---
title: Functions
toc_max_heading_level: 4
---

## Single-Row Functions

Single-Row functions return a result row for each row in the query result.

### Numeric Functions

#### ABS

```sql
SELECT ABS(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The absolute of a specific column.

**Return value type**: UBIGINT if the input value is integer; DOUBLE if the input value is FLOAT/DOUBLE.

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable.

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query.

**More explanations**:
- Can't be used with aggregate functions.

#### ACOS

```sql
SELECT ACOS(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The anti-cosine of a specific column

**Return value type**: Double if the input value is not NULL; or NULL if the input value is NULL

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

#### ASIN

```sql
SELECT ASIN(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The anti-sine of a specific column

**Return value type**: Double if the input value is not NULL; or NULL if the input value is NULL

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

#### ATAN

```sql
SELECT ATAN(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: anti-tangent of a specific column

**Description**: The anti-cosine of a specific column

**Return value type**: Double if the input value is not NULL; or NULL if the input value is NULL

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

#### CEIL

```
SELECT CEIL(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The rounded up value of a specific column

**Return value type**: Same as the column being used

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and outer query

**More explanations**:
- Arithmetic operation can be performed on the result of `ceil` function
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

#### COS

```sql
SELECT COS(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The cosine of a specific column

**Description**: The anti-cosine of a specific column

**Return value type**: Double if the input value is not NULL; or NULL if the input value is NULL

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

#### FLOOR

```
SELECT FLOOR(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The rounded down value of a specific column

**More explanations**: The restrictions are same as those of the `CEIL` function.

#### LOG

```sql
SELECT LOG(field_name, base) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The log of a specific with `base` as the radix

**Return value type**: Double if the input value is not NULL; or NULL if the input value is NULL

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

#### POW

```sql
SELECT POW(field_name, power) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The power of a specific column with `power` as the index

**Return value type**: Double if the input value is not NULL; or NULL if the input value is NULL

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

#### ROUND

```
SELECT ROUND(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The rounded value of a specific column.

**More explanations**: The restrictions are same as `CEIL` function.

#### SIN

```sql
SELECT SIN(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The sine of a specific column

**Description**: The anti-cosine of a specific column

**Return value type**: Double if the input value is not NULL; or NULL if the input value is NULL

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

#### SQRT

```sql
SELECT SQRT(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The square root of a specific column

**Return value type**: Double if the input value is not NULL; or NULL if the input value is NULL

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

#### TAN

```sql
SELECT TAN(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The tangent of a specific column

**Description**: The anti-cosine of a specific column

**Return value type**: Double if the input value is not NULL; or NULL if the input value is NULL

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:
- Can't be used with aggregate functions

### String Functions

String functiosn take strings as input and output numbers or strings.

#### CHAR_LENGTH

```
SELECT CHAR_LENGTH(str|column) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The length in number of characters of a string

**Return value type**: Integer

**Applicable data types**: VARCHAR or NCHAR

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**

- If the input value is NULL, the output is NULL too

#### CONCAT

```sql
SELECT CONCAT(str1|column1, str2|column2, ...) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The concatenation result of two or more strings, the number of strings to be concatenated is at least 2 and at most 8

**Return value type**: If all input strings are VARCHAR type, the result is VARCHAR type too. If any one of input strings is NCHAR type, then the result is NCHAR.

**Applicable data types**: VARCHAR, NCHAR.  At least 2 input strings are requird, and at most 8 input strings are allowed. 

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

#### CONCAT_WS

```
SELECT CONCAT_WS(separator, str1|column1, str2|column2, ...) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The concatenation result of two or more strings with separator, the number of strings to be concatenated is at least 3 and at most 9

**Return value type**: If all input strings are VARCHAR type, the result is VARCHAR type too. If any one of input strings is NCHAR type, then the result is NCHAR.

**Applicable data types**: VARCHAR, NCHAR. At least 3 input strings are requird, and at most 9 input strings are allowed. 

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:

- If the value of `separator` is NULL, the output is NULL. If the value of `separator` is not NULL but other input are all NULL, the output is empty string.

