MySQLMetaImpl.cpp

// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Zilliz. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
// is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
// or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

#include "db/meta/MySQLMetaImpl.h"

#include <fiu-local.h>
#include <mysql++/mysql++.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
#include <chrono>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <mutex>
#include <regex>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <thread>

#include "MetaConsts.h"
#include "db/IDGenerator.h"
#include "db/OngoingFileChecker.h"
#include "db/Utils.h"
#include "metrics/Metrics.h"
#include "utils/CommonUtil.h"
#include "utils/Exception.h"
#include "utils/Log.h"
#include "utils/StringHelpFunctions.h"

namespace milvus {
namespace engine {
namespace meta {

namespace {

Status
HandleException(const std::string& desc, const char* what = nullptr) {
    if (what == nullptr) {
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << desc;
        return Status(DB_META_TRANSACTION_FAILED, desc);
    }

    std::string msg = desc + ":" + what;
    ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << msg;
    return Status(DB_META_TRANSACTION_FAILED, msg);
}

class MetaField {
 public:
    MetaField(const std::string& name, const std::string& type, const std::string& setting)
        : name_(name), type_(type), setting_(setting) {
    }

    std::string
    name() const {
        return name_;
    }

    std::string
    ToString() const {
        return name_ + " " + type_ + " " + setting_;
    }

    // mysql field type has additional information. for instance, a filed type is defined as 'BIGINT'
    // we get the type from sql is 'bigint(20)', so we need to ignore the '(20)'
    bool
    IsEqual(const MetaField& field) const {
        size_t name_len_min = field.name_.length() > name_.length() ? name_.length() : field.name_.length();
        size_t type_len_min = field.type_.length() > type_.length() ? type_.length() : field.type_.length();
        return strncasecmp(field.name_.c_str(), name_.c_str(), name_len_min) == 0 &&
               strncasecmp(field.type_.c_str(), type_.c_str(), type_len_min) == 0;
    }

 private:
    std::string name_;
    std::string type_;
    std::string setting_;
};

using MetaFields = std::vector<MetaField>;
class MetaSchema {
 public:
    MetaSchema(const std::string& name, const MetaFields& fields) : name_(name), fields_(fields) {
    }

    std::string
    name() const {
        return name_;
    }

    std::string
    ToString() const {
        std::string result;
        for (auto& field : fields_) {
            if (!result.empty()) {
                result += ",";
            }
            result += field.ToString();
        }
        return result;
    }

    // if the outer fields contains all this MetaSchema fields, return true
    // otherwise return false
    bool
    IsEqual(const MetaFields& fields) const {
        std::vector<std::string> found_field;
        for (const auto& this_field : fields_) {
            for (const auto& outer_field : fields) {
                if (this_field.IsEqual(outer_field)) {
                    found_field.push_back(this_field.name());
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        return found_field.size() == fields_.size();
    }

 private:
    std::string name_;
    MetaFields fields_;
};

// Tables schema
static const MetaSchema TABLES_SCHEMA(META_TABLES, {
                                                       MetaField("id", "BIGINT", "PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT"),
                                                       MetaField("table_id", "VARCHAR(255)", "UNIQUE NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("state", "INT", "NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("dimension", "SMALLINT", "NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("created_on", "BIGINT", "NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("flag", "BIGINT", "DEFAULT 0 NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("index_file_size", "BIGINT", "DEFAULT 1024 NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("engine_type", "INT", "DEFAULT 1 NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("nlist", "INT", "DEFAULT 16384 NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("metric_type", "INT", "DEFAULT 1 NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("owner_table", "VARCHAR(255)", "NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("partition_tag", "VARCHAR(255)", "NOT NULL"),
                                                       MetaField("version", "VARCHAR(64)",
                                                                 std::string("DEFAULT '") + CURRENT_VERSION + "'"),
                                                       MetaField("flush_lsn", "BIGINT", "DEFAULT 0 NOT NULL"),
                                                   });

// TableFiles schema
static const MetaSchema TABLEFILES_SCHEMA(META_TABLEFILES, {
                                                               MetaField("id", "BIGINT", "PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT"),
                                                               MetaField("table_id", "VARCHAR(255)", "NOT NULL"),
                                                               MetaField("segment_id", "VARCHAR(255)", "NOT NULL"),
                                                               MetaField("engine_type", "INT", "DEFAULT 1 NOT NULL"),
                                                               MetaField("file_id", "VARCHAR(255)", "NOT NULL"),
                                                               MetaField("file_type", "INT", "DEFAULT 0 NOT NULL"),
                                                               MetaField("file_size", "BIGINT", "DEFAULT 0 NOT NULL"),
                                                               MetaField("row_count", "BIGINT", "DEFAULT 0 NOT NULL"),
                                                               MetaField("updated_time", "BIGINT", "NOT NULL"),
                                                               MetaField("created_on", "BIGINT", "NOT NULL"),
                                                               MetaField("date", "INT", "DEFAULT -1 NOT NULL"),
                                                               MetaField("flush_lsn", "BIGINT", "DEFAULT 0 NOT NULL"),
                                                           });

}  // namespace

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
MySQLMetaImpl::MySQLMetaImpl(const DBMetaOptions& options, const int& mode) : options_(options), mode_(mode) {
    Initialize();
}

MySQLMetaImpl::~MySQLMetaImpl() {
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::NextTableId(std::string& table_id) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(genid_mutex_);  // avoid duplicated id
    std::stringstream ss;
    SimpleIDGenerator g;
    ss << g.GetNextIDNumber();
    table_id = ss.str();
    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::NextFileId(std::string& file_id) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(genid_mutex_);  // avoid duplicated id
    std::stringstream ss;
    SimpleIDGenerator g;
    ss << g.GetNextIDNumber();
    file_id = ss.str();
    return Status::OK();
}

void
MySQLMetaImpl::ValidateMetaSchema() {
    if (nullptr == mysql_connection_pool_) {
        return;
    }

    mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);
    if (connectionPtr == nullptr) {
        return;
    }

    auto validate_func = [&](const MetaSchema& schema) {
        fiu_return_on("MySQLMetaImpl.ValidateMetaSchema.fail_validate", false);
        mysqlpp::Query query_statement = connectionPtr->query();
        query_statement << "DESC " << schema.name() << ";";

        MetaFields exist_fields;

        try {
            mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = query_statement.store();
            for (size_t i = 0; i < res.num_rows(); ++i) {
                const mysqlpp::Row& row = res[i];
                std::string name, type;
                row["Field"].to_string(name);
                row["Type"].to_string(type);

                exist_fields.push_back(MetaField(name, type, ""));
            }
        } catch (std::exception& e) {
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Meta table '" << schema.name() << "' not exist and will be created";
        }

        if (exist_fields.empty()) {
            return true;
        }

        return schema.IsEqual(exist_fields);
    };

    // verify Tables
    if (!validate_func(TABLES_SCHEMA)) {
        throw Exception(DB_INCOMPATIB_META, "Meta Tables schema is created by Milvus old version");
    }

    // verufy TableFiles
    if (!validate_func(TABLEFILES_SCHEMA)) {
        throw Exception(DB_INCOMPATIB_META, "Meta TableFiles schema is created by Milvus old version");
    }
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::Initialize() {
    // step 1: create db root path
    if (!boost::filesystem::is_directory(options_.path_)) {
        auto ret = boost::filesystem::create_directory(options_.path_);
        fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.Initialize.fail_create_directory", ret = false);
        if (!ret) {
            std::string msg = "Failed to create db directory " + options_.path_;
            ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << msg;
            throw Exception(DB_META_TRANSACTION_FAILED, msg);
        }
    }

    std::string uri = options_.backend_uri_;

    // step 2: parse and check meta uri
    utils::MetaUriInfo uri_info;
    auto status = utils::ParseMetaUri(uri, uri_info);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        std::string msg = "Wrong URI format: " + uri;
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << msg;
        throw Exception(DB_INVALID_META_URI, msg);
    }

    if (strcasecmp(uri_info.dialect_.c_str(), "mysql") != 0) {
        std::string msg = "URI's dialect is not MySQL";
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << msg;
        throw Exception(DB_INVALID_META_URI, msg);
    }

