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+# Knowledge Distillation
+
+- [Knowledge Distillation](#Knowledge Distillation)
+ + [1. Introduction](#1)
+ + [1.1 Introduction to Knowledge Distillation](#11)
+ + [1.2 Introduction to PaddleOCR Knowledge Distillation](#12)
+ + [2. Configuration File Analysis](#2)
+ + [2.1 Recognition Model Configuration File Analysis](#21)
+ - [2.1.1 Model Structure](#211)
+ - [2.1.2 Loss Function ](#212)
+ - [2.1.3 Post-processing](#213)
+ - [2.1.4 Metric Calculation](#214)
+ - [2.1.5 Fine-tuning Distillation Model](#215)
+ + [2.2 Detection Configuration File Analysis](#22)
+
+
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+### 1.1 Introduction to Knowledge Distillation
+
+In recent years, deep neural networks have been proved to be an extremely effective method for solving problems in the fields of computer vision and natural language processing.
+By constructing a suitable neural network and training it, the performance metrics of the final network model will basically exceed the traditional algorithm.
+When the amount of data is large enough, increasing the amount of parameters by constructing a reasonable network model can significantly improve the performance of the model,
+but this brings about the problem of a sharp increase in the complexity of the model. Large models are more expensive to use in actual scenarios.
+Deep neural networks generally have more parameter redundancy. At present, there are several main methods to compress the model and reduce the amount of its parameters.
+Such as pruning, quantification, knowledge distillation, etc., where knowledge distillation refers to the use of teacher models to guide student models to learn specific tasks,
+to ensure that the small model obtains a relatively large performance improvement under the condition of unchanged parameters.
+In addition, in the knowledge distillation task, a mutual learning model training method was also derived.
+The paper [Deep Mutual Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.00384) pointed out that using two identical models to supervise each other during the training process can achieve better results than a single model training.
+
+
+### 1.2 Introduction to PaddleOCR Knowledge Distillation
+
+Whether it is a large model distilling a small model, or a small model learning from each other and updating parameters,
+they are essentially the output between different models or mutual supervision between feature maps.
+The only difference is (1) whether the model requires fixed parameters. (2) Whether the model needs to be loaded with a pre-trained model.
+For the case where a large model distills a small model, the large model generally needs to load the pre-trained model and fix the parameters.
+For the situation where small models distill each other, the small models generally do not load the pre-trained model, and the parameters are also in a learnable state.
+
+In the task of knowledge distillation, it is not only the distillation between two models, but also the situation where multiple models learn from each other.
+Therefore, in the knowledge distillation code framework, it is also necessary to support this type of distillation method.
+
+The algorithm of knowledge distillation is integrated in PaddleOCR. Specifically, it has the following main features:
+- It supports mutual learning of any network, and does not require the sub-network structure to be completely consistent or to have a pre-trained model. At the same time, there is no limit to the number of sub-networks, just add it in the configuration file.
+- Support arbitrarily configuring the loss function through the configuration file, not only can use a certain loss, but also a combination of multiple losses.
+- Support all model-related environments such as knowledge distillation training, prediction, evaluation, and export, which is convenient for use and deployment.
+
+Through knowledge distillation, in the common Chinese and English text recognition task, without adding any time-consuming prediction,
+the accuracy of the model can be improved by more than 3%. Combining the learning rate adjustment strategy and the model structure fine-tuning strategy,
+the final improvement is more than 5%.
+
+
+## 2. Configuration File Analysis
+
+In the process of knowledge distillation training, there is no change in data preprocessing, optimizer, learning rate, and some global attributes.
+The configuration files of the model structure, loss function, post-processing, metric calculation and other modules need to be fine-tuned.
+
+The following takes the knowledge distillation configuration file for recognition and detection as an example to analyze the training and configuration of knowledge distillation.
+
+
+### 2.1 Recognition Model Configuration File Analysis
+
+The configuration file is in [ch_PP-OCRv2_rec_distillation.yml](../../configs/rec/ch_PP-OCRv2/ch_PP-OCRv2_rec_distillation.yml).
+
+
+#### 2.1.1 Model Structure
+
+In the knowledge distillation task, the model structure configuration is as follows.
+```yaml
+Architecture:
+ model_type: &model_type "rec" # Model category, recognition, detection, etc.