#### LENGTH

```
SELECT LENGTH(str|column) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The length in bytes of a string

**Return value type**: Integer

**Applicable data types**: VARCHAR or NCHAR
**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**

- If the input value is NULL, the output is NULL too

#### LOWER

```
SELECT LOWER(str|column) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: Convert the input string to lower case

**Return value type**: Same as input

**Applicable data types**: VARCHAR or NCHAR

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**

- If the input value is NULL, the output is NULL too

#### LTRIM

```
SELECT LTRIM(str|column) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: Remove the left leading blanks of a string

**Return value type**: Same as input

**Applicable data types**: VARCHAR or NCHAR

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**

- If the input value is NULL, the output is NULL too

#### RTRIM

```
SELECT RTRIM(str|column) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: Remove the right tailing blanks of a string

**Return value type**: Same as input

**Applicable data types**: VARCHAR or NCHAR

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**

- If the input value is NULL, the output is NULL too

#### SUBSTR

```
SELECT SUBSTR(str,pos[,len]) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The sub-string starting from `pos` with length of `len` from the original string `str`

**Return value type**: Same as input

**Applicable data types**: VARCHAR or NCHAR

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:

- If the input is NULL, the output is NULL
- Parameter `pos` can be an positive or negative integer; If it's positive, the starting position will be counted from the beginning of the string; if it's negative, the starting position will be counted from the end of the string.
- If `len` is not specified, it means from `pos` to the end.

#### UPPER

```
SELECT UPPER(str|column) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: Convert the input string to upper case

**Return value type**: Same as input

**Applicable data types**: VARCHAR or NCHAR

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**

- If the input value is NULL, the output is NULL too

### Conversion Functions

This kind of functions convert from one data type to another one.

#### CAST

```sql
SELECT CAST(expression AS type_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: It's used for type casting. The input parameter `expression` can be data columns, constants, scalar functions or arithmetic between them. 

**Return value type**: The type specified by parameter `type_name`

**Applicable data types**:

- Parameter `expression` can be any data type except for JSON
- The output data type specified by `type_name` can only be one of BIGINT/VARCHAR(N)/TIMESTAMP/NCHAR(N)/BIGINT UNSIGNED

**More explanations**:

- Error will be reported for unsupported type casting
- NULL will be returned if the input value is NULL
- Some values of some supported data types may not be casted, below are known issues:
  1）When casting VARCHAR/NCHAR to BIGINT/BIGINT UNSIGNED, some characters may be treated as illegal, for example "a" may be converted to 0.
  2）There may be overflow when casting singed integer or TIMESTAMP to unsigned BIGINT
  3）There may be overflow when casting unsigned BIGINT to BIGINT
  4）There may be overflow when casting FLOAT/DOUBLE to BIGINT or UNSIGNED BIGINT

#### TO_ISO8601

```sql
SELECT TO_ISO8601(ts_val | ts_col) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The ISO8601 date/time format converted from a UNIX timestamp, plus the timezone of the client side system

**Return value type**: VARCHAR

**Applicable column types**: TIMESTAMP, constant or a column

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- If the input is UNIX timestamp constant, the precision of the returned value is determined by the digits of the input timestamp
- If the input is a column of TIMESTAMP type, The precision of the returned value is same as the precision set for the current data base in use

#### TO_JSON

```sql
SELECT TO_JSON(str_literal) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: Convert a JSON string to a JSON body。

**Return value type**: JSON

**Applicable column types**: JSON string, in the format like '{ "literal" : literal }'. '{}' is NULL value. keys in the string must be string constants, values can be constants of numeric types, bool, string or NULL. Escaping characters are not allowed in the JSON string.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query.

#### TO_UNIXTIMESTAMP

```sql
SELECT TO_UNIXTIMESTAMP(datetime_string | ts_col) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: UNIX timestamp converted from a string of date/time format

**Return value type**: Long integer

**Applicable column types**: Constant or column of VARCHAR/NCHAR

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- The input string must be compatible with ISO8601/RFC3339 standard, 0 will be returned if the string can't be converted
- The precision of the returned timestamp is same as the precision set for the current data base in use

### DateTime Functions

This kind of functiosn oeprate on timestamp data. NOW(), TODAY() and TIMEZONE() are executed only once even though they may occurr multiple times in a single SQL statement.