    // step 3: connect mysql
    int thread_hint = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
    int max_pool_size = (thread_hint == 0) ? 8 : thread_hint;
    unsigned int port = 0;
    if (!uri_info.port_.empty()) {
        port = std::stoi(uri_info.port_);
    }

    mysql_connection_pool_ = std::make_shared<MySQLConnectionPool>(
        uri_info.db_name_, uri_info.username_, uri_info.password_, uri_info.host_, port, max_pool_size);
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQL connection pool: maximum pool size = " << std::to_string(max_pool_size);

    // step 4: validate to avoid open old version schema
    ValidateMetaSchema();

    // step 5: clean shadow files
    if (mode_ != DBOptions::MODE::CLUSTER_READONLY) {
        CleanUpShadowFiles();
    }

    // step 6: try connect mysql server
    mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

    if (connectionPtr == nullptr) {
        std::string msg = "Failed to connect MySQL meta server: " + uri;
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << msg;
        throw Exception(DB_INVALID_META_URI, msg);
    }

    bool is_thread_aware = connectionPtr->thread_aware();
    fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.Initialize.is_thread_aware", is_thread_aware = false);
    if (!is_thread_aware) {
        std::string msg =
            "Failed to initialize MySQL meta backend: MySQL client component wasn't built with thread awareness";
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << msg;
        throw Exception(DB_INVALID_META_URI, msg);
    }

    // step 7: create meta table Tables
    mysqlpp::Query InitializeQuery = connectionPtr->query();

    InitializeQuery << "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " << TABLES_SCHEMA.name() << " (" << TABLES_SCHEMA.ToString() + ");";

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::Initialize: " << InitializeQuery.str();

    bool initialize_query_exec = InitializeQuery.exec();
    fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.Initialize.fail_create_table_scheme", initialize_query_exec = false);
    if (!initialize_query_exec) {
        std::string msg = "Failed to create meta table 'Tables' in MySQL";
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << msg;
        throw Exception(DB_META_TRANSACTION_FAILED, msg);
    }

    // step 8: create meta table TableFiles
    InitializeQuery << "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " << TABLEFILES_SCHEMA.name() << " ("
                    << TABLEFILES_SCHEMA.ToString() + ");";

    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::Initialize: " << InitializeQuery.str();

    initialize_query_exec = InitializeQuery.exec();
    fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.Initialize.fail_create_table_files", initialize_query_exec = false);
    if (!initialize_query_exec) {
        std::string msg = "Failed to create meta table 'TableFiles' in MySQL";
        ENGINE_LOG_ERROR << msg;
        throw Exception(DB_META_TRANSACTION_FAILED, msg);
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::CreateTable(TableSchema& table_schema) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CreateTable.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CreateTable.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query createTableQuery = connectionPtr->query();

            if (table_schema.table_id_.empty()) {
                NextTableId(table_schema.table_id_);
            } else {
                createTableQuery << "SELECT state FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote
                                 << table_schema.table_id_ << ";";

                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::CreateTable: " << createTableQuery.str();

                mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = createTableQuery.store();

                if (res.num_rows() == 1) {
                    int state = res[0]["state"];
                    fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CreateTableTable.schema_TO_DELETE", state = TableSchema::TO_DELETE);
                    if (TableSchema::TO_DELETE == state) {
                        return Status(DB_ERROR, "Table already exists and it is in delete state, please wait a second");
                    } else {
                        return Status(DB_ALREADY_EXIST, "Table already exists");
                    }
                }
            }

            table_schema.id_ = -1;
            table_schema.created_on_ = utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp();

            std::string id = "NULL";  // auto-increment
            std::string& table_id = table_schema.table_id_;
            std::string state = std::to_string(table_schema.state_);
            std::string dimension = std::to_string(table_schema.dimension_);
            std::string created_on = std::to_string(table_schema.created_on_);
            std::string flag = std::to_string(table_schema.flag_);
            std::string index_file_size = std::to_string(table_schema.index_file_size_);
            std::string engine_type = std::to_string(table_schema.engine_type_);
            std::string nlist = std::to_string(table_schema.nlist_);
            std::string metric_type = std::to_string(table_schema.metric_type_);
            std::string& owner_table = table_schema.owner_table_;
            std::string& partition_tag = table_schema.partition_tag_;
            std::string& version = table_schema.version_;
            std::string flush_lsn = std::to_string(table_schema.flush_lsn_);

            createTableQuery << "INSERT INTO " << META_TABLES << " VALUES(" << id << ", " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                             << ", " << state << ", " << dimension << ", " << created_on << ", " << flag << ", "
                             << index_file_size << ", " << engine_type << ", " << nlist << ", " << metric_type << ", "
                             << mysqlpp::quote << owner_table << ", " << mysqlpp::quote << partition_tag << ", "
                             << mysqlpp::quote << version << ", " << flush_lsn << ");";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::CreateTable: " << createTableQuery.str();

            if (mysqlpp::SimpleResult res = createTableQuery.execute()) {
                table_schema.id_ = res.insert_id();  // Might need to use SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()?

                // Consume all results to avoid "Commands out of sync" error
            } else {
                return HandleException("Add Table Error", createTableQuery.error());
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Successfully create table: " << table_schema.table_id_;
        return utils::CreateTablePath(options_, table_schema.table_id_);
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN CREATING TABLE", e.what());
    }
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::DescribeTable(TableSchema& table_schema) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DescribeTable.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DescribeTable.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query describeTableQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            describeTableQuery
                << "SELECT id, state, dimension, created_on, flag, index_file_size, engine_type, nlist, metric_type"
                << " ,owner_table, partition_tag, version, flush_lsn"
                << " FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_schema.table_id_
                << " AND state <> " << std::to_string(TableSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::DescribeTable: " << describeTableQuery.str();

            res = describeTableQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        if (res.num_rows() == 1) {
            const mysqlpp::Row& resRow = res[0];
            table_schema.id_ = resRow["id"];  // implicit conversion
            table_schema.state_ = resRow["state"];
            table_schema.dimension_ = resRow["dimension"];
            table_schema.created_on_ = resRow["created_on"];
            table_schema.flag_ = resRow["flag"];
            table_schema.index_file_size_ = resRow["index_file_size"];
            table_schema.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
            table_schema.nlist_ = resRow["nlist"];
            table_schema.metric_type_ = resRow["metric_type"];
            resRow["owner_table"].to_string(table_schema.owner_table_);
            resRow["partition_tag"].to_string(table_schema.partition_tag_);
            resRow["version"].to_string(table_schema.version_);
            table_schema.flush_lsn_ = resRow["flush_lsn"];
        } else {
            return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Table " + table_schema.table_id_ + " not found");
        }
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN DESCRIBING TABLE", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::HasTable(const std::string& table_id, bool& has_or_not) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.HasTable.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.HasTable.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query hasTableQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            // since table_id is a unique column we just need to check whether it exists or not
            hasTableQuery << "SELECT EXISTS"
                          << " (SELECT 1 FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                          << " AND state <> " << std::to_string(TableSchema::TO_DELETE) << ")"
                          << " AS " << mysqlpp::quote << "check"
                          << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::HasTable: " << hasTableQuery.str();

            res = hasTableQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        int check = res[0]["check"];
        has_or_not = (check == 1);
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN CHECKING IF TABLE EXISTS", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::AllTables(std::vector<TableSchema>& table_schema_array) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.AllTable.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.AllTable.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query allTablesQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            allTablesQuery << "SELECT id, table_id, dimension, engine_type, nlist, index_file_size, metric_type"
                           << " ,owner_table, partition_tag, version, flush_lsn"
                           << " FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE state <> " << std::to_string(TableSchema::TO_DELETE)
                           << " AND owner_table = \"\";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::AllTables: " << allTablesQuery.str();

            res = allTablesQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        for (auto& resRow : res) {
            TableSchema table_schema;
            table_schema.id_ = resRow["id"];  // implicit conversion
            resRow["table_id"].to_string(table_schema.table_id_);
            table_schema.dimension_ = resRow["dimension"];
            table_schema.index_file_size_ = resRow["index_file_size"];
            table_schema.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
            table_schema.nlist_ = resRow["nlist"];
            table_schema.metric_type_ = resRow["metric_type"];
            resRow["owner_table"].to_string(table_schema.owner_table_);
            resRow["partition_tag"].to_string(table_schema.partition_tag_);
            resRow["version"].to_string(table_schema.version_);
            table_schema.flush_lsn_ = resRow["flush_lsn"];

            table_schema_array.emplace_back(table_schema);
        }
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN DESCRIBING ALL TABLES", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::DropTable(const std::string& table_id) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DropTable.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DropTable.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););

