---
title: Functions
---

## Aggregate Functions

Aggregate queries are supported in TDengine by the following aggregate functions and selection functions.

### COUNT

```
SELECT COUNT([*|field_name]) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: Get the number of rows or the number of non-null values in a table or a super table.

**Return value type**: Long integer INT64

**Applicable column types**: All

**Applicable table types**: table, super table, sub table

**More explanation**:

- Wildcard (\*) is used to represent all columns. The `COUNT` function is used to get the total number of rows.
- The number of non-NULL values will be returned if this function is used on a specific column.

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT COUNT(*), COUNT(voltage) FROM meters;
    count(*)        |    count(voltage)     |
================================================
                    9 |                     9 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.004475s)

taos> SELECT COUNT(*), COUNT(voltage) FROM d1001;
    count(*)        |    count(voltage)     |
================================================
                    3 |                     3 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.001075s)
```

### AVG

```
SELECT AVG(field_name) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: Get the average value of a column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Double precision floating number

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT AVG(current), AVG(voltage), AVG(phase) FROM meters;
    avg(current)        |       avg(voltage)        |        avg(phase)         |
====================================================================================
            11.466666751 |             220.444444444 |               0.293333333 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.004135s)

taos> SELECT AVG(current), AVG(voltage), AVG(phase) FROM d1001;
    avg(current)        |       avg(voltage)        |        avg(phase)         |
====================================================================================
            11.733333588 |             219.333333333 |               0.316666673 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.000943s)
```

### TWA

```
SELECT TWA(field_name) FROM tb_name WHERE clause;
```

**Description**: Time weighted average on a specific column within a time range

**Return value type**: Double precision floating number

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- Since version 2.1.3.0, function TWA can be used on stable with `GROUP BY`, i.e. timelines generated by `GROUP BY tbname` on a STable.

### IRATE

```
SELECT IRATE(field_name) FROM tb_name WHERE clause;
```

**Description**: instantaneous rate on a specific column. The last two samples in the specified time range are used to calculate instantaneous rate. If the last sample value is smaller, then only the last sample value is used instead of the difference between the last two sample values.

**Return value type**: Double precision floating number

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- Since version 2.1.3.0, function IRATE can be used on stble with `GROUP BY`, i.e. timelines generated by `GROUP BY tbname` on a STable.

### SUM

```
SELECT SUM(field_name) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The sum of a specific column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Double precision floating number or long integer

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT SUM(current), SUM(voltage), SUM(phase) FROM meters;
    sum(current)        |     sum(voltage)      |        sum(phase)         |
================================================================================
            103.200000763 |                  1984 |               2.640000001 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.001702s)

taos> SELECT SUM(current), SUM(voltage), SUM(phase) FROM d1001;
    sum(current)        |     sum(voltage)      |        sum(phase)         |
================================================================================
            35.200000763 |                   658 |               0.950000018 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.000980s)
```

### STDDEV

```
SELECT STDDEV(field_name) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: Standard deviation of a specific column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Double precision floating number

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable (since version 2.0.15.1)

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT STDDEV(current) FROM d1001;
    stddev(current)      |
============================
            1.020892909 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.000915s)
```

### LEASTSQUARES

```
SELECT LEASTSQUARES(field_name, start_val, step_val) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The linear regression function of the specified column and the timestamp column (primary key), `start_val` is the initial value and `step_val` is the step value.

**Return value type**: A string in the format of "(slope, intercept)"

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table only

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT LEASTSQUARES(current, 1, 1) FROM d1001;
            leastsquares(current, 1, 1)             |
=====================================================
{slop:1.000000, intercept:9.733334}                 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.000921s)
```

## Selection Functions

When any select function is used, timestamp column or tag columns including `tbname` can be specified to show that the selected value are from which rows.