#### NOW

```sql
SELECT NOW() FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
SELECT select_expr FROM { tb_name | stb_name } WHERE ts_col cond_operatior NOW();
INSERT INTO tb_name VALUES (NOW(), ...);
```

**Description**: The current time of the client side system

**Return value type**: TIMESTAMP

**Applicable column types**: TIMESTAMP only

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- Add and Subtract operation can be performed, for example NOW() + 1s, the time unit can be:
  b(nanosecond), u(microsecond), a(millisecond)), s(second), m(minute), h(hour), d(day), w(week)
- The precision of the returned timestamp is same as the precision set for the current data base in use

#### TIMEDIFF

```sql
SELECT TIMEDIFF(ts_val1 | datetime_string1 | ts_col1, ts_val2 | datetime_string2 | ts_col2 [, time_unit]) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The difference between two timestamps, and rounded to the time unit specified by `time_unit`

**Return value type**: Long Integer

**Applicable column types**: UNIX timestamp constant, string constant of date/time format, or a column of TIMESTAMP type

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- Time unit specified by `time_unit` can be:
  1u(microsecond),1a(millisecond),1s(second),1m(minute),1h(hour),1d(day).
- The precision of the returned timestamp is same as the precision set for the current data base in use

#### TIMETRUNCATE

```sql
SELECT TIMETRUNCATE(ts_val | datetime_string | ts_col, time_unit) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: Truncate the input timestamp with unit specified by `time_unit`

**Return value type**: TIMESTAMP

**Applicable column types**: UNIX timestamp constant, string constant of date/time format, or a column of timestamp

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- Time unit specified by `time_unit` can be:
  1u(microsecond),1a(millisecond),1s(second),1m(minute),1h(hour),1d(day).
- The precision of the returned timestamp is same as the precision set for the current data base in use

#### TIMEZONE

```sql
SELECT TIMEZONE() FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The timezone of the client side system

**Return value type**: VARCHAR

**Applicable column types**: None

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

#### TODAY

```sql
SELECT TODAY() FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
SELECT select_expr FROM { tb_name | stb_name } WHERE ts_col cond_operatior TODAY()];
INSERT INTO tb_name VALUES (TODAY(), ...);
```

**Description**: The timestamp of 00:00:00 of the client side system

**Return value type**: TIMESTAMP

**Applicable column types**: TIMESTAMP only

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- Add and Subtract operation can be performed, for example NOW() + 1s, the time unit can be:
  b(nanosecond), u(microsecond), a(millisecond)), s(second), m(minute), h(hour), d(day), w(week)
- The precision of the returned timestamp is same as the precision set for the current data base in use

## Aggregate Functions

Aggregate functions return single result row for each group in the query result set. Groups are determined by `GROUP BY` clause or time window clause if they are used; or the whole result is considered a group if neither of them is used.

### AVG

```
SELECT AVG(field_name) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: Get the average value of a column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Double precision floating number

**Applicable column types**: Numeric type

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

### COUNT

```
SELECT COUNT([*|field_name]) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: Get the number of rows or the number of non-null values in a table or a super table.

**Return value type**: Long integer INT64

**Applicable column types**: All

**Applicable table types**: table, super table, sub table

**More explanation**:

- Wildcard (\*) is used to represent all columns. The `COUNT` function is used to get the total number of all rows.
- The number of non-NULL values will be returned if this function is used on a specific column.

### ELAPSED

