probe.c

/*
 * probe.c - PCI detection and setup code
 */

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/pci.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/cpumask.h>
#include <linux/pci-aspm.h>
#include "pci.h"

#define CARDBUS_LATENCY_TIMER	176	/* secondary latency timer */
#define CARDBUS_RESERVE_BUSNR	3
#define PCI_CFG_SPACE_SIZE	256
#define PCI_CFG_SPACE_EXP_SIZE	4096

/* Ugh.  Need to stop exporting this to modules. */
LIST_HEAD(pci_root_buses);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pci_root_buses);


static int find_anything(struct device *dev, void *data)
{
	return 1;
}

/*
 * Some device drivers need know if pci is initiated.
 * Basically, we think pci is not initiated when there
 * is no device to be found on the pci_bus_type.
 */
int no_pci_devices(void)
{
	struct device *dev;
	int no_devices;

	dev = bus_find_device(&pci_bus_type, NULL, NULL, find_anything);
	no_devices = (dev == NULL);
	put_device(dev);
	return no_devices;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(no_pci_devices);

#ifdef HAVE_PCI_LEGACY
/**
 * pci_create_legacy_files - create legacy I/O port and memory files
 * @b: bus to create files under
 *
 * Some platforms allow access to legacy I/O port and ISA memory space on
 * a per-bus basis.  This routine creates the files and ties them into
 * their associated read, write and mmap files from pci-sysfs.c
 *
 * On error unwind, but don't propogate the error to the caller
 * as it is ok to set up the PCI bus without these files.
 */
static void pci_create_legacy_files(struct pci_bus *b)
{
	int error;

	b->legacy_io = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bin_attribute) * 2,
			       GFP_ATOMIC);
	if (!b->legacy_io)
		goto kzalloc_err;

	b->legacy_io->attr.name = "legacy_io";
	b->legacy_io->size = 0xffff;
	b->legacy_io->attr.mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
	b->legacy_io->read = pci_read_legacy_io;
	b->legacy_io->write = pci_write_legacy_io;
	error = device_create_bin_file(&b->dev, b->legacy_io);
	if (error)
		goto legacy_io_err;

	/* Allocated above after the legacy_io struct */
	b->legacy_mem = b->legacy_io + 1;
	b->legacy_mem->attr.name = "legacy_mem";
	b->legacy_mem->size = 1024*1024;
	b->legacy_mem->attr.mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
	b->legacy_mem->mmap = pci_mmap_legacy_mem;
	error = device_create_bin_file(&b->dev, b->legacy_mem);
	if (error)
		goto legacy_mem_err;

	return;

legacy_mem_err:
	device_remove_bin_file(&b->dev, b->legacy_io);
legacy_io_err:
	kfree(b->legacy_io);
	b->legacy_io = NULL;
kzalloc_err:
	printk(KERN_WARNING "pci: warning: could not create legacy I/O port "
	       "and ISA memory resources to sysfs\n");
	return;
}

void pci_remove_legacy_files(struct pci_bus *b)
{
	if (b->legacy_io) {
		device_remove_bin_file(&b->dev, b->legacy_io);
		device_remove_bin_file(&b->dev, b->legacy_mem);
		kfree(b->legacy_io); /* both are allocated here */
	}
}
#else /* !HAVE_PCI_LEGACY */
static inline void pci_create_legacy_files(struct pci_bus *bus) { return; }
void pci_remove_legacy_files(struct pci_bus *bus) { return; }
#endif /* HAVE_PCI_LEGACY */

/*
 * PCI Bus Class Devices
 */
static ssize_t pci_bus_show_cpuaffinity(struct device *dev,
					int type,
					struct device_attribute *attr,
					char *buf)
{
	int ret;
	cpumask_t cpumask;

	cpumask = pcibus_to_cpumask(to_pci_bus(dev));
	ret = type?
		cpulist_scnprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE-2, cpumask):
		cpumask_scnprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE-2, cpumask);
	buf[ret++] = '\n';
	buf[ret] = '\0';
	return ret;
}

static ssize_t inline pci_bus_show_cpumaskaffinity(struct device *dev,
					struct device_attribute *attr,
					char *buf)
{
	return pci_bus_show_cpuaffinity(dev, 0, attr, buf);
}

static ssize_t inline pci_bus_show_cpulistaffinity(struct device *dev,
					struct device_attribute *attr,
					char *buf)
{
	return pci_bus_show_cpuaffinity(dev, 1, attr, buf);
}

DEVICE_ATTR(cpuaffinity,     S_IRUGO, pci_bus_show_cpumaskaffinity, NULL);
DEVICE_ATTR(cpulistaffinity, S_IRUGO, pci_bus_show_cpulistaffinity, NULL);

/*
 * PCI Bus Class
 */
static void release_pcibus_dev(struct device *dev)
{
	struct pci_bus *pci_bus = to_pci_bus(dev);

	if (pci_bus->bridge)
		put_device(pci_bus->bridge);
	kfree(pci_bus);
}

static struct class pcibus_class = {
	.name		= "pci_bus",
	.dev_release	= &release_pcibus_dev,
};

static int __init pcibus_class_init(void)
{
	return class_register(&pcibus_class);
}
postcore_initcall(pcibus_class_init);

