/*
 * Copyright (c) 1996, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
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 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
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/*
 * (C) Copyright Taligent, Inc. 1996-1998 - All Rights Reserved
 * (C) Copyright IBM Corp. 1996-1998 - All Rights Reserved
 *
 *   The original version of this source code and documentation is copyrighted
 * and owned by Taligent, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of IBM. These
 * materials are provided under terms of a License Agreement between Taligent
 * and Sun. This technology is protected by multiple US and International
 * patents. This notice and attribution to Taligent may not be removed.
 *   Taligent is a registered trademark of Taligent, Inc.
 *
 */

package java.util;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoField;
import sun.util.calendar.BaseCalendar;
import sun.util.calendar.CalendarDate;
import sun.util.calendar.CalendarSystem;
import sun.util.calendar.CalendarUtils;
import sun.util.calendar.Era;
import sun.util.calendar.Gregorian;
import sun.util.calendar.JulianCalendar;
import sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo;

/**
 * <code>GregorianCalendar</code> is a concrete subclass of
 * <code>Calendar</code> and provides the standard calendar system
 * used by most of the world.
 *
 * <p> <code>GregorianCalendar</code> is a hybrid calendar that
 * supports both the Julian and Gregorian calendar systems with the
 * support of a single discontinuity, which corresponds by default to
 * the Gregorian date when the Gregorian calendar was instituted
 * (October 15, 1582 in some countries, later in others).  The cutover
 * date may be changed by the caller by calling {@link
 * #setGregorianChange(Date) setGregorianChange()}.
 *
 * <p>
 * Historically, in those countries which adopted the Gregorian calendar first,
 * October 4, 1582 (Julian) was thus followed by October 15, 1582 (Gregorian). This calendar models
 * this correctly.  Before the Gregorian cutover, <code>GregorianCalendar</code>
 * implements the Julian calendar.  The only difference between the Gregorian
 * and the Julian calendar is the leap year rule. The Julian calendar specifies
 * leap years every four years, whereas the Gregorian calendar omits century
 * years which are not divisible by 400.
 *
 * <p>
 * <code>GregorianCalendar</code> implements <em>proleptic</em> Gregorian and
 * Julian calendars. That is, dates are computed by extrapolating the current
 * rules indefinitely far backward and forward in time. As a result,
 * <code>GregorianCalendar</code> may be used for all years to generate
 * meaningful and consistent results. However, dates obtained using
 * <code>GregorianCalendar</code> are historically accurate only from March 1, 4
 * AD onward, when modern Julian calendar rules were adopted.  Before this date,
 * leap year rules were applied irregularly, and before 45 BC the Julian
 * calendar did not even exist.
 *
 * <p>
 * Prior to the institution of the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day was
 * March 25. To avoid confusion, this calendar always uses January 1. A manual
 * adjustment may be made if desired for dates that are prior to the Gregorian
 * changeover and which fall between January 1 and March 24.
 *
 * <h3><a name="week_and_year">Week Of Year and Week Year</a></h3>
 *
 * <p>Values calculated for the {@link Calendar#WEEK_OF_YEAR
 * WEEK_OF_YEAR} field range from 1 to 53. The first week of a
 * calendar year is the earliest seven day period starting on {@link
 * Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek()} that contains at
 * least {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()
 * getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()} days from that year. It thus depends
 * on the values of {@code getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()}, {@code
 * getFirstDayOfWeek()}, and the day of the week of January 1. Weeks
 * between week 1 of one year and week 1 of the following year
 * (exclusive) are numbered sequentially from 2 to 52 or 53 (except
 * for year(s) involved in the Julian-Gregorian transition).
 *
 * <p>The {@code getFirstDayOfWeek()} and {@code
 * getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()} values are initialized using
 * locale-dependent resources when constructing a {@code
 * GregorianCalendar}. <a name="iso8601_compatible_setting">The week
 * determination is compatible</a> with the ISO 8601 standard when {@code
 * getFirstDayOfWeek()} is {@code MONDAY} and {@code
 * getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()} is 4, which values are used in locales
 * where the standard is preferred. These values can explicitly be set by
 * calling {@link Calendar#setFirstDayOfWeek(int) setFirstDayOfWeek()} and
 * {@link Calendar#setMinimalDaysInFirstWeek(int)
 * setMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()}.
 *
 * <p>A <a name="week_year"><em>week year</em></a> is in sync with a
 * {@code WEEK_OF_YEAR} cycle. All weeks between the first and last
 * weeks (inclusive) have the same <em>week year</em> value.
 * Therefore, the first and last days of a week year may have
 * different calendar year values.
 *
 * <p>For example, January 1, 1998 is a Thursday. If {@code
 * getFirstDayOfWeek()} is {@code MONDAY} and {@code
 * getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()} is 4 (ISO 8601 standard compatible
 * setting), then week 1 of 1998 starts on December 29, 1997, and ends
 * on January 4, 1998. The week year is 1998 for the last three days
 * of calendar year 1997. If, however, {@code getFirstDayOfWeek()} is
 * {@code SUNDAY}, then week 1 of 1998 starts on January 4, 1998, and
 * ends on January 10, 1998; the first three days of 1998 then are
 * part of week 53 of 1997 and their week year is 1997.
 *
 * <h4>Week Of Month</h4>
 *
 * <p>Values calculated for the <code>WEEK_OF_MONTH</code> field range from 0
 * to 6.  Week 1 of a month (the days with <code>WEEK_OF_MONTH =
 * 1</code>) is the earliest set of at least
 * <code>getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()</code> contiguous days in that month,
 * ending on the day before <code>getFirstDayOfWeek()</code>.  Unlike
 * week 1 of a year, week 1 of a month may be shorter than 7 days, need
 * not start on <code>getFirstDayOfWeek()</code>, and will not include days of
 * the previous month.  Days of a month before week 1 have a
 * <code>WEEK_OF_MONTH</code> of 0.
 *
 * <p>For example, if <code>getFirstDayOfWeek()</code> is <code>SUNDAY</code>
 * and <code>getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()</code> is 4, then the first week of
 * January 1998 is Sunday, January 4 through Saturday, January 10.  These days
 * have a <code>WEEK_OF_MONTH</code> of 1.  Thursday, January 1 through
 * Saturday, January 3 have a <code>WEEK_OF_MONTH</code> of 0.  If
 * <code>getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()</code> is changed to 3, then January 1
 * through January 3 have a <code>WEEK_OF_MONTH</code> of 1.
 *
 * <h4>Default Fields Values</h4>
 *
 * <p>The <code>clear</code> method sets calendar field(s)
 * undefined. <code>GregorianCalendar</code> uses the following
 * default value for each calendar field if its value is undefined.
 *
 * <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" border="0"
 *        summary="GregorianCalendar default field values"
 *        style="text-align: left; width: 66%;">
 *   <tbody>
 *     <tr>
 *       <th style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255);
 *           text-align: center;">Field<br>
 *       </th>
 *       <th style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255);
 *           text-align: center;">Default Value<br>
 *       </th>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle;">
 *              <code>ERA<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle;">
 *              <code>AD<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 255);">
 *              <code>YEAR<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 255);">
 *              <code>1970<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle;">
 *              <code>MONTH<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle;">
 *              <code>JANUARY<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 255);">
 *              <code>DAY_OF_MONTH<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 255);">
 *              <code>1<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle;">
 *              <code>DAY_OF_WEEK<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle;">
 *              <code>the first day of week<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 255);">
 *              <code>WEEK_OF_MONTH<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 255);">
 *              <code>0<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: top;">
 *              <code>DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: top;">
 *              <code>1<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 255);">
 *              <code>AM_PM<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 255);">
 *              <code>AM<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *     </tr>
 *     <tr>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle;">
 *              <code>HOUR, HOUR_OF_DAY, MINUTE, SECOND, MILLISECOND<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *       <td style="vertical-align: middle;">
 *              <code>0<br></code>
 *       </td>
 *     </tr>
 *   </tbody>
 * </table>
 * <br>Default values are not applicable for the fields not listed above.
 *
 * <p>
 * <strong>Example:</strong>
 * <blockquote>
 * <pre>
 * // get the supported ids for GMT-08:00 (Pacific Standard Time)
 * String[] ids = TimeZone.getAvailableIDs(-8 * 60 * 60 * 1000);
 * // if no ids were returned, something is wrong. get out.
 * if (ids.length == 0)
 *     System.exit(0);
 *
 *  // begin output
 * System.out.println("Current Time");
 *
 * // create a Pacific Standard Time time zone
 * SimpleTimeZone pdt = new SimpleTimeZone(-8 * 60 * 60 * 1000, ids[0]);
 *
 * // set up rules for Daylight Saving Time
 * pdt.setStartRule(Calendar.APRIL, 1, Calendar.SUNDAY, 2 * 60 * 60 * 1000);
 * pdt.setEndRule(Calendar.OCTOBER, -1, Calendar.SUNDAY, 2 * 60 * 60 * 1000);
 *
 * // create a GregorianCalendar with the Pacific Daylight time zone
 * // and the current date and time
 * Calendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(pdt);
 * Date trialTime = new Date();
 * calendar.setTime(trialTime);
 *
 * // print out a bunch of interesting things
 * System.out.println("ERA: " + calendar.get(Calendar.ERA));
 * System.out.println("YEAR: " + calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR));
 * System.out.println("MONTH: " + calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH));
 * System.out.println("WEEK_OF_YEAR: " + calendar.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR));
 * System.out.println("WEEK_OF_MONTH: " + calendar.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_MONTH));
 * System.out.println("DATE: " + calendar.get(Calendar.DATE));
 * System.out.println("DAY_OF_MONTH: " + calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH));
 * System.out.println("DAY_OF_YEAR: " + calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR));
 * System.out.println("DAY_OF_WEEK: " + calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
 * System.out.println("DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH: "
 *                    + calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH));
 * System.out.println("AM_PM: " + calendar.get(Calendar.AM_PM));
 * System.out.println("HOUR: " + calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR));
 * System.out.println("HOUR_OF_DAY: " + calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY));
 * System.out.println("MINUTE: " + calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE));
 * System.out.println("SECOND: " + calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND));
 * System.out.println("MILLISECOND: " + calendar.get(Calendar.MILLISECOND));
 * System.out.println("ZONE_OFFSET: "
 *                    + (calendar.get(Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET)/(60*60*1000)));
 * System.out.println("DST_OFFSET: "
 *                    + (calendar.get(Calendar.DST_OFFSET)/(60*60*1000)));

