocol(otrans_)) {" << endl;
      }
      f_header_ << indent() << "  iprot_ = piprot_.get();" << endl << indent()
                << "  oprot_ = poprot_.get();" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl;
    } else {
      f_header_ << indent() << "  " << extends << style << client_suffix
                << "(channel, protocolFactory) {}" << endl;
    }
  }

  if (style == "Cob") {
    f_header_ << indent()
              << "boost::shared_ptr< ::apache::thrift::async::TAsyncChannel> getChannel() {" << endl
              << indent() << "  return " << _this << "channel_;" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl;
    if (!gen_no_client_completion_) {
      f_header_ << indent() << "virtual void completed__(bool /* success */) {}" << endl;
    }
  }

  vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
  vector<t_function*>::const_iterator f_iter;
  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    indent(f_header_) << function_signature(*f_iter, ifstyle) << ";" << endl;
    // TODO(dreiss): Use private inheritance to avoid generating thise in cob-style.
    if (style == "Concurrent" && !(*f_iter)->is_oneway()) {
      // concurrent clients need to move the seqid from the send function to the
      // recv function.  Oneway methods don't have a recv function, so we don't need to
      // move the seqid for them.  Attempting to do so would result in a seqid leak.
      t_function send_function(g_type_i32, /*returning seqid*/
                               string("send_") + (*f_iter)->get_name(),
                               (*f_iter)->get_arglist());
      indent(f_header_) << function_signature(&send_function, "") << ";" << endl;
    } else {
      t_function send_function(g_type_void,
                               string("send_") + (*f_iter)->get_name(),
                               (*f_iter)->get_arglist());
      indent(f_header_) << function_signature(&send_function, "") << ";" << endl;
    }
    if (!(*f_iter)->is_oneway()) {
      if (style == "Concurrent") {
        t_field seqIdArg(g_type_i32, "seqid");
        t_struct seqIdArgStruct(program_);
        seqIdArgStruct.append(&seqIdArg);
        t_function recv_function((*f_iter)->get_returntype(),
                                 string("recv_") + (*f_iter)->get_name(),
                                 &seqIdArgStruct);
        indent(f_header_) << function_signature(&recv_function, "") << ";" << endl;
      } else {
        t_struct noargs(program_);
        t_function recv_function((*f_iter)->get_returntype(),
                                 string("recv_") + (*f_iter)->get_name(),
                                 &noargs);
        indent(f_header_) << function_signature(&recv_function, "") << ";" << endl;
      }
    }
  }
  indent_down();

  if (extends.empty()) {
    f_header_ << " protected:" << endl;
    indent_up();

    if (style == "Cob") {
      f_header_ << indent()
                << "boost::shared_ptr< ::apache::thrift::async::TAsyncChannel> channel_;" << endl
                << indent()
                << "boost::shared_ptr< ::apache::thrift::transport::TMemoryBuffer> itrans_;" << endl
                << indent()
                << "boost::shared_ptr< ::apache::thrift::transport::TMemoryBuffer> otrans_;"
                << endl;
    }
    f_header_ <<
      indent() << prot_ptr << " piprot_;" << endl <<
      indent() << prot_ptr << " poprot_;" << endl <<
      indent() << protocol_type << "* iprot_;" << endl <<
      indent() << protocol_type << "* oprot_;" << endl;

    if (style == "Concurrent") {
      f_header_ <<
        indent() << "::apache::thrift::async::TConcurrentClientSyncInfo sync_;"<<endl;
    }
    indent_down();
  }

  f_header_ << "};" << endl << endl;

  if (gen_templates_) {
    // Output a backwards compatibility typedef using
    // TProtocol as the template parameter.
    f_header_ << "typedef " << service_name_ << style
              << "ClientT< ::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol> " << service_name_ << style
              << "Client;" << endl << endl;
  }

  string scope = service_name_ + style + client_suffix + "::";

  // Generate client method implementations
  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    string seqIdCapture;
    string seqIdUse;
    string seqIdCommaUse;
    if (style == "Concurrent" && !(*f_iter)->is_oneway()) {
      seqIdCapture = "int32_t seqid = ";
      seqIdUse = "seqid";
      seqIdCommaUse = ", seqid";
    }

    string funname = (*f_iter)->get_name();

    // Open function
    if (gen_templates_) {
      indent(out) << template_header;
    }
    indent(out) << function_signature(*f_iter, ifstyle, scope) << endl;
    scope_up(out);
    indent(out) << seqIdCapture << "send_" << funname << "(";

    // Get the struct of function call params
    t_struct* arg_struct = (*f_iter)->get_arglist();

    // Declare the function arguments
    const vector<t_field*>& fields = arg_struct->get_members();
    vector<t_field*>::const_iterator fld_iter;
    bool first = true;
    for (fld_iter = fields.begin(); fld_iter != fields.end(); ++fld_iter) {
      if (first) {
        first = false;
      } else {
        out << ", ";
      }
      out << (*fld_iter)->get_name();
    }
    out << ");" << endl;

    if (style != "Cob") {
      if (!(*f_iter)->is_oneway()) {
        out << indent();
        if (!(*f_iter)->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
          if (is_complex_type((*f_iter)->get_returntype())) {
            out << "recv_" << funname << "(_return" << seqIdCommaUse << ");" << endl;
          } else {
            out << "return recv_" << funname << "(" << seqIdUse << ");" << endl;
          }
        } else {
          out << "recv_" << funname << "(" << seqIdUse << ");" << endl;
        }
      }
    } else {
      if (!(*f_iter)->is_oneway()) {
        out << indent() << _this << "channel_->sendAndRecvMessage("
            << "tcxx::bind(cob, this), " << _this << "otrans_.get(), " << _this << "itrans_.get());"
            << endl;
      } else {
        out << indent() << _this << "channel_->sendMessage("
            << "tcxx::bind(cob, this), " << _this << "otrans_.get());" << endl;
      }
    }
    scope_down(out);
    out << endl;

    // if (style != "Cob") // TODO(dreiss): Libify the client and don't generate this for cob-style
    if (true) {
      t_type* send_func_return_type = g_type_void;
      if (style == "Concurrent" && !(*f_iter)->is_oneway()) {
        send_func_return_type = g_type_i32;
      }
      // Function for sending
      t_function send_function(send_func_return_type,
                               string("send_") + (*f_iter)->get_name(),
                               (*f_iter)->get_arglist());

      // Open the send function
      if (gen_templates_) {
        indent(out) << template_header;
      }
      indent(out) << function_signature(&send_function, "", scope) << endl;
      scope_up(out);

      // Function arguments and results
      string argsname = tservice->get_name() + "_" + (*f_iter)->get_name() + "_pargs";
      string resultname = tservice->get_name() + "_" + (*f_iter)->get_name() + "_presult";

      string cseqidVal = "0";
      if (style == "Concurrent") {
        if (!(*f_iter)->is_oneway()) {
          cseqidVal = "this->sync_.generateSeqId()";
        }
      }
      // Serialize the request
      out <<
        indent() << "int32_t cseqid = " << cseqidVal << ";" << endl;
      if(style == "Concurrent") {
        out <<
          indent() << "::apache::thrift::async::TConcurrentSendSentry sentry(&this->sync_);" << endl;
      }
      if (style == "Cob") {
        out <<
          indent() << _this << "otrans_->resetBuffer();" << endl;
      }
      out <<
        indent() << _this << "oprot_->writeMessageBegin(\"" <<
        (*f_iter)->get_name() <<
        "\", ::apache::thrift::protocol::" << ((*f_iter)->is_oneway() ? "T_ONEWAY" : "T_CALL") <<
        ", cseqid);" << endl << endl <<
        indent() << argsname << " args;" << endl;

      for (fld_iter = fields.begin(); fld_iter != fields.end(); ++fld_iter) {
        out << indent() << "args." << (*fld_iter)->get_name() << " = &" << (*fld_iter)->get_name()
            << ";" << endl;
      }

      out << indent() << "args.write(" << _this << "oprot_);" << endl << endl << indent() << _this
          << "oprot_->writeMessageEnd();" << endl << indent() << _this
          << "oprot_->getTransport()->writeEnd();" << endl << indent() << _this
          << "oprot_->getTransport()->flush();" << endl;

      if (style == "Concurrent") {
        out << endl << indent() << "sentry.commit();" << endl;

        if (!(*f_iter)->is_oneway()) {
          out << indent() << "return cseqid;" << endl;
        }
      }
      scope_down(out);
      out << endl;

      // Generate recv function only if not an oneway function
      if (!(*f_iter)->is_oneway()) {
        t_struct noargs(program_);

        t_field seqIdArg(g_type_i32, "seqid");
        t_struct seqIdArgStruct(program_);
        seqIdArgStruct.append(&seqIdArg);

        t_struct* recv_function_args = &noargs;
        if (style == "Concurrent") {
          recv_function_args = &seqIdArgStruct;
        }

        t_function recv_function((*f_iter)->get_returntype(),
                                 string("recv_") + (*f_iter)->get_name(),
                                 recv_function_args);
        // Open the recv function
        if (gen_templates_) {
          indent(out) << template_header;
        }
        indent(out) << function_signature(&recv_function, "", scope) << endl;
        scope_up(out);