/*
 * Translate the low bits of the PCI base
 * to the resource type
 */
static inline unsigned int pci_calc_resource_flags(unsigned int flags)
{
	if (flags & PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_SPACE_IO)
		return IORESOURCE_IO;

	if (flags & PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_PREFETCH)
		return IORESOURCE_MEM | IORESOURCE_PREFETCH;

	return IORESOURCE_MEM;
}

static u64 pci_size(u64 base, u64 maxbase, u64 mask)
{
	u64 size = mask & maxbase;	/* Find the significant bits */
	if (!size)
		return 0;

	/* Get the lowest of them to find the decode size, and
	   from that the extent.  */
	size = (size & ~(size-1)) - 1;

	/* base == maxbase can be valid only if the BAR has
	   already been programmed with all 1s.  */
	if (base == maxbase && ((base | size) & mask) != mask)
		return 0;

	return size;
}

enum pci_bar_type {
	pci_bar_unknown,	/* Standard PCI BAR probe */
	pci_bar_io,		/* An io port BAR */
	pci_bar_mem32,		/* A 32-bit memory BAR */
	pci_bar_mem64,		/* A 64-bit memory BAR */
};

static inline enum pci_bar_type decode_bar(struct resource *res, u32 bar)
{
	if ((bar & PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_SPACE) == PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_SPACE_IO) {
		res->flags = bar & ~PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_IO_MASK;
		return pci_bar_io;
	}

	res->flags = bar & ~PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_MASK;

	if (res->flags == PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_TYPE_64)
		return pci_bar_mem64;
	return pci_bar_mem32;
}

/*
 * If the type is not unknown, we assume that the lowest bit is 'enable'.
 * Returns 1 if the BAR was 64-bit and 0 if it was 32-bit.
 */
static int __pci_read_base(struct pci_dev *dev, enum pci_bar_type type,
			struct resource *res, unsigned int pos)
{
	u32 l, sz, mask;

	mask = type ? ~PCI_ROM_ADDRESS_ENABLE : ~0;

	res->name = pci_name(dev);

	pci_read_config_dword(dev, pos, &l);
	pci_write_config_dword(dev, pos, mask);
	pci_read_config_dword(dev, pos, &sz);
	pci_write_config_dword(dev, pos, l);

	/*
	 * All bits set in sz means the device isn't working properly.
	 * If the BAR isn't implemented, all bits must be 0.  If it's a
	 * memory BAR or a ROM, bit 0 must be clear; if it's an io BAR, bit
	 * 1 must be clear.
	 */
	if (!sz || sz == 0xffffffff)
		goto fail;

	/*
	 * I don't know how l can have all bits set.  Copied from old code.
	 * Maybe it fixes a bug on some ancient platform.
	 */
	if (l == 0xffffffff)
		l = 0;

	if (type == pci_bar_unknown) {
		type = decode_bar(res, l);
		res->flags |= pci_calc_resource_flags(l) | IORESOURCE_SIZEALIGN;
		if (type == pci_bar_io) {
			l &= PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_IO_MASK;
			mask = PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_IO_MASK & 0xffff;
		} else {
			l &= PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_MASK;
			mask = (u32)PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_MASK;
		}
	} else {
		res->flags |= (l & IORESOURCE_ROM_ENABLE);
		l &= PCI_ROM_ADDRESS_MASK;
		mask = (u32)PCI_ROM_ADDRESS_MASK;
	}

	if (type == pci_bar_mem64) {
		u64 l64 = l;
		u64 sz64 = sz;
		u64 mask64 = mask | (u64)~0 << 32;

		pci_read_config_dword(dev, pos + 4, &l);
		pci_write_config_dword(dev, pos + 4, ~0);
		pci_read_config_dword(dev, pos + 4, &sz);
		pci_write_config_dword(dev, pos + 4, l);

		l64 |= ((u64)l << 32);
		sz64 |= ((u64)sz << 32);

		sz64 = pci_size(l64, sz64, mask64);

		if (!sz64)
			goto fail;

		if ((sizeof(resource_size_t) < 8) && (sz64 > 0x100000000ULL)) {
			dev_err(&dev->dev, "can't handle 64-bit BAR\n");
			goto fail;
		} else if ((sizeof(resource_size_t) < 8) && l) {
			/* Address above 32-bit boundary; disable the BAR */
			pci_write_config_dword(dev, pos, 0);
			pci_write_config_dword(dev, pos + 4, 0);
			res->start = 0;
			res->end = sz64;
		} else {
			res->start = l64;
			res->end = l64 + sz64;
		}
	} else {
		sz = pci_size(l, sz, mask);

		if (!sz)
			goto fail;

		res->start = l;
		res->end = l + sz;
	}

 out:
	return (type == pci_bar_mem64) ? 1 : 0;
 fail:
	res->flags = 0;
	goto out;
}

static void pci_read_bases(struct pci_dev *dev, unsigned int howmany, int rom)
{
	unsigned int pos, reg;

	for (pos = 0; pos < howmany; pos++) {
		struct resource *res = &dev->resource[pos];
		reg = PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_0 + (pos << 2);
		pos += __pci_read_base(dev, pci_bar_unknown, res, reg);
	}

	if (rom) {
		struct resource *res = &dev->resource[PCI_ROM_RESOURCE];
		dev->rom_base_reg = rom;
		res->flags = IORESOURCE_MEM | IORESOURCE_PREFETCH |
				IORESOURCE_READONLY | IORESOURCE_CACHEABLE |
				IORESOURCE_SIZEALIGN;
		__pci_read_base(dev, pci_bar_mem32, res, rom);
	}
}