 * System.out.println("Current Time, with hour reset to 3");
 * calendar.clear(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY); // so doesn't override
 * calendar.set(Calendar.HOUR, 3);
 * System.out.println("ERA: " + calendar.get(Calendar.ERA));
 * System.out.println("YEAR: " + calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR));
 * System.out.println("MONTH: " + calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH));
 * System.out.println("WEEK_OF_YEAR: " + calendar.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR));
 * System.out.println("WEEK_OF_MONTH: " + calendar.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_MONTH));
 * System.out.println("DATE: " + calendar.get(Calendar.DATE));
 * System.out.println("DAY_OF_MONTH: " + calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH));
 * System.out.println("DAY_OF_YEAR: " + calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR));
 * System.out.println("DAY_OF_WEEK: " + calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
 * System.out.println("DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH: "
 *                    + calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH));
 * System.out.println("AM_PM: " + calendar.get(Calendar.AM_PM));
 * System.out.println("HOUR: " + calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR));
 * System.out.println("HOUR_OF_DAY: " + calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY));
 * System.out.println("MINUTE: " + calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE));
 * System.out.println("SECOND: " + calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND));
 * System.out.println("MILLISECOND: " + calendar.get(Calendar.MILLISECOND));
 * System.out.println("ZONE_OFFSET: "
 *        + (calendar.get(Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET)/(60*60*1000))); // in hours
 * System.out.println("DST_OFFSET: "
 *        + (calendar.get(Calendar.DST_OFFSET)/(60*60*1000))); // in hours
 * </pre>
 * </blockquote>
 *
 * @see          TimeZone
 * @author David Goldsmith, Mark Davis, Chen-Lieh Huang, Alan Liu
 * @since JDK1.1
 */
public class GregorianCalendar extends Calendar {
    /*
     * Implementation Notes
     *
     * The epoch is the number of days or milliseconds from some defined
     * starting point. The epoch for java.util.Date is used here; that is,
     * milliseconds from January 1, 1970 (Gregorian), midnight UTC.  Other
     * epochs which are used are January 1, year 1 (Gregorian), which is day 1
     * of the Gregorian calendar, and December 30, year 0 (Gregorian), which is
     * day 1 of the Julian calendar.
     *
     * We implement the proleptic Julian and Gregorian calendars.  This means we
     * implement the modern definition of the calendar even though the
     * historical usage differs.  For example, if the Gregorian change is set
     * to new Date(Long.MIN_VALUE), we have a pure Gregorian calendar which
     * labels dates preceding the invention of the Gregorian calendar in 1582 as
     * if the calendar existed then.
     *
     * Likewise, with the Julian calendar, we assume a consistent
     * 4-year leap year rule, even though the historical pattern of
     * leap years is irregular, being every 3 years from 45 BCE
     * through 9 BCE, then every 4 years from 8 CE onwards, with no
     * leap years in-between.  Thus date computations and functions
     * such as isLeapYear() are not intended to be historically
     * accurate.
     */

//////////////////
// Class Variables
//////////////////

    /**
     * Value of the <code>ERA</code> field indicating
     * the period before the common era (before Christ), also known as BCE.
     * The sequence of years at the transition from <code>BC</code> to <code>AD</code> is
     * ..., 2 BC, 1 BC, 1 AD, 2 AD,...
     *
     * @see #ERA
     */
    public static final int BC = 0;

    /**
     * Value of the {@link #ERA} field indicating
     * the period before the common era, the same value as {@link #BC}.
     *
     * @see #CE
     */
    static final int BCE = 0;

    /**
     * Value of the <code>ERA</code> field indicating
     * the common era (Anno Domini), also known as CE.
     * The sequence of years at the transition from <code>BC</code> to <code>AD</code> is
     * ..., 2 BC, 1 BC, 1 AD, 2 AD,...
     *
     * @see #ERA
     */
    public static final int AD = 1;

    /**
     * Value of the {@link #ERA} field indicating
     * the common era, the same value as {@link #AD}.
     *
     * @see #BCE
     */
    static final int CE = 1;

    private static final int EPOCH_OFFSET   = 719163; // Fixed date of January 1, 1970 (Gregorian)
    private static final int EPOCH_YEAR     = 1970;

    static final int MONTH_LENGTH[]
        = {31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31}; // 0-based
    static final int LEAP_MONTH_LENGTH[]
        = {31,29,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31}; // 0-based

    // Useful millisecond constants.  Although ONE_DAY and ONE_WEEK can fit
    // into ints, they must be longs in order to prevent arithmetic overflow
    // when performing (bug 4173516).
    private static final int  ONE_SECOND = 1000;
    private static final int  ONE_MINUTE = 60*ONE_SECOND;
    private static final int  ONE_HOUR   = 60*ONE_MINUTE;
    private static final long ONE_DAY    = 24*ONE_HOUR;
    private static final long ONE_WEEK   = 7*ONE_DAY;