        out << endl <<
          indent() << "int32_t rseqid = 0;" << endl <<
          indent() << "std::string fname;" << endl <<
          indent() << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TMessageType mtype;" << endl;
        if(style == "Concurrent") {
          out <<
            endl <<
            indent() << "// the read mutex gets dropped and reacquired as part of waitForWork()" << endl <<
            indent() << "// The destructor of this sentry wakes up other clients" << endl <<
            indent() << "::apache::thrift::async::TConcurrentRecvSentry sentry(&this->sync_, seqid);" << endl;
        }
        if (style == "Cob" && !gen_no_client_completion_) {
          out << indent() << "bool completed = false;" << endl << endl << indent() << "try {";
          indent_up();
        }
        out << endl;
        if (style == "Concurrent") {
          out <<
            indent() << "while(true) {" << endl <<
            indent() << "  if(!this->sync_.getPending(fname, mtype, rseqid)) {" << endl;
          indent_up();
          indent_up();
        }
        out <<
          indent() << _this << "iprot_->readMessageBegin(fname, mtype, rseqid);" << endl;
        if (style == "Concurrent") {
          scope_down(out);
          out << indent() << "if(seqid == rseqid) {" << endl;
          indent_up();
        }
        out <<
          indent() << "if (mtype == ::apache::thrift::protocol::T_EXCEPTION) {" << endl <<
          indent() << "  ::apache::thrift::TApplicationException x;" << endl <<
          indent() << "  x.read(" << _this << "iprot_);" << endl <<
          indent() << "  " << _this << "iprot_->readMessageEnd();" << endl <<
          indent() << "  " << _this << "iprot_->getTransport()->readEnd();" << endl;
        if (style == "Cob" && !gen_no_client_completion_) {
          out << indent() << "  completed = true;" << endl << indent() << "  completed__(true);"
              << endl;
        }
        if (style == "Concurrent") {
          out << indent() << "  sentry.commit();" << endl;
        }
        out <<
          indent() << "  throw x;" << endl <<
          indent() << "}" << endl <<
          indent() << "if (mtype != ::apache::thrift::protocol::T_REPLY) {" << endl <<
          indent() << "  " << _this << "iprot_->skip(" << "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_STRUCT);" << endl <<
          indent() << "  " << _this << "iprot_->readMessageEnd();" << endl <<
          indent() << "  " << _this << "iprot_->getTransport()->readEnd();" << endl;
        if (style == "Cob" && !gen_no_client_completion_) {
          out << indent() << "  completed = true;" << endl << indent() << "  completed__(false);"
              << endl;
        }
        out <<
          indent() << "}" << endl <<
          indent() << "if (fname.compare(\"" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << "\") != 0) {" << endl <<
          indent() << "  " << _this << "iprot_->skip(" << "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_STRUCT);" << endl <<
          indent() << "  " << _this << "iprot_->readMessageEnd();" << endl <<
          indent() << "  " << _this << "iprot_->getTransport()->readEnd();" << endl;
        if (style == "Cob" && !gen_no_client_completion_) {
          out << indent() << "  completed = true;" << endl << indent() << "  completed__(false);"
              << endl;
        }
        if (style == "Concurrent") {
          out << endl <<
            indent() << "  // in a bad state, don't commit" << endl <<
            indent() << "  using ::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocolException;" << endl <<
            indent() << "  throw TProtocolException(TProtocolException::INVALID_DATA);" << endl;
        }
        out << indent() << "}" << endl;

        if (!(*f_iter)->get_returntype()->is_void()
            && !is_complex_type((*f_iter)->get_returntype())) {
          t_field returnfield((*f_iter)->get_returntype(), "_return");
          out << indent() << declare_field(&returnfield) << endl;
        }

        out << indent() << resultname << " result;" << endl;

        if (!(*f_iter)->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
          out << indent() << "result.success = &_return;" << endl;
        }

        out << indent() << "result.read(" << _this << "iprot_);" << endl << indent() << _this
            << "iprot_->readMessageEnd();" << endl << indent() << _this
            << "iprot_->getTransport()->readEnd();" << endl << endl;

        // Careful, only look for _result if not a void function
        if (!(*f_iter)->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
          if (is_complex_type((*f_iter)->get_returntype())) {
            out <<
              indent() << "if (result.__isset.success) {" << endl;
            out <<
              indent() << "  // _return pointer has now been filled" << endl;
            if (style == "Cob" && !gen_no_client_completion_) {
              out << indent() << "  completed = true;" << endl << indent() << "  completed__(true);"
                  << endl;
            }
            if (style == "Concurrent") {
              out << indent() << "  sentry.commit();" << endl;
            }
            out <<
              indent() << "  return;" << endl <<
              indent() << "}" << endl;
          } else {
            out << indent() << "if (result.__isset.success) {" << endl;
            if (style == "Cob" && !gen_no_client_completion_) {
              out << indent() << "  completed = true;" << endl << indent() << "  completed__(true);"
                  << endl;
            }
            if (style == "Concurrent") {
              out << indent() << "  sentry.commit();" << endl;
            }
            out << indent() << "  return _return;" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl;
          }
        }

        t_struct* xs = (*f_iter)->get_xceptions();
        const std::vector<t_field*>& xceptions = xs->get_members();
        vector<t_field*>::const_iterator x_iter;
        for (x_iter = xceptions.begin(); x_iter != xceptions.end(); ++x_iter) {
          out << indent() << "if (result.__isset." << (*x_iter)->get_name() << ") {" << endl;
          if (style == "Cob" && !gen_no_client_completion_) {
            out << indent() << "  completed = true;" << endl << indent() << "  completed__(true);"
                << endl;
          }
          if (style == "Concurrent") {
            out << indent() << "  sentry.commit();" << endl;
          }
          out << indent() << "  throw result." << (*x_iter)->get_name() << ";" << endl << indent()
              << "}" << endl;
        }

        // We only get here if we are a void function
        if ((*f_iter)->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
          if (style == "Cob" && !gen_no_client_completion_) {
            out << indent() << "completed = true;" << endl << indent() << "completed__(true);"
                << endl;
          }
          if (style == "Concurrent") {
            out << indent() << "sentry.commit();" << endl;
          }
          indent(out) << "return;" << endl;
        } else {
          if (style == "Cob" && !gen_no_client_completion_) {
            out << indent() << "completed = true;" << endl << indent() << "completed__(true);"
                << endl;
          }
          if (style == "Concurrent") {
            out << indent() << "// in a bad state, don't commit" << endl;
          }
          out << indent() << "throw "
                             "::apache::thrift::TApplicationException(::apache::thrift::"
                             "TApplicationException::MISSING_RESULT, \"" << (*f_iter)->get_name()
              << " failed: unknown result\");" << endl;
        }
        if (style == "Concurrent") {
          indent_down();
          indent_down();
          out <<
            indent() << "  }" << endl <<
            indent() << "  // seqid != rseqid" << endl <<
            indent() << "  this->sync_.updatePending(fname, mtype, rseqid);" << endl <<
            endl <<
            indent() << "  // this will temporarily unlock the readMutex, and let other clients get work done" << endl <<
            indent() << "  this->sync_.waitForWork(seqid);" << endl <<
            indent() << "} // end while(true)" << endl;
        }
        if (style == "Cob" && !gen_no_client_completion_) {
          indent_down();
          out << indent() << "} catch (...) {" << endl << indent() << "  if (!completed) {" << endl
              << indent() << "    completed__(false);" << endl << indent() << "  }" << endl
              << indent() << "  throw;" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl;
        }
        // Close function
        scope_down(out);
        out << endl;
      }
    }
  }
}

class ProcessorGenerator {
public:
  ProcessorGenerator(t_cpp_generator* generator, t_service* service, const string& style);

  void run() {
    generate_class_definition();

    // Generate the dispatchCall() function
    generate_dispatch_call(false);
    if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
      generate_dispatch_call(true);
    }

    // Generate all of the process subfunctions
    generate_process_functions();

    generate_factory();
  }

  void generate_class_definition();
  void generate_dispatch_call(bool template_protocol);
  void generate_process_functions();
  void generate_factory();

protected:
  std::string type_name(t_type* ttype, bool in_typedef = false, bool arg = false) {
    return generator_->type_name(ttype, in_typedef, arg);
  }

  std::string indent() { return generator_->indent(); }
  std::ostream& indent(std::ostream& os) { return generator_->indent(os); }

  void indent_up() { generator_->indent_up(); }
  void indent_down() { generator_->indent_down(); }

  t_cpp_generator* generator_;
  t_service* service_;
  std::ofstream& f_header_;
  std::ofstream& f_out_;
  string service_name_;
  string style_;
  string pstyle_;
  string class_name_;
  string if_name_;
  string factory_class_name_;
  string finish_cob_;
  string finish_cob_decl_;
  string ret_type_;
  string call_context_;
  string cob_arg_;
  string call_context_arg_;
  string call_context_decl_;
  string template_header_;
  string template_suffix_;
  string typename_str_;
  string class_suffix_;
  string extends_;
};

ProcessorGenerator::ProcessorGenerator(t_cpp_generator* generator,
                                       t_service* service,
                                       const string& style)
  : generator_(generator),
    service_(service),
    f_header_(generator->f_header_),
    f_out_(generator->gen_templates_ ? generator->f_service_tcc_ : generator->f_service_),
    service_name_(generator->service_name_),
    style_(style) {
  if (style_ == "Cob") {
    pstyle_ = "Async";
    class_name_ = service_name_ + pstyle_ + "Processor";
    if_name_ = service_name_ + "CobSvIf";

    finish_cob_ = "tcxx::function<void(bool ok)> cob, ";
    finish_cob_decl_ = "tcxx::function<void(bool ok)>, ";
    cob_arg_ = "cob, ";
    ret_type_ = "void ";
  } else {
    class_name_ = service_name_ + "Processor";
    if_name_ = service_name_ + "If";

    ret_type_ = "bool ";
    // TODO(edhall) callContext should eventually be added to TAsyncProcessor
    call_context_ = ", void* callContext";
    call_context_arg_ = ", callContext";
    call_context_decl_ = ", void*";
  }

  factory_class_name_ = class_name_ + "Factory";

  if (generator->gen_templates_) {
    template_header_ = "template <class Protocol_>\n";
    template_suffix_ = "<Protocol_>";
    typename_str_ = "typename ";
    class_name_ += "T";
    factory_class_name_ += "T";
  }

  if (service_->get_extends() != NULL) {
    extends_ = type_name(service_->get_extends()) + pstyle_ + "Processor";
    if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
      // TODO(simpkins): If gen_templates_ is enabled, we currently assume all
      // parent services were also generated with templates enabled.
      extends_ += "T<Protocol_>";
    }
  }
}

void ProcessorGenerator::generate_class_definition() {
  // Generate the dispatch methods
  vector<t_function*> functions = service_->get_functions();
  vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;

  string parent_class;
  if (service_->get_extends() != NULL) {
    parent_class = extends_;
  } else {
    if (style_ == "Cob") {
      parent_class = "::apache::thrift::async::TAsyncDispatchProcessor";
    } else {
      parent_class = "::apache::thrift::TDispatchProcessor";
    }

    if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
      parent_class += "T<Protocol_>";
    }
  }

