Merge branch 'develop' of https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle into fix-optimizer-accumulator

paddle/fluid/operators/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -259,6 +259,7 @@ op_library(max_sequence_len_op DEPS lod_rank_table)
 op_library(sequence_conv_op DEPS context_project)
 op_library(sequence_pool_op DEPS sequence_pooling)
 op_library(lstm_op DEPS sequence2batch lstm_compute)
+op_library(hierarchical_sigmoid_op DEPS matrix_bit_code)
 op_library(lstmp_op DEPS sequence2batch lstm_compute)
 op_library(gru_op DEPS sequence2batch gru_compute)
 op_library(recurrent_op DEPS executor)

paddle/fluid/operators/hierarchical_sigmoid_op.cc

+/* Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License. */
+
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/hierarchical_sigmoid_op.h"
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace operators {
+
+/**
+ * Organize the classes into a binary tree. At each node, a sigmoid function
+ * is used to calculate the probability of belonging to the right branch.
+ * This idea is from "F. Morin, Y. Bengio (AISTATS 05):
+ * Hierarchical Probabilistic Neural Network Language Model."
+ *
+ * Here we uses a simple way of making the binary tree.
+ * Assuming the number of classes C = 6,
+ * The classes are organized as a binary tree in the following way:
+ *
+ * @code{.py}
+ * *-*-*- 2
+ * | | |- 3
+ * | |
+ * | |-*- 4
+ * |   |- 5
+ * |
+ * |-*- 0
+ *   |- 1
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * where * indicates an internal node, and each leaf node represents a class.
+ * - Node 0 ... C-2 are internal nodes.
+ * - Node C-1 ... 2C-2 are leaf nodes.
+ * - Class c is represented by leaf node \f$c+C-1\f$.
+ *
+ * We assign an id for each node:
+ * - the id of root be 0.
+ * - the left child of a node i is 2*i+1.
+ * - the right child of a node i is 2*i+2.
+ *
+ * It's easy to see that:
+ * - the parent of node i is \f$\left\lfloor(i-1)/2\right\rfloor\f$.
+ * - the j-th level ancestor of node i is
+ * \f$\left\lfloor(i+1)/2^{j+1}\right\rfloor - 1\f$.
+ * - A node i is a left child of its parent if \f$(i-1)\%2==0\f$.
+ *
+ */
+
+class HierarchicalSigmoidOp : public framework::OperatorWithKernel {
+ public:
+  using framework::OperatorWithKernel::OperatorWithKernel;
+  void InferShape(framework::InferShapeContext* ctx) const override {
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(ctx->HasInput("X"), "Input(X) should not be null.");
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(ctx->HasInput("Label"), "Input(Label) should not be null.");
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(ctx->HasInput("W"), "Input(W) should not be null.");
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(ctx->HasOutput("Out"), "Output(Out) should not be null.");
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(ctx->HasOutput("PreOut"),
+                   "Output(PreOut) should not be null.");
+    const int64_t batch_size = ctx->GetInputDim("X")[0];
+    std::vector<int64_t> output_shape({batch_size, 1});
+    ctx->SetOutputDim("Out", framework::make_ddim(output_shape));
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  framework::OpKernelType GetExpectedKernelType(
+      const framework::ExecutionContext& ctx) const override {
+    return framework::OpKernelType(
+        framework::ToDataType(ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>("X")->type()),
+        ctx.GetPlace());
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename AttrType>
+class HierarchicalSigmoidOpMaker : public framework::OpProtoAndCheckerMaker {
+ public:
+  void Make() override {
+    AddInput("X",
+             "(Tensor, required) The input tensor with shape [N, D], "
+             "where N is the size of mini-batch, and D is the feature size.");