    /*
     * <pre>
     *                            Greatest       Least
     * Field name        Minimum   Minimum     Maximum     Maximum
     * ----------        -------   -------     -------     -------
     * ERA                     0         0           1           1
     * YEAR                    1         1   292269054   292278994
     * MONTH                   0         0          11          11
     * WEEK_OF_YEAR            1         1          52*         53
     * WEEK_OF_MONTH           0         0           4*          6
     * DAY_OF_MONTH            1         1          28*         31
     * DAY_OF_YEAR             1         1         365*        366
     * DAY_OF_WEEK             1         1           7           7
     * DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH   -1        -1           4*          6
     * AM_PM                   0         0           1           1
     * HOUR                    0         0          11          11
     * HOUR_OF_DAY             0         0          23          23
     * MINUTE                  0         0          59          59
     * SECOND                  0         0          59          59
     * MILLISECOND             0         0         999         999
     * ZONE_OFFSET        -13:00    -13:00       14:00       14:00
     * DST_OFFSET           0:00      0:00        0:20        2:00
     * </pre>
     * *: depends on the Gregorian change date
     */
    static final int MIN_VALUES[] = {
        BCE,            // ERA
        1,              // YEAR
        JANUARY,        // MONTH
        1,              // WEEK_OF_YEAR
        0,              // WEEK_OF_MONTH
        1,              // DAY_OF_MONTH
        1,              // DAY_OF_YEAR
        SUNDAY,         // DAY_OF_WEEK
        1,              // DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH
        AM,             // AM_PM
        0,              // HOUR
        0,              // HOUR_OF_DAY
        0,              // MINUTE
        0,              // SECOND
        0,              // MILLISECOND
        -13*ONE_HOUR,   // ZONE_OFFSET (UNIX compatibility)
        0               // DST_OFFSET
    };
    static final int LEAST_MAX_VALUES[] = {
        CE,             // ERA
        292269054,      // YEAR
        DECEMBER,       // MONTH
        52,             // WEEK_OF_YEAR
        4,              // WEEK_OF_MONTH
        28,             // DAY_OF_MONTH
        365,            // DAY_OF_YEAR
        SATURDAY,       // DAY_OF_WEEK
        4,              // DAY_OF_WEEK_IN
        PM,             // AM_PM
        11,             // HOUR
        23,             // HOUR_OF_DAY
        59,             // MINUTE
        59,             // SECOND
        999,            // MILLISECOND
        14*ONE_HOUR,    // ZONE_OFFSET
        20*ONE_MINUTE   // DST_OFFSET (historical least maximum)
    };
    static final int MAX_VALUES[] = {
        CE,             // ERA
        292278994,      // YEAR
        DECEMBER,       // MONTH
        53,             // WEEK_OF_YEAR
        6,              // WEEK_OF_MONTH
        31,             // DAY_OF_MONTH
        366,            // DAY_OF_YEAR
        SATURDAY,       // DAY_OF_WEEK
        6,              // DAY_OF_WEEK_IN
        PM,             // AM_PM
        11,             // HOUR
        23,             // HOUR_OF_DAY
        59,             // MINUTE
        59,             // SECOND
        999,            // MILLISECOND
        14*ONE_HOUR,    // ZONE_OFFSET
        2*ONE_HOUR      // DST_OFFSET (double summer time)
    };

    // Proclaim serialization compatibility with JDK 1.1
    @SuppressWarnings("FieldNameHidesFieldInSuperclass")
    static final long serialVersionUID = -8125100834729963327L;

    // Reference to the sun.util.calendar.Gregorian instance (singleton).
    private static final Gregorian gcal =
                                CalendarSystem.getGregorianCalendar();

    // Reference to the JulianCalendar instance (singleton), set as needed. See
    // getJulianCalendarSystem().
    private static JulianCalendar jcal;

    // JulianCalendar eras. See getJulianCalendarSystem().
    private static Era[] jeras;

    // The default value of gregorianCutover.
    static final long DEFAULT_GREGORIAN_CUTOVER = -12219292800000L;

/////////////////////
// Instance Variables
/////////////////////

    /**
     * The point at which the Gregorian calendar rules are used, measured in
     * milliseconds from the standard epoch.  Default is October 15, 1582
     * (Gregorian) 00:00:00 UTC or -12219292800000L.  For this value, October 4,
     * 1582 (Julian) is followed by October 15, 1582 (Gregorian).  This
     * corresponds to Julian day number 2299161.
     * @serial
     */
    private long gregorianCutover = DEFAULT_GREGORIAN_CUTOVER;

    /**
     * The fixed date of the gregorianCutover.
     */
    private transient long gregorianCutoverDate =
        (((DEFAULT_GREGORIAN_CUTOVER + 1)/ONE_DAY) - 1) + EPOCH_OFFSET; // == 577736

    /**
     * The normalized year of the gregorianCutover in Gregorian, with
     * 0 representing 1 BCE, -1 representing 2 BCE, etc.
     */
    private transient int gregorianCutoverYear = 1582;

    /**
     * The normalized year of the gregorianCutover in Julian, with 0
     * representing 1 BCE, -1 representing 2 BCE, etc.
     */
    private transient int gregorianCutoverYearJulian = 1582;

    /**
     * gdate always has a sun.util.calendar.Gregorian.Date instance to
     * avoid overhead of creating it. The assumption is that most
     * applications will need only Gregorian calendar calculations.
     */
    private transient BaseCalendar.Date gdate;

    /**
     * Reference to either gdate or a JulianCalendar.Date
     * instance. After calling complete(), this value is guaranteed to
     * be set.
     */
    private transient BaseCalendar.Date cdate;

    /**
     * The CalendarSystem used to calculate the date in cdate. After
     * calling complete(), this value is guaranteed to be set and
     * consistent with the cdate value.
     */
    private transient BaseCalendar calsys;

    /**
     * Temporary int[2] to get time zone offsets. zoneOffsets[0] gets
     * the GMT offset value and zoneOffsets[1] gets the DST saving
     * value.
     */
    private transient int[] zoneOffsets;

    /**
     * Temporary storage for saving original fields[] values in
     * non-lenient mode.
     */
    private transient int[] originalFields;