```mysql
SELECT ELAPSED(field_name[, time_unit]) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause] [INTERVAL(interval [, offset]) [SLIDING sliding]];
```

**Description**：`elapsed` function can be used to calculate the continuous time length in which there is valid data. If it's used with `INTERVAL` clause, the returned result is the calcualted time length within each time window. If it's used without `INTERVAL` caluse, the returned result is the calculated time length within the specified time range. Please be noted that the return value of `elapsed` is the number of `time_unit` in the calculated time length.

**Return value type**：Double

**Applicable Column type**：Timestamp

**Applicable tables**: table, STable, outter in nested query

**Explanations**：

- `field_name` parameter can only be the first column of a table, i.e. timestamp primary key.
- The minimum value of `time_unit` is the time precision of the database. If `time_unit` is not specified, the time precision of the database is used as the default ime unit.
- It can be used with `INTERVAL` to get the time valid time length of each time window. Please be noted that the return value is same as the time window for all time windows except for the first and the last time window.
- `order by asc/desc` has no effect on the result.
- `group by tbname` must be used together when `elapsed` is used against a STable.
- `group by` must NOT be used together when `elapsed` is used against a table or sub table.
- When used in nested query, it's only applicable when the inner query outputs an implicit timestamp column as the primary key. For example, `select elapsed(ts) from (select diff(value) from sub1)` is legal usage while `select elapsed(ts) from (select * from sub1)` is not.
- It can't be used with `leastsquares`, `diff`, `derivative`, `top`, `bottom`, `last_row`, `interp`.

### LEASTSQUARES

```
SELECT LEASTSQUARES(field_name, start_val, step_val) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The linear regression function of the specified column and the timestamp column (primary key), `start_val` is the initial value and `step_val` is the step value.

**Return value type**: A string in the format of "(slope, intercept)"

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table only

### MODE

```
SELECT MODE(field_name) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**:The value which has the highest frequency of occurrence. NULL is returned if there are multiple values which have highest frequency of occurrence. It can't be used on timestamp column.

**Return value type**:Same as the data type of the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**:Data types except for timestamp

**More explanations**:Considering the number of returned result set is unpredictable, it's suggested to limit the number of unique values to 100,000, otherwise error will be returned.

### SPREAD

```
SELECT SPREAD(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The difference between the max and the min of a specific column

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**: Can be used on a column of TIMESTAMP type, the result is the time range size.

### STDDEV

```
SELECT STDDEV(field_name) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: Standard deviation of a specific column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Double precision floating number

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

### SUM

```
SELECT SUM(field_name) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The sum of a specific column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Double precision floating number or long integer

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

### HYPERLOGLOG

```
SELECT HYPERLOGLOG(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**:The cardinal number of a specific column is returned by using hyperloglog algorithm.

**Return value type**:Integer

**Applicable column types**:Any data type

**More explanations**: The benefit of using hyperloglog algorithm is that the memory usage is under control when the data volume is huge. However, when the data volume is very small, the result may be not accurate, it's recommented to use `select count(data) from (select unique(col) as data from table)` in this case.

### HISTOGRAM

```
SELECT HISTOGRAM(field_name，bin_type, bin_description, normalized) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**：Returns count of data points in user-specified ranges.

**Return value type**：Double or INT64, depends on normalized parameter settings.

**Applicable column type**：Numerical types.

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Explanations**：

1. bin_type: parameter to indicate the bucket type, valid inputs are: "user_input", "linear_bin", "log_bin"。
2. bin_description: parameter to describe how to generate buckets，can be in the following JSON formats for each bin_type respectively:

   - "user_input": "[1, 3, 5, 7]": User specified bin values.

   - "linear_bin": "{"start": 0.0, "width": 5.0, "count": 5, "infinity": true}"
     "start" - bin starting point.
     "width" - bin offset.
     "count" - number of bins generated.
     "infinity" - whether to add（-inf, inf）as start/end point in generated set of bins.
     The above "linear_bin" descriptor generates a set of bins: [-inf, 0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, +inf].

   - "log_bin": "{"start":1.0, "factor": 2.0, "count": 5, "infinity": true}"
     "start" - bin starting point.
     "factor" - exponential factor of bin offset.
     "count" - number of bins generated.
     "infinity" - whether to add（-inf, inf）as start/end point in generated range of bins.
     The above "log_bin" descriptor generates a set of bins:[-inf, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, +inf].