void __devinit pci_read_bridge_bases(struct pci_bus *child)
{
	struct pci_dev *dev = child->self;
	u8 io_base_lo, io_limit_lo;
	u16 mem_base_lo, mem_limit_lo;
	unsigned long base, limit;
	struct resource *res;
	int i;

	if (!dev)		/* It's a host bus, nothing to read */
		return;

	if (dev->transparent) {
		dev_info(&dev->dev, "transparent bridge\n");
		for(i = 3; i < PCI_BUS_NUM_RESOURCES; i++)
			child->resource[i] = child->parent->resource[i - 3];
	}

	for(i=0; i<3; i++)
		child->resource[i] = &dev->resource[PCI_BRIDGE_RESOURCES+i];

	res = child->resource[0];
	pci_read_config_byte(dev, PCI_IO_BASE, &io_base_lo);
	pci_read_config_byte(dev, PCI_IO_LIMIT, &io_limit_lo);
	base = (io_base_lo & PCI_IO_RANGE_MASK) << 8;
	limit = (io_limit_lo & PCI_IO_RANGE_MASK) << 8;

	if ((io_base_lo & PCI_IO_RANGE_TYPE_MASK) == PCI_IO_RANGE_TYPE_32) {
		u16 io_base_hi, io_limit_hi;
		pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_IO_BASE_UPPER16, &io_base_hi);
		pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_IO_LIMIT_UPPER16, &io_limit_hi);
		base |= (io_base_hi << 16);
		limit |= (io_limit_hi << 16);
	}

	if (base <= limit) {
		res->flags = (io_base_lo & PCI_IO_RANGE_TYPE_MASK) | IORESOURCE_IO;
		if (!res->start)
			res->start = base;
		if (!res->end)
			res->end = limit + 0xfff;
	}

	res = child->resource[1];
	pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_MEMORY_BASE, &mem_base_lo);
	pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_MEMORY_LIMIT, &mem_limit_lo);
	base = (mem_base_lo & PCI_MEMORY_RANGE_MASK) << 16;
	limit = (mem_limit_lo & PCI_MEMORY_RANGE_MASK) << 16;
	if (base <= limit) {
		res->flags = (mem_base_lo & PCI_MEMORY_RANGE_TYPE_MASK) | IORESOURCE_MEM;
		res->start = base;
		res->end = limit + 0xfffff;
	}

	res = child->resource[2];
	pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_PREF_MEMORY_BASE, &mem_base_lo);
	pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_PREF_MEMORY_LIMIT, &mem_limit_lo);
	base = (mem_base_lo & PCI_PREF_RANGE_MASK) << 16;
	limit = (mem_limit_lo & PCI_PREF_RANGE_MASK) << 16;

	if ((mem_base_lo & PCI_PREF_RANGE_TYPE_MASK) == PCI_PREF_RANGE_TYPE_64) {
		u32 mem_base_hi, mem_limit_hi;
		pci_read_config_dword(dev, PCI_PREF_BASE_UPPER32, &mem_base_hi);
		pci_read_config_dword(dev, PCI_PREF_LIMIT_UPPER32, &mem_limit_hi);

		/*
		 * Some bridges set the base > limit by default, and some
		 * (broken) BIOSes do not initialize them.  If we find
		 * this, just assume they are not being used.
		 */
		if (mem_base_hi <= mem_limit_hi) {
#if BITS_PER_LONG == 64
			base |= ((long) mem_base_hi) << 32;
			limit |= ((long) mem_limit_hi) << 32;
#else
			if (mem_base_hi || mem_limit_hi) {
				dev_err(&dev->dev, "can't handle 64-bit "
					"address space for bridge\n");
				return;
			}
#endif
		}
	}
	if (base <= limit) {
		res->flags = (mem_base_lo & PCI_MEMORY_RANGE_TYPE_MASK) | IORESOURCE_MEM | IORESOURCE_PREFETCH;
		res->start = base;
		res->end = limit + 0xfffff;
	}
}

static struct pci_bus * pci_alloc_bus(void)
{
	struct pci_bus *b;

	b = kzalloc(sizeof(*b), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (b) {
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&b->node);
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&b->children);
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&b->devices);
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&b->slots);
	}
	return b;
}

static struct pci_bus *pci_alloc_child_bus(struct pci_bus *parent,
					   struct pci_dev *bridge, int busnr)
{
	struct pci_bus *child;
	int i;

	/*
	 * Allocate a new bus, and inherit stuff from the parent..
	 */
	child = pci_alloc_bus();
	if (!child)
		return NULL;

	child->self = bridge;
	child->parent = parent;
	child->ops = parent->ops;
	child->sysdata = parent->sysdata;
	child->bus_flags = parent->bus_flags;
	child->bridge = get_device(&bridge->dev);

	/* initialize some portions of the bus device, but don't register it
	 * now as the parent is not properly set up yet.  This device will get
	 * registered later in pci_bus_add_devices()
	 */
	child->dev.class = &pcibus_class;
	sprintf(child->dev.bus_id, "%04x:%02x", pci_domain_nr(child), busnr);