+    AddInput("W",
+             "(Tensor, required), The parameters of hierarchical "
+             "sigmoid operator, each of them is a 2-D tensor, the shape is"
+             "[num_classes - 1, D].");
+    AddInput("Label",
+             "(Tensor, required), The labels of training data. It's a"
+             "tensor with shape [N, 1].");
+    AddInput("Bias",
+             "(Tensor, optional), The bias is a tensor with shape"
+             "[1, num_classes - 1].");
+    AddOutput("Out",
+              "(Tensor, required) The output of hierarchical sigmoid operator."
+              "The shape is [N, 1].");
+    AddOutput("PreOut",
+              "(Tensor, required) A intermedia 2-D tensor with shape "
+              "[batch_size, code_length], where code_length represents the "
+              "maximum path length from root to leaf nodes.")
+        .AsIntermediate();
+    AddAttr<AttrType>("num_classes", "(int, required), The number of classes")
+        .SetDefault(2);
+    AddComment(R"DOC(
+The hierarchical sigmoid operator organize the classes into a binary tree.
+At each node, a sigmoid function is used to calculate the probability of
+belonging to the right branch. This idea is from
+"F. Morin, Y. Bengio (AISTATS 05):
+Hierarchical Probabilistic Neural Network Language Model."
+      )DOC");
+  }
+};
+
+class HierarchicalSigmoidGradOp : public framework::OperatorWithKernel {
+ public:
+  using framework::OperatorWithKernel::OperatorWithKernel;
+  void InferShape(framework::InferShapeContext* ctx) const override {
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(ctx->HasInput("W"), "Input(W) should not be null.");
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(ctx->HasInput("Label"), "Input(Label) should not be null.");
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(ctx->HasInput("PreOut"),
+                   "Input(Preout) should not be null.");
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(ctx->HasOutput(framework::GradVarName("W")),
+                   "Output(W@Grad should not be null.)");
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE(ctx->HasOutput(framework::GradVarName("X")));
+    if (ctx->HasOutput(framework::GradVarName("Bias"))) {
+      ctx->SetOutputDim(framework::GradVarName("Bias"),
+                        ctx->GetInputDim("Bias"));
+    }
+    ctx->SetOutputDim(framework::GradVarName("W"), ctx->GetInputDim("W"));
+    ctx->SetOutputDim(framework::GradVarName("X"), ctx->GetInputDim("X"));
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  framework::OpKernelType GetExpectedKernelType(
+      const framework::ExecutionContext& ctx) const override {
+    return framework::OpKernelType(
+        framework::ToDataType(ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>("X")->type()),
+        ctx.GetPlace());
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace operators
+}  // namespace paddle
+
+namespace ops = paddle::operators;
+REGISTER_OPERATOR(hierarchical_sigmoid, ops::HierarchicalSigmoidOp,
+                  ops::HierarchicalSigmoidOpMaker<int>,
+                  paddle::framework::DefaultGradOpDescMaker<true>);
+REGISTER_OPERATOR(hierarchical_sigmoid_grad, ops::HierarchicalSigmoidGradOp);
+REGISTER_OP_CPU_KERNEL(
+    hierarchical_sigmoid,
+    ops::HierarchicalSigmoidOpKernel<paddle::platform::CPUDeviceContext, float>,
+    ops::HierarchicalSigmoidOpKernel<paddle::platform::CPUDeviceContext,
+                                     double>);
+REGISTER_OP_CPU_KERNEL(
+    hierarchical_sigmoid_grad,
+    ops::HierarchicalSigmoidGradOpKernel<paddle::platform::CPUDeviceContext,
+                                         float>,
+    ops::HierarchicalSigmoidGradOpKernel<paddle::platform::CPUDeviceContext,
+                                         double>);

