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+本教程的目的是带领大家学会如何给 stack overflow 上的问题进行打标签
+
+首先我们需要导入要用到的函数库
+
+```
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import os
+import re
+import shutil
+import string
+
+import numpy as np
+import tensorflow as tf
+
+from tensorflow.keras import layers
+from tensorflow.keras import losses
+from tensorflow.keras import preprocessing
+from tensorflow.keras.layers.experimental.preprocessing import TextVectorization
+```
+
+接下来我们看下 stack overflow 数据集，该数据集有 4 个类别标签，分别是 csharp、java、javascript、python ，每个类别有 2000 个样本，数据集下载地址: http://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/data/stack_overflow_16k.tar.gz
+
+![](https://maoxianxin1996.oss-accelerate.aliyuncs.com/codechina1/20210721094839.png)
+
+下一步是加载数据集，我们用的是 `tf.keras.preprocessing.text_dataset_from_directory()` ，要求的数据存放结构如下图所示
+
+```
+main_directory/
+...class_a/
+......a_text_1.txt
+......a_text_2.txt
+...class_b/
+......b_text_1.txt
+......b_text_2.txt
+```
+
+在开始训练前，我们需要把数据集划分成训练集、验证集、测试集，不过我们看下目录可以发现，已经存在训练集和测试集，那么还缺验证集，这个可以用`validation_split` 从训练集里划分出来，代码如下所示
+
+```
+batch_size = 32
+seed = 42
+
+raw_train_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.text_dataset_from_directory(
+    'stack_overflow/train',
+    batch_size=batch_size,
+    validation_split=0.2,
+    subset='training',
+    seed=seed
+)
+
+raw_val_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.text_dataset_from_directory(
+    'stack_overflow/train',
+    batch_size=batch_size,
+    validation_split=0.2,
+    subset='validation',
+    seed=seed
+)
+
+raw_test_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.text_dataset_from_directory(
+    'stack_overflow/test',
+    batch_size=batch_size
+)
+```
+
+在开始训练之前我们还需要对数据进行一些处理，可以通过调用 `tf.keras.layers.experimental.preprocessing.TextVectorization` 来进行数据的  standardize , tokenize , and vectorize 
+
+standardize: 用于移除 remove punctuation or HTML elements
+
+tokenize: 把 strings 切分成 tokens
+
+vectorize: 把 tokens 转化成 numbers ，然后可以送入神经网络
+
+```
+def custom_standardization(input_data):
+    lowercase = tf.strings.lower(input_data)
+    stripped_html = tf.strings.regex_replace(lowercase, '<br />', ' ')
+    return tf.strings.regex_replace(stripped_html,
+                                    '[%s]' % re.escape(string.punctuation),
+                                    '')
+
+max_features = 10000
+sequence_length = 125
+
+vectorize_layer = TextVectorization(
+    standardize=custom_standardization,
+    max_tokens=max_features,
+    output_mode='int',
+    output_sequence_length=sequence_length
+)
+
+train_text = raw_train_ds.map(lambda x, y: x)
+vectorize_layer.adapt(train_text)
+
+def vectorize_text(text, label):
+    text = tf.expand_dims(text, -1)
+    return vectorize_layer(text), label
+```
+
+我们可以一起看下处理过后的数据长什么样子，如下图所示
+
+![](https://maoxianxin1996.oss-accelerate.aliyuncs.com/codechina1/20210721101617.png)
+
+到这一步，我们还需要对数据进行最后一步处理，然后就可以开始训练了
+
+```
+train_ds = raw_train_ds.map(vectorize_text)
+val_ds = raw_val_ds.map(vectorize_text)
+test_ds = raw_test_ds.map(vectorize_text)
+
+AUTOTUNE = tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE
+
+train_ds = train_ds.cache().prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
+val_ds = val_ds.cache().prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
+test_ds = test_ds.cache().prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
+```
+
+接下来我们开始搭建模型
+
+```
+embedding_dim = 16
+
+model = tf.keras.Sequential([
+    layers.Embedding(max_features + 1, embedding_dim),
+    layers.Dropout(0.2),
+    layers.GlobalAveragePooling1D(),
+    layers.Dropout(0.2),
+    layers.Dense(4)
+])
+
+model.summary()
+
+model.compile(loss=losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
+              optimizer='adam',
+              metrics=['accuracy'])
+```
+
+开始模型训练
+
+```
+epochs = 20
+history = model.fit(
+    train_ds,
+    validation_data=val_ds,
+    epochs=epochs
+)
+```
+
+绘制训练结果图
+
+```
+history_dict = history.history
+history_dict.keys()
+
+acc = history_dict['accuracy']
+val_acc = history_dict['val_accuracy']
+loss = history_dict['loss']
+val_loss = history_dict['val_loss']
+
+epochs = range(1, len(acc) + 1)
+
+# "bo" is for "blue dot"
+plt.plot(epochs, loss, 'bo', label='Training loss')
+# b is for "solid blue line"
+plt.plot(epochs, val_loss, 'b', label='Validation loss')
+plt.title('Training and validation loss')
+plt.xlabel('Epochs')
+plt.ylabel('Loss')
+plt.legend()
+
+plt.show()
+
+plt.plot(epochs, acc, 'bo', label='Training acc')
+plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, 'b', label='Validation acc')
+plt.title('Training and validation accuracy')
+plt.xlabel('Epochs')
+plt.ylabel('Accuracy')
+plt.legend(loc='lower right')
+
+plt.show()
+```
+
+![](https://maoxianxin1996.oss-accelerate.aliyuncs.com/codechina1/20210721102313.png)
+
+![](https://maoxianxin1996.oss-accelerate.aliyuncs.com/codechina1/20210721102340.png)
+
+我们来分析下，上面的两个图，第一个图反应的是训练损失值和验证损失值的曲线，我们发现模型过拟合了，针对这种情况我们可以用`tf.keras.callbacks.EarlyStopping` 来处理，只要在模型的验证损失值不再下降的地方，停止训练就好
+
+![](https://maoxianxin1996.oss-accelerate.aliyuncs.com/codechina1/20210721102704.png)
+
+训练完模型之后，我们可以对样本进行预测，比如 examples 里面有 3 个样本，分别截取自 stack overflow 数据集，关于预测效果，大家可以自行测试
+
+代码地址: https://codechina.csdn.net/csdn_codechina/enterprise_technology/-/blob/master/text_classification.ipynb
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