	/*
	 * Set up the primary, secondary and subordinate
	 * bus numbers.
	 */
	child->number = child->secondary = busnr;
	child->primary = parent->secondary;
	child->subordinate = 0xff;

	/* Set up default resource pointers and names.. */
	for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		child->resource[i] = &bridge->resource[PCI_BRIDGE_RESOURCES+i];
		child->resource[i]->name = child->name;
	}
	bridge->subordinate = child;

	return child;
}

struct pci_bus *__ref pci_add_new_bus(struct pci_bus *parent, struct pci_dev *dev, int busnr)
{
	struct pci_bus *child;

	child = pci_alloc_child_bus(parent, dev, busnr);
	if (child) {
		down_write(&pci_bus_sem);
		list_add_tail(&child->node, &parent->children);
		up_write(&pci_bus_sem);
	}
	return child;
}

static void pci_fixup_parent_subordinate_busnr(struct pci_bus *child, int max)
{
	struct pci_bus *parent = child->parent;

	/* Attempts to fix that up are really dangerous unless
	   we're going to re-assign all bus numbers. */
	if (!pcibios_assign_all_busses())
		return;

	while (parent->parent && parent->subordinate < max) {
		parent->subordinate = max;
		pci_write_config_byte(parent->self, PCI_SUBORDINATE_BUS, max);
		parent = parent->parent;
	}
}

/*
 * If it's a bridge, configure it and scan the bus behind it.
 * For CardBus bridges, we don't scan behind as the devices will
 * be handled by the bridge driver itself.
 *
 * We need to process bridges in two passes -- first we scan those
 * already configured by the BIOS and after we are done with all of
 * them, we proceed to assigning numbers to the remaining buses in
 * order to avoid overlaps between old and new bus numbers.
 */
int __devinit pci_scan_bridge(struct pci_bus *bus, struct pci_dev *dev, int max, int pass)
{
	struct pci_bus *child;
	int is_cardbus = (dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_CARDBUS);
	u32 buses, i, j = 0;
	u16 bctl;

	pci_read_config_dword(dev, PCI_PRIMARY_BUS, &buses);

	dev_dbg(&dev->dev, "scanning behind bridge, config %06x, pass %d\n",
		buses & 0xffffff, pass);

	/* Disable MasterAbortMode during probing to avoid reporting
	   of bus errors (in some architectures) */ 
	pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_BRIDGE_CONTROL, &bctl);
	pci_write_config_word(dev, PCI_BRIDGE_CONTROL,
			      bctl & ~PCI_BRIDGE_CTL_MASTER_ABORT);

	if ((buses & 0xffff00) && !pcibios_assign_all_busses() && !is_cardbus) {
		unsigned int cmax, busnr;
		/*
		 * Bus already configured by firmware, process it in the first
		 * pass and just note the configuration.
		 */
		if (pass)
			goto out;
		busnr = (buses >> 8) & 0xFF;

		/*
		 * If we already got to this bus through a different bridge,
		 * ignore it.  This can happen with the i450NX chipset.
		 */
		if (pci_find_bus(pci_domain_nr(bus), busnr)) {
			dev_info(&dev->dev, "bus %04x:%02x already known\n",
				 pci_domain_nr(bus), busnr);
			goto out;
		}

		child = pci_add_new_bus(bus, dev, busnr);
		if (!child)
			goto out;
		child->primary = buses & 0xFF;
		child->subordinate = (buses >> 16) & 0xFF;
		child->bridge_ctl = bctl;

		cmax = pci_scan_child_bus(child);
		if (cmax > max)
			max = cmax;
		if (child->subordinate > max)
			max = child->subordinate;
	} else {
		/*
		 * We need to assign a number to this bus which we always
		 * do in the second pass.
		 */
		if (!pass) {
			if (pcibios_assign_all_busses())
				/* Temporarily disable forwarding of the
				   configuration cycles on all bridges in
				   this bus segment to avoid possible
				   conflicts in the second pass between two
				   bridges programmed with overlapping
				   bus ranges. */
				pci_write_config_dword(dev, PCI_PRIMARY_BUS,
						       buses & ~0xffffff);
			goto out;
		}

		/* Clear errors */
		pci_write_config_word(dev, PCI_STATUS, 0xffff);

		/* Prevent assigning a bus number that already exists.
		 * This can happen when a bridge is hot-plugged */
		if (pci_find_bus(pci_domain_nr(bus), max+1))
			goto out;
		child = pci_add_new_bus(bus, dev, ++max);
		buses = (buses & 0xff000000)
		      | ((unsigned int)(child->primary)     <<  0)
		      | ((unsigned int)(child->secondary)   <<  8)
		      | ((unsigned int)(child->subordinate) << 16);

		/*
		 * yenta.c forces a secondary latency timer of 176.
		 * Copy that behaviour here.
		 */
		if (is_cardbus) {
			buses &= ~0xff000000;
			buses |= CARDBUS_LATENCY_TIMER << 24;
		}
			