            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            // soft delete table
            mysqlpp::Query deleteTableQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            //
            deleteTableQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLES << " SET state = " << std::to_string(TableSchema::TO_DELETE)
                             << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::DeleteTable: " << deleteTableQuery.str();

            if (!deleteTableQuery.exec()) {
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN DELETING TABLE", deleteTableQuery.error());
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        bool is_writable_mode{mode_ == DBOptions::MODE::CLUSTER_WRITABLE};
        fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DropTable.CLUSTER_WRITABLE_MODE", is_writable_mode = true);
        if (is_writable_mode) {
            DeleteTableFiles(table_id);
        }

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Successfully delete table, table id = " << table_id;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN DELETING TABLE", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::DeleteTableFiles(const std::string& table_id) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DeleteTableFiles.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DeleteTableFiles.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););

            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            // soft delete table files
            mysqlpp::Query deleteTableFilesQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            //
            deleteTableFilesQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLEFILES
                                  << " SET file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE)
                                  << " ,updated_time = " << std::to_string(utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp())
                                  << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id << " AND file_type <> "
                                  << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::DeleteTableFiles: " << deleteTableFilesQuery.str();

            if (!deleteTableFilesQuery.exec()) {
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN DELETING TABLE FILES", deleteTableFilesQuery.error());
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Successfully delete table files, table id = " << table_id;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN DELETING TABLE FILES", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::CreateTableFile(TableFileSchema& file_schema) {
    if (file_schema.date_ == EmptyDate) {
        file_schema.date_ = utils::GetDate();
    }
    TableSchema table_schema;
    table_schema.table_id_ = file_schema.table_id_;
    auto status = DescribeTable(table_schema);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        NextFileId(file_schema.file_id_);
        if (file_schema.segment_id_.empty()) {
            file_schema.segment_id_ = file_schema.file_id_;
        }
        file_schema.dimension_ = table_schema.dimension_;
        file_schema.file_size_ = 0;
        file_schema.row_count_ = 0;
        file_schema.created_on_ = utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp();
        file_schema.updated_time_ = file_schema.created_on_;
        file_schema.index_file_size_ = table_schema.index_file_size_;
        file_schema.engine_type_ = table_schema.engine_type_;
        file_schema.nlist_ = table_schema.nlist_;
        file_schema.metric_type_ = table_schema.metric_type_;

        std::string id = "NULL";  // auto-increment
        std::string table_id = file_schema.table_id_;
        std::string segment_id = file_schema.segment_id_;
        std::string engine_type = std::to_string(file_schema.engine_type_);
        std::string file_id = file_schema.file_id_;
        std::string file_type = std::to_string(file_schema.file_type_);
        std::string file_size = std::to_string(file_schema.file_size_);
        std::string row_count = std::to_string(file_schema.row_count_);
        std::string updated_time = std::to_string(file_schema.updated_time_);
        std::string created_on = std::to_string(file_schema.created_on_);
        std::string date = std::to_string(file_schema.date_);
        std::string flush_lsn = std::to_string(file_schema.flush_lsn_);

        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CreateTableFiles.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CreateTableFiles.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query createTableFileQuery = connectionPtr->query();

            createTableFileQuery << "INSERT INTO " << META_TABLEFILES << " VALUES(" << id << ", " << mysqlpp::quote
                                 << table_id << ", " << mysqlpp::quote << segment_id << ", " << engine_type << ", "
                                 << mysqlpp::quote << file_id << ", " << file_type << ", " << file_size << ", "
                                 << row_count << ", " << updated_time << ", " << created_on << ", " << date << ", "
                                 << flush_lsn << ");";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::CreateTableFile: " << createTableFileQuery.str();

            if (mysqlpp::SimpleResult res = createTableFileQuery.execute()) {
                file_schema.id_ = res.insert_id();  // Might need to use SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()?

                // Consume all results to avoid "Commands out of sync" error
            } else {
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN CREATING TABLE FILE", createTableFileQuery.error());
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Successfully create table file, file id = " << file_schema.file_id_;
        return utils::CreateTableFilePath(options_, file_schema);
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN CREATING TABLE FILE", e.what());
    }
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::GetTableFiles(const std::string& table_id, const std::vector<size_t>& ids,
                             TableFilesSchema& table_files) {
    if (ids.empty()) {
        return Status::OK();
    }

    std::stringstream idSS;
    for (auto& id : ids) {
        idSS << "id = " << std::to_string(id) << " OR ";
    }
    std::string idStr = idSS.str();
    idStr = idStr.substr(0, idStr.size() - 4);  // remove the last " OR "

    try {
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.GetTableFiles.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.GetTableFiles.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query getTableFileQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            getTableFileQuery
                << "SELECT id, segment_id, engine_type, file_id, file_type, file_size, row_count, date, created_on"
                << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id << " AND ("
                << idStr << ")"
                << " AND file_type <> " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::GetTableFiles: " << getTableFileQuery.str();

            res = getTableFileQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        TableSchema table_schema;
        table_schema.table_id_ = table_id;
        DescribeTable(table_schema);

        Status ret;
        for (auto& resRow : res) {
            TableFileSchema file_schema;
            file_schema.id_ = resRow["id"];
            file_schema.table_id_ = table_id;
            resRow["segment_id"].to_string(file_schema.segment_id_);
            file_schema.index_file_size_ = table_schema.index_file_size_;
            file_schema.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
            file_schema.nlist_ = table_schema.nlist_;
            file_schema.metric_type_ = table_schema.metric_type_;
            resRow["file_id"].to_string(file_schema.file_id_);
            file_schema.file_type_ = resRow["file_type"];
            file_schema.file_size_ = resRow["file_size"];
            file_schema.row_count_ = resRow["row_count"];
            file_schema.date_ = resRow["date"];
            file_schema.created_on_ = resRow["created_on"];
            file_schema.dimension_ = table_schema.dimension_;

            utils::GetTableFilePath(options_, file_schema);
            table_files.emplace_back(file_schema);
        }

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Get table files by id";
        return ret;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN RETRIEVING TABLE FILES", e.what());
    }
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::GetTableFilesBySegmentId(const std::string& segment_id,
                                        milvus::engine::meta::TableFilesSchema& table_files) {
    try {
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            if (connectionPtr == nullptr) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query getTableFileQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            getTableFileQuery << "SELECT id, table_id, segment_id, engine_type, file_id, file_type, file_size, "
                              << "row_count, date, created_on"
                              << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE segment_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << segment_id
                              << " AND file_type <> " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::GetTableFilesBySegmentId: " << getTableFileQuery.str();

            res = getTableFileQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        if (!res.empty()) {
            TableSchema table_schema;
            res[0]["table_id"].to_string(table_schema.table_id_);
            auto status = DescribeTable(table_schema);
            if (!status.ok()) {
                return status;
            }

            for (auto& resRow : res) {
                TableFileSchema file_schema;
                file_schema.id_ = resRow["id"];
                file_schema.table_id_ = table_schema.table_id_;
                resRow["segment_id"].to_string(file_schema.segment_id_);
                file_schema.index_file_size_ = table_schema.index_file_size_;
                file_schema.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
                file_schema.nlist_ = table_schema.nlist_;
                file_schema.metric_type_ = table_schema.metric_type_;
                resRow["file_id"].to_string(file_schema.file_id_);
                file_schema.file_type_ = resRow["file_type"];
                file_schema.file_size_ = resRow["file_size"];
                file_schema.row_count_ = resRow["row_count"];
                file_schema.date_ = resRow["date"];
                file_schema.created_on_ = resRow["created_on"];
                file_schema.dimension_ = table_schema.dimension_;

                utils::GetTableFilePath(options_, file_schema);
                table_files.emplace_back(file_schema);
            }
        }