///////////////
// Constructors
///////////////

    /**
     * Constructs a default <code>GregorianCalendar</code> using the current time
     * in the default time zone with the default
     * {@link Locale.Category#FORMAT FORMAT} locale.
     */
    public GregorianCalendar() {
        this(TimeZone.getDefaultRef(), Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT));
        setZoneShared(true);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a <code>GregorianCalendar</code> based on the current time
     * in the given time zone with the default
     * {@link Locale.Category#FORMAT FORMAT} locale.
     *
     * @param zone the given time zone.
     */
    public GregorianCalendar(TimeZone zone) {
        this(zone, Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT));
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a <code>GregorianCalendar</code> based on the current time
     * in the default time zone with the given locale.
     *
     * @param aLocale the given locale.
     */
    public GregorianCalendar(Locale aLocale) {
        this(TimeZone.getDefaultRef(), aLocale);
        setZoneShared(true);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a <code>GregorianCalendar</code> based on the current time
     * in the given time zone with the given locale.
     *
     * @param zone the given time zone.
     * @param aLocale the given locale.
     */
    public GregorianCalendar(TimeZone zone, Locale aLocale) {
        super(zone, aLocale);
        gdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) gcal.newCalendarDate(zone);
        setTimeInMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a <code>GregorianCalendar</code> with the given date set
     * in the default time zone with the default locale.
     *
     * @param year the value used to set the <code>YEAR</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * @param month the value used to set the <code>MONTH</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * Month value is 0-based. e.g., 0 for January.
     * @param dayOfMonth the value used to set the <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     */
    public GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int dayOfMonth) {
        this(year, month, dayOfMonth, 0, 0, 0, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a <code>GregorianCalendar</code> with the given date
     * and time set for the default time zone with the default locale.
     *
     * @param year the value used to set the <code>YEAR</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * @param month the value used to set the <code>MONTH</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * Month value is 0-based. e.g., 0 for January.
     * @param dayOfMonth the value used to set the <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * @param hourOfDay the value used to set the <code>HOUR_OF_DAY</code> calendar field
     * in the calendar.
     * @param minute the value used to set the <code>MINUTE</code> calendar field
     * in the calendar.
     */
    public GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int dayOfMonth, int hourOfDay,
                             int minute) {
        this(year, month, dayOfMonth, hourOfDay, minute, 0, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a GregorianCalendar with the given date
     * and time set for the default time zone with the default locale.
     *
     * @param year the value used to set the <code>YEAR</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * @param month the value used to set the <code>MONTH</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * Month value is 0-based. e.g., 0 for January.
     * @param dayOfMonth the value used to set the <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * @param hourOfDay the value used to set the <code>HOUR_OF_DAY</code> calendar field
     * in the calendar.
     * @param minute the value used to set the <code>MINUTE</code> calendar field
     * in the calendar.
     * @param second the value used to set the <code>SECOND</code> calendar field
     * in the calendar.
     */
    public GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int dayOfMonth, int hourOfDay,
                             int minute, int second) {
        this(year, month, dayOfMonth, hourOfDay, minute, second, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a <code>GregorianCalendar</code> with the given date
     * and time set for the default time zone with the default locale.
     *
     * @param year the value used to set the <code>YEAR</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * @param month the value used to set the <code>MONTH</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * Month value is 0-based. e.g., 0 for January.
     * @param dayOfMonth the value used to set the <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code> calendar field in the calendar.
     * @param hourOfDay the value used to set the <code>HOUR_OF_DAY</code> calendar field
     * in the calendar.
     * @param minute the value used to set the <code>MINUTE</code> calendar field
     * in the calendar.
     * @param second the value used to set the <code>SECOND</code> calendar field
     * in the calendar.
     * @param millis the value used to set the <code>MILLISECOND</code> calendar field
     */
    GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int dayOfMonth,
                      int hourOfDay, int minute, int second, int millis) {
        super();
        gdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) gcal.newCalendarDate(getZone());
        this.set(YEAR, year);
        this.set(MONTH, month);
        this.set(DAY_OF_MONTH, dayOfMonth);

        // Set AM_PM and HOUR here to set their stamp values before
        // setting HOUR_OF_DAY (6178071).
        if (hourOfDay >= 12 && hourOfDay <= 23) {
            // If hourOfDay is a valid PM hour, set the correct PM values
            // so that it won't throw an exception in case it's set to
            // non-lenient later.
            this.internalSet(AM_PM, PM);
            this.internalSet(HOUR, hourOfDay - 12);
        } else {
            // The default value for AM_PM is AM.
            // We don't care any out of range value here for leniency.
            this.internalSet(HOUR, hourOfDay);
        }
        // The stamp values of AM_PM and HOUR must be COMPUTED. (6440854)
        setFieldsComputed(HOUR_MASK|AM_PM_MASK);

        this.set(HOUR_OF_DAY, hourOfDay);
        this.set(MINUTE, minute);
        this.set(SECOND, second);
        // should be changed to set() when this constructor is made
        // public.
        this.internalSet(MILLISECOND, millis);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an empty GregorianCalendar.
     *
     * @param zone    the given time zone
     * @param aLocale the given locale
     * @param flag    the flag requesting an empty instance
     */
    GregorianCalendar(TimeZone zone, Locale locale, boolean flag) {
        super(zone, locale);
        gdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) gcal.newCalendarDate(getZone());
    }

/////////////////
// Public methods
/////////////////

    /**
     * Sets the <code>GregorianCalendar</code> change date. This is the point when the switch
     * from Julian dates to Gregorian dates occurred. Default is October 15,
     * 1582 (Gregorian). Previous to this, dates will be in the Julian calendar.
     * <p>
     * To obtain a pure Julian calendar, set the change date to
     * <code>Date(Long.MAX_VALUE)</code>.  To obtain a pure Gregorian calendar,
     * set the change date to <code>Date(Long.MIN_VALUE)</code>.
     *
     * @param date the given Gregorian cutover date.
     */
    public void setGregorianChange(Date date) {
        long cutoverTime = date.getTime();
        if (cutoverTime == gregorianCutover) {
            return;
        }
        // Before changing the cutover date, make sure to have the
        // time of this calendar.
        complete();
        setGregorianChange(cutoverTime);
    }

    private void setGregorianChange(long cutoverTime) {
        gregorianCutover = cutoverTime;
        gregorianCutoverDate = CalendarUtils.floorDivide(cutoverTime, ONE_DAY)
                                + EPOCH_OFFSET;

        // To provide the "pure" Julian calendar as advertised.
        // Strictly speaking, the last millisecond should be a
        // Gregorian date. However, the API doc specifies that setting
        // the cutover date to Long.MAX_VALUE will make this calendar
        // a pure Julian calendar. (See 4167995)
        if (cutoverTime == Long.MAX_VALUE) {
            gregorianCutoverDate++;
        }

        BaseCalendar.Date d = getGregorianCutoverDate();

        // Set the cutover year (in the Gregorian year numbering)
        gregorianCutoverYear = d.getYear();

        BaseCalendar julianCal = getJulianCalendarSystem();
        d = (BaseCalendar.Date) julianCal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
        julianCal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(d, gregorianCutoverDate - 1);
        gregorianCutoverYearJulian = d.getNormalizedYear();

        if (time < gregorianCutover) {
            // The field values are no longer valid under the new
            // cutover date.
            setUnnormalized();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gets the Gregorian Calendar change date.  This is the point when the
     * switch from Julian dates to Gregorian dates occurred. Default is
     * October 15, 1582 (Gregorian). Previous to this, dates will be in the Julian
     * calendar.
     *
     * @return the Gregorian cutover date for this <code>GregorianCalendar</code> object.
     */
    public final Date getGregorianChange() {
        return new Date(gregorianCutover);
    }

    /**
     * Determines if the given year is a leap year. Returns <code>true</code> if
     * the given year is a leap year. To specify BC year numbers,
     * <code>1 - year number</code> must be given. For example, year BC 4 is
     * specified as -3.
     *
     * @param year the given year.
     * @return <code>true</code> if the given year is a leap year; <code>false</code> otherwise.
     */
    public boolean isLeapYear(int year) {
        if ((year & 3) != 0) {
            return false;
        }

        if (year > gregorianCutoverYear) {
            return (year%100 != 0) || (year%400 == 0); // Gregorian
        }
        if (year < gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
            return true; // Julian
        }
        boolean gregorian;
        // If the given year is the Gregorian cutover year, we need to
        // determine which calendar system to be applied to February in the year.
        if (gregorianCutoverYear == gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
            BaseCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(gregorianCutoverDate); // Gregorian
            gregorian = d.getMonth() < BaseCalendar.MARCH;
        } else {
            gregorian = year == gregorianCutoverYear;
        }
        return gregorian ? (year%100 != 0) || (year%400 == 0) : true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code "gregory"} as the calendar type.
     *
     * @return {@code "gregory"}
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @Override
    public String getCalendarType() {
        return "gregory";
    }

    /**
     * Compares this <code>GregorianCalendar</code> to the specified
     * <code>Object</code>. The result is <code>true</code> if and
     * only if the argument is a <code>GregorianCalendar</code> object
     * that represents the same time value (millisecond offset from
     * the <a href="Calendar.html#Epoch">Epoch</a>) under the same
     * <code>Calendar</code> parameters and Gregorian change date as
     * this object.
     *
     * @param obj the object to compare with.
     * @return <code>true</code> if this object is equal to <code>obj</code>;
     * <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @see Calendar#compareTo(Calendar)
     */
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        return obj instanceof GregorianCalendar &&
            super.equals(obj) &&
            gregorianCutover == ((GregorianCalendar)obj).gregorianCutover;
    }