		/*
		 * We need to blast all three values with a single write.
		 */
		pci_write_config_dword(dev, PCI_PRIMARY_BUS, buses);

		if (!is_cardbus) {
			child->bridge_ctl = bctl;
			/*
			 * Adjust subordinate busnr in parent buses.
			 * We do this before scanning for children because
			 * some devices may not be detected if the bios
			 * was lazy.
			 */
			pci_fixup_parent_subordinate_busnr(child, max);
			/* Now we can scan all subordinate buses... */
			max = pci_scan_child_bus(child);
			/*
			 * now fix it up again since we have found
			 * the real value of max.
			 */
			pci_fixup_parent_subordinate_busnr(child, max);
		} else {
			/*
			 * For CardBus bridges, we leave 4 bus numbers
			 * as cards with a PCI-to-PCI bridge can be
			 * inserted later.
			 */
			for (i=0; i<CARDBUS_RESERVE_BUSNR; i++) {
				struct pci_bus *parent = bus;
				if (pci_find_bus(pci_domain_nr(bus),
							max+i+1))
					break;
				while (parent->parent) {
					if ((!pcibios_assign_all_busses()) &&
					    (parent->subordinate > max) &&
					    (parent->subordinate <= max+i)) {
						j = 1;
					}
					parent = parent->parent;
				}
				if (j) {
					/*
					 * Often, there are two cardbus bridges
					 * -- try to leave one valid bus number
					 * for each one.
					 */
					i /= 2;
					break;
				}
			}
			max += i;
			pci_fixup_parent_subordinate_busnr(child, max);
		}
		/*
		 * Set the subordinate bus number to its real value.
		 */
		child->subordinate = max;
		pci_write_config_byte(dev, PCI_SUBORDINATE_BUS, max);
	}

	sprintf(child->name,
		(is_cardbus ? "PCI CardBus %04x:%02x" : "PCI Bus %04x:%02x"),
		pci_domain_nr(bus), child->number);

	/* Has only triggered on CardBus, fixup is in yenta_socket */
	while (bus->parent) {
		if ((child->subordinate > bus->subordinate) ||
		    (child->number > bus->subordinate) ||
		    (child->number < bus->number) ||
		    (child->subordinate < bus->number)) {
			pr_debug("PCI: Bus #%02x (-#%02x) is %s "
				"hidden behind%s bridge #%02x (-#%02x)\n",
				child->number, child->subordinate,
				(bus->number > child->subordinate &&
				 bus->subordinate < child->number) ?
					"wholly" : "partially",
				bus->self->transparent ? " transparent" : "",
				bus->number, bus->subordinate);
		}
		bus = bus->parent;
	}

out:
	pci_write_config_word(dev, PCI_BRIDGE_CONTROL, bctl);

	return max;
}

/*
 * Read interrupt line and base address registers.
 * The architecture-dependent code can tweak these, of course.
 */
static void pci_read_irq(struct pci_dev *dev)
{
	unsigned char irq;

	pci_read_config_byte(dev, PCI_INTERRUPT_PIN, &irq);
	dev->pin = irq;
	if (irq)
		pci_read_config_byte(dev, PCI_INTERRUPT_LINE, &irq);
	dev->irq = irq;
}

#define LEGACY_IO_RESOURCE	(IORESOURCE_IO | IORESOURCE_PCI_FIXED)

/**
 * pci_setup_device - fill in class and map information of a device
 * @dev: the device structure to fill
 *
 * Initialize the device structure with information about the device's 
 * vendor,class,memory and IO-space addresses,IRQ lines etc.
 * Called at initialisation of the PCI subsystem and by CardBus services.
 * Returns 0 on success and -1 if unknown type of device (not normal, bridge
 * or CardBus).
 */
static int pci_setup_device(struct pci_dev * dev)
{
	u32 class;

	dev_set_name(&dev->dev, "%04x:%02x:%02x.%d", pci_domain_nr(dev->bus),
		     dev->bus->number, PCI_SLOT(dev->devfn),
		     PCI_FUNC(dev->devfn));

	pci_read_config_dword(dev, PCI_CLASS_REVISION, &class);
	dev->revision = class & 0xff;
	class >>= 8;				    /* upper 3 bytes */
	dev->class = class;
	class >>= 8;

	dev_dbg(&dev->dev, "found [%04x/%04x] class %06x header type %02x\n",
		 dev->vendor, dev->device, class, dev->hdr_type);

	/* "Unknown power state" */
	dev->current_state = PCI_UNKNOWN;

	/* Early fixups, before probing the BARs */
	pci_fixup_device(pci_fixup_early, dev);
	class = dev->class >> 8;

	switch (dev->hdr_type) {		    /* header type */
	case PCI_HEADER_TYPE_NORMAL:		    /* standard header */
		if (class == PCI_CLASS_BRIDGE_PCI)
			goto bad;
		pci_read_irq(dev);
		pci_read_bases(dev, 6, PCI_ROM_ADDRESS);
		pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_SUBSYSTEM_VENDOR_ID, &dev->subsystem_vendor);
		pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_SUBSYSTEM_ID, &dev->subsystem_device);