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Get table files by segment id";
        return Status::OK();
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN RETRIEVING TABLE FILES BY SEGMENT ID", e.what());
    }
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableIndex(const std::string& table_id, const TableIndex& index) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.UpdateTableIndex.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.UpdateTableIndex.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query updateTableIndexParamQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            updateTableIndexParamQuery << "SELECT id, state, dimension, created_on"
                                       << " FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                                       << " AND state <> " << std::to_string(TableSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableIndex: " << updateTableIndexParamQuery.str();

            mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = updateTableIndexParamQuery.store();

            if (res.num_rows() == 1) {
                const mysqlpp::Row& resRow = res[0];

                size_t id = resRow["id"];
                int32_t state = resRow["state"];
                uint16_t dimension = resRow["dimension"];
                int64_t created_on = resRow["created_on"];

                updateTableIndexParamQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLES << " SET id = " << id << " ,state = " << state
                                           << " ,dimension = " << dimension << " ,created_on = " << created_on
                                           << " ,engine_type = " << index.engine_type_ << " ,nlist = " << index.nlist_
                                           << " ,metric_type = " << index.metric_type_
                                           << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id << ";";

                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableIndex: " << updateTableIndexParamQuery.str();

                if (!updateTableIndexParamQuery.exec()) {
                    return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE INDEX PARAM",
                                           updateTableIndexParamQuery.error());
                }
            } else {
                return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Table " + table_id + " not found");
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Successfully update table index, table id = " << table_id;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE INDEX PARAM", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFlag(const std::string& table_id, int64_t flag) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.UpdateTableFlag.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.UpdateTableFlag.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query updateTableFlagQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            updateTableFlagQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLES << " SET flag = " << flag
                                 << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFlag: " << updateTableFlagQuery.str();

            if (!updateTableFlagQuery.exec()) {
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FLAG", updateTableFlagQuery.error());
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Successfully update table flag, table id = " << table_id;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FLAG", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFlushLSN(const std::string& table_id, uint64_t flush_lsn) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            if (connectionPtr == nullptr) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query updateTableFlagQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            updateTableFlagQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLES << " SET flush_lsn = " << flush_lsn
                                 << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFlushLSN: " << updateTableFlagQuery.str();

            if (!updateTableFlagQuery.exec()) {
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FLUSH_LSN", updateTableFlagQuery.error());
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Successfully update table flush_lsn, table id = " << table_id;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FLUSH_LSN", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::GetTableFlushLSN(const std::string& table_id, uint64_t& flush_lsn) {
    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::GetTableFilesByFlushLSN(uint64_t flush_lsn, TableFilesSchema& table_files) {
    table_files.clear();

    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            if (connectionPtr == nullptr) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query filesToIndexQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            filesToIndexQuery << "SELECT id, table_id, segment_id, engine_type, file_id, file_type, file_size, "
                                 "row_count, date, created_on"
                              << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE flush_lsn = " << flush_lsn << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::FilesToIndex: " << filesToIndexQuery.str();

            res = filesToIndexQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        Status ret;
        std::map<std::string, TableSchema> groups;
        TableFileSchema table_file;
        for (auto& resRow : res) {
            table_file.id_ = resRow["id"];  // implicit conversion
            resRow["table_id"].to_string(table_file.table_id_);
            resRow["segment_id"].to_string(table_file.segment_id_);
            table_file.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
            resRow["file_id"].to_string(table_file.file_id_);
            table_file.file_type_ = resRow["file_type"];
            table_file.file_size_ = resRow["file_size"];
            table_file.row_count_ = resRow["row_count"];
            table_file.date_ = resRow["date"];
            table_file.created_on_ = resRow["created_on"];

            auto groupItr = groups.find(table_file.table_id_);
            if (groupItr == groups.end()) {
                TableSchema table_schema;
                table_schema.table_id_ = table_file.table_id_;
                auto status = DescribeTable(table_schema);
                if (!status.ok()) {
                    return status;
                }
                groups[table_file.table_id_] = table_schema;
            }
            table_file.dimension_ = groups[table_file.table_id_].dimension_;
            table_file.index_file_size_ = groups[table_file.table_id_].index_file_size_;
            table_file.nlist_ = groups[table_file.table_id_].nlist_;
            table_file.metric_type_ = groups[table_file.table_id_].metric_type_;

            auto status = utils::GetTableFilePath(options_, table_file);
            if (!status.ok()) {
                ret = status;
            }

            table_files.push_back(table_file);
        }

        if (res.size() > 0) {
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Collect " << res.size() << " files with flush_lsn = " << flush_lsn;
        }
        return ret;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN FINDING TABLE FILES BY LSN", e.what());
    }
}

// ZR: this function assumes all fields in file_schema have value
Status
MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFile(TableFileSchema& file_schema) {
    file_schema.updated_time_ = utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp();

    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.UpdateTableFile.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.UpdateTableFile.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query updateTableFileQuery = connectionPtr->query();

            // if the table has been deleted, just mark the table file as TO_DELETE
            // clean thread will delete the file later
            updateTableFileQuery << "SELECT state FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote
                                 << file_schema.table_id_ << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFile: " << updateTableFileQuery.str();

            mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = updateTableFileQuery.store();

            if (res.num_rows() == 1) {
                int state = res[0]["state"];
                if (state == TableSchema::TO_DELETE) {
                    file_schema.file_type_ = TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE;
                }
            } else {
                file_schema.file_type_ = TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE;
            }

            std::string id = std::to_string(file_schema.id_);
            std::string table_id = file_schema.table_id_;
            std::string engine_type = std::to_string(file_schema.engine_type_);
            std::string file_id = file_schema.file_id_;
            std::string file_type = std::to_string(file_schema.file_type_);
            std::string file_size = std::to_string(file_schema.file_size_);
            std::string row_count = std::to_string(file_schema.row_count_);
            std::string updated_time = std::to_string(file_schema.updated_time_);
            std::string created_on = std::to_string(file_schema.created_on_);
            std::string date = std::to_string(file_schema.date_);

            updateTableFileQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLEFILES << " SET table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                                 << " ,engine_type = " << engine_type << " ,file_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << file_id
                                 << " ,file_type = " << file_type << " ,file_size = " << file_size
                                 << " ,row_count = " << row_count << " ,updated_time = " << updated_time
                                 << " ,created_on = " << created_on << " ,date = " << date << " WHERE id = " << id
                                 << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFile: " << updateTableFileQuery.str();

            if (!updateTableFileQuery.exec()) {
                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "table_id= " << file_schema.table_id_ << " file_id=" << file_schema.file_id_;
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FILE", updateTableFileQuery.error());
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Update single table file, file id = " << file_schema.file_id_;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FILE", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFilesToIndex(const std::string& table_id) {
    try {
        mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

        bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
        fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.UpdateTableFilesToIndex.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
        fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.UpdateTableFilesToIndex.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
        if (is_null_connection) {
            return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
        }

        mysqlpp::Query updateTableFilesToIndexQuery = connectionPtr->query();

        updateTableFilesToIndexQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLEFILES
                                     << " SET file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_INDEX)
                                     << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                                     << " AND row_count >= " << std::to_string(meta::BUILD_INDEX_THRESHOLD)
                                     << " AND file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::RAW) << ";";