    /**
     * Generates the hash code for this <code>GregorianCalendar</code> object.
     */
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return super.hashCode() ^ (int)gregorianCutoverDate;
    }

    /**
     * Adds the specified (signed) amount of time to the given calendar field,
     * based on the calendar's rules.
     *
     * <p><em>Add rule 1</em>. The value of <code>field</code>
     * after the call minus the value of <code>field</code> before the
     * call is <code>amount</code>, modulo any overflow that has occurred in
     * <code>field</code>. Overflow occurs when a field value exceeds its
     * range and, as a result, the next larger field is incremented or
     * decremented and the field value is adjusted back into its range.</p>
     *
     * <p><em>Add rule 2</em>. If a smaller field is expected to be
     * invariant, but it is impossible for it to be equal to its
     * prior value because of changes in its minimum or maximum after
     * <code>field</code> is changed, then its value is adjusted to be as close
     * as possible to its expected value. A smaller field represents a
     * smaller unit of time. <code>HOUR</code> is a smaller field than
     * <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code>. No adjustment is made to smaller fields
     * that are not expected to be invariant. The calendar system
     * determines what fields are expected to be invariant.</p>
     *
     * @param field the calendar field.
     * @param amount the amount of date or time to be added to the field.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>field</code> is
     * <code>ZONE_OFFSET</code>, <code>DST_OFFSET</code>, or unknown,
     * or if any calendar fields have out-of-range values in
     * non-lenient mode.
     */
    @Override
    public void add(int field, int amount) {
        // If amount == 0, do nothing even the given field is out of
        // range. This is tested by JCK.
        if (amount == 0) {
            return;   // Do nothing!
        }

        if (field < 0 || field >= ZONE_OFFSET) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }

        // Sync the time and calendar fields.
        complete();

        if (field == YEAR) {
            int year = internalGet(YEAR);
            if (internalGetEra() == CE) {
                year += amount;
                if (year > 0) {
                    set(YEAR, year);
                } else { // year <= 0
                    set(YEAR, 1 - year);
                    // if year == 0, you get 1 BCE.
                    set(ERA, BCE);
                }
            }
            else { // era == BCE
                year -= amount;
                if (year > 0) {
                    set(YEAR, year);
                } else { // year <= 0
                    set(YEAR, 1 - year);
                    // if year == 0, you get 1 CE
                    set(ERA, CE);
                }
            }
            pinDayOfMonth();
        } else if (field == MONTH) {
            int month = internalGet(MONTH) + amount;
            int year = internalGet(YEAR);
            int y_amount;

            if (month >= 0) {
                y_amount = month/12;
            } else {
                y_amount = (month+1)/12 - 1;
            }
            if (y_amount != 0) {
                if (internalGetEra() == CE) {
                    year += y_amount;
                    if (year > 0) {
                        set(YEAR, year);
                    } else { // year <= 0
                        set(YEAR, 1 - year);
                        // if year == 0, you get 1 BCE
                        set(ERA, BCE);
                    }
                }
                else { // era == BCE
                    year -= y_amount;
                    if (year > 0) {
                        set(YEAR, year);
                    } else { // year <= 0
                        set(YEAR, 1 - year);
                        // if year == 0, you get 1 CE
                        set(ERA, CE);
                    }
                }
            }

            if (month >= 0) {
                set(MONTH,  month % 12);
            } else {
                // month < 0
                month %= 12;
                if (month < 0) {
                    month += 12;
                }
                set(MONTH, JANUARY + month);
            }
            pinDayOfMonth();
        } else if (field == ERA) {
            int era = internalGet(ERA) + amount;
            if (era < 0) {
                era = 0;
            }
            if (era > 1) {
                era = 1;
            }
            set(ERA, era);
        } else {
            long delta = amount;
            long timeOfDay = 0;
            switch (field) {
            // Handle the time fields here. Convert the given
            // amount to milliseconds and call setTimeInMillis.
            case HOUR:
            case HOUR_OF_DAY:
                delta *= 60 * 60 * 1000;        // hours to minutes
                break;

            case MINUTE:
                delta *= 60 * 1000;             // minutes to seconds
                break;

            case SECOND:
                delta *= 1000;                  // seconds to milliseconds
                break;

            case MILLISECOND:
                break;

            // Handle week, day and AM_PM fields which involves
            // time zone offset change adjustment. Convert the
            // given amount to the number of days.
            case WEEK_OF_YEAR:
            case WEEK_OF_MONTH:
            case DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH:
                delta *= 7;
                break;

            case DAY_OF_MONTH: // synonym of DATE
            case DAY_OF_YEAR:
            case DAY_OF_WEEK:
                break;

            case AM_PM:
                // Convert the amount to the number of days (delta)
                // and +12 or -12 hours (timeOfDay).
                delta = amount / 2;
                timeOfDay = 12 * (amount % 2);
                break;
            }

            // The time fields don't require time zone offset change
            // adjustment.
            if (field >= HOUR) {
                setTimeInMillis(time + delta);
                return;
            }

            // The rest of the fields (week, day or AM_PM fields)
            // require time zone offset (both GMT and DST) change
            // adjustment.

            // Translate the current time to the fixed date and time
            // of the day.
            long fd = getCurrentFixedDate();
            timeOfDay += internalGet(HOUR_OF_DAY);
            timeOfDay *= 60;
            timeOfDay += internalGet(MINUTE);
            timeOfDay *= 60;
            timeOfDay += internalGet(SECOND);
            timeOfDay *= 1000;
            timeOfDay += internalGet(MILLISECOND);
            if (timeOfDay >= ONE_DAY) {
                fd++;
                timeOfDay -= ONE_DAY;
            } else if (timeOfDay < 0) {
                fd--;
                timeOfDay += ONE_DAY;
            }