		/*
		 *	Do the ugly legacy mode stuff here rather than broken chip
		 *	quirk code. Legacy mode ATA controllers have fixed
		 *	addresses. These are not always echoed in BAR0-3, and
		 *	BAR0-3 in a few cases contain junk!
		 */
		if (class == PCI_CLASS_STORAGE_IDE) {
			u8 progif;
			pci_read_config_byte(dev, PCI_CLASS_PROG, &progif);
			if ((progif & 1) == 0) {
				dev->resource[0].start = 0x1F0;
				dev->resource[0].end = 0x1F7;
				dev->resource[0].flags = LEGACY_IO_RESOURCE;
				dev->resource[1].start = 0x3F6;
				dev->resource[1].end = 0x3F6;
				dev->resource[1].flags = LEGACY_IO_RESOURCE;
			}
			if ((progif & 4) == 0) {
				dev->resource[2].start = 0x170;
				dev->resource[2].end = 0x177;
				dev->resource[2].flags = LEGACY_IO_RESOURCE;
				dev->resource[3].start = 0x376;
				dev->resource[3].end = 0x376;
				dev->resource[3].flags = LEGACY_IO_RESOURCE;
			}
		}
		break;

	case PCI_HEADER_TYPE_BRIDGE:		    /* bridge header */
		if (class != PCI_CLASS_BRIDGE_PCI)
			goto bad;
		/* The PCI-to-PCI bridge spec requires that subtractive
		   decoding (i.e. transparent) bridge must have programming
		   interface code of 0x01. */ 
		pci_read_irq(dev);
		dev->transparent = ((dev->class & 0xff) == 1);
		pci_read_bases(dev, 2, PCI_ROM_ADDRESS1);
		break;

	case PCI_HEADER_TYPE_CARDBUS:		    /* CardBus bridge header */
		if (class != PCI_CLASS_BRIDGE_CARDBUS)
			goto bad;
		pci_read_irq(dev);
		pci_read_bases(dev, 1, 0);
		pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_CB_SUBSYSTEM_VENDOR_ID, &dev->subsystem_vendor);
		pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_CB_SUBSYSTEM_ID, &dev->subsystem_device);
		break;

	default:				    /* unknown header */
		dev_err(&dev->dev, "unknown header type %02x, "
			"ignoring device\n", dev->hdr_type);
		return -1;

	bad:
		dev_err(&dev->dev, "ignoring class %02x (doesn't match header "
			"type %02x)\n", class, dev->hdr_type);
		dev->class = PCI_CLASS_NOT_DEFINED;
	}

	/* We found a fine healthy device, go go go... */
	return 0;
}

/**
 * pci_release_dev - free a pci device structure when all users of it are finished.
 * @dev: device that's been disconnected
 *
 * Will be called only by the device core when all users of this pci device are
 * done.
 */
static void pci_release_dev(struct device *dev)
{
	struct pci_dev *pci_dev;

	pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev);
	pci_vpd_release(pci_dev);
	kfree(pci_dev);
}

static void set_pcie_port_type(struct pci_dev *pdev)
{
	int pos;
	u16 reg16;

	pos = pci_find_capability(pdev, PCI_CAP_ID_EXP);
	if (!pos)
		return;
	pdev->is_pcie = 1;
	pci_read_config_word(pdev, pos + PCI_EXP_FLAGS, &reg16);
	pdev->pcie_type = (reg16 & PCI_EXP_FLAGS_TYPE) >> 4;
}

/**
 * pci_cfg_space_size - get the configuration space size of the PCI device.
 * @dev: PCI device
 *
 * Regular PCI devices have 256 bytes, but PCI-X 2 and PCI Express devices
 * have 4096 bytes.  Even if the device is capable, that doesn't mean we can
 * access it.  Maybe we don't have a way to generate extended config space
 * accesses, or the device is behind a reverse Express bridge.  So we try
 * reading the dword at 0x100 which must either be 0 or a valid extended
 * capability header.
 */
int pci_cfg_space_size_ext(struct pci_dev *dev)
{
	u32 status;

	if (pci_read_config_dword(dev, 256, &status) != PCIBIOS_SUCCESSFUL)
		goto fail;
	if (status == 0xffffffff)
		goto fail;

	return PCI_CFG_SPACE_EXP_SIZE;

 fail:
	return PCI_CFG_SPACE_SIZE;
}

int pci_cfg_space_size(struct pci_dev *dev)
{
	int pos;
	u32 status;

	pos = pci_find_capability(dev, PCI_CAP_ID_EXP);
	if (!pos) {
		pos = pci_find_capability(dev, PCI_CAP_ID_PCIX);
		if (!pos)
			goto fail;

		pci_read_config_dword(dev, pos + PCI_X_STATUS, &status);
		if (!(status & (PCI_X_STATUS_266MHZ | PCI_X_STATUS_533MHZ)))
			goto fail;
	}

	return pci_cfg_space_size_ext(dev);

 fail:
	return PCI_CFG_SPACE_SIZE;
}

static void pci_release_bus_bridge_dev(struct device *dev)
{
	kfree(dev);
}

struct pci_dev *alloc_pci_dev(void)
{
	struct pci_dev *dev;

	dev = kzalloc(sizeof(struct pci_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!dev)
		return NULL;

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dev->bus_list);

	pci_msi_init_pci_dev(dev);

	return dev;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(alloc_pci_dev);

/*
 * Read the config data for a PCI device, sanity-check it
 * and fill in the dev structure...
 */
static struct pci_dev *pci_scan_device(struct pci_bus *bus, int devfn)
{
	struct pci_dev *dev;
	u32 l;
	u8 hdr_type;
	int delay = 1;

	if (pci_bus_read_config_dword(bus, devfn, PCI_VENDOR_ID, &l))
		return NULL;

	/* some broken boards return 0 or ~0 if a slot is empty: */
	if (l == 0xffffffff || l == 0x00000000 ||
	    l == 0x0000ffff || l == 0xffff0000)
		return NULL;