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFilesToIndex: " << updateTableFilesToIndexQuery.str();

        if (!updateTableFilesToIndexQuery.exec()) {
            return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FILE TO INDEX",
                                   updateTableFilesToIndexQuery.error());
        }

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Update files to to_index, table id = " << table_id;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FILES TO INDEX", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFiles(TableFilesSchema& files) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.UpdateTableFiles.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.UpdateTableFiles.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query updateTableFilesQuery = connectionPtr->query();

            std::map<std::string, bool> has_tables;
            for (auto& file_schema : files) {
                if (has_tables.find(file_schema.table_id_) != has_tables.end()) {
                    continue;
                }

                updateTableFilesQuery << "SELECT EXISTS"
                                      << " (SELECT 1 FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote
                                      << file_schema.table_id_ << " AND state <> "
                                      << std::to_string(TableSchema::TO_DELETE) << ")"
                                      << " AS " << mysqlpp::quote << "check"
                                      << ";";

                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFiles: " << updateTableFilesQuery.str();

                mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = updateTableFilesQuery.store();

                int check = res[0]["check"];
                has_tables[file_schema.table_id_] = (check == 1);
            }

            for (auto& file_schema : files) {
                if (!has_tables[file_schema.table_id_]) {
                    file_schema.file_type_ = TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE;
                }
                file_schema.updated_time_ = utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp();

                std::string id = std::to_string(file_schema.id_);
                std::string& table_id = file_schema.table_id_;
                std::string engine_type = std::to_string(file_schema.engine_type_);
                std::string& file_id = file_schema.file_id_;
                std::string file_type = std::to_string(file_schema.file_type_);
                std::string file_size = std::to_string(file_schema.file_size_);
                std::string row_count = std::to_string(file_schema.row_count_);
                std::string updated_time = std::to_string(file_schema.updated_time_);
                std::string created_on = std::to_string(file_schema.created_on_);
                std::string date = std::to_string(file_schema.date_);

                updateTableFilesQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLEFILES << " SET table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote
                                      << table_id << " ,engine_type = " << engine_type
                                      << " ,file_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << file_id << " ,file_type = " << file_type
                                      << " ,file_size = " << file_size << " ,row_count = " << row_count
                                      << " ,updated_time = " << updated_time << " ,created_on = " << created_on
                                      << " ,date = " << date << " WHERE id = " << id << ";";

                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::UpdateTableFiles: " << updateTableFilesQuery.str();

                if (!updateTableFilesQuery.exec()) {
                    return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FILES", updateTableFilesQuery.error());
                }
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Update " << files.size() << " table files";
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FILES", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::DescribeTableIndex(const std::string& table_id, TableIndex& index) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DescribeTableIndex.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DescribeTableIndex.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query describeTableIndexQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            describeTableIndexQuery << "SELECT engine_type, nlist, index_file_size, metric_type"
                                    << " FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                                    << " AND state <> " << std::to_string(TableSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::DescribeTableIndex: " << describeTableIndexQuery.str();

            mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = describeTableIndexQuery.store();

            if (res.num_rows() == 1) {
                const mysqlpp::Row& resRow = res[0];

                index.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
                index.nlist_ = resRow["nlist"];
                index.metric_type_ = resRow["metric_type"];
            } else {
                return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Table " + table_id + " not found");
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN UPDATING TABLE FLAG", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::DropTableIndex(const std::string& table_id) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DropTableIndex.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DropTableIndex.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query dropTableIndexQuery = connectionPtr->query();

            // soft delete index files
            dropTableIndexQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLEFILES
                                << " SET file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE)
                                << " ,updated_time = " << utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp()
                                << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                                << " AND file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::INDEX) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::DropTableIndex: " << dropTableIndexQuery.str();

            if (!dropTableIndexQuery.exec()) {
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN DROPPING TABLE INDEX", dropTableIndexQuery.error());
            }

            // set all backup file to raw
            dropTableIndexQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLEFILES
                                << " SET file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::RAW)
                                << " ,updated_time = " << utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp()
                                << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                                << " AND file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::BACKUP) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::DropTableIndex: " << dropTableIndexQuery.str();

            if (!dropTableIndexQuery.exec()) {
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN DROPPING TABLE INDEX", dropTableIndexQuery.error());
            }

            // set table index type to raw
            dropTableIndexQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLES
                                << " SET engine_type = " << std::to_string(DEFAULT_ENGINE_TYPE)
                                << " ,nlist = " << std::to_string(DEFAULT_NLIST)
                                << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::DropTableIndex: " << dropTableIndexQuery.str();

            if (!dropTableIndexQuery.exec()) {
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN DROPPING TABLE INDEX", dropTableIndexQuery.error());
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Successfully drop table index, table id = " << table_id;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN DROPPING TABLE INDEX", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::CreatePartition(const std::string& table_id, const std::string& partition_name, const std::string& tag,
                               uint64_t lsn) {
    server::MetricCollector metric;

    TableSchema table_schema;
    table_schema.table_id_ = table_id;
    auto status = DescribeTable(table_schema);
    if (!status.ok()) {
        return status;
    }

    // not allow create partition under partition
    if (!table_schema.owner_table_.empty()) {
        return Status(DB_ERROR, "Nested partition is not allowed");
    }

    // trim side-blank of tag, only compare valid characters
    // for example: " ab cd " is treated as "ab cd"
    std::string valid_tag = tag;
    server::StringHelpFunctions::TrimStringBlank(valid_tag);

    // not allow duplicated partition
    std::string exist_partition;
    GetPartitionName(table_id, valid_tag, exist_partition);
    if (!exist_partition.empty()) {
        return Status(DB_ERROR, "Duplicate partition is not allowed");
    }

    if (partition_name == "") {
        // generate unique partition name
        NextTableId(table_schema.table_id_);
    } else {
        table_schema.table_id_ = partition_name;
    }

    table_schema.id_ = -1;
    table_schema.flag_ = 0;
    table_schema.created_on_ = utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp();
    table_schema.owner_table_ = table_id;
    table_schema.partition_tag_ = valid_tag;
    table_schema.flush_lsn_ = lsn;

    status = CreateTable(table_schema);
    fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CreatePartition.aleady_exist", status = Status(DB_ALREADY_EXIST, ""));
    if (status.code() == DB_ALREADY_EXIST) {
        return Status(DB_ALREADY_EXIST, "Partition already exists");
    }

    return status;
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::DropPartition(const std::string& partition_name) {
    return DropTable(partition_name);
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::ShowPartitions(const std::string& table_id, std::vector<meta::TableSchema>& partition_schema_array) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.ShowPartitions.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.ShowPartitions.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query allPartitionsQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            allPartitionsQuery << "SELECT table_id, id, state, dimension, created_on, flag, index_file_size,"
                               << " engine_type, nlist, metric_type, partition_tag, version FROM " << META_TABLES
                               << " WHERE owner_table = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id << " AND state <> "
                               << std::to_string(TableSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::AllTables: " << allPartitionsQuery.str();

            res = allPartitionsQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        for (auto& resRow : res) {
            meta::TableSchema partition_schema;
            resRow["table_id"].to_string(partition_schema.table_id_);
            partition_schema.id_ = resRow["id"];  // implicit conversion
            partition_schema.state_ = resRow["state"];
            partition_schema.dimension_ = resRow["dimension"];
            partition_schema.created_on_ = resRow["created_on"];
            partition_schema.flag_ = resRow["flag"];
            partition_schema.index_file_size_ = resRow["index_file_size"];
            partition_schema.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
            partition_schema.nlist_ = resRow["nlist"];
            partition_schema.metric_type_ = resRow["metric_type"];
            partition_schema.owner_table_ = table_id;
            resRow["partition_tag"].to_string(partition_schema.partition_tag_);
            resRow["version"].to_string(partition_schema.version_);

            partition_schema_array.emplace_back(partition_schema);
        }
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN SHOW PARTITIONS", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::GetPartitionName(const std::string& table_id, const std::string& tag, std::string& partition_name) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;