3. normalized: setting to 1/0 to turn on/off result normalization.

## Selector Functions

Selector functiosn choose one or more rows in the query result set to retrun according toe the semantics. You can specify to output ts column and other columns including tbname and tags so that you can easily know which rows the selected values belong to.

### APERCENTILE

```
SELECT APERCENTILE(field_name, P[, algo_type])
FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: Similar to `PERCENTILE`, but a simulated result is returned

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**

- _P_ is in range [0,100], when _P_ is 0, the result is same as using function MIN; when _P_ is 100, the result is same as function MAX.
- **algo_type** can only be input as `default` or `t-digest`, if it's not specified `default` will be used, i.e. `apercentile(column_name, 50)` is same as `apercentile(column_name, 50, "default")`.
- When `t-digest` is used, `t-digest` sampling is used to calculate.

**Nested query**: It can be used in both the outer query and inner query in a nested query.

### BOTTOM

```
SELECT BOTTOM(field_name, K) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The least _k_ values of a specific column in a table or STable. If a value has multiple occurrences in the column but counting all of them in will exceed the upper limit _k_, then a part of them will be returned randomly.

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- _k_ must be in range [1,100]
- The timestamp associated with the selected values are returned too
- Can't be used with `FILL`

### FIRST

```
SELECT FIRST(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The first non-null value of a specific column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Any data type

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- FIRST(\*) can be used to get the first non-null value of all columns
- NULL will be returned if all the values of the specified column are all NULL
- A result will NOT be returned if all the columns in the result set are all NULL

### INTERP

```
SELECT INTERP(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE where_condition] [ RANGE(timestamp1,timestamp2) ] [EVERY(interval)] [FILL ({ VALUE | PREV | NULL | LINEAR | NEXT})];
```

**Description**: The value that matches the specified timestamp range is returned, if existing; or an interpolation value is returned.

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Numeric data types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable, nested query

**More explanations**

- `INTERP` is used to get the value that matches the specified time slice from a column. If no such value exists an interpolation value will be returned based on `FILL` parameter.
- The input data of `INTERP` is the value of the specified column and a `where` clause can be used to filter the original data. If no `where` condition is specified then all original data is the input.
- The output time range of `INTERP` is specified by `RANGE(timestamp1,timestamp2)` parameter, with timestamp1<=timestamp2. timestamp1 is the starting point of the output time range and must be specified. timestamp2 is the ending point of the output time range and must be specified. If `RANGE` is not specified, then the timestamp of the first row that matches the filter condition is treated as timestamp1, the timestamp of the last row that matches the filter condition is treated as timestamp2.
- The number of rows in the result set of `INTERP` is determined by the parameter `EVERY`. Starting from timestamp1, one interpolation is performed for every time interval specified `EVERY` parameter. If `EVERY` parameter is not used, the time windows will be considered as no ending timestamp, i.e. there is only one time window from timestamp1.
- Interpolation is performed based on `FILL` parameter. No interpolation is performed if `FILL` is not used, that means either the original data that matches is returned or nothing is returned.
- `INTERP` can only be used to interpolate in single timeline. So it must be used with `group by tbname` when it's used on a STable. It can't be used with `GROUP BY` when it's used in the inner query of a nested query.
- The result of `INTERP` is not influenced by `ORDER BY TIMESTAMP`, which impacts the output order only..

### LAST

```
SELECT LAST(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The last non-NULL value of a specific column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Any data type

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- LAST(\*) can be used to get the last non-NULL value of all columns
- If the values of a column in the result set are all NULL, NULL is returned for that column; if all columns in the result are all NULL, no result will be returned.
- When it's used on a STable, if there are multiple values with the timestamp in the result set, one of them will be returned randomly and it's not guaranteed that the same value is returned if the same query is run multiple times.