	/* Configuration request Retry Status */
	while (l == 0xffff0001) {
		msleep(delay);
		delay *= 2;
		if (pci_bus_read_config_dword(bus, devfn, PCI_VENDOR_ID, &l))
			return NULL;
		/* Card hasn't responded in 60 seconds?  Must be stuck. */
		if (delay > 60 * 1000) {
			printk(KERN_WARNING "pci %04x:%02x:%02x.%d: not "
					"responding\n", pci_domain_nr(bus),
					bus->number, PCI_SLOT(devfn),
					PCI_FUNC(devfn));
			return NULL;
		}
	}

	if (pci_bus_read_config_byte(bus, devfn, PCI_HEADER_TYPE, &hdr_type))
		return NULL;

	dev = alloc_pci_dev();
	if (!dev)
		return NULL;

	dev->bus = bus;
	dev->sysdata = bus->sysdata;
	dev->dev.parent = bus->bridge;
	dev->dev.bus = &pci_bus_type;
	dev->devfn = devfn;
	dev->hdr_type = hdr_type & 0x7f;
	dev->multifunction = !!(hdr_type & 0x80);
	dev->vendor = l & 0xffff;
	dev->device = (l >> 16) & 0xffff;
	dev->cfg_size = pci_cfg_space_size(dev);
	dev->error_state = pci_channel_io_normal;
	set_pcie_port_type(dev);

	/* Assume 32-bit PCI; let 64-bit PCI cards (which are far rarer)
	   set this higher, assuming the system even supports it.  */
	dev->dma_mask = 0xffffffff;
	if (pci_setup_device(dev) < 0) {
		kfree(dev);
		return NULL;
	}

	pci_vpd_pci22_init(dev);

	return dev;
}

void pci_device_add(struct pci_dev *dev, struct pci_bus *bus)
{
	device_initialize(&dev->dev);
	dev->dev.release = pci_release_dev;
	pci_dev_get(dev);

	dev->dev.dma_mask = &dev->dma_mask;
	dev->dev.dma_parms = &dev->dma_parms;
	dev->dev.coherent_dma_mask = 0xffffffffull;

	pci_set_dma_max_seg_size(dev, 65536);
	pci_set_dma_seg_boundary(dev, 0xffffffff);

	/* Fix up broken headers */
	pci_fixup_device(pci_fixup_header, dev);

	/* Initialize power management of the device */
	pci_pm_init(dev);

	/*
	 * Add the device to our list of discovered devices
	 * and the bus list for fixup functions, etc.
	 */
	down_write(&pci_bus_sem);
	list_add_tail(&dev->bus_list, &bus->devices);
	up_write(&pci_bus_sem);
}

struct pci_dev *__ref pci_scan_single_device(struct pci_bus *bus, int devfn)
{
	struct pci_dev *dev;

	dev = pci_scan_device(bus, devfn);
	if (!dev)
		return NULL;

	pci_device_add(dev, bus);

	return dev;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pci_scan_single_device);

/**
 * pci_scan_slot - scan a PCI slot on a bus for devices.
 * @bus: PCI bus to scan
 * @devfn: slot number to scan (must have zero function.)
 *
 * Scan a PCI slot on the specified PCI bus for devices, adding
 * discovered devices to the @bus->devices list.  New devices
 * will not have is_added set.
 */
int pci_scan_slot(struct pci_bus *bus, int devfn)
{
	int func, nr = 0;
	int scan_all_fns;

	scan_all_fns = pcibios_scan_all_fns(bus, devfn);

	for (func = 0; func < 8; func++, devfn++) {
		struct pci_dev *dev;

		dev = pci_scan_single_device(bus, devfn);
		if (dev) {
			nr++;

			/*
		 	 * If this is a single function device,
		 	 * don't scan past the first function.
		 	 */
			if (!dev->multifunction) {
				if (func > 0) {
					dev->multifunction = 1;
				} else {
 					break;
				}
			}
		} else {
			if (func == 0 && !scan_all_fns)
				break;
		}
	}

	/* only one slot has pcie device */
	if (bus->self && nr)
		pcie_aspm_init_link_state(bus->self);

	return nr;
}

unsigned int __devinit pci_scan_child_bus(struct pci_bus *bus)
{
	unsigned int devfn, pass, max = bus->secondary;
	struct pci_dev *dev;

	pr_debug("PCI: Scanning bus %04x:%02x\n", pci_domain_nr(bus), bus->number);

	/* Go find them, Rover! */
	for (devfn = 0; devfn < 0x100; devfn += 8)
		pci_scan_slot(bus, devfn);

	/*
	 * After performing arch-dependent fixup of the bus, look behind
	 * all PCI-to-PCI bridges on this bus.
	 */
	pr_debug("PCI: Fixups for bus %04x:%02x\n", pci_domain_nr(bus), bus->number);
	pcibios_fixup_bus(bus);
	for (pass=0; pass < 2; pass++)
		list_for_each_entry(dev, &bus->devices, bus_list) {
			if (dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_BRIDGE ||
			    dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_CARDBUS)
				max = pci_scan_bridge(bus, dev, max, pass);
		}