paddle/fluid/operators/hierarchical_sigmoid_op.h

+/* Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License. */
+
+#pragma once
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/op_registry.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/clip_op.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/math/math_function.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/math/matrix_bit_code.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/platform/transform.h"
+namespace paddle {
+namespace operators {
+
+template <typename T, int MajorType = Eigen::RowMajor,
+          typename IndexType = Eigen::DenseIndex>
+using EigenMatrix = framework::EigenMatrix<T, MajorType, IndexType>;
+using platform::Transform;
+
+template <typename DeviceContext, typename T>
+class HierarchicalSigmoidOpKernel : public framework::OpKernel<T> {
+ public:
+  void Compute(const framework::ExecutionContext& ctx) const override {
+    auto* in = ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>("X");
+    auto* w = ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>("W");
+    auto* label = ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>("Label");
+    auto* bias = ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>("Bias");
+    auto* out = ctx.Output<framework::Tensor>("Out");
+    auto* pre_out = ctx.Output<framework::Tensor>("PreOut");
+    size_t num_classes = static_cast<size_t>(ctx.Attr<int>("num_classes"));
+    int64_t code_length = math::FindLastSet(num_classes - 1);
+    int64_t batch_size = in->dims()[0];
+    framework::Tensor sum;
+    auto& dev_ctx = ctx.template device_context<DeviceContext>();
+    auto* pre_out_data = pre_out->mutable_data<T>(
+        framework::make_ddim({batch_size, code_length}), ctx.GetPlace());
+    auto pre_out_mat = EigenMatrix<T>::From(*pre_out);
+    // Not all class(leaf) nodes' path lengths equal code_length, thus init as
+    // 0s can avoid out of path's loss.
+    math::SetConstant<DeviceContext, T> zero;
+    zero(dev_ctx, pre_out, static_cast<T>(0.0));
+    auto& place = *ctx.template device_context<DeviceContext>().eigen_device();
+    math::RowwiseSum<DeviceContext, T> row_sum;
+    math::MatrixBitCodeFunctor<T> bit_code(num_classes, label->data<int64_t>());
+
+    std::vector<int64_t> sum_dims({batch_size, 1UL});
+    sum.mutable_data<T>(framework::make_ddim(sum_dims), ctx.GetPlace());
+    auto sum_mat = EigenMatrix<T>::From(sum);
+    out->mutable_data<T>(ctx.GetPlace());
+    auto out_mat = framework::EigenVector<T>::Flatten(*out);
+    if (bias) {
+      bit_code.Add(pre_out, *bias);
+    }
+    bit_code.Mul(pre_out, *w, *in);
+    // clip to [-40, 40]
+    Transform<DeviceContext> trans;
+    trans(ctx.template device_context<DeviceContext>(), pre_out_data,
+          pre_out_data + pre_out->numel(), pre_out_data,
+          ClipFunctor<T>(static_cast<T>(-40.0), static_cast<T>(40.0)));
+    bit_code.Sum(*pre_out, out, static_cast<T>(-1));
+    // use softrelu to calculate cross entropy
+    pre_out_mat.device(place) = (static_cast<T>(1.0) + pre_out_mat.exp()).log();
+    row_sum(dev_ctx, *pre_out, &sum);
+    // TODO(guosheng): Subtract the out of path's loss, since not all
+    // class(leaf) nodes' path lengths equal code_length. But it won't break the
+    // gradient check since both have the out of path's loss and will cancel out
+    // each other.
+    out_mat.device(place) = sum_mat + out_mat;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename DeviceContext, typename T>
+class HierarchicalSigmoidGradOpKernel : public framework::OpKernel<T> {
+ public:
+  void Compute(const framework::ExecutionContext& ctx) const override {
+    auto* in = ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>("X");
+    auto* w = ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>("W");
+    auto* in_grad = ctx.Output<framework::Tensor>(framework::GradVarName("X"));
+    auto* w_grad = ctx.Output<framework::Tensor>(framework::GradVarName("W"));
+    auto* bias_grad =
+        ctx.Output<framework::Tensor>(framework::GradVarName("Bias"));
+    auto* label = ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>("Label");
+    auto* pre_out = ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>("PreOut");
+    auto* out_grad =
+        ctx.Input<framework::Tensor>(framework::GradVarName("Out"));
+    framework::Tensor pre_out_grad;
+
+    pre_out_grad.mutable_data<T>(pre_out->dims(), ctx.GetPlace());
+    in_grad->mutable_data<T>(ctx.GetPlace());
+    w_grad->mutable_data<T>(ctx.GetPlace());
+    auto& dev_ctx = ctx.template device_context<DeviceContext>();
+    math::SetConstant<DeviceContext, T> zero;
+    zero(dev_ctx, in_grad, static_cast<T>(0.0));
+    zero(dev_ctx, w_grad, static_cast<T>(0.0));
+
+    size_t num_classes = static_cast<size_t>(ctx.Attr<int>("num_classes"));
+    math::MatrixBitCodeFunctor<T> bit_code(num_classes, label->data<int64_t>());
+
+    auto& place = *ctx.template device_context<DeviceContext>().eigen_device();
+    auto pre_out_mat = EigenMatrix<T>::From(*pre_out);
+    auto pre_out_grad_mat = EigenMatrix<T>::From(pre_out_grad);
+    auto out_grad_mat = EigenMatrix<T>::From(*out_grad);
+    Eigen::array<int, 2> bcast({{1, static_cast<int>(pre_out_grad.dims()[1])}});
+
+    // softrelu derivative
+    pre_out_grad_mat.device(place) =
+        static_cast<T>(1.0) - static_cast<T>(1.0) / pre_out_mat.exp();
+    bit_code.Sub(&pre_out_grad);  // the gradient of clip(w * x + b)
+    pre_out_grad_mat.device(place) =
+        pre_out_grad_mat * out_grad_mat.broadcast(bcast);
+    // TODO(guosheng): multiply pre_out_grad with subgradient of clipping to
+    // be consistent with the clipping in forward.
+    if (bias_grad) {
+      bias_grad->mutable_data<T>(ctx.GetPlace());
+      zero(dev_ctx, bias_grad, static_cast<T>(0.0));
+      bit_code.AddGrad(pre_out_grad, bias_grad);
+    }
+    bit_code.MulGradWeight(pre_out_grad, w_grad, *in);
+    bit_code.MulGradError(pre_out_grad, *w, in_grad);
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace operators
+}  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/operators/math/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ math_library(sequence_padding)
 math_library(sequence_pooling DEPS math_function)
 math_library(sequence_scale)
 math_library(softmax DEPS math_function)
+math_library(matrix_bit_code)
 math_library(unpooling)
 math_library(vol2col)
 