### LAST_ROW

```
SELECT LAST_ROW(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name };
```

**Description**: The last row of a table or STable

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Any data type

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- When it's used against a STable, multiple rows with the same and largest timestamp may exist, in this case one of them is returned randomly and it's not guaranteed that the result is same if the query is run multiple times.
- Can't be used with `INTERVAL`.

### MAX

```
SELECT MAX(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The maximum value of a specific column of a table or STable

**Return value type**: Same as the data type of the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

### MIN

```
SELECT MIN(field_name) FROM {tb_name | stb_name} [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The minimum value of a specific column in a table or STable

**Return value type**: Same as the data type of the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

### PERCENTILE

```
SELECT PERCENTILE(field_name, P) FROM { tb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The value whose rank in a specific column matches the specified percentage. If such a value matching the specified percentage doesn't exist in the column, an interpolation value will be returned.

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table

**More explanations**: _P_ is in range [0,100], when _P_ is 0, the result is same as using function MIN; when _P_ is 100, the result is same as function MAX.

### TAIL

```
SELECT TAIL(field_name, k, offset_val) FROM {tb_name | stb_name} [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The next _k_ rows are returned after skipping the last `offset_val` rows, NULL values are not ignored. `offset_val` is optional parameter. When it's not specified, the last _k_ rows are returned. When `offset_val` is used, the effect is same as `order by ts desc LIMIT k OFFSET offset_val`.

**Parameter value range**: k: [1,100] offset_val: [0,100]

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Any data type except form timestamp, i.e. the primary key

### TOP

```
SELECT TOP(field_name, K) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The greatest _k_ values of a specific column in a table or STable. If a value has multiple occurrences in the column but counting all of them in will exceed the upper limit _k_, then a part of them will be returned randomly.

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- _k_ must be in range [1,100]
- The timestamp associated with the selected values are returned too
- Can't be used with `FILL`

### UNIQUE

```
SELECT UNIQUE(field_name) FROM {tb_name | stb_name} [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The values that occur the first time in the specified column. The effect is similar to `distinct` keyword, but it can also be used to match tags or timestamp.

**Return value type**: Same as the column or tag being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Any data types except for timestamp

**More explanations**:

- It can be used against table or STable, but can't be used together with time window, like `interval`, `state_window` or `session_window` .
- Considering the number of result sets is unpredictable, it's suggested to limit the distinct values under 100,000 to control the memory usage, otherwise error will be returned.

## Time-Series Specific Functions

TDengine provides a set of time-series specific functions to better meet the requirements in querying time-series data. In general databases, similar functionalities can only be achieved with much more complex syntax and much worse performance. TDengine provides these functionalities in builtin functions so that the burden on user side is minimized.

### CSUM

```sql
    SELECT CSUM(field_name) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The cumulative sum of each row for a specific column. The number of output rows is same as that of the input rows.

**Return value type**: Long integer for integers; Double for floating points. Timestamp is returned for each row.

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:
- Arithmetic operation can't be performed on the result of `csum` function
- Can only be used with aggregate functions
- `Group by tbname` must be used together on a STable to force the result on a single timeline

### DERIVATIVE

```
SELECT DERIVATIVE(field_name, time_interval, ignore_negative) FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The derivative of a specific column. The time rage can be specified by parameter `time_interval`, the minimum allowed time range is 1 second (1s); the value of `ignore_negative` can be 0 or 1, 1 means negative values are ignored.

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- The number of result rows is the number of total rows in the time range subtracted by one, no output for the first row.
- It can be used together with `GROUP BY tbname` against a STable.

### DIFF

```sql
SELECT {DIFF(field_name, ignore_negative) | DIFF(field_name)} FROM tb_name [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The different of each row with its previous row for a specific column. `ignore_negative` can be specified as 0 or 1, the default value is 1 if it's not specified. `1` means negative values are ignored.

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated upon

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- The number of result rows is the number of rows subtracted by one, no output for the first row
- It can be used on STable with `GROUP by tbname`

### IRATE

```
SELECT IRATE(field_name) FROM tb_name WHERE clause;
```

**Description**: instantaneous rate on a specific column. The last two samples in the specified time range are used to calculate instantaneous rate. If the last sample value is smaller, then only the last sample value is used instead of the difference between the last two sample values.

**Return value type**: Double precision floating number

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- It can be used on stble with `GROUP BY`, i.e. timelines generated by `GROUP BY tbname` on a STable.

### MAVG

```sql
    SELECT MAVG(field_name, K) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: The moving average of continuous _k_ values of a specific column. If the number of input rows is less than _k_, nothing is returned. The applicable range of _k_ is [1,1000].