  // Generate the header portion
  f_header_ << template_header_ << "class " << class_name_ << " : public " << parent_class << " {"
            << endl;

  // Protected data members
  f_header_ << " protected:" << endl;
  indent_up();
  f_header_ << indent() << "boost::shared_ptr<" << if_name_ << "> iface_;" << endl;
  f_header_ << indent() << "virtual " << ret_type_ << "dispatchCall(" << finish_cob_
            << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* iprot, "
            << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* oprot, "
            << "const std::string& fname, int32_t seqid" << call_context_ << ");" << endl;
  if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
    f_header_ << indent() << "virtual " << ret_type_ << "dispatchCallTemplated(" << finish_cob_
              << "Protocol_* iprot, Protocol_* oprot, "
              << "const std::string& fname, int32_t seqid" << call_context_ << ");" << endl;
  }
  indent_down();

  // Process function declarations
  f_header_ << " private:" << endl;
  indent_up();

  // Declare processMap_
  f_header_ << indent() << "typedef  void (" << class_name_ << "::*"
            << "ProcessFunction)(" << finish_cob_decl_ << "int32_t, "
            << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol*, "
            << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol*" << call_context_decl_ << ");" << endl;
  if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
    f_header_ << indent() << "typedef void (" << class_name_ << "::*"
              << "SpecializedProcessFunction)(" << finish_cob_decl_ << "int32_t, "
              << "Protocol_*, Protocol_*" << call_context_decl_ << ");" << endl << indent()
              << "struct ProcessFunctions {" << endl << indent() << "  ProcessFunction generic;"
              << endl << indent() << "  SpecializedProcessFunction specialized;" << endl << indent()
              << "  ProcessFunctions(ProcessFunction g, "
              << "SpecializedProcessFunction s) :" << endl << indent() << "    generic(g)," << endl
              << indent() << "    specialized(s) {}" << endl << indent()
              << "  ProcessFunctions() : generic(NULL), specialized(NULL) "
              << "{}" << endl << indent() << "};" << endl << indent()
              << "typedef std::map<std::string, ProcessFunctions> "
              << "ProcessMap;" << endl;
  } else {
    f_header_ << indent() << "typedef std::map<std::string, ProcessFunction> "
              << "ProcessMap;" << endl;
  }
  f_header_ << indent() << "ProcessMap processMap_;" << endl;

  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    indent(f_header_) << "void process_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << "(" << finish_cob_
                      << "int32_t seqid, ::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* iprot, "
                         "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* oprot" << call_context_ << ");"
                      << endl;
    if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
      indent(f_header_) << "void process_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << "(" << finish_cob_
                        << "int32_t seqid, Protocol_* iprot, Protocol_* oprot" << call_context_
                        << ");" << endl;
    }
    if (style_ == "Cob") {
      // XXX Factor this out, even if it is a pain.
      string ret_arg = ((*f_iter)->get_returntype()->is_void()
                            ? ""
                            : ", const " + type_name((*f_iter)->get_returntype()) + "& _return");
      f_header_ << indent() << "void return_" << (*f_iter)->get_name()
                << "(tcxx::function<void(bool ok)> cob, int32_t seqid, "
                << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* oprot, "
                << "void* ctx" << ret_arg << ");" << endl;
      if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
        f_header_ << indent() << "void return_" << (*f_iter)->get_name()
                  << "(tcxx::function<void(bool ok)> cob, int32_t seqid, "
                  << "Protocol_* oprot, void* ctx" << ret_arg << ");" << endl;
      }
      // XXX Don't declare throw if it doesn't exist
      f_header_ << indent() << "void throw_" << (*f_iter)->get_name()
                << "(tcxx::function<void(bool ok)> cob, int32_t seqid, "
                << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol* oprot, void* ctx, "
                << "::apache::thrift::TDelayedException* _throw);" << endl;
      if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
        f_header_ << indent() << "void throw_" << (*f_iter)->get_name()
                  << "(tcxx::function<void(bool ok)> cob, int32_t seqid, "
                  << "Protocol_* oprot, void* ctx, "
                  << "::apache::thrift::TDelayedException* _throw);" << endl;
      }
    }
  }

  f_header_ << " public:" << endl << indent() << class_name_ << "(boost::shared_ptr<" << if_name_
            << "> iface) :" << endl;
  if (!extends_.empty()) {
    f_header_ << indent() << "  " << extends_ << "(iface)," << endl;
  }
  f_header_ << indent() << "  iface_(iface) {" << endl;
  indent_up();

  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    f_header_ << indent() << "processMap_[\"" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << "\"] = ";
    if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
      f_header_ << "ProcessFunctions(" << endl;
      if (generator_->gen_templates_only_) {
        indent(f_header_) << "  NULL," << endl;
      } else {
        indent(f_header_) << "  &" << class_name_ << "::process_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << ","
                          << endl;
      }
      indent(f_header_) << "  &" << class_name_ << "::process_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << ")";
    } else {
      f_header_ << "&" << class_name_ << "::process_" << (*f_iter)->get_name();
    }
    f_header_ << ";" << endl;
  }

  indent_down();
  f_header_ << indent() << "}" << endl << endl << indent() << "virtual ~" << class_name_ << "() {}"
            << endl;
  indent_down();
  f_header_ << "};" << endl << endl;

  if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
    // Generate a backwards compatible typedef, for callers who don't know
    // about the new template-style code.
    //
    // We can't use TProtocol as the template parameter, since ProcessorT
    // provides overloaded versions of most methods, one of which accepts
    // TProtocol pointers, and one which accepts Protocol_ pointers.  This
    // results in a compile error if instantiated with Protocol_ == TProtocol.
    // Therefore, we define TDummyProtocol solely so we can use it as the
    // template parameter here.
    f_header_ << "typedef " << class_name_ << "< ::apache::thrift::protocol::TDummyProtocol > "
              << service_name_ << pstyle_ << "Processor;" << endl << endl;
  }
}

void ProcessorGenerator::generate_dispatch_call(bool template_protocol) {
  string protocol = "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol";
  string function_suffix;
  if (template_protocol) {
    protocol = "Protocol_";
    // We call the generic version dispatchCall(), and the specialized
    // version dispatchCallTemplated().  We can't call them both
    // dispatchCall(), since this will cause the compiler to issue a warning if
    // a service that doesn't use templates inherits from a service that does
    // use templates: the compiler complains that the subclass only implements
    // the generic version of dispatchCall(), and hides the templated version.
    // Using different names for the two functions prevents this.
    function_suffix = "Templated";
  }

  f_out_ << template_header_ << ret_type_ << class_name_ << template_suffix_ << "::dispatchCall"
         << function_suffix << "(" << finish_cob_ << protocol << "* iprot, " << protocol
         << "* oprot, "
         << "const std::string& fname, int32_t seqid" << call_context_ << ") {" << endl;
  indent_up();

  // HOT: member function pointer map
  f_out_ << indent() << typename_str_ << "ProcessMap::iterator pfn;" << endl << indent()
         << "pfn = processMap_.find(fname);" << endl << indent()
         << "if (pfn == processMap_.end()) {" << endl;
  if (extends_.empty()) {
    f_out_ << indent() << "  iprot->skip(::apache::thrift::protocol::T_STRUCT);" << endl << indent()
           << "  iprot->readMessageEnd();" << endl << indent()
           << "  iprot->getTransport()->readEnd();" << endl << indent()
           << "  ::apache::thrift::TApplicationException "
              "x(::apache::thrift::TApplicationException::UNKNOWN_METHOD, \"Invalid method name: "
              "'\"+fname+\"'\");" << endl << indent()
           << "  oprot->writeMessageBegin(fname, ::apache::thrift::protocol::T_EXCEPTION, seqid);"
           << endl << indent() << "  x.write(oprot);" << endl << indent()
           << "  oprot->writeMessageEnd();" << endl << indent()
           << "  oprot->getTransport()->writeEnd();" << endl << indent()
           << "  oprot->getTransport()->flush();" << endl << indent()
           << (style_ == "Cob" ? "  return cob(true);" : "  return true;") << endl;
  } else {
    f_out_ << indent() << "  return " << extends_ << "::dispatchCall("
           << (style_ == "Cob" ? "cob, " : "") << "iprot, oprot, fname, seqid" << call_context_arg_
           << ");" << endl;
  }
  f_out_ << indent() << "}" << endl;
  if (template_protocol) {
    f_out_ << indent() << "(this->*(pfn->second.specialized))";
  } else {
    if (generator_->gen_templates_only_) {
      // TODO: This is a null pointer, so nothing good will come from calling
      // it.  Throw an exception instead.
      f_out_ << indent() << "(this->*(pfn->second.generic))";
    } else if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
      f_out_ << indent() << "(this->*(pfn->second.generic))";
    } else {
      f_out_ << indent() << "(this->*(pfn->second))";
    }
  }
  f_out_ << "(" << cob_arg_ << "seqid, iprot, oprot" << call_context_arg_ << ");" << endl;

  // TODO(dreiss): return pfn ret?
  if (style_ == "Cob") {
    f_out_ << indent() << "return;" << endl;
  } else {
    f_out_ << indent() << "return true;" << endl;
  }

  indent_down();
  f_out_ << "}" << endl << endl;
}

void ProcessorGenerator::generate_process_functions() {
  vector<t_function*> functions = service_->get_functions();
  vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;
  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
      generator_->generate_process_function(service_, *f_iter, style_, false);
      generator_->generate_process_function(service_, *f_iter, style_, true);
    } else {
      generator_->generate_process_function(service_, *f_iter, style_, false);
    }
  }
}

void ProcessorGenerator::generate_factory() {
  string if_factory_name = if_name_ + "Factory";