paddle/fluid/operators/math/math_function_impl.h

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class RowwiseSum<platform::CPUDeviceContext, T> {
     PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(in_dims.size(), 2U);
     auto height = in_dims[0];
     auto size = in_dims[1];
-    PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(out->numel(), size);
+    PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(out->numel(), height);
 
     T* out_buf = out->mutable_data<T>(out->place());
     const T* in_buf = input.data<T>();

paddle/fluid/operators/math/matrix_bit_code.cc

+/* Copyright (c) 2017 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License. */
+
+#include "paddle/fluid/operators/math/matrix_bit_code.h"
+#include <iostream>
+namespace paddle {
+namespace operators {
+namespace math {
+
+template <typename T>
+void MatrixBitCodeFunctor<T>::Add(framework::Tensor* tmat,
+                                  const framework::Tensor& vec) {
+  SimpleCodeTable code_table(num_classes_);
+  size_t batch_size = tmat->dims()[0];
+  size_t width = tmat->dims()[1];
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
+    auto code = code_table(static_cast<size_t>(ids_[i]));
+    int code_length = code.get_length();
+    for (int j = 0; j < code_length; ++j) {
+      size_t index = code.calc_index(j);
+      tmat->data<T>()[i * width + j] += vec.data<T>()[index];
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void MatrixBitCodeFunctor<T>::AddGrad(const framework::Tensor& tmat,
+                                      framework::Tensor* vec) {
+  SimpleCodeTable code_table(num_classes_);
+  size_t batch_size = tmat.dims()[0];
+  size_t width = tmat.dims()[1];
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
+    auto code = code_table(static_cast<size_t>(ids_[i]));
+    int code_length = code.get_length();
+    for (int j = 0; j < code_length; ++j) {
+      size_t index = code.calc_index(j);
+      vec->data<T>()[index] += tmat.data<T>()[i * width + j];
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void MatrixBitCodeFunctor<T>::Sum(const framework::Tensor& tmat,
+                                  framework::Tensor* sum, T scale_sum) {
+  SimpleCodeTable code_table(num_classes_);
+  size_t num_samples = tmat.dims()[0];
+  size_t o_width = tmat.dims()[1];
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_samples; ++i) {
+    T sm = static_cast<T>(0.0);
+    auto code = code_table(static_cast<size_t>(ids_[i]));
+    int code_length = code.get_length();
+    for (int j = 0; j < code_length; ++j) {
+      if (code.calc_bit(j)) {
+        // calc_bit starts from right most bit, while data in tmat[i] is in the
+        // reverse order.
+        sm += tmat.data<T>()[i * o_width + j];
+      }
+    }
+    sum->data<T>()[i] = scale_sum * sm;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void MatrixBitCodeFunctor<T>::Mul(framework::Tensor* tmat,
+                                  const framework::Tensor& weight,
+                                  const framework::Tensor& input) {
+  SimpleCodeTable code_table(num_classes_);
+  size_t num_samples = tmat->dims()[0];
+  size_t tmat_width = tmat->dims()[1];
+  size_t input_width = input.dims()[1];
+  size_t weight_width = weight.dims()[1];
+  auto tmat_value = tmat->data<T>();
+  auto weight_value = weight.data<T>();
+  auto input_value = input.data<T>();
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_samples; ++i) {
+    auto code = code_table(static_cast<size_t>(ids_[i]));
+    int code_length = code.get_length();
+    for (int j = 0; j < code_length; ++j) {
+      size_t index = code.calc_index(j);
+      T sum = static_cast<T>(0.0);
+      for (size_t k = 0; k < input_width; ++k) {
+        sum += weight_value[weight_width * index + k] *
+               input_value[input_width * i + k];
+      }
+      tmat_value[i * tmat_width + j] += sum;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void MatrixBitCodeFunctor<T>::MulGradWeight(const framework::Tensor& tmat,
+                                            framework::Tensor* weight,
+                                            const framework::Tensor& input) {
+  SimpleCodeTable code_table(num_classes_);
+  size_t num_samples = tmat.dims()[0];
+  size_t input_width = input.dims()[1];
+  size_t tmat_width = tmat.dims()[1];
+  size_t weight_width = weight->dims()[1];
+  auto tmat_value = tmat.data<T>();
+  auto weight_value = weight->data<T>();
+  auto input_value = input.data<T>();
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_samples; ++i) {
+    auto code = code_table(static_cast<size_t>(ids_[i]));
+    int code_length = code.get_length();
+    for (int j = 0; j < code_length; ++j) {
+      size_t index = code.calc_index(j);
+
+      for (size_t k = 0; k < input_width; ++k) {
+        weight_value[weight_width * index + k] +=
+            tmat_value[i * tmat_width + j] * input_value[input_width * i + k];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void MatrixBitCodeFunctor<T>::MulGradError(const framework::Tensor& tmat,
+                                           const framework::Tensor& weight,
+                                           framework::Tensor* input) {
+  SimpleCodeTable code_table(num_classes_);
+  size_t num_samples = tmat.dims()[0];
+  size_t tmat_width = tmat.dims()[1];
+  size_t input_width = input->dims()[1];
+  size_t weight_width = weight.dims()[1];
+  auto tmat_value = tmat.data<T>();
+  auto weight_value = weight.data<T>();
+  auto input_value = input->data<T>();
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_samples; ++i) {
+    auto code = code_table(static_cast<size_t>(ids_[i]));
+    int code_length = code.get_length();
+    for (int j = 0; j < code_length; ++j) {
+      size_t index = code.calc_index(j);
+
+      for (size_t k = 0; k < input_width; ++k) {
+        input_value[input_width * i + k] +=
+            tmat_value[i * tmat_width + j] *
+            weight_value[weight_width * index + k];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void MatrixBitCodeFunctor<T>::Sub(framework::Tensor* tmat) {
+  SimpleCodeTable code_table(num_classes_);
+  size_t num_samples = tmat->dims()[0];
+  size_t o_width = tmat->dims()[1];
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_samples; ++i) {
+    auto code = code_table(static_cast<size_t>(ids_[i]));
+    int code_length = code.get_length();
+    for (int j = 0; j < code_length; ++j) {
+      if (code.calc_bit(j)) {
+        tmat->data<T>()[i * o_width + j] -= 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template class MatrixBitCodeFunctor<float>;
+template class MatrixBitCodeFunctor<double>;
+
+}  // namespace math
+}  // namespace operators
+}  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/operators/math/matrix_bit_code.h