**Return value type**: Double precision floating point

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- Arithmetic operation can't be performed on the result of `MAVG`.
- Can't be used with aggregate functions.
- Must be used with `GROUP BY tbname` when it's used on a STable to force the result on each single timeline.

### SAMPLE

```sql
    SELECT SAMPLE(field_name, K) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause]
```

**Description**: _k_ sampling values of a specific column. The applicable range of _k_ is [1,10000]

**Return value type**: Same as the column being operated plus the associated timestamp

**Applicable data types**: Any data type except for tags of STable

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Inner query and Outer query

**More explanations**:

- Arithmetic operation can't be operated on the result of `SAMPLE` function
- Must be used with `Group by tbname` when it's used on a STable to force the result on each single timeline

### STATECOUNT

```
SELECT STATECOUNT(field_name, oper, val) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The number of continuous rows satisfying the specified conditions for a specific column. The result is shown as an extra column for each row. If the specified condition is evaluated as true, the number is increased by 1; otherwise the number is reset to -1. If the input value is NULL, then the corresponding row is skipped.

**Applicable parameter values**:

- oper : Can be one of LT (lower than), GT (greater than), LE (lower than or euqal to), GE (greater than or equal to), NE (not equal to), EQ (equal to), the value is case insensitive
- val ： Numeric types

**Return value type**: Integer

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Outer query only

**More explanations**:

- Must be used together with `GROUP BY tbname` when it's used on a STable to force the result into each single timeline]
- Can't be used with window operation, like interval/state_window/session_window

### STATEDURATION

```
SELECT stateDuration(field_name, oper, val, unit) FROM { tb_name | stb_name } [WHERE clause];
```

**Description**: The length of time range in which all rows satisfy the specified condition for a specific column. The result is shown as an extra column for each row. The length for the first row that satisfies the condition is 0. Next, if the condition is evaluated as true for a row, the time interval between current row and its previous row is added up to the time range; otherwise the time range length is reset to -1. If the value of the column is NULL, the corresponding row is skipped.

**Applicable parameter values**:

- oper : Can be one of LT (lower than), GT (greater than), LE (lower than or euqal to), GE (greater than or equal to), NE (not equal to), EQ (equal to), the value is case insensitive
- val ： Numeric types
- unit: The unit of time interval, can be [1s, 1m, 1h], default is 1s

**Return value type**: Integer

**Applicable data types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**Applicable nested query**: Outer query only

**More explanations**:

- Must be used together with `GROUP BY tbname` when it's used on a STable to force the result into each single timeline]
- Can't be used with window operation, like interval/state_window/session_window

### TWA

```
SELECT TWA(field_name) FROM tb_name WHERE clause;
```

**Description**: Time weighted average on a specific column within a time range

**Return value type**: Double precision floating number

**Applicable column types**: Numeric types

**Applicable table types**: table, STable

**More explanations**:

- It can be used on stable with `GROUP BY`, i.e. timelines generated by `GROUP BY tbname` on a STable.

## System Information Functions

### DATABASE

```
SELECT DATABASE();
```

**Description**：Return the current database being used. If the user doesn't specify database when logon and doesn't use `USE` SQL command to switch the datbase, this function returns NULL.

### CLIENT_VERSION

```
SELECT CLIENT_VERSION();
```

**Description**：Return the client version.

### SERVER_VERSION

```
SELECT SERVER_VERSION();
```

**Description**：Returns the server version.

### SERVER_STATUS

```
SELECT SERVER_VERSION();
```

**Description**：Returns the server's status.