        // trim side-blank of tag, only compare valid characters
        // for example: " ab cd " is treated as "ab cd"
        std::string valid_tag = tag;
        server::StringHelpFunctions::TrimStringBlank(valid_tag);

        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.GetPartitionName.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.GetPartitionName.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query allPartitionsQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            allPartitionsQuery << "SELECT table_id FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE owner_table = " << mysqlpp::quote
                               << table_id << " AND partition_tag = " << mysqlpp::quote << valid_tag << " AND state <> "
                               << std::to_string(TableSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::AllTables: " << allPartitionsQuery.str();

            res = allPartitionsQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        if (res.num_rows() > 0) {
            const mysqlpp::Row& resRow = res[0];
            resRow["table_id"].to_string(partition_name);
        } else {
            return Status(DB_NOT_FOUND, "Partition " + valid_tag + " of table " + table_id + " not found");
        }
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN GET PARTITION NAME", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::FilesToSearch(const std::string& table_id, const std::vector<size_t>& ids, TableFilesSchema& files) {
    files.clear();

    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.FilesToSearch.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.FilesToSearch.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query filesToSearchQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            filesToSearchQuery
                << "SELECT id, table_id, segment_id, engine_type, file_id, file_type, file_size, row_count, date"
                << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id;

            if (!ids.empty()) {
                std::stringstream idSS;
                for (auto& id : ids) {
                    idSS << "id = " << std::to_string(id) << " OR ";
                }
                std::string idStr = idSS.str();
                idStr = idStr.substr(0, idStr.size() - 4);  // remove the last " OR "

                filesToSearchQuery << " AND (" << idStr << ")";
            }
            // End
            filesToSearchQuery << " AND"
                               << " (file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::RAW)
                               << " OR file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_INDEX)
                               << " OR file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::INDEX) << ");";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::FilesToSearch: " << filesToSearchQuery.str();

            res = filesToSearchQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        TableSchema table_schema;
        table_schema.table_id_ = table_id;
        auto status = DescribeTable(table_schema);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }

        Status ret;
        for (auto& resRow : res) {
            TableFileSchema table_file;
            table_file.id_ = resRow["id"];  // implicit conversion
            resRow["table_id"].to_string(table_file.table_id_);
            resRow["segment_id"].to_string(table_file.segment_id_);
            table_file.index_file_size_ = table_schema.index_file_size_;
            table_file.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
            table_file.nlist_ = table_schema.nlist_;
            table_file.metric_type_ = table_schema.metric_type_;
            resRow["file_id"].to_string(table_file.file_id_);
            table_file.file_type_ = resRow["file_type"];
            table_file.file_size_ = resRow["file_size"];
            table_file.row_count_ = resRow["row_count"];
            table_file.date_ = resRow["date"];
            table_file.dimension_ = table_schema.dimension_;

            auto status = utils::GetTableFilePath(options_, table_file);
            if (!status.ok()) {
                ret = status;
            }

            files.emplace_back(table_file);
        }

        if (res.size() > 0) {
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Collect " << res.size() << " to-search files";
        }
        return ret;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN FINDING TABLE FILES TO SEARCH", e.what());
    }
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::FilesToMerge(const std::string& table_id, TableFilesSchema& files) {
    files.clear();

    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        // check table existence
        TableSchema table_schema;
        table_schema.table_id_ = table_id;
        auto status = DescribeTable(table_schema);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }

        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.FilesToMerge.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.FilesToMerge.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query filesToMergeQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            filesToMergeQuery << "SELECT id, table_id, segment_id, file_id, file_type, file_size, row_count, date, "
                                 "engine_type, created_on"
                              << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                              << " AND file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::RAW)
                              << " ORDER BY row_count DESC;";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::FilesToMerge: " << filesToMergeQuery.str();

            res = filesToMergeQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        Status ret;
        int64_t to_merge_files = 0;
        for (auto& resRow : res) {
            TableFileSchema table_file;
            table_file.file_size_ = resRow["file_size"];
            if (table_file.file_size_ >= table_schema.index_file_size_) {
                continue;  // skip large file
            }

            table_file.id_ = resRow["id"];  // implicit conversion
            resRow["table_id"].to_string(table_file.table_id_);
            resRow["segment_id"].to_string(table_file.segment_id_);
            resRow["file_id"].to_string(table_file.file_id_);
            table_file.file_type_ = resRow["file_type"];
            table_file.row_count_ = resRow["row_count"];
            table_file.date_ = resRow["date"];
            table_file.index_file_size_ = table_schema.index_file_size_;
            table_file.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
            table_file.nlist_ = table_schema.nlist_;
            table_file.metric_type_ = table_schema.metric_type_;
            table_file.created_on_ = resRow["created_on"];
            table_file.dimension_ = table_schema.dimension_;

            auto status = utils::GetTableFilePath(options_, table_file);
            if (!status.ok()) {
                ret = status;
            }

            files.emplace_back(table_file);
            ++to_merge_files;
        }

        if (to_merge_files > 0) {
            ENGINE_LOG_TRACE << "Collect " << to_merge_files << " to-merge files";
        }
        return ret;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN FINDING TABLE FILES TO MERGE", e.what());
    }
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::FilesToIndex(TableFilesSchema& files) {
    files.clear();

    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.FilesToIndex.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.FilesToIndex.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query filesToIndexQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            filesToIndexQuery << "SELECT id, table_id, segment_id, engine_type, file_id, file_type, file_size, "
                                 "row_count, date, created_on"
                              << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES
                              << " WHERE file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_INDEX) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::FilesToIndex: " << filesToIndexQuery.str();

            res = filesToIndexQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        Status ret;
        std::map<std::string, TableSchema> groups;
        TableFileSchema table_file;
        for (auto& resRow : res) {
            table_file.id_ = resRow["id"];  // implicit conversion
            resRow["table_id"].to_string(table_file.table_id_);
            resRow["segment_id"].to_string(table_file.segment_id_);
            table_file.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
            resRow["file_id"].to_string(table_file.file_id_);
            table_file.file_type_ = resRow["file_type"];
            table_file.file_size_ = resRow["file_size"];
            table_file.row_count_ = resRow["row_count"];
            table_file.date_ = resRow["date"];
            table_file.created_on_ = resRow["created_on"];

            auto groupItr = groups.find(table_file.table_id_);
            if (groupItr == groups.end()) {
                TableSchema table_schema;
                table_schema.table_id_ = table_file.table_id_;
                auto status = DescribeTable(table_schema);
                if (!status.ok()) {
                    return status;
                }
                groups[table_file.table_id_] = table_schema;
            }
            table_file.dimension_ = groups[table_file.table_id_].dimension_;
            table_file.index_file_size_ = groups[table_file.table_id_].index_file_size_;
            table_file.nlist_ = groups[table_file.table_id_].nlist_;
            table_file.metric_type_ = groups[table_file.table_id_].metric_type_;

            auto status = utils::GetTableFilePath(options_, table_file);
            if (!status.ok()) {
                ret = status;
            }

            files.push_back(table_file);
        }

        if (res.size() > 0) {
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Collect " << res.size() << " to-index files";
        }
        return ret;
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN FINDING TABLE FILES TO INDEX", e.what());
    }
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::FilesByType(const std::string& table_id, const std::vector<int>& file_types,
                           TableFilesSchema& table_files) {
    if (file_types.empty()) {
        return Status(DB_ERROR, "file types array is empty");
    }

    Status ret = Status::OK();

    try {
        table_files.clear();