### MIN

```
SELECT MIN(field_name) FROM {tb_name | stb_name} [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The minimum value of a specific column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Same as the data type of the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT MIN(current), MIN(voltage) FROM meters;
    min(current)     | min(voltage) |
======================================
            10.20000 |          218 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.001765s)

taos> SELECT MIN(current), MIN(voltage) FROM d1001;
    min(current)     | min(voltage) |
======================================
            10.30000 |          218 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.000950s)
```

### MAX

```
SELECT MAX(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The maximum value of a specific column of a table or STable

**Return value type**: Same as the data type of the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT MAX(current), MAX(voltage) FROM meters;
    max(current)     | max(voltage) |
======================================
            13.40000 |          223 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.001123s)

taos> SELECT MAX(current), MAX(voltage) FROM d1001;
    max(current)     | max(voltage) |
======================================
            12.60000 |          221 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.000987s)
```

### FIRST

```
SELECT FIRST(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The first non-null value of a specific column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Any data type

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- FIRST(\*) can be used to get the first non-null value of all columns
- NULL will be returned if all the values of the specified column are all NULL
- A result will NOT be returned if all the columns in the result set are all NULL

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT FIRST(*) FROM meters;
        first(ts)        |    first(current)    | first(voltage) |     first(phase)     |
=========================================================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:04.000 |             10.20000 |            220 |              0.23000 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.004767s)

taos> SELECT FIRST(current) FROM d1002;
    first(current)    |
=======================
            10.20000 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.001023s)
```

### LAST

```
SELECT LAST(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The last non-NULL value of a specific column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Any data type

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- LAST(\*) can be used to get the last non-NULL value of all columns
- If the values of a column in the result set are all NULL, NULL is returned for that column; if all columns in the result are all NULL, no result will be returned.
- When it's used on a STable, if there are multiple values with the timestamp in the result set, one of them will be returned randomly and it's not guaranteed that the same value is returned if the same query is run multiple times.

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT LAST(*) FROM meters;
        last(ts)         |    last(current)     | last(voltage) |     last(phase)      |
========================================================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:16.800 |             12.30000 |           221 |              0.31000 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.001452s)

taos> SELECT LAST(current) FROM d1002;
    last(current)     |
=======================
            10.30000 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.000843s)
```

### TOP

```
SELECT TOP(field_name, K) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The greatest _k_ values of a specific column in a table or STable. If a value has multiple occurrences in the column but counting all of them in will exceed the upper limit _k_, then a part of them will be returned randomly.

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- _k_ must be in range [1,100]
- The timestamp associated with the selected values are returned too
- Can't be used with `FILL`

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT TOP(current, 3) FROM meters;
        ts            |   top(current, 3)    |
=================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:15.000 |             12.60000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:16.600 |             13.40000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:16.800 |             12.30000 |
Query OK, 3 row(s) in set (0.001548s)

taos> SELECT TOP(current, 2) FROM d1001;
        ts            |   top(current, 2)    |
=================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:15.000 |             12.60000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:16.800 |             12.30000 |
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.000810s)
```

### BOTTOM

```
SELECT BOTTOM(field_name, K) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The least _k_ values of a specific column in a table or STable. If a value has multiple occurrences in the column but counting all of them in will exceed the upper limit _k_, then a part of them will be returned randomly.

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- _k_ must be in range [1,100]
- The timestamp associated with the selected values are returned too
- Can't be used with `FILL`

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT BOTTOM(voltage, 2) FROM meters;
        ts            | bottom(voltage, 2) |
===============================================
2018-10-03 14:38:15.000 |                218 |
2018-10-03 14:38:16.650 |                218 |
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.001332s)

taos> SELECT BOTTOM(current, 2) FROM d1001;
        ts            |  bottom(current, 2)  |
=================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:05.000 |             10.30000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:16.800 |             12.30000 |
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.000793s)
```

### PERCENTILE

```
SELECT PERCENTILE(field_name, P) FROM { tb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The value whose rank in a specific column matches the specified percentage. If such a value matching the specified percentage doesn't exist in the column, an interpolation value will be returned.

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table

**More explanations**: _P_ is in range [0,100], when _P_ is 0, the result is same as using function MIN; when _P_ is 100, the result is same as function MAX.

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT PERCENTILE(current, 20) FROM d1001;
percentile(current, 20)  |
============================
            11.100000191 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.000787s)
```

### APERCENTILE

```
SELECT APERCENTILE(field_name, P[, algo_type])
FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: Similar to `PERCENTILE`, but a simulated result is returned

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**

- _P_ is in range [0,100], when _P_ is 0, the result is same as using function MIN; when _P_ is 100, the result is same as function MAX.
- **algo_type** can only be input as `default` or `t-digest`, if it's not specified `default` will be used, i.e. `apercentile(column_name, 50)` is same as `apercentile(column_name, 50, "default")`.
- When `t-digest` is used, `t-digest` sampling is used to calculate. It can be used from version 2.2.0.0.

**Nested query**: It can be used in both the outer query and inner query in a nested query.