+/* Copyright (c) 2017 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License. */
+
+#pragma once
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/eigen.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/framework/tensor.h"
+#include "paddle/fluid/platform/device_context.h"
+
+namespace paddle {
+namespace operators {
+namespace math {
+/**
+ * SimpleCodeTable class should support 3 functions:
+ *
+ * size_t size()
+ *   return the number of ids
+ *
+ * int get_max_code_length()
+ *   return the maximal code length
+ *
+ * SimpleCode operator()(size_t i)
+ *   return the i-th code. Code class is descriebed below.
+ *
+ * SimpleCode class should support 3 functions:
+ *
+ * int get_length()
+ *   return the length of the code
+ *
+ * size_t cal_index(int bit)
+ *   bit ranges from 0 to get_length() - 1
+ *   return the index for the (1+bit) level parent
+ *
+ * bool calc_bit(int bit)
+ *   return true if the bit level parent is the right child of (1+bit) level
+ *   parent
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * return the 1-based index of the highest bit set
+ *
+ * for x > 0:
+ * \f[
+ *    FindLastSet(x) = 1 + \floor*{\log_{2}x}
+ * \f]
+ */
+inline constexpr size_t FindLastSet(size_t x) {
+  return std::is_same<size_t, unsigned int>::value
+             ? (x ? 8 * sizeof(x) - __builtin_clz(x) : 0)
+             : (std::is_same<size_t, unsigned long>::value  // NOLINT
+                    ? (x ? 8 * sizeof(x) - __builtin_clzl(x) : 0)
+                    : (x ? 8 * sizeof(x) - __builtin_clzll(x) : 0));
+}
+
+struct SimpleCode {
+  SimpleCode(size_t code, size_t num_classes) : c_(code + num_classes) {}
+  /**
+   * Here the id of root shoud be 1 rather than 0, thus the encoding of class c
+   * is `c + num_classes` and all siblings can get the same weight indice using
+   * prefixes.
+   * Weight index is the prefixes of encoding, thus leave out the right most
+   * bit in calc_index.
+   * Binary classification path is the suffixes of encoding, thus leave out the
+   * left most bit in calc_bit.
+   */
+  inline size_t calc_index(int bit) const { return (c_ >> (bit + 1)) - 1; }
+  inline bool calc_bit(int bit) const { return c_ & (1 << bit); }
+  inline int get_length() const { return FindLastSet(c_) - 1; }
+
+ private:
+  size_t c_;
+};
+
+struct SimpleCodeTable {
+  explicit SimpleCodeTable(size_t num_classes) : num_classes_(num_classes) {}
+  SimpleCode operator()(size_t code) const {
+    return SimpleCode(code, num_classes_);
+  }
+  size_t size() const { return num_classes_; }
+  int get_max_code_length() const { return FindLastSet(num_classes_ - 1); }
+
+ private:
+  size_t num_classes_;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class MatrixBitCodeFunctor {
+ public:
+  explicit MatrixBitCodeFunctor(size_t num_classes, const int64_t* ids)
+      : num_classes_(num_classes), ids_(ids) {}
+  /* For j < code_length
+       tmat(i, j) += vec(0, index(i, j))
+  */
+  void Add(framework::Tensor* tmat, const framework::Tensor& vec);
+
+  /* For j < code_length
+       vec(0, index(i, j)) += tmat(i, j)
+  */
+  void AddGrad(const framework::Tensor& tmat, framework::Tensor* vec);
+
+  /* For j < code_length
+    sum(i, 0) = \sum_j bit(i, j) * tmat(i, j)
+  */
+  void Sum(const framework::Tensor& tmat, framework::Tensor* sum, T scale_sum);
+
+  /* For j < code_length
+       tmat(i, j) -= bit(i, j)
+  */
+  void Sub(framework::Tensor* tmat);
+  /* For j < code_length
+       input.row(i) += tmat(i, j) * weight.row(index(i, j))
+  */
+  void Mul(framework::Tensor* tmat, const framework::Tensor& weight,
+           const framework::Tensor& input);
+
+  /* For index(i, j) >= 0:
+      weight.row(index(i, j)) += tmat(i, j) * input.row(i)
+  */
+  void MulGradWeight(const framework::Tensor& tmat, framework::Tensor* weight,
+                     const framework::Tensor& input);
+  /* For j < code_length
+    input.row(i) += tmat(i, j) * weight.row(index(i, j))
+  */
+  void MulGradError(const framework::Tensor& tmat,
+                    const framework::Tensor& weight, framework::Tensor* input);
+
+  size_t num_classes_;
+  const int64_t* ids_;
+};
+}  // namespace math
+}  // namespace operators
+}  // namespace paddle