	/*
	 * We've scanned the bus and so we know all about what's on
	 * the other side of any bridges that may be on this bus plus
	 * any devices.
	 *
	 * Return how far we've got finding sub-buses.
	 */
	pr_debug("PCI: Bus scan for %04x:%02x returning with max=%02x\n",
		pci_domain_nr(bus), bus->number, max);
	return max;
}

void __attribute__((weak)) set_pci_bus_resources_arch_default(struct pci_bus *b)
{
}

struct pci_bus * pci_create_bus(struct device *parent,
		int bus, struct pci_ops *ops, void *sysdata)
{
	int error;
	struct pci_bus *b;
	struct device *dev;

	b = pci_alloc_bus();
	if (!b)
		return NULL;

	dev = kmalloc(sizeof(*dev), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!dev){
		kfree(b);
		return NULL;
	}

	b->sysdata = sysdata;
	b->ops = ops;

	if (pci_find_bus(pci_domain_nr(b), bus)) {
		/* If we already got to this bus through a different bridge, ignore it */
		pr_debug("PCI: Bus %04x:%02x already known\n", pci_domain_nr(b), bus);
		goto err_out;
	}

	down_write(&pci_bus_sem);
	list_add_tail(&b->node, &pci_root_buses);
	up_write(&pci_bus_sem);

	memset(dev, 0, sizeof(*dev));
	dev->parent = parent;
	dev->release = pci_release_bus_bridge_dev;
	sprintf(dev->bus_id, "pci%04x:%02x", pci_domain_nr(b), bus);
	error = device_register(dev);
	if (error)
		goto dev_reg_err;
	b->bridge = get_device(dev);

	if (!parent)
		set_dev_node(b->bridge, pcibus_to_node(b));

	b->dev.class = &pcibus_class;
	b->dev.parent = b->bridge;
	sprintf(b->dev.bus_id, "%04x:%02x", pci_domain_nr(b), bus);
	error = device_register(&b->dev);
	if (error)
		goto class_dev_reg_err;
	error = device_create_file(&b->dev, &dev_attr_cpuaffinity);
	if (error)
		goto dev_create_file_err;

	/* Create legacy_io and legacy_mem files for this bus */
	pci_create_legacy_files(b);

	b->number = b->secondary = bus;
	b->resource[0] = &ioport_resource;
	b->resource[1] = &iomem_resource;

	set_pci_bus_resources_arch_default(b);

	return b;

dev_create_file_err:
	device_unregister(&b->dev);
class_dev_reg_err:
	device_unregister(dev);
dev_reg_err:
	down_write(&pci_bus_sem);
	list_del(&b->node);
	up_write(&pci_bus_sem);
err_out:
	kfree(dev);
	kfree(b);
	return NULL;
}

struct pci_bus * __devinit pci_scan_bus_parented(struct device *parent,
		int bus, struct pci_ops *ops, void *sysdata)
{
	struct pci_bus *b;

	b = pci_create_bus(parent, bus, ops, sysdata);
	if (b)
		b->subordinate = pci_scan_child_bus(b);
	return b;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pci_scan_bus_parented);

#ifdef CONFIG_HOTPLUG
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pci_add_new_bus);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pci_scan_slot);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pci_scan_bridge);
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pci_scan_child_bus);
#endif

static int __init pci_sort_bf_cmp(const struct pci_dev *a, const struct pci_dev *b)
{
	if      (pci_domain_nr(a->bus) < pci_domain_nr(b->bus)) return -1;
	else if (pci_domain_nr(a->bus) > pci_domain_nr(b->bus)) return  1;

	if      (a->bus->number < b->bus->number) return -1;
	else if (a->bus->number > b->bus->number) return  1;

	if      (a->devfn < b->devfn) return -1;
	else if (a->devfn > b->devfn) return  1;

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Yes, this forcably breaks the klist abstraction temporarily.  It
 * just wants to sort the klist, not change reference counts and
 * take/drop locks rapidly in the process.  It does all this while
 * holding the lock for the list, so objects can't otherwise be
 * added/removed while we're swizzling.
 */
static void __init pci_insertion_sort_klist(struct pci_dev *a, struct list_head *list)
{
	struct list_head *pos;
	struct klist_node *n;
	struct device *dev;
	struct pci_dev *b;

	list_for_each(pos, list) {
		n = container_of(pos, struct klist_node, n_node);
		dev = container_of(n, struct device, knode_bus);
		b = to_pci_dev(dev);
		if (pci_sort_bf_cmp(a, b) <= 0) {
			list_move_tail(&a->dev.knode_bus.n_node, &b->dev.knode_bus.n_node);
			return;
		}
	}
	list_move_tail(&a->dev.knode_bus.n_node, list);
}

void __init pci_sort_breadthfirst(void)
{
	LIST_HEAD(sorted_devices);
	struct list_head *pos, *tmp;
	struct klist_node *n;
	struct device *dev;
	struct pci_dev *pdev;
	struct klist *device_klist;

	device_klist = bus_get_device_klist(&pci_bus_type);

	spin_lock(&device_klist->k_lock);
	list_for_each_safe(pos, tmp, &device_klist->k_list) {
		n = container_of(pos, struct klist_node, n_node);
		dev = container_of(n, struct device, knode_bus);
		pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
		pci_insertion_sort_klist(pdev, &sorted_devices);
	}
	list_splice(&sorted_devices, &device_klist->k_list);
	spin_unlock(&device_klist->k_lock);
}