```
taos> SELECT APERCENTILE(current, 20) FROM d1001;
apercentile(current, 20)  |
============================
            10.300000191 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.000645s)

taos> select apercentile (count, 80, 'default') from stb1;
 apercentile (c0, 80, 'default') |
==================================
             601920857.210056424 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.012363s)

taos> select apercentile (count, 80, 't-digest') from stb1;
 apercentile (c0, 80, 't-digest') |
===================================
              605869120.966666579 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.011639s)
```

### LAST_ROW

```
SELECT LAST_ROW(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name };
```

**Description**: The last row of a table or STable

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Any data type

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- When it's used against a STable, multiple rows with the same and largest timestamp may exist, in this case one of them is returned randomly and it's not guaranteed that the result is same if the query is run multiple times.
- Can't be used with `INTERVAL`.

**Examples**:

```
 taos> SELECT LAST_ROW(current) FROM meters;
 last_row(current)   |
 =======================
             12.30000 |
 Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.001238s)

 taos> SELECT LAST_ROW(current) FROM d1002;
 last_row(current)   |
 =======================
             10.30000 |
 Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.001042s)
```

### INTERP [Since version 2.3.1]

```
SELECT INTERP(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE where_condition] [ RANGE(timestamp1,timestamp2) ] [EVERY(interval)] [FILL ({ VALUE | PREV | NULL | LINEAR | NEXT})];
```

**Description**: The value that matches the specified timestamp range is returned, if existing; or an interpolation value is returned.

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Numeric data types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable, nested query

**More explanations**

- `INTERP` is used to get the value that matches the specified time slice from a column. If no such value exists an interpolation value will be returned based on `FILL` parameter.
- The input data of `INTERP` is the value of the specified column and a `where` clause can be used to filter the original data. If no `where` condition is specified then all original data is the input.
- The output time range of `INTERP` is specified by `RANGE(timestamp1,timestamp2)` parameter, with timestamp1<=timestamp2. timestamp1 is the starting point of the output time range and must be specified. timestamp2 is the ending point of the output time range and must be specified. If `RANGE` is not specified, then the timestamp of the first row that matches the filter condition is treated as timestamp1, the timestamp of the last row that matches the filter condition is treated as timestamp2.
- The number of rows in the result set of `INTERP` is determined by the parameter `EVERY`. Starting from timestamp1, one interpolation is performed for every time interval specified `EVERY` parameter. If `EVERY` parameter is not used, the time windows will be considered as no ending timestamp, i.e. there is only one time window from timestamp1.
- Interpolation is performed based on `FILL` parameter. No interpolation is performed if `FILL` is not used, that means either the original data that matches is returned or nothing is returned.
- `INTERP` can only be used to interpolate in single timeline. So it must be used with `group by tbname` when it's used on a STable. It can't be used with `GROUP BY` when it's used in the inner query of a nested query.
- The result of `INTERP` is not influenced by `ORDER BY TIMESTAMP`, which impacts the output order only..

**Examples**: Based on the `meters` schema used throughout the documents

- Single point linear interpolation between "2017-07-14 18:40:00" and "2017-07-14 18:40:00:

```
 taos> SELECT INTERP(current) FROM t1 RANGE('2017-7-14 18:40:00','2017-7-14 18:40:00') FILL(LINEAR);
```

- Get original data every 5 seconds, no interpolation, between "2017-07-14 18:00:00" and "2017-07-14 19:00:00:

```
 taos> SELECT INTERP(current) FROM t1 RANGE('2017-7-14 18:00:00','2017-7-14 19:00:00') EVERY(5s);
```

- Linear interpolation every 5 seconds between "2017-07-14 18:00:00" and "2017-07-14 19:00:00:

```
  taos> SELECT INTERP(current) FROM t1 RANGE('2017-7-14 18:00:00','2017-7-14 19:00:00') EVERY(5s) FILL(LINEAR);
```

- Backward interpolation every 5 seconds

```
  taos> SELECT INTERP(current) FROM t1 EVERY(5s) FILL(NEXT);
```

- Linear interpolation every 5 seconds between "2017-07-14 17:00:00" and "2017-07-14 20:00:00"

```
  taos> SELECT INTERP(current) FROM t1 where ts >= '2017-07-14 17:00:00' and ts <= '2017-07-14 20:00:00' RANGE('2017-7-14 18:00:00','2017-7-14 19:00:00') EVERY(5s) FILL(LINEAR);
```

### INTERP [Since version 2.0.15.0]

```
SELECT INTERP(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } WHERE ts='timestamp' [FILL ({ VALUE | PREV | NULL | LINEAR | NEXT})];
```

**Description**: The value of a specific column that matches the specified time slice

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Numeric data type

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- Time slice must be specified. If there is no data matching the specified time slice, interpolation is performed based on `FILL` parameter. Conditions such as tags or `tbname` can be used `Where` clause can be used to filter data.
- The timestamp specified must be within the time range of the data rows of the table or STable. If it is beyond the valid time range, nothing is returned even with `FILL` parameter.
- `INTERP` can be used to query only single time point once. `INTERP` can be used with `EVERY` to get the interpolation value every time interval.
- **Examples**:

```
 taos> SELECT INTERP(*) FROM meters WHERE ts='2017-7-14 18:40:00.004';
        interp(ts)        |   interp(current)    | interp(voltage) |    interp(phase)     |
 ==========================================================================================
  2017-07-14 18:40:00.004 |              9.84020 |             216 |              0.32222 |
 Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.002652s)
```

If there is no data corresponding to the specified timestamp, an interpolation value is returned if interpolation policy is specified by `FILL` parameter; or nothing is returned.

```
 taos> SELECT INTERP(*) FROM meters WHERE tbname IN ('d636') AND ts='2017-7-14 18:40:00.005';
 Query OK, 0 row(s) in set (0.004022s)

 taos> SELECT INTERP(*) FROM meters WHERE tbname IN ('d636') AND ts='2017-7-14 18:40:00.005' FILL(PREV);
        interp(ts)        |   interp(current)    | interp(voltage) |    interp(phase)     |
 ==========================================================================================
  2017-07-14 18:40:00.005 |              9.88150 |             217 |              0.32500 |
 Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.003056s)
```

Interpolation is performed every 5 milliseconds between `['2017-7-14 18:40:00', '2017-7-14 18:40:00.014']`

```
 taos> SELECT INTERP(current) FROM d636 WHERE ts>='2017-7-14 18:40:00' AND ts<='2017-7-14 18:40:00.014' EVERY(5a);
            ts            |   interp(current)    |
 =================================================
  2017-07-14 18:40:00.000 |             10.04179 |
  2017-07-14 18:40:00.010 |             10.16123 |
 Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.003487s)
```

## Scalar functions

### DIFF

```sql
SELECT {DIFF(field_name, ignore_negative) | DIFF(field_name)} FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The different of each row with its previous row for a specific column. `ignore_negative` can be specified as 0 or 1, the default value is 1 if it's not specified. `1` means negative values are ignored.