  // Generate the factory class definition
  f_header_ << template_header_ << "class " << factory_class_name_ << " : public ::apache::thrift::"
            << (style_ == "Cob" ? "async::TAsyncProcessorFactory" : "TProcessorFactory") << " {"
            << endl << " public:" << endl;
  indent_up();

  f_header_ << indent() << factory_class_name_ << "(const ::boost::shared_ptr< " << if_factory_name
            << " >& handlerFactory) :" << endl << indent()
            << "    handlerFactory_(handlerFactory) {}" << endl << endl << indent()
            << "::boost::shared_ptr< ::apache::thrift::"
            << (style_ == "Cob" ? "async::TAsyncProcessor" : "TProcessor") << " > "
            << "getProcessor(const ::apache::thrift::TConnectionInfo& connInfo);" << endl;

  f_header_ << endl << " protected:" << endl << indent() << "::boost::shared_ptr< "
            << if_factory_name << " > handlerFactory_;" << endl;

  indent_down();
  f_header_ << "};" << endl << endl;

  // If we are generating templates, output a typedef for the plain
  // factory name.
  if (generator_->gen_templates_) {
    f_header_ << "typedef " << factory_class_name_
              << "< ::apache::thrift::protocol::TDummyProtocol > " << service_name_ << pstyle_
              << "ProcessorFactory;" << endl << endl;
  }

  // Generate the getProcessor() method
  f_out_ << template_header_ << indent() << "::boost::shared_ptr< ::apache::thrift::"
         << (style_ == "Cob" ? "async::TAsyncProcessor" : "TProcessor") << " > "
         << factory_class_name_ << template_suffix_ << "::getProcessor("
         << "const ::apache::thrift::TConnectionInfo& connInfo) {" << endl;
  indent_up();

  f_out_ << indent() << "::apache::thrift::ReleaseHandler< " << if_factory_name
         << " > cleanup(handlerFactory_);" << endl << indent() << "::boost::shared_ptr< "
         << if_name_ << " > handler("
         << "handlerFactory_->getHandler(connInfo), cleanup);" << endl << indent()
         << "::boost::shared_ptr< ::apache::thrift::"
         << (style_ == "Cob" ? "async::TAsyncProcessor" : "TProcessor") << " > "
         << "processor(new " << class_name_ << template_suffix_ << "(handler));" << endl << indent()
         << "return processor;" << endl;

  indent_down();
  f_out_ << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
}

/**
 * Generates a service processor definition.
 *
 * @param tservice The service to generate a processor for.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_service_processor(t_service* tservice, string style) {
  ProcessorGenerator generator(this, tservice, style);
  generator.run();
}

/**
 * Generates a struct and helpers for a function.
 *
 * @param tfunction The function
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_function_helpers(t_service* tservice, t_function* tfunction) {
  if (tfunction->is_oneway()) {
    return;
  }

  std::ofstream& out = (gen_templates_ ? f_service_tcc_ : f_service_);

  t_struct result(program_, tservice->get_name() + "_" + tfunction->get_name() + "_result");
  t_field success(tfunction->get_returntype(), "success", 0);
  if (!tfunction->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
    result.append(&success);
  }

  t_struct* xs = tfunction->get_xceptions();
  const vector<t_field*>& fields = xs->get_members();
  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;
  for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
    result.append(*f_iter);
  }

  generate_struct_declaration(f_header_, &result, false);
  generate_struct_definition(out, f_service_, &result, false);
  generate_struct_reader(out, &result);
  generate_struct_result_writer(out, &result);

  result.set_name(tservice->get_name() + "_" + tfunction->get_name() + "_presult");
  generate_struct_declaration(f_header_, &result, false, true, true, gen_cob_style_);
  generate_struct_definition(out, f_service_, &result, false);
  generate_struct_reader(out, &result, true);
  if (gen_cob_style_) {
    generate_struct_writer(out, &result, true);
  }
}

/**
 * Generates a process function definition.
 *
 * @param tfunction The function to write a dispatcher for
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_process_function(t_service* tservice,
                                                t_function* tfunction,
                                                string style,
                                                bool specialized) {
  t_struct* arg_struct = tfunction->get_arglist();
  const std::vector<t_field*>& fields = arg_struct->get_members();
  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

  t_struct* xs = tfunction->get_xceptions();
  const std::vector<t_field*>& xceptions = xs->get_members();
  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator x_iter;
  string service_func_name = "\"" + tservice->get_name() + "." + tfunction->get_name() + "\"";

  std::ofstream& out = (gen_templates_ ? f_service_tcc_ : f_service_);

  string prot_type = (specialized ? "Protocol_" : "::apache::thrift::protocol::TProtocol");
  string class_suffix;
  if (gen_templates_) {
    class_suffix = "T<Protocol_>";
  }

  // I tried to do this as one function.  I really did.  But it was too hard.
  if (style != "Cob") {
    // Open function
    if (gen_templates_) {
      out << indent() << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl;
    }
    const bool unnamed_oprot_seqid = tfunction->is_oneway() && !(gen_templates_ && !specialized);
    out << "void " << tservice->get_name() << "Processor" << class_suffix << "::"
        << "process_" << tfunction->get_name() << "("
        << "int32_t" << (unnamed_oprot_seqid ? ", " : " seqid, ") << prot_type << "* iprot, "
        << prot_type << "*" << (unnamed_oprot_seqid ? ", " : " oprot, ") << "void* callContext)"
        << endl;
    scope_up(out);

    string argsname = tservice->get_name() + "_" + tfunction->get_name() + "_args";
    string resultname = tservice->get_name() + "_" + tfunction->get_name() + "_result";

    if (tfunction->is_oneway() && !unnamed_oprot_seqid) {
      out << indent() << "(void) seqid;" << endl << indent() << "(void) oprot;" << endl;
    }

    out << indent() << "void* ctx = NULL;" << endl << indent()
        << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
        << "  ctx = this->eventHandler_->getContext(" << service_func_name << ", callContext);"
        << endl << indent() << "}" << endl << indent()
        << "::apache::thrift::TProcessorContextFreer freer("
        << "this->eventHandler_.get(), ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl << endl
        << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
        << "  this->eventHandler_->preRead(ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl << indent()
        << "}" << endl << endl << indent() << argsname << " args;" << endl << indent()
        << "args.read(iprot);" << endl << indent() << "iprot->readMessageEnd();" << endl << indent()
        << "uint32_t bytes = iprot->getTransport()->readEnd();" << endl << endl << indent()
        << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
        << "  this->eventHandler_->postRead(ctx, " << service_func_name << ", bytes);" << endl
        << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

    // Declare result
    if (!tfunction->is_oneway()) {
      out << indent() << resultname << " result;" << endl;
    }

    // Try block for functions with exceptions
    out << indent() << "try {" << endl;
    indent_up();

    // Generate the function call
    bool first = true;
    out << indent();
    if (!tfunction->is_oneway() && !tfunction->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
      if (is_complex_type(tfunction->get_returntype())) {
        first = false;
        out << "iface_->" << tfunction->get_name() << "(result.success";
      } else {
        out << "result.success = iface_->" << tfunction->get_name() << "(";
      }
    } else {
      out << "iface_->" << tfunction->get_name() << "(";
    }
    for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
      if (first) {
        first = false;
      } else {
        out << ", ";
      }
      out << "args." << (*f_iter)->get_name();
    }
    out << ");" << endl;

    // Set isset on success field
    if (!tfunction->is_oneway() && !tfunction->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
      out << indent() << "result.__isset.success = true;" << endl;
    }

    indent_down();
    out << indent() << "}";

    if (!tfunction->is_oneway()) {
      for (x_iter = xceptions.begin(); x_iter != xceptions.end(); ++x_iter) {
        out << " catch (" << type_name((*x_iter)->get_type()) << " &" << (*x_iter)->get_name()
            << ") {" << endl;
        if (!tfunction->is_oneway()) {
          indent_up();
          out << indent() << "result." << (*x_iter)->get_name() << " = " << (*x_iter)->get_name()
              << ";" << endl << indent() << "result.__isset." << (*x_iter)->get_name() << " = true;"
              << endl;
          indent_down();
          out << indent() << "}";
        } else {
          out << "}";
        }
      }
    }

    if (!tfunction->is_oneway()) {
      out << " catch (const std::exception& e) {" << endl;
    } else {
      out << " catch (const std::exception&) {" << endl;
    }

    indent_up();
    out << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
        << "  this->eventHandler_->handlerError(ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl
        << indent() << "}" << endl;

    if (!tfunction->is_oneway()) {
      out << endl << indent() << "::apache::thrift::TApplicationException x(e.what());" << endl
          << indent() << "oprot->writeMessageBegin(\"" << tfunction->get_name()
          << "\", ::apache::thrift::protocol::T_EXCEPTION, seqid);" << endl << indent()
          << "x.write(oprot);" << endl << indent() << "oprot->writeMessageEnd();" << endl
          << indent() << "oprot->getTransport()->writeEnd();" << endl << indent()
          << "oprot->getTransport()->flush();" << endl;
    }
    out << indent() << "return;" << endl;
    indent_down();
    out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

    // Shortcut out here for oneway functions
    if (tfunction->is_oneway()) {
      out << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
          << "  this->eventHandler_->asyncComplete(ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl
          << indent() << "}" << endl << endl << indent() << "return;" << endl;
      indent_down();
      out << "}" << endl << endl;
      return;
    }