            fd += delta; // fd is the expected fixed date after the calculation
            int zoneOffset = internalGet(ZONE_OFFSET) + internalGet(DST_OFFSET);
            setTimeInMillis((fd - EPOCH_OFFSET) * ONE_DAY + timeOfDay - zoneOffset);
            zoneOffset -= internalGet(ZONE_OFFSET) + internalGet(DST_OFFSET);
            // If the time zone offset has changed, then adjust the difference.
            if (zoneOffset != 0) {
                setTimeInMillis(time + zoneOffset);
                long fd2 = getCurrentFixedDate();
                // If the adjustment has changed the date, then take
                // the previous one.
                if (fd2 != fd) {
                    setTimeInMillis(time - zoneOffset);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Adds or subtracts (up/down) a single unit of time on the given time
     * field without changing larger fields.
     * <p>
     * <em>Example</em>: Consider a <code>GregorianCalendar</code>
     * originally set to December 31, 1999. Calling {@link #roll(int,boolean) roll(Calendar.MONTH, true)}
     * sets the calendar to January 31, 1999.  The <code>YEAR</code> field is unchanged
     * because it is a larger field than <code>MONTH</code>.</p>
     *
     * @param up indicates if the value of the specified calendar field is to be
     * rolled up or rolled down. Use <code>true</code> if rolling up, <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>field</code> is
     * <code>ZONE_OFFSET</code>, <code>DST_OFFSET</code>, or unknown,
     * or if any calendar fields have out-of-range values in
     * non-lenient mode.
     * @see #add(int,int)
     * @see #set(int,int)
     */
    @Override
    public void roll(int field, boolean up) {
        roll(field, up ? +1 : -1);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a signed amount to the specified calendar field without changing larger fields.
     * A negative roll amount means to subtract from field without changing
     * larger fields. If the specified amount is 0, this method performs nothing.
     *
     * <p>This method calls {@link #complete()} before adding the
     * amount so that all the calendar fields are normalized. If there
     * is any calendar field having an out-of-range value in non-lenient mode, then an
     * <code>IllegalArgumentException</code> is thrown.
     *
     * <p>
     * <em>Example</em>: Consider a <code>GregorianCalendar</code>
     * originally set to August 31, 1999. Calling <code>roll(Calendar.MONTH,
     * 8)</code> sets the calendar to April 30, <strong>1999</strong>. Using a
     * <code>GregorianCalendar</code>, the <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code> field cannot
     * be 31 in the month April. <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code> is set to the closest possible
     * value, 30. The <code>YEAR</code> field maintains the value of 1999 because it
     * is a larger field than <code>MONTH</code>.
     * <p>
     * <em>Example</em>: Consider a <code>GregorianCalendar</code>
     * originally set to Sunday June 6, 1999. Calling
     * <code>roll(Calendar.WEEK_OF_MONTH, -1)</code> sets the calendar to
     * Tuesday June 1, 1999, whereas calling
     * <code>add(Calendar.WEEK_OF_MONTH, -1)</code> sets the calendar to
     * Sunday May 30, 1999. This is because the roll rule imposes an
     * additional constraint: The <code>MONTH</code> must not change when the
     * <code>WEEK_OF_MONTH</code> is rolled. Taken together with add rule 1,
     * the resultant date must be between Tuesday June 1 and Saturday June
     * 5. According to add rule 2, the <code>DAY_OF_WEEK</code>, an invariant
     * when changing the <code>WEEK_OF_MONTH</code>, is set to Tuesday, the
     * closest possible value to Sunday (where Sunday is the first day of the
     * week).</p>
     *
     * @param field the calendar field.
     * @param amount the signed amount to add to <code>field</code>.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>field</code> is
     * <code>ZONE_OFFSET</code>, <code>DST_OFFSET</code>, or unknown,
     * or if any calendar fields have out-of-range values in
     * non-lenient mode.
     * @see #roll(int,boolean)
     * @see #add(int,int)
     * @see #set(int,int)
     * @since 1.2
     */
    @Override
    public void roll(int field, int amount) {
        // If amount == 0, do nothing even the given field is out of
        // range. This is tested by JCK.
        if (amount == 0) {
            return;
        }

        if (field < 0 || field >= ZONE_OFFSET) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }

        // Sync the time and calendar fields.
        complete();

        int min = getMinimum(field);
        int max = getMaximum(field);

        switch (field) {
        case AM_PM:
        case ERA:
        case YEAR:
        case MINUTE:
        case SECOND:
        case MILLISECOND:
            // These fields are handled simply, since they have fixed minima
            // and maxima.  The field DAY_OF_MONTH is almost as simple.  Other
            // fields are complicated, since the range within they must roll
            // varies depending on the date.
            break;

        case HOUR:
        case HOUR_OF_DAY:
            {
                int unit = max + 1; // 12 or 24 hours
                int h = internalGet(field);
                int nh = (h + amount) % unit;
                if (nh < 0) {
                    nh += unit;
                }
                time += ONE_HOUR * (nh - h);

                // The day might have changed, which could happen if
                // the daylight saving time transition brings it to
                // the next day, although it's very unlikely. But we
                // have to make sure not to change the larger fields.
                CalendarDate d = calsys.getCalendarDate(time, getZone());
                if (internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH) != d.getDayOfMonth()) {
                    d.setDate(internalGet(YEAR),
                              internalGet(MONTH) + 1,
                              internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH));
                    if (field == HOUR) {
                        assert (internalGet(AM_PM) == PM);
                        d.addHours(+12); // restore PM
                    }
                    time = calsys.getTime(d);
                }
                int hourOfDay = d.getHours();
                internalSet(field, hourOfDay % unit);
                if (field == HOUR) {
                    internalSet(HOUR_OF_DAY, hourOfDay);
                } else {
                    internalSet(AM_PM, hourOfDay / 12);
                    internalSet(HOUR, hourOfDay % 12);
                }

                // Time zone offset and/or daylight saving might have changed.
                int zoneOffset = d.getZoneOffset();
                int saving = d.getDaylightSaving();
                internalSet(ZONE_OFFSET, zoneOffset - saving);
                internalSet(DST_OFFSET, saving);
                return;
            }

        case MONTH:
            // Rolling the month involves both pinning the final value to [0, 11]
            // and adjusting the DAY_OF_MONTH if necessary.  We only adjust the
            // DAY_OF_MONTH if, after updating the MONTH field, it is illegal.
            // E.g., <jan31>.roll(MONTH, 1) -> <feb28> or <feb29>.
            {
                if (!isCutoverYear(cdate.getNormalizedYear())) {
                    int mon = (internalGet(MONTH) + amount) % 12;
                    if (mon < 0) {
                        mon += 12;
                    }
                    set(MONTH, mon);

                    // Keep the day of month in the range.  We don't want to spill over
                    // into the next month; e.g., we don't want jan31 + 1 mo -> feb31 ->
                    // mar3.
                    int monthLen = monthLength(mon);
                    if (internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH) > monthLen) {
                        set(DAY_OF_MONTH, monthLen);
                    }
                } else {
                    // We need to take care of different lengths in
                    // year and month due to the cutover.
                    int yearLength = getActualMaximum(MONTH) + 1;
                    int mon = (internalGet(MONTH) + amount) % yearLength;
                    if (mon < 0) {
                        mon += yearLength;
                    }
                    set(MONTH, mon);
                    int monthLen = getActualMaximum(DAY_OF_MONTH);
                    if (internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH) > monthLen) {
                        set(DAY_OF_MONTH, monthLen);
                    }
                }
                return;
            }

        case WEEK_OF_YEAR:
            {
                int y = cdate.getNormalizedYear();
                max = getActualMaximum(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
                set(DAY_OF_WEEK, internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK));
                int woy = internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
                int value = woy + amount;
                if (!isCutoverYear(y)) {
                    int weekYear = getWeekYear();
                    if (weekYear == y) {
                        // If the new value is in between min and max
                        // (exclusive), then we can use the value.
                        if (value > min && value < max) {
                            set(WEEK_OF_YEAR, value);
                            return;
                        }
                        long fd = getCurrentFixedDate();
                        // Make sure that the min week has the current DAY_OF_WEEK
                        // in the calendar year
                        long day1 = fd - (7 * (woy - min));
                        if (calsys.getYearFromFixedDate(day1) != y) {
                            min++;
                        }

                        // Make sure the same thing for the max week
                        fd += 7 * (max - internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR));
                        if (calsys.getYearFromFixedDate(fd) != y) {
                            max--;
                        }
                    } else {
                        // When WEEK_OF_YEAR and YEAR are out of sync,
                        // adjust woy and amount to stay in the calendar year.
                        if (weekYear > y) {
                            if (amount < 0) {
                                amount++;
                            }
                            woy = max;
                        } else {
                            if (amount > 0) {
                                amount -= woy - max;
                            }
                            woy = min;
                        }
                    }
                    set(field, getRolledValue(woy, amount, min, max));
                    return;
                }

                // Handle cutover here.
                long fd = getCurrentFixedDate();
                BaseCalendar cal;
                if (gregorianCutoverYear == gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                    cal = getCutoverCalendarSystem();
                } else if (y == gregorianCutoverYear) {
                    cal = gcal;
                } else {
                    cal = getJulianCalendarSystem();
                }
                long day1 = fd - (7 * (woy - min));
                // Make sure that the min week has the current DAY_OF_WEEK
                if (cal.getYearFromFixedDate(day1) != y) {
                    min++;
                }

