# Linux Kernel
- [Overview](#section6282121355111)
- [Basic Information](#section19589322515)
- [Bootloader](#section19062510518)
- [Adaptation, Building, Burning, and Startup](#section11112101695215)
- [Verification](#section17318153325311)
## Overview
Linux kernel porting involves basic kernel compilation, building, and verification after third-party chipset patches are installed based on the Linux kernel baseline.
### Basic Information
The current Linux kernel baseline evolves based on the Linux LTS version 4.19 and incorporates the CVE and bugfix patches. For details, see the [code library](https://gitee.com/openharmony/kernel_linux). The code path for the **repo** project is **kernel/linux-4.19**.
### Bootloader
You can use the Bootloader provided by the chipset vendor or open-source U-Boot to load the kernel image. For example, you can use [U-Boot](https://gitee.com/openharmony/device_hisilicon_third_party_uboot) for the Hi3516D V300 development board.
## Adaptation, Building, Burning, and Startup
1. Prepare the kernel configuration files, especially the chipset-related configuration files.
Source code directory of the configuration files: **kernel/linux/config/**
Create a **<_YOUR\_CHIP_\>\_small\_defconfig** file, such as **hi3516dv300\_small\_defconfig**, in the **linux-4.19/arch/arm/configs/** directory. The configuration file can be created by combining the general-purpose **small\_common\_defconfig** file and chipset-specific configurations.
2. Prepare the chipset patches.
Source code directory of the patch files: **kernel/linux/patches/linux-4.19**
Create a **<_YOUR\_CHIP_\>\_patch** directory by referring to the existing patch directory **hi3516dv300\_small\_patch**, and place the related chipset patches, such as **hdf.patch** \(recommended\), in this directory.
3. Build the code.
In the project directory **kernel/linux/patches/**, after version-level build commands are passed to the **kernel\_module\_build.sh** and **kernel.mk** files, adapt the **patch** and **defconfig** configuration file paths, compiler, chipset architecture, and kernel image format.
Adjust the patches based on build error logs. Typical error scenarios are as follows:
\(1\) A conflict occurs in installing a patch. In this case, context adaptation is required.
\(2\) The build fails due to kernel version mismatch. In this case, kernel adaptation is required, including function implementation adjustment.
> **CAUTION:**
>- As in the **kernel.mk** file, patches are applied after the code environment of **kernel/linux-4.19** is copied during compilation and building of the OpenHarmony project. Retain the original code environment of **kernel/linux-4.19** before running the OpenHarmony version-level build command.
>- You can modify the patches in **out/<\*\*\*\>/kernel/linux-4.19**, to which the code environment is copied.
4. Burn images and start the development board.
The burning mode varies according to the development board of the chipset. Pay attention to the size of each burnt image and the configuration of the boot parameters. Below is the U-Boot parameter settings of Hi3516D V300:
```
setenv bootargs 'mem=128M console=ttyAMA0,115200 root=/dev/mmcblk0p3 ro rootfstype=ext4 rootwait blkdevparts=mmcblk0:1M(boot),9M(kernel),50M(rootfs),50M(userfs)'
```
## Verification
Debug the **init** process, start shell, and run a simple program in the user space to check whether the kernel porting is successful. Below is the OS image structure of the OpenHarmony [small system](../quick-start/quickstart-lite-overview.md) and the Linux user-space program startup process.
**Figure 1** OS image structure and user-space program startup process based on the Linux kernel
Based on the preceding process, the recommended verification procedure is as follows:
1. Create a root file system image.
Create a root file system image **rootfs.img** by following instructions in [Adding a Chipset Solution and a Product Solution](../subsystems/subsys-build-mini-lite.md). As shown in the preceding figure, the startup process is closely related to the product configuration. You need to complete the following configuration when creating **rootfs.img**:
- Component configuration
In the product component configuration file **_vendor_/\{_company_\}/\{_product_\}/config.json**, configure the **init\_lite** component of the startup subsystem and the **linux\_4\_1\_9** component of the kernel subsystem.
- System service configuration
Modify the system service configuration file **_vendor_/\{_company_\}/\{_product_\}/init\_configs/init\_xxx.cfg** to start the shell service.
- File system configuration
In the file system configuration file **_vendor_/\{_company_\}/\{_product_\}/fs.yml**, create the **/bin/sh -\> mksh** and **/lib/ld-musl-arm.so.1 -\> libc.so** soft links. These two files are the shell executable program and the c library on which the executable program depends, respectively.
- Startup configuration
In the **_vendor_/\{_company_\}/\{_product_\}/init\_configs/etc** directory, configure startup settings, including the **fstab**, **rsS**, and **S_xxx_** files. Configure the startup settings as needed.
After the build is complete, check the **rootfs** content in the product compilation output directory to determine whether the generated **rootfs.img** file meets the expectation.
2. Debug the init process and shell.
Burn **rootfs.img** and debug the init process and shell. The burning tools and processes vary according to the development board. Follow the instructions provided by the chipset solution vendor. Before burning **rootfs.img**, ensure that the bootloader and Linux kernel are started properly. When **rootfs.img** is properly mounted by the kernel, the **/bin/init** program is executed, indicating the start of the user space.
The init process calls the **/etc/init.d/rcS** script. The **rcS** script runs the first command **/bin/mount -a** to load the **fstab** file. After the commands in this file are executed, **rcS** calls the **S_xxx_** scripts in sequence to create and scan for device nodes and configure file permissions.
Then the init process reads the **init.cfg** system service configuration file and starts the shell as configured. If the preceding process is executed properly, the system enters the shell.
If the init startup log contains the version number, the init program is started properly:
**Figure 2** Log indicating that the init process is started properly
After entering the shell, run the **ls** command. The following figure shows the information printed over the serial port.
**Figure 3** Information printed after the ls command is executed in the shell
3. Configure the NFS.
After the init process and shell are started, run the following command in the root directory to enable the NFS service. In this example, the server IP address is 192.168.1.22 and the client IP address is 192.168.1.4.
```
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.0
mkdir -p /storgage/nfs
mount -t nfs -o nolock,addr=192.168.1.22 192.168.1.22:/nfs /storage/nfs
```