paddle/fluid/pybind/pybind.cc

@@ -66,6 +66,14 @@ bool IsCompiledWithCUDA() {
 #endif
 }
 
+bool IsCompiledWithDIST() {
+#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_DIST
+  return true;
+#else
+  return false;
+#endif
+}
+
 PYBIND11_PLUGIN(core) {
   py::module m("core", "C++ core of PaddlePaddle");
 
@@ -508,6 +516,7 @@ All parameter, weight, gradient are variables in Paddle.
         [](bool init_p2p) { framework::InitDevices(init_p2p); });
 
   m.def("is_compiled_with_cuda", IsCompiledWithCUDA);
+  m.def("is_compiled_with_dist", IsCompiledWithDIST);
 #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
   m.def("is_float16_supported", [](const platform::CUDAPlace &place) -> bool {
     // Only GPUs with Compute Capability >= 53 support float16

python/paddle/fluid/__init__.py

@@ -121,6 +121,9 @@ def __bootstrap__():
         'eager_delete_scope', 'use_mkldnn', 'initial_cpu_memory_in_mb',
         'init_allocated_mem'
     ]
+    if core.is_compiled_with_dist():
+        read_env_flags.append('rpc_deadline')
+
     if core.is_compiled_with_cuda():
         read_env_flags += [
             'fraction_of_gpu_memory_to_use', 'cudnn_deterministic'

python/paddle/fluid/layers/nn.py

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ __all__ = [
     'transpose',
     'im2sequence',
     'nce',
+    'hsigmoid',
     'beam_search',
     'row_conv',
     'multiplex',
@@ -3871,6 +3872,74 @@ def nce(input,
     return cost / (num_neg_samples + 1)
 