    // Serialize the result into a struct
    out << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
        << "  this->eventHandler_->preWrite(ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl << indent()
        << "}" << endl << endl << indent() << "oprot->writeMessageBegin(\"" << tfunction->get_name()
        << "\", ::apache::thrift::protocol::T_REPLY, seqid);" << endl << indent()
        << "result.write(oprot);" << endl << indent() << "oprot->writeMessageEnd();" << endl
        << indent() << "bytes = oprot->getTransport()->writeEnd();" << endl << indent()
        << "oprot->getTransport()->flush();" << endl << endl << indent()
        << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
        << "  this->eventHandler_->postWrite(ctx, " << service_func_name << ", bytes);" << endl
        << indent() << "}" << endl;

    // Close function
    scope_down(out);
    out << endl;
  }

  // Cob style.
  else {
    // Processor entry point.
    // TODO(edhall) update for callContext when TEventServer is ready
    if (gen_templates_) {
      out << indent() << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl;
    }
    out << "void " << tservice->get_name() << "AsyncProcessor" << class_suffix << "::process_"
        << tfunction->get_name() << "(tcxx::function<void(bool ok)> cob, int32_t seqid, "
        << prot_type << "* iprot, " << prot_type << "* oprot)" << endl;
    scope_up(out);

    // TODO(simpkins): we could try to consoldate this
    // with the non-cob code above
    if (gen_templates_ && !specialized) {
      // If these are instances of Protocol_, instead of any old TProtocol,
      // use the specialized process function instead.
      out << indent() << "Protocol_* _iprot = dynamic_cast<Protocol_*>(iprot);" << endl << indent()
          << "Protocol_* _oprot = dynamic_cast<Protocol_*>(oprot);" << endl << indent()
          << "if (_iprot && _oprot) {" << endl << indent() << "  return process_"
          << tfunction->get_name() << "(cob, seqid, _iprot, _oprot);" << endl << indent() << "}"
          << endl << indent() << "T_GENERIC_PROTOCOL(this, iprot, _iprot);" << endl << indent()
          << "T_GENERIC_PROTOCOL(this, oprot, _oprot);" << endl << endl;
    }

    if (tfunction->is_oneway()) {
      out << indent() << "(void) seqid;" << endl << indent() << "(void) oprot;" << endl;
    }

    out << indent() << tservice->get_name() + "_" + tfunction->get_name() << "_args args;" << endl
        << indent() << "void* ctx = NULL;" << endl << indent()
        << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
        << "  ctx = this->eventHandler_->getContext(" << service_func_name << ", NULL);" << endl
        << indent() << "}" << endl << indent() << "::apache::thrift::TProcessorContextFreer freer("
        << "this->eventHandler_.get(), ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl << endl
        << indent() << "try {" << endl;
    indent_up();
    out << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
        << "  this->eventHandler_->preRead(ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl << indent()
        << "}" << endl << indent() << "args.read(iprot);" << endl << indent()
        << "iprot->readMessageEnd();" << endl << indent()
        << "uint32_t bytes = iprot->getTransport()->readEnd();" << endl << indent()
        << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
        << "  this->eventHandler_->postRead(ctx, " << service_func_name << ", bytes);" << endl
        << indent() << "}" << endl;
    scope_down(out);

    // TODO(dreiss): Handle TExceptions?  Expose to server?
    out << indent() << "catch (const std::exception&) {" << endl << indent()
        << "  if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
        << "    this->eventHandler_->handlerError(ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl
        << indent() << "  }" << endl << indent() << "  return cob(false);" << endl << indent()
        << "}" << endl;

    if (tfunction->is_oneway()) {
      out << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
          << "  this->eventHandler_->asyncComplete(ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl
          << indent() << "}" << endl;
    }
    // TODO(dreiss): Figure out a strategy for exceptions in async handlers.
    out << indent() << "freer.unregister();" << endl;
    if (tfunction->is_oneway()) {
      // No return.  Just hand off our cob.
      // TODO(dreiss): Call the cob immediately?
      out << indent() << "iface_->" << tfunction->get_name() << "("
          << "tcxx::bind(cob, true)" << endl;
      indent_up();
      indent_up();
    } else {
      string ret_arg, ret_placeholder;
      if (!tfunction->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
        ret_arg = ", const " + type_name(tfunction->get_returntype()) + "& _return";
        ret_placeholder = ", tcxx::placeholders::_1";
      }

      // When gen_templates_ is true, the return_ and throw_ functions are
      // overloaded.  We have to declare pointers to them so that the compiler
      // can resolve the correct overloaded version.
      out << indent() << "void (" << tservice->get_name() << "AsyncProcessor" << class_suffix
          << "::*return_fn)(tcxx::function<void(bool ok)> "
          << "cob, int32_t seqid, " << prot_type << "* oprot, void* ctx" << ret_arg
          << ") =" << endl;
      out << indent() << "  &" << tservice->get_name() << "AsyncProcessor" << class_suffix
          << "::return_" << tfunction->get_name() << ";" << endl;
      if (!xceptions.empty()) {
        out << indent() << "void (" << tservice->get_name() << "AsyncProcessor" << class_suffix
            << "::*throw_fn)(tcxx::function<void(bool ok)> "
            << "cob, int32_t seqid, " << prot_type << "* oprot, void* ctx, "
            << "::apache::thrift::TDelayedException* _throw) =" << endl;
        out << indent() << "  &" << tservice->get_name() << "AsyncProcessor" << class_suffix
            << "::throw_" << tfunction->get_name() << ";" << endl;
      }

      out << indent() << "iface_->" << tfunction->get_name() << "(" << endl;
      indent_up();
      indent_up();
      out << indent() << "tcxx::bind(return_fn, this, cob, seqid, oprot, ctx" << ret_placeholder
          << ")";
      if (!xceptions.empty()) {
        out << ',' << endl << indent() << "tcxx::bind(throw_fn, this, cob, seqid, oprot, "
            << "ctx, tcxx::placeholders::_1)";
      }
    }

    // XXX Whitespace cleanup.
    for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
      out << ',' << endl << indent() << "args." << (*f_iter)->get_name();
    }
    out << ");" << endl;
    indent_down();
    indent_down();
    scope_down(out);
    out << endl;

    // Normal return.
    if (!tfunction->is_oneway()) {
      string ret_arg_decl, ret_arg_name;
      if (!tfunction->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
        ret_arg_decl = ", const " + type_name(tfunction->get_returntype()) + "& _return";
        ret_arg_name = ", _return";
      }
      if (gen_templates_) {
        out << indent() << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl;
      }
      out << "void " << tservice->get_name() << "AsyncProcessor" << class_suffix << "::return_"
          << tfunction->get_name() << "(tcxx::function<void(bool ok)> cob, int32_t seqid, "
          << prot_type << "* oprot, void* ctx" << ret_arg_decl << ')' << endl;
      scope_up(out);

      if (gen_templates_ && !specialized) {
        // If oprot is a Protocol_ instance,
        // use the specialized return function instead.
        out << indent() << "Protocol_* _oprot = dynamic_cast<Protocol_*>(oprot);" << endl
            << indent() << "if (_oprot) {" << endl << indent() << "  return return_"
            << tfunction->get_name() << "(cob, seqid, _oprot, ctx" << ret_arg_name << ");" << endl
            << indent() << "}" << endl << indent() << "T_GENERIC_PROTOCOL(this, oprot, _oprot);"
            << endl << endl;
      }

      out << indent() << tservice->get_name() << "_" << tfunction->get_name() << "_presult result;"
          << endl;
      if (!tfunction->get_returntype()->is_void()) {
        // The const_cast here is unfortunate, but it would be a pain to avoid,
        // and we only do a write with this struct, which is const-safe.
        out << indent() << "result.success = const_cast<" << type_name(tfunction->get_returntype())
            << "*>(&_return);" << endl << indent() << "result.__isset.success = true;" << endl;
      }
      // Serialize the result into a struct
      out << endl << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
          << "  ctx = this->eventHandler_->getContext(" << service_func_name << ", NULL);" << endl
          << indent() << "}" << endl << indent()
          << "::apache::thrift::TProcessorContextFreer freer("
          << "this->eventHandler_.get(), ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl << endl
          << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
          << "  this->eventHandler_->preWrite(ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl
          << indent() << "}" << endl << endl << indent() << "oprot->writeMessageBegin(\""
          << tfunction->get_name() << "\", ::apache::thrift::protocol::T_REPLY, seqid);" << endl
          << indent() << "result.write(oprot);" << endl << indent() << "oprot->writeMessageEnd();"
          << endl << indent() << "uint32_t bytes = oprot->getTransport()->writeEnd();" << endl
          << indent() << "oprot->getTransport()->flush();" << endl << indent()
          << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
          << "  this->eventHandler_->postWrite(ctx, " << service_func_name << ", bytes);" << endl
          << indent() << "}" << endl << indent() << "return cob(true);" << endl;
      scope_down(out);
      out << endl;
    }

    // Exception return.
    if (!tfunction->is_oneway() && !xceptions.empty()) {
      if (gen_templates_) {
        out << indent() << "template <class Protocol_>" << endl;
      }
      out << "void " << tservice->get_name() << "AsyncProcessor" << class_suffix << "::throw_"
          << tfunction->get_name() << "(tcxx::function<void(bool ok)> cob, int32_t seqid, "
          << prot_type << "* oprot, void* ctx, "
          << "::apache::thrift::TDelayedException* _throw)" << endl;
      scope_up(out);

      if (gen_templates_ && !specialized) {
        // If oprot is a Protocol_ instance,
        // use the specialized throw function instead.
        out << indent() << "Protocol_* _oprot = dynamic_cast<Protocol_*>(oprot);" << endl
            << indent() << "if (_oprot) {" << endl << indent() << "  return throw_"
            << tfunction->get_name() << "(cob, seqid, _oprot, ctx, _throw);" << endl << indent()
            << "}" << endl << indent() << "T_GENERIC_PROTOCOL(this, oprot, _oprot);" << endl
            << endl;
      }

      // Get the event handler context
      out << endl << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
          << "  ctx = this->eventHandler_->getContext(" << service_func_name << ", NULL);" << endl
          << indent() << "}" << endl << indent()
          << "::apache::thrift::TProcessorContextFreer freer("
          << "this->eventHandler_.get(), ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl << endl;