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- The number of result rows is the number of rows subtracted by one, no output for the first row
- Since version 2.1.30, `DIFF` can be used on STable with `GROUP by tbname`

**Examples**:

```sql
taos> SELECT DIFF(current) FROM d1001;
        ts            |    diff(current)     |
=================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:15.000 |              2.30000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:16.800 |             -0.30000 |
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.001162s)
```

### DERIVATIVE

```
SELECT DERIVATIVE(field_name, time_interval, ignore_negative) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The derivative of a specific column. The time rage can be specified by parameter `time_interval`, the minimum allowed time range is 1 second (1s); the value of `ignore_negative` can be 0 or 1, 1 means negative values are ignored.

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- It is available since version 2.1.3.0, the number of result rows is the number of total rows in the time range subtracted by one, no output for the first row.
- It can be used together with `GROUP BY tbname` against a STable.

**Examples**:

```
taos> select derivative(current, 10m, 0) from t1;
           ts            | derivative(current, 10m, 0) |
========================================================
 2021-08-20 10:11:22.790 |                 0.500000000 |
 2021-08-20 11:11:22.791 |                 0.166666620 |
 2021-08-20 12:11:22.791 |                 0.000000000 |
 2021-08-20 13:11:22.792 |                 0.166666620 |
 2021-08-20 14:11:22.792 |                -0.666666667 |
Query OK, 5 row(s) in set (0.004883s)
```

### SPREAD

```
SELECT SPREAD(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The difference between the max and the min of a specific column

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for binary, nchar, and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**: Can be used on a column of TIMESTAMP type, the result is the time range size.

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT SPREAD(voltage) FROM meters;
    spread(voltage)      |
============================
            5.000000000 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.001792s)

taos> SELECT SPREAD(voltage) FROM d1001;
    spread(voltage)      |
============================
            3.000000000 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.000836s)
```

### CEIL

```
SELECT CEIL(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The rounded up value of a specific column

**Return value type**: Same as the column being used

**Applicable data types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar, bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and outer query

**More explanations**:

- Can't be used on any tags of any type
- Arithmetic operation can be performed on the result of `ceil` function
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

### FLOOR

```
SELECT FLOOR(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The rounded down value of a specific column

**More explanations**: The restrictions are same as those of the `CEIL` function.

### ROUND

```
SELECT ROUND(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The rounded value of a specific column.

**More explanations**: The restrictions are same as `CEIL` function.

### CSUM

```sql
    SELECT CSUM(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The cumulative sum of each row for a specific column. The number of output rows is same as that of the input rows.

**Return value type**: Long integer for integers; Double for floating points. Timestamp is returned for each row.

**Applicable data types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar, and bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:

- Can't be used on tags when it's used on STable
- Arithmetic operation can't be performed on the result of `csum` function
- Can only be used with aggregate functions
- `Group by tbname` must be used together on a STable to force the result on a single timeline

**Applicable versions**: Since 2.3.0.x

### MAVG

```sql
    SELECT MAVG(field_name, K) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The moving average of continuous _k_ values of a specific column. If the number of input rows is less than _k_, nothing is returned. The applicable range is _k_ is [1,1000].

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable data types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar, and bool

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- Arithmetic operation can't be performed on the result of `MAVG`.
- Can only be used with data columns, can't be used with tags.
- Can't be used with aggregate functions.
- Must be used with `GROUP BY tbname` when it's used on a STable to force the result on each single timeline.

**Applicable versions**: Since 2.3.0.x

### SAMPLE

```sql
    SELECT SAMPLE(field_name, K) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: _k_ sampling values of a specific column. The applicable range of _k_ is [1,10000]

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated plus the associated timestamp

**Applicable data types**: Any data type except for tags of STable

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:

- Arithmetic operation can't be operated on the result of `SAMPLE` function
- Must be used with `Group by tbname` when it's used on a STable to force the result on each single timeline

**Applicable versions**: Since 2.3.0.x

### Arithmetic Operations

```
SELECT field_name [+|-|*|/|%][Value|field_name] FROM { tb_name | stb_name }  [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The sum, difference, product, quotient, or remainder between one or more columns

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable column types**: Data types except for timestamp, binary, nchar, bool

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- Arithmetic operations can be performed on two or more columns. Parentheses `()` can be used to control the order of precedence.
- NULL doesn't participate in the operation i.e. if one of the operands is NULL then result is NULL

**Examples**:

```
taos> SELECT current + voltage * phase FROM d1001;
(current+(voltage*phase)) |
============================
            78.190000713 |
            84.540003240 |
            80.810000718 |
Query OK, 3 row(s) in set (0.001046s)
```