 
+def hsigmoid(input, label, num_classes, param_attr=None, bias_attr=None):
+    """
+    The hierarchical sigmoid operator is used to accelerate the training
+    process of language model. This operator organizes the classes into a 
+    complete binary tree, each leaf node represents a class(a word) and each
+    internal node acts as a binary classifier. For each word there's a unique
+    path from root to it's leaf node, hsigmoid calculate the cost for each
+    internal node on the path, and sum them to get a total cost. hsigmoid can
+    achive a acceleration from :math:`O(N)` to :math:`O(logN)`, where :math:`N`
+    represents the size of word dict.
+
+    Refer to `Hierarchical Probabilistic Neural Network Language Model
+    <http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/pointeurs/hierarchical-nnlm-aistats05.pdf>`_
+    
+    Args:
+        input (Variable): The input tensor variable with shape 
+            :math:`[N \\times D]`, where :math:`N` is the size of mini-batch,
+            and :math:`D` is the feature size.
+        label (Variable): The tensor variable contains labels of training data.
+            It's a tensor with shape is :math:`[N \\times 1]`.
+        num_classes: (int), The number of classes, must not be less than 2.
+        param_attr (ParamAttr|list of ParamAttr, default None): The parameter
+             attribute for learnable parameters/weights of this layer.
+        bias_attr (ParamAttr|list of ParamAttr, default None):  The parameter 
+             attribute for the bias of this layer. If it is set to False, no
+             bias will be applied.
+
+    Returns:
+        Out: (Tensor) The cost of hierarchical sigmoid operator. the shape is [N, 1]
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[2], dtype='float32')
+            y = fluid.layers.data(name='y', shape=[1], dtype='int64')
+            out = fluid.layers.hsigmoid(input=x, label=y, num_classes=6)
+    """
+
+    helper = LayerHelper('hierarchical_sigmoid', **locals())
+    dtype = helper.input_dtype()
+    out = helper.create_tmp_variable(dtype)
+    pre_out = helper.create_tmp_variable(dtype)
+    dim = input.shape[1]
+    if num_classes < 2:
+        raise ValueError("num_classes must not be less than 2.")
+    weights = helper.create_parameter(
+        attr=helper.param_attr,
+        shape=[num_classes - 1, dim],
+        is_bias=False,
+        dtype=input.dtype)
+    inputs = {"X": input, "W": weights, "Label": label}
+    if helper.bias_attr:
+        bias = helper.create_parameter(
+            attr=helper.bias_attr,
+            shape=[1, num_classes - 1],
+            is_bias=True,
+            dtype=input.dtype)
+        inputs['Bias'] = bias
+    helper.append_op(
+        type="hierarchical_sigmoid",
+        inputs=inputs,
+        outputs={"Out": out,
+                 "PreOut": pre_out},
+        attrs={"num_classes": num_classes})
+    return out
+
+
 def transpose(x, perm, name=None):
     """
     Permute the dimensions of `input` according to `perm`.

python/paddle/fluid/tests/unittests/test_checkpoint.py

-#   Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import paddle.fluid as fluid
-import unittest
-import os
-import tempfile
-
-
-class TestCheckpoint(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.dirname = tempfile.mktemp()
-        self.max_num_checkpoints = 3
-        self.epoch_interval = 1
-        self.step_interval = 1
-        self.trainer_id = 0
-        self.chief = self.trainer_id == 0
-        self.place = fluid.CPUPlace()
-        self.epoch_id = 100
-        self.step_id = 20
-
-    def test_checkpoint(self):
-        self.save_checkpoint()
-        serial = fluid.io.get_latest_checkpoint_serial(self.dirname)
-        self.assertTrue(serial >= 0)
-        trainer_args = ["epoch_id", "step_id"]
-        epoch_id, step_id = fluid.io.load_trainer_args(
-            self.dirname, serial, self.trainer_id, trainer_args)
-        self.assertEqual(self.step_id, int(step_id))
-        self.assertEqual(self.epoch_id, int(epoch_id))
-
-        program = fluid.Program()
-        with fluid.program_guard(program):
-            exe = fluid.Executor(self.place)
-            fluid.io.load_checkpoint(exe, self.dirname, serial, program)
-
-        fluid.io.clean_checkpoint(self.dirname, delete_dir=True)
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.isdir(self.dirname))
-
-    def save_checkpoint(self):
-        config = fluid.CheckpointConfig(self.dirname, self.max_num_checkpoints,
-                                        self.epoch_interval, self.step_interval)
-
-        trainer_args = {}
-        trainer_args["epoch_id"] = self.epoch_id
-        trainer_args["step_id"] = self.step_id
-
-        program = fluid.Program()
-        with fluid.program_guard(program):
-            program.global_block().create_var(
-                name="scale_0",
-                psersistable=True,
-                dtype="float32",
-                shape=[32, 32])
-
-            exe = fluid.Executor(self.place)
-            for i in xrange(10):
-                fluid.io.save_checkpoint(exe, config.checkpoint_dir,
-                                         self.trainer_id, trainer_args, program,
-                                         config.max_num_checkpoints)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()

