charset-mysql.md

## 10.2 MySQL 中的字符集和排序规则


[10.2.1 字符集曲目](charset-repertoire.html)

[10.2.2 元数据的 UTF-8](charset-metadata.html)

MySQL Server 支持多个字符集，包括几个 Unicode 字符集。要显示可用的字符集，请使用`INFORMATION_SCHEMA` [`CHARACTER_SETS`](information-schema-character-sets-table.html)表或[`显示字符集`](show-character-set.html)陈述。部分清单如下。有关更完整的信息，请参阅[第 10.10 节，“支持的字符集和排序规则”](charset-charsets.html).

```
mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET;
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset  | Description                     | Default collation   | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese        | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| binary   | Binary pseudo charset           | binary              |      1 |
...
| latin1   | cp1252 West European            | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
...
| ucs2     | UCS-2 Unicode                   | ucs2_general_ci     |      2 |
...
| utf8mb3  | UTF-8 Unicode                   | utf8_general_ci     |      3 |
| utf8mb4  | UTF-8 Unicode                   | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci  |      4 |
...
```

默认情况下，[`显示字符集`](show-character-set.html)语句显示所有可用的字符集。它需要一个可选的[`喜欢`](string-comparison-functions.html#operator_like)要么`在哪里`子句，指示要匹配的字符集名称。以下示例显示了一些 Unicode 字符集（基于 Unicode 转换格式的字符集）：

```
mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET LIKE 'utf%';
+---------+------------------+--------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description      | Default collation  | Maxlen |
+---------+------------------+--------------------+--------+
| utf16   | UTF-16 Unicode   | utf16_general_ci   |      4 |
| utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci |      4 |
| utf32   | UTF-32 Unicode   | utf32_general_ci   |      4 |
| utf8mb3 | UTF-8 Unicode    | utf8_general_ci    |      3 |
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode    | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |      4 |
+---------+------------------+--------------------+--------+
```

给定的字符集总是至少有一个排序规则，并且大多数字符集都有几个。要列出字符集的显示排序规则，请使用`INFORMATION_SCHEMA` [`校对`](information-schema-collations-table.html)表或[`显示整理`](show-collation.html)陈述。

默认情况下，[`显示整理`](show-collation.html)语句显示所有可用的排序规则。它需要一个可选的[`喜欢`](string-comparison-functions.html#operator_like)要么`在哪里`指示要显示哪些排序规则名称的子句。例如，要查看默认字符集的排序规则，`utf8mb4`, 使用这个语句：

```
mysql> SHOW COLLATION WHERE Charset = 'utf8mb4';
+----------------------------+---------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+
| Collation                  | Charset | Id  | Default | Compiled | Sortlen | Pad_attribute |
+----------------------------+---------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+
| utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci         | utf8mb4 | 255 | Yes     | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_0900_as_ci         | utf8mb4 | 305 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_0900_as_cs         | utf8mb4 | 278 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_0900_bin           | utf8mb4 | 309 |         | Yes      |       1 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_bin                | utf8mb4 |  46 |         | Yes      |       1 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_croatian_ci        | utf8mb4 | 245 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_cs_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 266 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_cs_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 289 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_czech_ci           | utf8mb4 | 234 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_danish_ci          | utf8mb4 | 235 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_da_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 267 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_da_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 290 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_de_pb_0900_ai_ci   | utf8mb4 | 256 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_de_pb_0900_as_cs   | utf8mb4 | 279 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_eo_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 273 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_eo_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 296 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_esperanto_ci       | utf8mb4 | 241 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_estonian_ci        | utf8mb4 | 230 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_es_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 263 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_es_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 286 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_es_trad_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 270 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_es_trad_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 293 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_et_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 262 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_et_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 285 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_general_ci         | utf8mb4 |  45 |         | Yes      |       1 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_german2_ci         | utf8mb4 | 244 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_hr_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 275 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_hr_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 298 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_hungarian_ci       | utf8mb4 | 242 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_hu_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 274 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_hu_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 297 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_icelandic_ci       | utf8mb4 | 225 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_is_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 257 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_is_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 280 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_ja_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 303 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_ja_0900_as_cs_ks   | utf8mb4 | 304 |         | Yes      |      24 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_latvian_ci         | utf8mb4 | 226 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_la_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 271 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_la_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 294 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_lithuanian_ci      | utf8mb4 | 236 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_lt_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 268 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_lt_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 291 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_lv_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 258 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_lv_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 281 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_persian_ci         | utf8mb4 | 240 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_pl_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 261 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_pl_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 284 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_polish_ci          | utf8mb4 | 229 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_romanian_ci        | utf8mb4 | 227 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_roman_ci           | utf8mb4 | 239 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_ro_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 259 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_ro_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 282 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_ru_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 306 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_ru_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 307 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_sinhala_ci         | utf8mb4 | 243 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_sk_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 269 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_sk_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 292 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_slovak_ci          | utf8mb4 | 237 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_slovenian_ci       | utf8mb4 | 228 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_sl_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 260 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_sl_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 283 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_spanish2_ci        | utf8mb4 | 238 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_spanish_ci         | utf8mb4 | 231 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_sv_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 264 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_sv_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 287 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_swedish_ci         | utf8mb4 | 232 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_tr_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 265 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_tr_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 288 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_turkish_ci         | utf8mb4 | 233 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_unicode_520_ci     | utf8mb4 | 246 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_unicode_ci         | utf8mb4 | 224 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_vietnamese_ci      | utf8mb4 | 247 |         | Yes      |       8 | PAD SPACE     |
| utf8mb4_vi_0900_ai_ci      | utf8mb4 | 277 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_vi_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 300 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
| utf8mb4_zh_0900_as_cs      | utf8mb4 | 308 |         | Yes      |       0 | NO PAD        |
+----------------------------+---------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+
```

有关这些排序规则的更多信息，请参阅[第 10.10.1 节，“Unicode 字符集”](charset-unicode-sets.html).

归类具有以下一般特征：

-   两个不同的字符集不能有相同的排序规则。

-   每个字符集都有一个*默认排序规则*.例如，默认排序规则`utf8mb4`和`拉丁语1`是`utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci`和`latin1_swedish_ci`， 分别。这`INFORMATION_SCHEMA` [`CHARACTER_SETS`](information-schema-character-sets-table.html)表和[`显示字符集`](show-character-set.html)语句指示每个字符集的默认排序规则。这`INFORMATION_SCHEMA` [`校对`](information-schema-collations-table.html)表和[`显示整理`](show-collation.html)语句有一个列指示每个排序规则是否是其字符集的默认值（`是的`如果是，则为空）。

-   排序规则名称以与其关联的字符集的名称开头，通常后跟一个或多个表示其他排序规则特征的后缀。有关命名约定的更多信息，请参阅[第 10.3.1 节，“排序规则命名约定”](charset-collation-names.html).

    当一个字符集有多个排序规则时，可能不清楚哪种排序规则最适合给定的应用程序。为避免选择不适当的排序规则，请与代表性数据值进行一些比较，以确保给定排序规则以您期望的方式对值进行排序。