                // Make sure the same thing for the max week
                fd += 7 * (max - woy);
                cal = (fd >= gregorianCutoverDate) ? gcal : getJulianCalendarSystem();
                if (cal.getYearFromFixedDate(fd) != y) {
                    max--;
                }
                // value: the new WEEK_OF_YEAR which must be converted
                // to month and day of month.
                value = getRolledValue(woy, amount, min, max) - 1;
                BaseCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(day1 + value * 7);
                set(MONTH, d.getMonth() - 1);
                set(DAY_OF_MONTH, d.getDayOfMonth());
                return;
            }

        case WEEK_OF_MONTH:
            {
                boolean isCutoverYear = isCutoverYear(cdate.getNormalizedYear());
                // dow: relative day of week from first day of week
                int dow = internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK) - getFirstDayOfWeek();
                if (dow < 0) {
                    dow += 7;
                }

                long fd = getCurrentFixedDate();
                long month1;     // fixed date of the first day (usually 1) of the month
                int monthLength; // actual month length
                if (isCutoverYear) {
                    month1 = getFixedDateMonth1(cdate, fd);
                    monthLength = actualMonthLength();
                } else {
                    month1 = fd - internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH) + 1;
                    monthLength = calsys.getMonthLength(cdate);
                }

                // the first day of week of the month.
                long monthDay1st = BaseCalendar.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(month1 + 6,
                                                                           getFirstDayOfWeek());
                // if the week has enough days to form a week, the
                // week starts from the previous month.
                if ((int)(monthDay1st - month1) >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
                    monthDay1st -= 7;
                }
                max = getActualMaximum(field);

                // value: the new WEEK_OF_MONTH value
                int value = getRolledValue(internalGet(field), amount, 1, max) - 1;

                // nfd: fixed date of the rolled date
                long nfd = monthDay1st + value * 7 + dow;

                // Unlike WEEK_OF_YEAR, we need to change day of week if the
                // nfd is out of the month.
                if (nfd < month1) {
                    nfd = month1;
                } else if (nfd >= (month1 + monthLength)) {
                    nfd = month1 + monthLength - 1;
                }
                int dayOfMonth;
                if (isCutoverYear) {
                    // If we are in the cutover year, convert nfd to
                    // its calendar date and use dayOfMonth.
                    BaseCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(nfd);
                    dayOfMonth = d.getDayOfMonth();
                } else {
                    dayOfMonth = (int)(nfd - month1) + 1;
                }
                set(DAY_OF_MONTH, dayOfMonth);
                return;
            }

        case DAY_OF_MONTH:
            {
                if (!isCutoverYear(cdate.getNormalizedYear())) {
                    max = calsys.getMonthLength(cdate);
                    break;
                }

                // Cutover year handling
                long fd = getCurrentFixedDate();
                long month1 = getFixedDateMonth1(cdate, fd);
                // It may not be a regular month. Convert the date and range to
                // the relative values, perform the roll, and
                // convert the result back to the rolled date.
                int value = getRolledValue((int)(fd - month1), amount, 0, actualMonthLength() - 1);
                BaseCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(month1 + value);
                assert d.getMonth()-1 == internalGet(MONTH);
                set(DAY_OF_MONTH, d.getDayOfMonth());
                return;
            }

        case DAY_OF_YEAR:
            {
                max = getActualMaximum(field);
                if (!isCutoverYear(cdate.getNormalizedYear())) {
                    break;
                }

                // Handle cutover here.
                long fd = getCurrentFixedDate();
                long jan1 = fd - internalGet(DAY_OF_YEAR) + 1;
                int value = getRolledValue((int)(fd - jan1) + 1, amount, min, max);
                BaseCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(jan1 + value - 1);
                set(MONTH, d.getMonth() - 1);
                set(DAY_OF_MONTH, d.getDayOfMonth());
                return;
            }

        case DAY_OF_WEEK:
            {
                if (!isCutoverYear(cdate.getNormalizedYear())) {
                    // If the week of year is in the same year, we can
                    // just change DAY_OF_WEEK.
                    int weekOfYear = internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
                    if (weekOfYear > 1 && weekOfYear < 52) {
                        set(WEEK_OF_YEAR, weekOfYear); // update stamp[WEEK_OF_YEAR]
                        max = SATURDAY;
                        break;
                    }
                }

                // We need to handle it in a different way around year
                // boundaries and in the cutover year. Note that
                // changing era and year values violates the roll
                // rule: not changing larger calendar fields...
                amount %= 7;
                if (amount == 0) {
                    return;
                }
                long fd = getCurrentFixedDate();
                long dowFirst = BaseCalendar.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fd, getFirstDayOfWeek());
                fd += amount;
                if (fd < dowFirst) {
                    fd += 7;
                } else if (fd >= dowFirst + 7) {
                    fd -= 7;
                }
                BaseCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(fd);
                set(ERA, (d.getNormalizedYear() <= 0 ? BCE : CE));
                set(d.getYear(), d.getMonth() - 1, d.getDayOfMonth());
                return;
            }

        case DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH:
            {
                min = 1; // after normalized, min should be 1.
                if (!isCutoverYear(cdate.getNormalizedYear())) {
                    int dom = internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH);
                    int monthLength = calsys.getMonthLength(cdate);
                    int lastDays = monthLength % 7;
                    max = monthLength / 7;
                    int x = (dom - 1) % 7;
                    if (x < lastDays) {
                        max++;
                    }
                    set(DAY_OF_WEEK, internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK));
                    break;
                }

                // Cutover year handling
                long fd = getCurrentFixedDate();
                long month1 = getFixedDateMonth1(cdate, fd);
                int monthLength = actualMonthLength();
                int lastDays = monthLength % 7;
                max = monthLength / 7;
                int x = (int)(fd - month1) % 7;
                if (x < lastDays) {
                    max++;
                }
                int value = getRolledValue(internalGet(field), amount, min, max) - 1;
                fd = month1 + value * 7 + x;
                BaseCalendar cal = (fd >= gregorianCutoverDate) ? gcal : getJulianCalendarSystem();
                BaseCalendar.Date d = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
                cal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(d, fd);
                set(DAY_OF_MONTH, d.getDayOfMonth());
                return;
            }
        }