        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.FilesByType.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.FilesByType.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            std::string types;
            for (auto type : file_types) {
                if (!types.empty()) {
                    types += ",";
                }
                types += std::to_string(type);
            }

            mysqlpp::Query hasNonIndexFilesQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            // since table_id is a unique column we just need to check whether it exists or not
            hasNonIndexFilesQuery
                << "SELECT id, segment_id, engine_type, file_id, file_type, file_size, row_count, date, created_on"
                << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                << " AND file_type in (" << types << ");";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::FilesByType: " << hasNonIndexFilesQuery.str();

            res = hasNonIndexFilesQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        TableSchema table_schema;
        table_schema.table_id_ = table_id;
        auto status = DescribeTable(table_schema);
        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }

        if (res.num_rows() > 0) {
            int raw_count = 0, new_count = 0, new_merge_count = 0, new_index_count = 0;
            int to_index_count = 0, index_count = 0, backup_count = 0;
            for (auto& resRow : res) {
                TableFileSchema file_schema;
                file_schema.id_ = resRow["id"];
                file_schema.table_id_ = table_id;
                resRow["segment_id"].to_string(file_schema.segment_id_);
                file_schema.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
                resRow["file_id"].to_string(file_schema.file_id_);
                file_schema.file_type_ = resRow["file_type"];
                file_schema.file_size_ = resRow["file_size"];
                file_schema.row_count_ = resRow["row_count"];
                file_schema.date_ = resRow["date"];
                file_schema.created_on_ = resRow["created_on"];

                file_schema.index_file_size_ = table_schema.index_file_size_;
                file_schema.nlist_ = table_schema.nlist_;
                file_schema.metric_type_ = table_schema.metric_type_;
                file_schema.dimension_ = table_schema.dimension_;

                auto status = utils::GetTableFilePath(options_, file_schema);
                if (!status.ok()) {
                    ret = status;
                }

                table_files.emplace_back(file_schema);

                int32_t file_type = resRow["file_type"];
                switch (file_type) {
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::RAW:
                        ++raw_count;
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::NEW:
                        ++new_count;
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::NEW_MERGE:
                        ++new_merge_count;
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::NEW_INDEX:
                        ++new_index_count;
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::TO_INDEX:
                        ++to_index_count;
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::INDEX:
                        ++index_count;
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::BACKUP:
                        ++backup_count;
                        break;
                    default:
                        break;
                }
            }

            std::string msg = "Get table files by type.";
            for (int file_type : file_types) {
                switch (file_type) {
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::RAW:
                        msg = msg + " raw files:" + std::to_string(raw_count);
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::NEW:
                        msg = msg + " new files:" + std::to_string(new_count);
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::NEW_MERGE:
                        msg = msg + " new_merge files:" + std::to_string(new_merge_count);
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::NEW_INDEX:
                        msg = msg + " new_index files:" + std::to_string(new_index_count);
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::TO_INDEX:
                        msg = msg + " to_index files:" + std::to_string(to_index_count);
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::INDEX:
                        msg = msg + " index files:" + std::to_string(index_count);
                        break;
                    case (int)TableFileSchema::BACKUP:
                        msg = msg + " backup files:" + std::to_string(backup_count);
                        break;
                    default:
                        break;
                }
            }
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << msg;
        }
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN GET FILE BY TYPE", e.what());
    }

    return ret;
}

// TODO(myh): Support swap to cloud storage
Status
MySQLMetaImpl::Archive() {
    auto& criterias = options_.archive_conf_.GetCriterias();
    if (criterias.empty()) {
        return Status::OK();
    }

    for (auto& kv : criterias) {
        auto& criteria = kv.first;
        auto& limit = kv.second;
        if (criteria == engine::ARCHIVE_CONF_DAYS) {
            size_t usecs = limit * DAY * US_PS;
            int64_t now = utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp();

            try {
                mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

                bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
                fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.Archive.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
                fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.Archive.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
                if (is_null_connection) {
                    return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
                }

                mysqlpp::Query archiveQuery = connectionPtr->query();
                archiveQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLEFILES
                             << " SET file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE)
                             << " WHERE created_on < " << std::to_string(now - usecs) << " AND file_type <> "
                             << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::Archive: " << archiveQuery.str();

                if (!archiveQuery.exec()) {
                    return HandleException("QUERY ERROR DURING ARCHIVE", archiveQuery.error());
                }

                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Archive old files";
            } catch (std::exception& e) {
                return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN DURING ARCHIVE", e.what());
            }
        }
        if (criteria == engine::ARCHIVE_CONF_DISK) {
            uint64_t sum = 0;
            Size(sum);

            auto to_delete = (sum - limit * G);
            DiscardFiles(to_delete);

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Archive files to free disk";
        }
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::Size(uint64_t& result) {
    result = 0;

    try {
        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.Size.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.Size.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query getSizeQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            getSizeQuery << "SELECT IFNULL(SUM(file_size),0) AS sum"
                         << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE file_type <> "
                         << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::Size: " << getSizeQuery.str();

            res = getSizeQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        if (res.empty()) {
            result = 0;
        } else {
            result = res[0]["sum"];
        }
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN RETRIEVING SIZE", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::CleanUpShadowFiles() {
    try {
        mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

        bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
        fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CleanUpShadowFiles.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
        fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CleanUpShadowFiles.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
        if (is_null_connection) {
            return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
        }

        mysqlpp::Query cleanUpQuery = connectionPtr->query();
        cleanUpQuery << "SELECT table_name"
                     << " FROM information_schema.tables"
                     << " WHERE table_schema = " << mysqlpp::quote << mysql_connection_pool_->getDB()
                     << " AND table_name = " << mysqlpp::quote << META_TABLEFILES << ";";

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::CleanUp: " << cleanUpQuery.str();

        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = cleanUpQuery.store();

        if (!res.empty()) {
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Remove table file type as NEW";
            cleanUpQuery << "DELETE FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE file_type IN ("
                         << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::NEW) << "," << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::NEW_MERGE)
                         << "," << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::NEW_INDEX) << ");";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::CleanUp: " << cleanUpQuery.str();

            if (!cleanUpQuery.exec()) {
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN CLEANING UP FILES", cleanUpQuery.error());
            }
        }

        if (res.size() > 0) {
            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Clean " << res.size() << " files";
        }
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN CLEANING UP FILES", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::CleanUpFilesWithTTL(uint64_t seconds /*, CleanUpFilter* filter*/) {
    auto now = utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp();
    std::set<std::string> table_ids;

    // remove to_delete files
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CleanUpFilesWithTTL.RomoveToDeleteFiles_NullConnection",
                      is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CleanUpFilesWithTTL.RomoveToDeleteFiles_ThrowException", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query query = connectionPtr->query();
            query << "SELECT id, table_id, segment_id, engine_type, file_id, file_type, date"
                  << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE file_type IN ("
                  << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE) << "," << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::BACKUP) << ")"
                  << " AND updated_time < " << std::to_string(now - seconds * US_PS) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::CleanUpFilesWithTTL: " << query.str();

            mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = query.store();

            TableFileSchema table_file;
            std::vector<std::string> idsToDelete;

            int64_t clean_files = 0;
            for (auto& resRow : res) {
                table_file.id_ = resRow["id"];  // implicit conversion
                resRow["table_id"].to_string(table_file.table_id_);
                resRow["segment_id"].to_string(table_file.segment_id_);
                table_file.engine_type_ = resRow["engine_type"];
                resRow["file_id"].to_string(table_file.file_id_);
                table_file.date_ = resRow["date"];
                table_file.file_type_ = resRow["file_type"];

                // check if the file can be deleted
                if (OngoingFileChecker::GetInstance().IsIgnored(table_file)) {
                    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "File:" << table_file.file_id_
                                     << " currently is in use, not able to delete now";
                    continue;  // ignore this file, don't delete it
                }

                // erase file data from cache
                // because GetTableFilePath won't able to generate file path after the file is deleted
                utils::GetTableFilePath(options_, table_file);
                server::CommonUtil::EraseFromCache(table_file.location_);

                if (table_file.file_type_ == (int)TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE) {
                    // If we are deleting a raw table file, it means it's okay to delete the entire segment directory.
                    // Else, we can only delete the single file
                    // TODO(zhiru): We determine whether a table file is raw by its engine type. This is a bit hacky
                    if (table_file.engine_type_ == (int32_t)EngineType::FAISS_IDMAP ||
                        table_file.engine_type_ == (int32_t)EngineType::FAISS_BIN_IDMAP) {
                        utils::DeleteSegment(options_, table_file);
                        std::string segment_dir;
                        utils::GetParentPath(table_file.location_, segment_dir);
                        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Remove segment directory: " << segment_dir;
                    } else {
                        utils::DeleteTableFilePath(options_, table_file);
                        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Remove table file: " << table_file.location_;
                    }

                    idsToDelete.emplace_back(std::to_string(table_file.id_));
                    table_ids.insert(table_file.table_id_);