+ name: DistillationModel # Structure name, in the distillation task, it is DistillationModel
+ algorithm: Distillation # Algorithm name
+ Models: # Model, including the configuration information of the subnet
+ Teacher: # The name of the subnet, it must include at least the `pretrained` and `freeze_params` parameters, and the other parameters are the construction parameters of the subnet
+ pretrained: # Does this sub-network need to load pre-training weights
+ freeze_params: false # Do you need fixed parameters
+ return_all_feats: true # Do you need to return all features, if it is False, only the final output is returned
+ model_type: *model_type # Model category
+ algorithm: CRNN # The algorithm name of the sub-network. The remaining parameters of the sub-network are consistent with the general model training configuration
+ Transform:
+ Backbone:
+ name: MobileNetV1Enhance
+ scale: 0.5
+ Neck:
+ name: SequenceEncoder
+ encoder_type: rnn
+ hidden_size: 64
+ Head:
+ name: CTCHead
+ mid_channels: 96
+ fc_decay: 0.00002
+ Student: # Another sub-network, here is a distillation example of DML, the two sub-networks have the same structure, and both need to learn parameters
+ pretrained: # The following parameters are the same as above
+ freeze_params: false
+ return_all_feats: true
+ model_type: *model_type
+ algorithm: CRNN
+ Transform:
+ Backbone:
+ name: MobileNetV1Enhance
+ scale: 0.5
+ Neck:
+ name: SequenceEncoder
+ encoder_type: rnn
+ hidden_size: 64
+ Head:
+ name: CTCHead
+ mid_channels: 96
+ fc_decay: 0.00002
+```
+
+If you want to add more sub-networks for training, you can also add the corresponding fields in the configuration file according to the way of adding `Student` and `Teacher`.
+For example, if you want 3 models to supervise each other and train together, then `Architecture` can be written in the following format.
+
+```yaml
+Architecture:
+ model_type: &model_type "rec"
+ name: DistillationModel
+ algorithm: Distillation
+ Models:
+ Teacher:
+ pretrained:
+ freeze_params: false
+ return_all_feats: true
+ model_type: *model_type
+ algorithm: CRNN
+ Transform:
+ Backbone:
+ name: MobileNetV1Enhance
+ scale: 0.5
+ Neck:
+ name: SequenceEncoder
+ encoder_type: rnn
+ hidden_size: 64
+ Head:
+ name: CTCHead
+ mid_channels: 96
+ fc_decay: 0.00002
+ Student:
+ pretrained:
+ freeze_params: false
+ return_all_feats: true
+ model_type: *model_type
+ algorithm: CRNN
+ Transform:
+ Backbone:
+ name: MobileNetV1Enhance
+ scale: 0.5
+ Neck:
+ name: SequenceEncoder
+ encoder_type: rnn
+ hidden_size: 64
+ Head:
+ name: CTCHead
+ mid_channels: 96
+ fc_decay: 0.00002
+ Student2: # The new sub-network introduced in the knowledge distillation task, the configuration is the same as above
+ pretrained:
+ freeze_params: false
+ return_all_feats: true
+ model_type: *model_type
+ algorithm: CRNN
+ Transform:
+ Backbone:
+ name: MobileNetV1Enhance
+ scale: 0.5
+ Neck:
+ name: SequenceEncoder
+ encoder_type: rnn
+ hidden_size: 64
+ Head:
+ name: CTCHead
+ mid_channels: 96
+ fc_decay: 0.00002
+```
+
+When the model is finally trained, it contains 3 sub-networks: `Teacher`, `Student`, `Student2`.
+
+The specific implementation code of the `DistillationModel` class can refer to [distillation_model.py](../../ppocr/modeling/architectures/distillation_model.py).
+The final model output is a dictionary, the key is the name of all the sub-networks, for example, here are `Student` and `Teacher`, and the value is the output of the corresponding sub-network,
+which can be `Tensor` (only the last layer of the network is returned) and `dict` (also returns the characteristic information in the middle).
+In the recognition task, in order to add more loss functions and ensure the scalability of the distillation method, the output of each sub-network is saved as a `dict`, which contains the sub-module output.
+Take the recognition model as an example. The output result of each sub-network is `dict`, the key contains `backbone_out`, `neck_out`, `head_out`, and `value` is the tensor of the corresponding module. Finally, for the above configuration file, `DistillationModel` The output format is as follows.
+
+```json
+{
+ "Teacher": {
+ "backbone_out": tensor,
+ "neck_out": tensor,
+ "head_out": tensor,
+ },
+ "Student": {
+ "backbone_out": tensor,
+ "neck_out": tensor,
+ "head_out": tensor,
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+#### 2.1.2 Loss Function
+
+In the knowledge distillation task, the loss function configuration is as follows.
+
+```yaml
+Loss:
+ name: CombinedLoss # Loss function name
+ loss_config_list: # List of loss function configuration files, mandatory functions for CombinedLoss
+ - DistillationCTCLoss: # CTC loss function based on distillation, inherited from standard CTC loss
+ weight: 1.0 # The weight of the loss function. In loss_config_list, each loss function must include this field
+ model_name_list: ["Student", "Teacher"] # For the prediction results of the distillation model, extract the output of these two sub-networks and calculate the CTC loss with gt
+ key: head_out # In the sub-network output dict, take the corresponding tensor
+ - DistillationDMLLoss: # DML loss function, inherited from the standard DMLLoss
+ weight: 1.0
+ act: "softmax" # Activation function, use it to process the input, can be softmax, sigmoid or None, the default is None
+ model_name_pairs: # The subnet name pair used to calculate DML loss. If you want to calculate the DML loss of other subnets, you can continue to add it below the list
+ - ["Student", "Teacher"]
+ key: head_out
+ - DistillationDistanceLoss: # Distilled distance loss function
+ weight: 1.0
+ mode: "l2" # Support l1, l2 or smooth_l1
+ model_name_pairs: # Calculate the distance loss of the subnet name pair
+ - ["Student", "Teacher"]
+ key: backbone_out
+```
+
+Among the above loss functions, all distillation loss functions are inherited from the standard loss function class.