      // Throw the TDelayedException, and catch the result
      out << indent() << tservice->get_name() << "_" << tfunction->get_name() << "_result result;"
          << endl << endl << indent() << "try {" << endl;
      indent_up();
      out << indent() << "_throw->throw_it();" << endl << indent() << "return cob(false);"
          << endl; // Is this possible?  TBD.
      indent_down();
      out << indent() << '}';
      for (x_iter = xceptions.begin(); x_iter != xceptions.end(); ++x_iter) {
        out << "  catch (" << type_name((*x_iter)->get_type()) << " &" << (*x_iter)->get_name()
            << ") {" << endl;
        indent_up();
        out << indent() << "result." << (*x_iter)->get_name() << " = " << (*x_iter)->get_name()
            << ";" << endl << indent() << "result.__isset." << (*x_iter)->get_name() << " = true;"
            << endl;
        scope_down(out);
      }

      // Handle the case where an undeclared exception is thrown
      out << " catch (std::exception& e) {" << endl;
      indent_up();
      out << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
          << "  this->eventHandler_->handlerError(ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl
          << indent() << "}" << endl << endl << indent()
          << "::apache::thrift::TApplicationException x(e.what());" << endl << indent()
          << "oprot->writeMessageBegin(\"" << tfunction->get_name()
          << "\", ::apache::thrift::protocol::T_EXCEPTION, seqid);" << endl << indent()
          << "x.write(oprot);" << endl << indent() << "oprot->writeMessageEnd();" << endl
          << indent() << "oprot->getTransport()->writeEnd();" << endl << indent()
          << "oprot->getTransport()->flush();" << endl <<
          // We pass true to the cob here, since we did successfully write a
          // response, even though it is an exception response.
          // It looks like the argument is currently ignored, anyway.
          indent() << "return cob(true);" << endl;
      scope_down(out);

      // Serialize the result into a struct
      out << indent() << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
          << "  this->eventHandler_->preWrite(ctx, " << service_func_name << ");" << endl
          << indent() << "}" << endl << endl << indent() << "oprot->writeMessageBegin(\""
          << tfunction->get_name() << "\", ::apache::thrift::protocol::T_REPLY, seqid);" << endl
          << indent() << "result.write(oprot);" << endl << indent() << "oprot->writeMessageEnd();"
          << endl << indent() << "uint32_t bytes = oprot->getTransport()->writeEnd();" << endl
          << indent() << "oprot->getTransport()->flush();" << endl << indent()
          << "if (this->eventHandler_.get() != NULL) {" << endl << indent()
          << "  this->eventHandler_->postWrite(ctx, " << service_func_name << ", bytes);" << endl
          << indent() << "}" << endl << indent() << "return cob(true);" << endl;
      scope_down(out);
      out << endl;
    } // for each function
  }   // cob style
}

/**
 * Generates a skeleton file of a server
 *
 * @param tservice The service to generate a server for.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_service_skeleton(t_service* tservice) {
  string svcname = tservice->get_name();

  // Service implementation file includes
  string f_skeleton_name = get_out_dir() + svcname + "_server.skeleton.cpp";

  string ns = namespace_prefix(tservice->get_program()->get_namespace("cpp"));

  ofstream f_skeleton;
  f_skeleton.open(f_skeleton_name.c_str());
  f_skeleton << "// This autogenerated skeleton file illustrates how to build a server." << endl
             << "// You should copy it to another filename to avoid overwriting it." << endl << endl
             << "#include \"" << get_include_prefix(*get_program()) << svcname << ".h\"" << endl
             << "#include <thrift/protocol/TBinaryProtocol.h>" << endl
             << "#include <thrift/server/TSimpleServer.h>" << endl
             << "#include <thrift/transport/TServerSocket.h>" << endl
             << "#include <thrift/transport/TBufferTransports.h>" << endl << endl
             << "using namespace ::apache::thrift;" << endl
             << "using namespace ::apache::thrift::protocol;" << endl
             << "using namespace ::apache::thrift::transport;" << endl
             << "using namespace ::apache::thrift::server;" << endl << endl
             << "using boost::shared_ptr;" << endl << endl;

  // the following code would not compile:
  // using namespace ;
  // using namespace ::;
  if ((!ns.empty()) && (ns.compare(" ::") != 0)) {
    f_skeleton << "using namespace " << string(ns, 0, ns.size() - 2) << ";" << endl << endl;
  }

  f_skeleton << "class " << svcname << "Handler : virtual public " << svcname << "If {" << endl
             << " public:" << endl;
  indent_up();
  f_skeleton << indent() << svcname << "Handler() {" << endl << indent()
             << "  // Your initialization goes here" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

  vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
  vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;
  for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter) {
    generate_java_doc(f_skeleton, *f_iter);
    f_skeleton << indent() << function_signature(*f_iter, "") << " {" << endl << indent()
               << "  // Your implementation goes here" << endl << indent() << "  printf(\""
               << (*f_iter)->get_name() << "\\n\");" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
  }

  indent_down();
  f_skeleton << "};" << endl << endl;

  f_skeleton << indent() << "int main(int argc, char **argv) {" << endl;
  indent_up();
  f_skeleton
      << indent() << "int port = 9090;" << endl << indent() << "shared_ptr<" << svcname
      << "Handler> handler(new " << svcname << "Handler());" << endl << indent()
      << "shared_ptr<TProcessor> processor(new " << svcname << "Processor(handler));" << endl
      << indent() << "shared_ptr<TServerTransport> serverTransport(new TServerSocket(port));"
      << endl << indent()
      << "shared_ptr<TTransportFactory> transportFactory(new TBufferedTransportFactory());" << endl
      << indent() << "shared_ptr<TProtocolFactory> protocolFactory(new TBinaryProtocolFactory());"
      << endl << endl << indent()
      << "TSimpleServer server(processor, serverTransport, transportFactory, protocolFactory);"
      << endl << indent() << "server.serve();" << endl << indent() << "return 0;" << endl;
  indent_down();
  f_skeleton << "}" << endl << endl;

  // Close the files
  f_skeleton.close();
}

/**
 * Deserializes a field of any type.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_deserialize_field(ofstream& out,
                                                 t_field* tfield,
                                                 string prefix,
                                                 string suffix) {
  t_type* type = get_true_type(tfield->get_type());

  if (type->is_void()) {
    throw "CANNOT GENERATE DESERIALIZE CODE FOR void TYPE: " + prefix + tfield->get_name();
  }

  string name = prefix + tfield->get_name() + suffix;

  if (type->is_struct() || type->is_xception()) {
    generate_deserialize_struct(out, (t_struct*)type, name, is_reference(tfield));
  } else if (type->is_container()) {
    generate_deserialize_container(out, type, name);
  } else if (type->is_base_type()) {
    indent(out) << "xfer += iprot->";
    t_base_type::t_base tbase = ((t_base_type*)type)->get_base();
    switch (tbase) {
    case t_base_type::TYPE_VOID:
      throw "compiler error: cannot serialize void field in a struct: " + name;
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
      if (((t_base_type*)type)->is_binary()) {
        out << "readBinary(" << name << ");";
      } else {
        out << "readString(" << name << ");";
      }
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
      out << "readBool(" << name << ");";
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
      out << "readByte(" << name << ");";
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
      out << "readI16(" << name << ");";
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
      out << "readI32(" << name << ");";
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
      out << "readI64(" << name << ");";
      break;
    case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
      out << "readDouble(" << name << ");";
      break;
    default:
      throw "compiler error: no C++ reader for base type " + t_base_type::t_base_name(tbase) + name;
    }
    out << endl;
  } else if (type->is_enum()) {
    string t = tmp("ecast");
    out << indent() << "int32_t " << t << ";" << endl << indent() << "xfer += iprot->readI32(" << t
        << ");" << endl << indent() << name << " = (" << type_name(type) << ")" << t << ";" << endl;
  } else {
    printf("DO NOT KNOW HOW TO DESERIALIZE FIELD '%s' TYPE '%s'\n",
           tfield->get_name().c_str(),
           type_name(type).c_str());
  }
}

/**
 * Generates an unserializer for a variable. This makes two key assumptions,
 * first that there is a const char* variable named data that points to the
 * buffer for deserialization, and that there is a variable protocol which
 * is a reference to a TProtocol serialization object.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_deserialize_struct(ofstream& out,
                                                  t_struct* tstruct,
                                                  string prefix,
                                                  bool pointer) {
  if (pointer) {
    indent(out) << "if (!" << prefix << ") { " << endl;
    indent(out) << "  " << prefix << " = boost::shared_ptr<" << type_name(tstruct) << ">(new "
                << type_name(tstruct) << ");" << endl;
    indent(out) << "}" << endl;
    indent(out) << "xfer += " << prefix << "->read(iprot);" << endl;
    indent(out) << "bool wasSet = false;" << endl;
    const vector<t_field*>& members = tstruct->get_members();
    vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;
    for (f_iter = members.begin(); f_iter != members.end(); ++f_iter) {

      indent(out) << "if (" << prefix << "->__isset." << (*f_iter)->get_name()
                  << ") { wasSet = true; }" << endl;
    }
    indent(out) << "if (!wasSet) { " << prefix << ".reset(); }" << endl;
  } else {
    indent(out) << "xfer += " << prefix << ".read(iprot);" << endl;
  }
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_deserialize_container(ofstream& out, t_type* ttype, string prefix) {
  scope_up(out);

  string size = tmp("_size");
  string ktype = tmp("_ktype");
  string vtype = tmp("_vtype");
  string etype = tmp("_etype");

  t_container* tcontainer = (t_container*)ttype;
  bool use_push = tcontainer->has_cpp_name();

  indent(out) << prefix << ".clear();" << endl << indent() << "uint32_t " << size << ";" << endl;