python/paddle/fluid/tests/unittests/test_hsigmoid_op.py

+#   Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import unittest
+import numpy as np
+import math
+from op_test import OpTest
+
+
+def find_latest_set(num):
+    return 1 + int(math.floor(math.log(num, 2)))
+
+
+class CodeTable(object):
+    def __init__(self, num_classes, code):
+        self.c = num_classes + code
+
+    def cal_index(self, bit):
+        return (self.c >> (bit + 1)) - 1
+
+    def get_length(self):
+        return find_latest_set(self.c) - 1
+
+    def cal_bit(self, bit):
+        return self.c & (1 << bit)
+
+
+def hsigmoid(x, w, label, bias, num_classes):
+    batch_size = x.shape[0]
+    code_length = find_latest_set(num_classes - 1)
+    code_table = [0 for _ in range(code_length)]
+    pre_output = np.zeros((batch_size, code_length))
+    pre_sum = np.zeros((batch_size, 1))
+    out = np.zeros((batch_size, 1)).astype("float32")
+    for i in range(batch_size):
+        code_table = CodeTable(num_classes, label[i])
+        length = code_table.get_length()
+        for j in range(length):
+            idx = code_table.cal_index(j)
+            pre_output[i][j] += bias[0][idx]
+    for i in range(batch_size):
+        code_table = CodeTable(num_classes, label[i])
+        length = code_table.get_length()
+        for j in range(length):
+            idx = code_table.cal_index(j)
+            pre_output[i][j] += np.dot(w[idx], x[i])
+    # clip[-40.0, 40.0]
+    pre_output = np.clip(pre_output, -40.0, 40.0)
+    # out(i, 0) = \sum_j  bit(i, j) * preout(i, j)
+    for i in range(batch_size):
+        code_table = CodeTable(num_classes, label[i])
+        length = code_table.get_length()
+        sum = 0.0
+        for j in range(length):
+            if code_table.cal_bit(j):
+                sum += pre_output[i][j]
+        out[i] = -1.0 * sum
+    # soft relu
+    pre_output = np.log(1 + np.exp(pre_output))
+    pre_sum = pre_output.sum(1).reshape((batch_size, 1))
+    out += pre_sum
+    return pre_output, out
+
+
+class TestHSigmoidOp(OpTest):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.op_type = "hierarchical_sigmoid"
+        num_classes = 6
+        feature_size = 8
+        batch_size = 4
+        x = np.random.random((batch_size, feature_size)).astype("float32")
+        w = np.random.random((num_classes - 1, feature_size)).astype("float32")
+        label = np.random.randint(0, num_classes, (batch_size, 1))
+        bias = np.random.random((1, num_classes - 1)).astype("float32")
+        self.attrs = {'num_classes': num_classes}
+        self.inputs = {'X': x, 'W': w, 'Label': label, 'Bias': bias}
+        pre_output, out = hsigmoid(x, w, label, bias, num_classes)
+        self.outputs = {'PreOut': pre_output, 'Out': out}
+
+    def test_check_output(self):
+        self.check_output()
+
+    def test_check_grad(self):
+        self.check_grad(['Bias', 'X', 'W'], ['Out'], no_grad_set=set('Label'))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

python/paddle/fluid/tests/unittests/test_layers.py

@@ -174,6 +174,16 @@ class TestBook(unittest.TestCase):
                     x=dat, label=lbl))
         print(str(program))
 
+    def test_hsigmoid(self):
+        program = Program()
+        with program_guard(program):
+            x = layers.data(name='x', shape=[2], dtype='float32')
+            y = layers.data(name='y', shape=[2], dtype='int64')
+            self.assertIsNotNone(
+                layers.hsigmoid(
+                    input=x, label=y, num_classes=2))
+        print(str(program))
+
     def test_sequence_expand(self):
         program = Program()
         with program_guard(program):