+The main functions are: Analyze the output of the distillation model, find the intermediate node (tensor) used to calculate the loss,
+and then use the standard loss function class to calculate.
+
+Taking the above configuration as an example, the final distillation training loss function contains the following three parts.
+
+- The final output `head_out` of `Student` and `Teacher` calculates the CTC loss with gt (loss weight equals 1.0). Here, because both sub-networks need to update the parameters, both of them need to calculate the loss with gt.
+- DML loss between `Student` and `Teacher`'s final output `head_out` (loss weight equals 1.0).
+- L2 loss between `Student` and `Teacher`'s backbone network output `backbone_out` (loss weight equals 1.0).
+
+For more specific implementation of `CombinedLoss`, please refer to: [combined_loss.py](../../ppocr/losses/combined_loss.py#L23).
+For more specific implementations of distillation loss functions such as `DistillationCTCLoss`, please refer to [distillation_loss.py](../../ppocr/losses/distillation_loss.py)
+
+
+
+#### 2.1.3 Post-processing
+
+In the knowledge distillation task, the post-processing configuration is as follows.
+
+```yaml
+PostProcess:
+ name: DistillationCTCLabelDecode # CTC decoding post-processing of distillation tasks, inherited from the standard CTCLabelDecode class
+ model_name: ["Student", "Teacher"] # For the prediction results of the distillation model, extract the outputs of these two sub-networks and decode them
+ key: head_out # Take the corresponding tensor in the subnet output dict
+```
+
+Taking the above configuration as an example, the CTC decoding output of the two sub-networks `Student` and `Teahcer` will be calculated at the same time.
+Among them, `key` is the name of the subnet, and `value` is the list of subnets.
+
+For more specific implementation of `DistillationCTCLabelDecode`, please refer to: [rec_postprocess.py](../../ppocr/postprocess/rec_postprocess.py#L128)
+
+
+
+#### 2.1.4 Metric Calculation
+
+In the knowledge distillation task, the metric calculation configuration is as follows.
+
+```yaml
+Metric:
+ name: DistillationMetric # CTC decoding post-processing of distillation tasks, inherited from the standard CTCLabelDecode class
+ base_metric_name: RecMetric # The base class of indicator calculation. For the output of the model, the indicator will be calculated based on this class
+ main_indicator: acc # The name of the indicator
+ key: "Student" # Select the main_indicator of this subnet as the criterion for saving the best model
+```
+
+Taking the above configuration as an example, the accuracy metric of the `Student` subnet will be used as the judgment metric for saving the best model.
+At the same time, the accuracy metric of all subnets will be printed out in the log.
+
+For more specific implementation of `DistillationMetric`, please refer to: [distillation_metric.py](../../ppocr/metrics/distillation_metric.py#L24).
+
+
+
+#### 2.1.5 Fine-tuning Distillation Model
+
+There are two ways to fine-tune the distillation recognition task.
+
+1. Fine-tuning based on knowledge distillation: this situation is relatively simple, download the pre-trained model. Then configure the pre-training model path and your own data path in [ch_PP-OCRv2_rec_distillation.yml](../../configs/rec/ch_PP-OCRv2/ch_PP-OCRv2_rec_distillation.yml) to perform fine-tuning training of the model.
+2. Do not use knowledge distillation in fine-tuning: In this case, you need to first extract the student model parameters from the pre-training model. The specific steps are as follows.
+
+- First download the pre-trained model and unzip it.
+```shell
+wget https://paddleocr.bj.bcebos.com/PP-OCRv2/chinese/ch_PP-OCRv2_rec_train.tar
+tar -xf ch_PP-OCRv2_rec_train.tar
+```
+
+- Then use python to extract the student model parameters
+
+```python
+import paddle
+# Load the pre-trained model
+all_params = paddle.load("ch_PP-OCRv2_rec_train/best_accuracy.pdparams")
+# View the keys of the weight parameter
+print(all_params.keys())
+# Weight extraction of student model
+s_params = {key[len("Student."):]: all_params[key] for key in all_params if "Student." in key}
+# View the keys of the weight parameters of the student model
+print(s_params.keys())
+# Save weight parameters
+paddle.save(s_params, "ch_PP-OCRv2_rec_train/student.pdparams")
+```
+
+After the extraction is complete, use [ch_PP-OCRv2_rec.yml](../../configs/rec/ch_PP-OCRv2/ch_PP-OCRv2_rec.yml) to modify the path of the pre-trained model (the path of the exported `student.pdparams` model) and your own data path to fine-tune the model.
+
+
+### 2.2 Detection Configuration File Analysis
+
+- coming soon!