  // Declare variables, read header
  if (ttype->is_map()) {
    out << indent() << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TType " << ktype << ";" << endl << indent()
        << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TType " << vtype << ";" << endl << indent()
        << "xfer += iprot->readMapBegin(" << ktype << ", " << vtype << ", " << size << ");" << endl;
  } else if (ttype->is_set()) {
    out << indent() << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TType " << etype << ";" << endl << indent()
        << "xfer += iprot->readSetBegin(" << etype << ", " << size << ");" << endl;
  } else if (ttype->is_list()) {
    out << indent() << "::apache::thrift::protocol::TType " << etype << ";" << endl << indent()
        << "xfer += iprot->readListBegin(" << etype << ", " << size << ");" << endl;
    if (!use_push) {
      indent(out) << prefix << ".resize(" << size << ");" << endl;
    }
  }

  // For loop iterates over elements
  string i = tmp("_i");
  out << indent() << "uint32_t " << i << ";" << endl << indent() << "for (" << i << " = 0; " << i
      << " < " << size << "; ++" << i << ")" << endl;

  scope_up(out);

  if (ttype->is_map()) {
    generate_deserialize_map_element(out, (t_map*)ttype, prefix);
  } else if (ttype->is_set()) {
    generate_deserialize_set_element(out, (t_set*)ttype, prefix);
  } else if (ttype->is_list()) {
    generate_deserialize_list_element(out, (t_list*)ttype, prefix, use_push, i);
  }

  scope_down(out);

  // Read container end
  if (ttype->is_map()) {
    indent(out) << "xfer += iprot->readMapEnd();" << endl;
  } else if (ttype->is_set()) {
    indent(out) << "xfer += iprot->readSetEnd();" << endl;
  } else if (ttype->is_list()) {
    indent(out) << "xfer += iprot->readListEnd();" << endl;
  }

  scope_down(out);
}

/**
 * Generates code to deserialize a map
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_deserialize_map_element(ofstream& out, t_map* tmap, string prefix) {
  string key = tmp("_key");
  string val = tmp("_val");
  t_field fkey(tmap->get_key_type(), key);
  t_field fval(tmap->get_val_type(), val);

  out << indent() << declare_field(&fkey) << endl;

  generate_deserialize_field(out, &fkey);
  indent(out) << declare_field(&fval, false, false, false, true) << " = " << prefix << "[" << key
              << "];" << endl;

  generate_deserialize_field(out, &fval);
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_deserialize_set_element(ofstream& out, t_set* tset, string prefix) {
  string elem = tmp("_elem");
  t_field felem(tset->get_elem_type(), elem);

  indent(out) << declare_field(&felem) << endl;

  generate_deserialize_field(out, &felem);

  indent(out) << prefix << ".insert(" << elem << ");" << endl;
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_deserialize_list_element(ofstream& out,
                                                        t_list* tlist,
                                                        string prefix,
                                                        bool use_push,
                                                        string index) {
  if (use_push) {
    string elem = tmp("_elem");
    t_field felem(tlist->get_elem_type(), elem);
    indent(out) << declare_field(&felem) << endl;
    generate_deserialize_field(out, &felem);
    indent(out) << prefix << ".push_back(" << elem << ");" << endl;
  } else {
    t_field felem(tlist->get_elem_type(), prefix + "[" + index + "]");
    generate_deserialize_field(out, &felem);
  }
}

/**
 * Serializes a field of any type.
 *
 * @param tfield The field to serialize
 * @param prefix Name to prepend to field name
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_serialize_field(ofstream& out,
                                               t_field* tfield,
                                               string prefix,
                                               string suffix) {
  t_type* type = get_true_type(tfield->get_type());

  string name = prefix + tfield->get_name() + suffix;

  // Do nothing for void types
  if (type->is_void()) {
    throw "CANNOT GENERATE SERIALIZE CODE FOR void TYPE: " + name;
  }

  if (type->is_struct() || type->is_xception()) {
    generate_serialize_struct(out, (t_struct*)type, name, is_reference(tfield));
  } else if (type->is_container()) {
    generate_serialize_container(out, type, name);
  } else if (type->is_base_type() || type->is_enum()) {

    indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->";

    if (type->is_base_type()) {
      t_base_type::t_base tbase = ((t_base_type*)type)->get_base();
      switch (tbase) {
      case t_base_type::TYPE_VOID:
        throw "compiler error: cannot serialize void field in a struct: " + name;
        break;
      case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
        if (((t_base_type*)type)->is_binary()) {
          out << "writeBinary(" << name << ");";
        } else {
          out << "writeString(" << name << ");";
        }
        break;
      case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
        out << "writeBool(" << name << ");";
        break;
      case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
        out << "writeByte(" << name << ");";
        break;
      case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
        out << "writeI16(" << name << ");";
        break;
      case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
        out << "writeI32(" << name << ");";
        break;
      case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
        out << "writeI64(" << name << ");";
        break;
      case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
        out << "writeDouble(" << name << ");";
        break;
      default:
        throw "compiler error: no C++ writer for base type " + t_base_type::t_base_name(tbase)
            + name;
      }
    } else if (type->is_enum()) {
      out << "writeI32((int32_t)" << name << ");";
    }
    out << endl;
  } else {
    printf("DO NOT KNOW HOW TO SERIALIZE FIELD '%s' TYPE '%s'\n",
           name.c_str(),
           type_name(type).c_str());
  }
}

/**
 * Serializes all the members of a struct.
 *
 * @param tstruct The struct to serialize
 * @param prefix  String prefix to attach to all fields
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_serialize_struct(ofstream& out,
                                                t_struct* tstruct,
                                                string prefix,
                                                bool pointer) {
  if (pointer) {
    indent(out) << "if (" << prefix << ") {" << endl;
    indent(out) << "  xfer += " << prefix << "->write(oprot); " << endl;
    indent(out) << "} else {"
                << "oprot->writeStructBegin(\"" << tstruct->get_name() << "\"); " << endl;
    indent(out) << "  oprot->writeStructEnd();" << endl;
    indent(out) << "  oprot->writeFieldStop();" << endl;
    indent(out) << "}" << endl;
  } else {
    indent(out) << "xfer += " << prefix << ".write(oprot);" << endl;
  }
}

void t_cpp_generator::generate_serialize_container(ofstream& out, t_type* ttype, string prefix) {
  scope_up(out);

  if (ttype->is_map()) {
    indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->writeMapBegin(" << type_to_enum(((t_map*)ttype)->get_key_type())
                << ", " << type_to_enum(((t_map*)ttype)->get_val_type()) << ", "
                << "static_cast<uint32_t>(" << prefix << ".size()));" << endl;
  } else if (ttype->is_set()) {
    indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->writeSetBegin(" << type_to_enum(((t_set*)ttype)->get_elem_type())
                << ", "
                << "static_cast<uint32_t>(" << prefix << ".size()));" << endl;
  } else if (ttype->is_list()) {
    indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->writeListBegin("
                << type_to_enum(((t_list*)ttype)->get_elem_type()) << ", "
                << "static_cast<uint32_t>(" << prefix << ".size()));" << endl;
  }

  string iter = tmp("_iter");
  out << indent() << type_name(ttype) << "::const_iterator " << iter << ";" << endl << indent()
      << "for (" << iter << " = " << prefix << ".begin(); " << iter << " != " << prefix
      << ".end(); ++" << iter << ")" << endl;
  scope_up(out);
  if (ttype->is_map()) {
    generate_serialize_map_element(out, (t_map*)ttype, iter);
  } else if (ttype->is_set()) {
    generate_serialize_set_element(out, (t_set*)ttype, iter);
  } else if (ttype->is_list()) {
    generate_serialize_list_element(out, (t_list*)ttype, iter);
  }
  scope_down(out);

  if (ttype->is_map()) {
    indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->writeMapEnd();" << endl;
  } else if (ttype->is_set()) {
    indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->writeSetEnd();" << endl;
  } else if (ttype->is_list()) {
    indent(out) << "xfer += oprot->writeListEnd();" << endl;
  }

  scope_down(out);
}

/**
 * Serializes the members of a map.
 *
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_serialize_map_element(ofstream& out, t_map* tmap, string iter) {
  t_field kfield(tmap->get_key_type(), iter + "->first");
  generate_serialize_field(out, &kfield, "");

  t_field vfield(tmap->get_val_type(), iter + "->second");
  generate_serialize_field(out, &vfield, "");
}

/**
 * Serializes the members of a set.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_serialize_set_element(ofstream& out, t_set* tset, string iter) {
  t_field efield(tset->get_elem_type(), "(*" + iter + ")");
  generate_serialize_field(out, &efield, "");
}

/**
 * Serializes the members of a list.
 */
void t_cpp_generator::generate_serialize_list_element(ofstream& out, t_list* tlist, string iter) {
  t_field efield(tlist->get_elem_type(), "(*" + iter + ")");
  generate_serialize_field(out, &efield, "");
}

/**
 * Makes a :: prefix for a namespace
 *
 * @param ns The namespace, w/ periods in it
 * @return Namespaces
 */
string t_cpp_generator::namespace_prefix(string ns) {
  // Always start with "::", to avoid possible name collisions with
  // other names in one of the current namespaces.
  //
  // We also need a leading space, in case the name is used inside of a
  // template parameter.  "MyTemplate<::foo::Bar>" is not valid C++,
  // since "<:" is an alternative token for "[".
  string result = " ::";

  if (ns.size() == 0) {
    return result;
  }
  string::size_type loc;
  while ((loc = ns.find(".")) != string::npos) {
    result += ns.substr(0, loc);
    result += "::";
    ns = ns.substr(loc + 1);
  }
  if (ns.size() > 0) {
    result += ns + "::";
  }
  return result;
}