                    ++clean_files;
                }
            }

            // delete file from meta
            if (!idsToDelete.empty()) {
                std::stringstream idsToDeleteSS;
                for (auto& id : idsToDelete) {
                    idsToDeleteSS << "id = " << id << " OR ";
                }

                std::string idsToDeleteStr = idsToDeleteSS.str();
                idsToDeleteStr = idsToDeleteStr.substr(0, idsToDeleteStr.size() - 4);  // remove the last " OR "
                query << "DELETE FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE " << idsToDeleteStr << ";";

                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::CleanUpFilesWithTTL: " << query.str();

                if (!query.exec()) {
                    return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN CLEANING UP FILES WITH TTL", query.error());
                }
            }

            if (clean_files > 0) {
                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Clean " << clean_files << " files expired in " << seconds << " seconds";
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN CLEANING UP FILES WITH TTL", e.what());
    }

    // remove to_delete tables
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CleanUpFilesWithTTL.RemoveToDeleteTables_NUllConnection",
                      is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CleanUpFilesWithTTL.RemoveToDeleteTables_ThrowException", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query query = connectionPtr->query();
            query << "SELECT id, table_id"
                  << " FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE state = " << std::to_string(TableSchema::TO_DELETE) << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::CleanUpFilesWithTTL: " << query.str();

            mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = query.store();

            int64_t remove_tables = 0;
            if (!res.empty()) {
                std::stringstream idsToDeleteSS;
                for (auto& resRow : res) {
                    size_t id = resRow["id"];
                    std::string table_id;
                    resRow["table_id"].to_string(table_id);

                    utils::DeleteTablePath(options_, table_id, false);  // only delete empty folder
                    ++remove_tables;
                    idsToDeleteSS << "id = " << std::to_string(id) << " OR ";
                }
                std::string idsToDeleteStr = idsToDeleteSS.str();
                idsToDeleteStr = idsToDeleteStr.substr(0, idsToDeleteStr.size() - 4);  // remove the last " OR "
                query << "DELETE FROM " << META_TABLES << " WHERE " << idsToDeleteStr << ";";

                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::CleanUpFilesWithTTL: " << query.str();

                if (!query.exec()) {
                    return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN CLEANING UP TABLES WITH TTL", query.error());
                }
            }

            if (remove_tables > 0) {
                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Remove " << remove_tables << " tables from meta";
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN CLEANING UP TABLES WITH TTL", e.what());
    }

    // remove deleted table folder
    // don't remove table folder until all its files has been deleted
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CleanUpFilesWithTTL.RemoveDeletedTableFolder_NUllConnection",
                      is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.CleanUpFilesWithTTL.RemoveDeletedTableFolder_ThrowException",
                      throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            for (auto& table_id : table_ids) {
                mysqlpp::Query query = connectionPtr->query();
                query << "SELECT file_id"
                      << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id << ";";

                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::CleanUpFilesWithTTL: " << query.str();

                mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = query.store();

                if (res.empty()) {
                    utils::DeleteTablePath(options_, table_id);
                }
            }

            if (table_ids.size() > 0) {
                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Remove " << table_ids.size() << " tables folder";
            }
        }
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN CLEANING UP TABLES WITH TTL", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::Count(const std::string& table_id, uint64_t& result) {
    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;

        TableSchema table_schema;
        table_schema.table_id_ = table_id;
        auto status = DescribeTable(table_schema);

        if (!status.ok()) {
            return status;
        }

        mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.Count.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.Count.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query countQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            countQuery << "SELECT row_count"
                       << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE table_id = " << mysqlpp::quote << table_id
                       << " AND (file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::RAW)
                       << " OR file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_INDEX)
                       << " OR file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::INDEX) << ");";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::Count: " << countQuery.str();

            res = countQuery.store();
        }  // Scoped Connection

        result = 0;
        for (auto& resRow : res) {
            size_t size = resRow["row_count"];
            result += size;
        }
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN RETRIEVING COUNT", e.what());
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::DropAll() {
    try {
        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Drop all mysql meta";
        mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

        bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
        fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DropAll.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
        fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DropAll.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
        if (is_null_connection) {
            return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
        }

        mysqlpp::Query dropTableQuery = connectionPtr->query();
        dropTableQuery << "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " << TABLES_SCHEMA.name() << ", " << TABLEFILES_SCHEMA.name() << ";";

        ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::DropAll: " << dropTableQuery.str();

        if (dropTableQuery.exec()) {
            return Status::OK();
        }
        return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN DROPPING ALL", dropTableQuery.error());
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN DROPPING ALL", e.what());
    }
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::DiscardFiles(int64_t to_discard_size) {
    if (to_discard_size <= 0) {
        return Status::OK();
    }
    ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "About to discard size=" << to_discard_size;

    try {
        server::MetricCollector metric;
        bool status;
        {
            mysqlpp::ScopedConnection connectionPtr(*mysql_connection_pool_, safe_grab_);

            bool is_null_connection = (connectionPtr == nullptr);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DiscardFiles.null_connection", is_null_connection = true);
            fiu_do_on("MySQLMetaImpl.DiscardFiles.throw_exception", throw std::exception(););
            if (is_null_connection) {
                return Status(DB_ERROR, "Failed to connect to meta server(mysql)");
            }

            mysqlpp::Query discardFilesQuery = connectionPtr->query();
            discardFilesQuery << "SELECT id, file_size"
                              << " FROM " << META_TABLEFILES << " WHERE file_type <> "
                              << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE) << " ORDER BY id ASC "
                              << " LIMIT 10;";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::DiscardFiles: " << discardFilesQuery.str();

            mysqlpp::StoreQueryResult res = discardFilesQuery.store();
            if (res.num_rows() == 0) {
                return Status::OK();
            }

            TableFileSchema table_file;
            std::stringstream idsToDiscardSS;
            for (auto& resRow : res) {
                if (to_discard_size <= 0) {
                    break;
                }
                table_file.id_ = resRow["id"];
                table_file.file_size_ = resRow["file_size"];
                idsToDiscardSS << "id = " << std::to_string(table_file.id_) << " OR ";
                ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "Discard table_file.id=" << table_file.file_id_
                                 << " table_file.size=" << table_file.file_size_;
                to_discard_size -= table_file.file_size_;
            }

            std::string idsToDiscardStr = idsToDiscardSS.str();
            idsToDiscardStr = idsToDiscardStr.substr(0, idsToDiscardStr.size() - 4);  // remove the last " OR "

            discardFilesQuery << "UPDATE " << META_TABLEFILES
                              << " SET file_type = " << std::to_string(TableFileSchema::TO_DELETE)
                              << " ,updated_time = " << std::to_string(utils::GetMicroSecTimeStamp()) << " WHERE "
                              << idsToDiscardStr << ";";

            ENGINE_LOG_DEBUG << "MySQLMetaImpl::DiscardFiles: " << discardFilesQuery.str();

            status = discardFilesQuery.exec();
            if (!status) {
                return HandleException("QUERY ERROR WHEN DISCARDING FILES", discardFilesQuery.error());
            }
        }  // Scoped Connection

        return DiscardFiles(to_discard_size);
    } catch (std::exception& e) {
        return HandleException("GENERAL ERROR WHEN DISCARDING FILES", e.what());
    }
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::SetGlobalLastLSN(uint64_t lsn) {
    return Status::OK();
}

Status
MySQLMetaImpl::GetGlobalLastLSN(uint64_t& lsn) {
    return Status::OK();
}

}  // namespace meta
}  // namespace engine
}  // namespace milvus