/**
 * Opens namespace.
 *
 * @param ns The namespace, w/ periods in it
 * @return Namespaces
 */
string t_cpp_generator::namespace_open(string ns) {
  if (ns.size() == 0) {
    return "";
  }
  string result = "";
  string separator = "";
  string::size_type loc;
  while ((loc = ns.find(".")) != string::npos) {
    result += separator;
    result += "namespace ";
    result += ns.substr(0, loc);
    result += " {";
    separator = " ";
    ns = ns.substr(loc + 1);
  }
  if (ns.size() > 0) {
    result += separator + "namespace " + ns + " {";
  }
  return result;
}

/**
 * Closes namespace.
 *
 * @param ns The namespace, w/ periods in it
 * @return Namespaces
 */
string t_cpp_generator::namespace_close(string ns) {
  if (ns.size() == 0) {
    return "";
  }
  string result = "}";
  string::size_type loc;
  while ((loc = ns.find(".")) != string::npos) {
    result += "}";
    ns = ns.substr(loc + 1);
  }
  result += " // namespace";
  return result;
}

/**
 * Returns a C++ type name
 *
 * @param ttype The type
 * @return String of the type name, i.e. std::set<type>
 */
string t_cpp_generator::type_name(t_type* ttype, bool in_typedef, bool arg) {
  if (ttype->is_base_type()) {
    string bname = base_type_name(((t_base_type*)ttype)->get_base());
    std::map<string, string>::iterator it = ttype->annotations_.find("cpp.type");
    if (it != ttype->annotations_.end()) {
      bname = it->second;
    }

    if (!arg) {
      return bname;
    }

    if (((t_base_type*)ttype)->get_base() == t_base_type::TYPE_STRING) {
      return "const " + bname + "&";
    } else {
      return "const " + bname;
    }
  }

  // Check for a custom overloaded C++ name
  if (ttype->is_container()) {
    string cname;

    t_container* tcontainer = (t_container*)ttype;
    if (tcontainer->has_cpp_name()) {
      cname = tcontainer->get_cpp_name();
    } else if (ttype->is_map()) {
      t_map* tmap = (t_map*)ttype;
      cname = "std::map<" + type_name(tmap->get_key_type(), in_typedef) + ", "
              + type_name(tmap->get_val_type(), in_typedef) + "> ";
    } else if (ttype->is_set()) {
      t_set* tset = (t_set*)ttype;
      cname = "std::set<" + type_name(tset->get_elem_type(), in_typedef) + "> ";
    } else if (ttype->is_list()) {
      t_list* tlist = (t_list*)ttype;
      cname = "std::vector<" + type_name(tlist->get_elem_type(), in_typedef) + "> ";
    }

    if (arg) {
      return "const " + cname + "&";
    } else {
      return cname;
    }
  }

  string class_prefix;
  if (in_typedef && (ttype->is_struct() || ttype->is_xception())) {
    class_prefix = "class ";
  }

  // Check if it needs to be namespaced
  string pname;
  t_program* program = ttype->get_program();
  if (program != NULL && program != program_) {
    pname = class_prefix + namespace_prefix(program->get_namespace("cpp")) + ttype->get_name();
  } else {
    pname = class_prefix + ttype->get_name();
  }

  if (ttype->is_enum() && !gen_pure_enums_) {
    pname += "::type";
  }

  if (arg) {
    if (is_complex_type(ttype)) {
      return "const " + pname + "&";
    } else {
      return "const " + pname;
    }
  } else {
    return pname;
  }
}

/**
 * Returns the C++ type that corresponds to the thrift type.
 *
 * @param tbase The base type
 * @return Explicit C++ type, i.e. "int32_t"
 */
string t_cpp_generator::base_type_name(t_base_type::t_base tbase) {
  switch (tbase) {
  case t_base_type::TYPE_VOID:
    return "void";
  case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
    return "std::string";
  case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
    return "bool";
  case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
    return "int8_t";
  case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
    return "int16_t";
  case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
    return "int32_t";
  case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
    return "int64_t";
  case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
    return "double";
  default:
    throw "compiler error: no C++ base type name for base type " + t_base_type::t_base_name(tbase);
  }
}

/**
 * Declares a field, which may include initialization as necessary.
 *
 * @param ttype The type
 * @return Field declaration, i.e. int x = 0;
 */
string t_cpp_generator::declare_field(t_field* tfield,
                                      bool init,
                                      bool pointer,
                                      bool constant,
                                      bool reference) {
  // TODO(mcslee): do we ever need to initialize the field?
  string result = "";
  if (constant) {
    result += "const ";
  }
  result += type_name(tfield->get_type());
  if (is_reference(tfield)) {
    result = "boost::shared_ptr<" + result + ">";
  }
  if (pointer) {
    result += "*";
  }
  if (reference) {
    result += "&";
  }
  result += " " + tfield->get_name();
  if (init) {
    t_type* type = get_true_type(tfield->get_type());

    if (type->is_base_type()) {
      t_base_type::t_base tbase = ((t_base_type*)type)->get_base();
      switch (tbase) {
      case t_base_type::TYPE_VOID:
      case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
        break;
      case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
        result += " = false";
        break;
      case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
      case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
      case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
      case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
        result += " = 0";
        break;
      case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
        result += " = (double)0";
        break;
      default:
        throw "compiler error: no C++ initializer for base type " + t_base_type::t_base_name(tbase);
      }
    } else if (type->is_enum()) {
      result += " = (" + type_name(type) + ")0";
    }
  }
  if (!reference) {
    result += ";";
  }
  return result;
}

/**
 * Renders a function signature of the form 'type name(args)'
 *
 * @param tfunction Function definition
 * @return String of rendered function definition
 */
string t_cpp_generator::function_signature(t_function* tfunction,
                                           string style,
                                           string prefix,
                                           bool name_params) {
  t_type* ttype = tfunction->get_returntype();
  t_struct* arglist = tfunction->get_arglist();
  bool has_xceptions = !tfunction->get_xceptions()->get_members().empty();

  if (style == "") {
    if (is_complex_type(ttype)) {
      return "void " + prefix + tfunction->get_name() + "(" + type_name(ttype)
             + (name_params ? "& _return" : "& /* _return */")
             + argument_list(arglist, name_params, true) + ")";
    } else {
      return type_name(ttype) + " " + prefix + tfunction->get_name() + "("
             + argument_list(arglist, name_params) + ")";
    }
  } else if (style.substr(0, 3) == "Cob") {
    string cob_type;
    string exn_cob;
    if (style == "CobCl") {
      cob_type = "(" + service_name_ + "CobClient";
      if (gen_templates_) {
        cob_type += "T<Protocol_>";
      }
      cob_type += "* client)";
    } else if (style == "CobSv") {
      cob_type = (ttype->is_void() ? "()" : ("(" + type_name(ttype) + " const& _return)"));
      if (has_xceptions) {
        exn_cob
            = ", tcxx::function<void(::apache::thrift::TDelayedException* _throw)> /* exn_cob */";
      }
    } else {
      throw "UNKNOWN STYLE";
    }

    return "void " + prefix + tfunction->get_name() + "(tcxx::function<void" + cob_type + "> cob"
           + exn_cob + argument_list(arglist, name_params, true) + ")";
  } else {
    throw "UNKNOWN STYLE";
  }
}

/**
 * Renders a field list
 *
 * @param tstruct The struct definition
 * @return Comma sepearated list of all field names in that struct
 */
string t_cpp_generator::argument_list(t_struct* tstruct, bool name_params, bool start_comma) {
  string result = "";

  const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_members();
  vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;
  bool first = !start_comma;
  for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter) {
    if (first) {
      first = false;
    } else {
      result += ", ";
    }
    result += type_name((*f_iter)->get_type(), false, true) + " "
              + (name_params ? (*f_iter)->get_name() : "/* " + (*f_iter)->get_name() + " */");
  }
  return result;
}

/**
 * Converts the parse type to a C++ enum string for the given type.
 *
 * @param type Thrift Type
 * @return String of C++ code to definition of that type constant
 */
string t_cpp_generator::type_to_enum(t_type* type) {
  type = get_true_type(type);

  if (type->is_base_type()) {
    t_base_type::t_base tbase = ((t_base_type*)type)->get_base();
    switch (tbase) {
    case t_base_type::TYPE_VOID:
      throw "NO T_VOID CONSTRUCT";
    case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
      return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_STRING";
    case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
      return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_BOOL";
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
      return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_BYTE";
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
      return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_I16";
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
      return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_I32";
    case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
      return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_I64";
    case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
      return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_DOUBLE";
    }
  } else if (type->is_enum()) {
    return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_I32";
  } else if (type->is_struct()) {
    return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_STRUCT";
  } else if (type->is_xception()) {
    return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_STRUCT";
  } else if (type->is_map()) {
    return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_MAP";
  } else if (type->is_set()) {
    return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_SET";
  } else if (type->is_list()) {
    return "::apache::thrift::protocol::T_LIST";
  }

  throw "INVALID TYPE IN type_to_enum: " + type->get_name();
}

string t_cpp_generator::get_include_prefix(const t_program& program) const {
  string include_prefix = program.get_include_prefix();
  if (!use_include_prefix_ || (include_prefix.size() > 0 && include_prefix[0] == '/')) {
    // if flag is turned off or this is absolute path, return empty prefix
    return "";
  }

  string::size_type last_slash = string::npos;
  if ((last_slash = include_prefix.rfind("/")) != string::npos) {
    return include_prefix.substr(0, last_slash)
           + (get_program()->is_out_path_absolute() ? "/" : "/" + out_dir_base_ + "/");
  }

  return "";
}

THRIFT_REGISTER_GENERATOR(
    cpp,
    "C++",
    "    cob_style:       Generate \"Continuation OBject\"-style classes.\n"
    "    no_client_completion:\n"
    "                     Omit calls to completion__() in CobClient class.\n"
    "    no_default_operators:\n"
    "                     Omits generation of default operators ==, != and <\n"
    "    templates:       Generate templatized reader/writer methods.\n"
    "    pure_enums:      Generate pure enums instead of wrapper classes.\n"
    "    include_prefix:  Use full include paths in generated files.\n"
    "    moveable_types:  Generate move constructors and assignment operators.\n")