        set(field, getRolledValue(internalGet(field), amount, min, max));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum value for the given calendar field of this
     * <code>GregorianCalendar</code> instance. The minimum value is
     * defined as the smallest value returned by the {@link
     * Calendar#get(int) get} method for any possible time value,
     * taking into consideration the current values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * {@link #getGregorianChange() getGregorianChange} and
     * {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field.
     * @return the minimum value for the given calendar field.
     * @see #getMaximum(int)
     * @see #getGreatestMinimum(int)
     * @see #getLeastMaximum(int)
     * @see #getActualMinimum(int)
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     */
    @Override
    public int getMinimum(int field) {
        return MIN_VALUES[field];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum value for the given calendar field of this
     * <code>GregorianCalendar</code> instance. The maximum value is
     * defined as the largest value returned by the {@link
     * Calendar#get(int) get} method for any possible time value,
     * taking into consideration the current values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * {@link #getGregorianChange() getGregorianChange} and
     * {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field.
     * @return the maximum value for the given calendar field.
     * @see #getMinimum(int)
     * @see #getGreatestMinimum(int)
     * @see #getLeastMaximum(int)
     * @see #getActualMinimum(int)
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     */
    @Override
    public int getMaximum(int field) {
        switch (field) {
        case MONTH:
        case DAY_OF_MONTH:
        case DAY_OF_YEAR:
        case WEEK_OF_YEAR:
        case WEEK_OF_MONTH:
        case DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH:
        case YEAR:
            {
                // On or after Gregorian 200-3-1, Julian and Gregorian
                // calendar dates are the same or Gregorian dates are
                // larger (i.e., there is a "gap") after 300-3-1.
                if (gregorianCutoverYear > 200) {
                    break;
                }
                // There might be "overlapping" dates.
                GregorianCalendar gc = (GregorianCalendar) clone();
                gc.setLenient(true);
                gc.setTimeInMillis(gregorianCutover);
                int v1 = gc.getActualMaximum(field);
                gc.setTimeInMillis(gregorianCutover-1);
                int v2 = gc.getActualMaximum(field);
                return Math.max(MAX_VALUES[field], Math.max(v1, v2));
            }
        }
        return MAX_VALUES[field];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the highest minimum value for the given calendar field
     * of this <code>GregorianCalendar</code> instance. The highest
     * minimum value is defined as the largest value returned by
     * {@link #getActualMinimum(int)} for any possible time value,
     * taking into consideration the current values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * {@link #getGregorianChange() getGregorianChange} and
     * {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field.
     * @return the highest minimum value for the given calendar field.
     * @see #getMinimum(int)
     * @see #getMaximum(int)
     * @see #getLeastMaximum(int)
     * @see #getActualMinimum(int)
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     */
    @Override
    public int getGreatestMinimum(int field) {
        if (field == DAY_OF_MONTH) {
            BaseCalendar.Date d = getGregorianCutoverDate();
            long mon1 = getFixedDateMonth1(d, gregorianCutoverDate);
            d = getCalendarDate(mon1);
            return Math.max(MIN_VALUES[field], d.getDayOfMonth());
        }
        return MIN_VALUES[field];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the lowest maximum value for the given calendar field
     * of this <code>GregorianCalendar</code> instance. The lowest
     * maximum value is defined as the smallest value returned by
     * {@link #getActualMaximum(int)} for any possible time value,
     * taking into consideration the current values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * {@link #getGregorianChange() getGregorianChange} and
     * {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field
     * @return the lowest maximum value for the given calendar field.
     * @see #getMinimum(int)
     * @see #getMaximum(int)
     * @see #getGreatestMinimum(int)
     * @see #getActualMinimum(int)
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     */
    @Override
    public int getLeastMaximum(int field) {
        switch (field) {
        case MONTH:
        case DAY_OF_MONTH:
        case DAY_OF_YEAR:
        case WEEK_OF_YEAR:
        case WEEK_OF_MONTH:
        case DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH:
        case YEAR:
            {
                GregorianCalendar gc = (GregorianCalendar) clone();
                gc.setLenient(true);
                gc.setTimeInMillis(gregorianCutover);
                int v1 = gc.getActualMaximum(field);
                gc.setTimeInMillis(gregorianCutover-1);
                int v2 = gc.getActualMaximum(field);
                return Math.min(LEAST_MAX_VALUES[field], Math.min(v1, v2));
            }
        }
        return LEAST_MAX_VALUES[field];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum value that this calendar field could have,
     * taking into consideration the given time value and the current
     * values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * {@link #getGregorianChange() getGregorianChange} and
     * {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     *
     * <p>For example, if the Gregorian change date is January 10,
     * 1970 and the date of this <code>GregorianCalendar</code> is
     * January 20, 1970, the actual minimum value of the
     * <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code> field is 10 because the previous date
     * of January 10, 1970 is December 27, 1996 (in the Julian
     * calendar). Therefore, December 28, 1969 to January 9, 1970
     * don't exist.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field
     * @return the minimum of the given field for the time value of
     * this <code>GregorianCalendar</code>
     * @see #getMinimum(int)
     * @see #getMaximum(int)
     * @see #getGreatestMinimum(int)
     * @see #getLeastMaximum(int)
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     * @since 1.2
     */
    @Override
    public int getActualMinimum(int field) {
        if (field == DAY_OF_MONTH) {
            GregorianCalendar gc = getNormalizedCalendar();
            int year = gc.cdate.getNormalizedYear();
            if (year == gregorianCutoverYear || year == gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                long month1 = getFixedDateMonth1(gc.cdate, gc.calsys.getFixedDate(gc.cdate));
                BaseCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(month1);
                return d.getDayOfMonth();
            }
        }
        return getMinimum(field);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum value that this calendar field could have,
     * taking into consideration the given time value and the current
     * values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * {@link #getGregorianChange() getGregorianChange} and
     * {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     * For example, if the date of this instance is February 1, 2004,
     * the actual maximum value of the <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code> field
     * is 29 because 2004 is a leap year, and if the date of this
     * instance is February 1, 2005, it's 28.
     *
     * <p>This method calculates the maximum value of {@link
     * Calendar#WEEK_OF_YEAR WEEK_OF_YEAR} based on the {@link
     * Calendar#YEAR YEAR} (calendar year) value, not the <a
     * href="#week_year">week year</a>. Call {@link
     * #getWeeksInWeekYear()} to get the maximum value of {@code
     * WEEK_OF_YEAR} in the week year of this {@code GregorianCalendar}.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field
     * @return the maximum of the given field for the time value of
     * this <code>GregorianCalendar</code>
     * @see #getMinimum(int)
     * @see #getMaximum(int)
     * @see #getGreatestMinimum(int)
     * @see #getLeastMaximum(int)
     * @see #getActualMinimum(int)
     * @since 1.2
     */
    @Override
    public int getActualMaximum(int field) {
        final int fieldsForFixedMax = ERA_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_MASK|HOUR_MASK|AM_PM_MASK|
            HOUR_OF_DAY_MASK|MINUTE_MASK|SECOND_MASK|MILLISECOND_MASK|
            ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK;
        if ((fieldsForFixedMax & (1<<field)) != 0) {
            return getMaximum(field);
        }

        GregorianCalendar gc = getNormalizedCalendar();
        BaseCalendar.Date date = gc.cdate;
        BaseCalendar cal = gc.calsys;
        int normalizedYear = date.getNormalizedYear();

        int value = -1;
        switch (field) {
        case MONTH:
            {
                if (!gc.isCutoverYear(normalizedYear)) {
                    value = DECEMBER;
                    break;
                }

                // January 1 of the next year may or may not exist.
                long nextJan1;
                do {
                    nextJan1 = gcal.getFixedDate(++normalizedYear, BaseCalendar.JANUARY, 1, null);
                } while (nextJan1 < gregorianCutoverDate);
                BaseCalendar.Date d = (BaseCalendar.Date) date.clone();
                cal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(d, nextJan1 - 1);
                value = d.getMonth() - 1;
            }
            break;

        case DAY_OF_MONTH:
            {
                value = cal.getMonthLength(date);
                if (!gc.isCutoverYear(normalizedYear) || date.getDayOfMonth() == value) {
                    break;
                }

                // Handle cutover year.
                long fd = gc.getCurrentFixedDate();
                if (fd >= gregorianCutoverDate) {
                    break;
                }
                int monthLength = gc.actualMonthLength();
                long monthEnd = gc.getFixedDateMonth1(gc.cdate, fd) + monthLength - 1;
                // Convert the fixed date to its calendar date.
                BaseCalendar.Date d = gc.getCalendarDate(monthEnd);
                value = d.getDayOfMonth();
            }
            break;

        case DAY_OF_YEAR:
            {
                if (!gc.isCutoverYear(normalizedYear)) {
                    value = cal.getYearLength(date);
                    break;
                }

                // Handle cutover year.
                long jan1;
                if (gregorianCutoverYear == gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                    BaseCalendar cocal = gc.getCutoverCalendarSystem();
                    jan1 = cocal.getFixedDate(normalizedYear, 1, 1, null);
                } else if (normalizedYear == gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                    jan1 = cal.getFixedDate(normalizedYear, 1, 1, null);
                } else {
                    jan1 = gregorianCutoverDate;
                }
                // January 1 of the next year may or may not exist.
                long nextJan1 = gcal.getFixedDate(++normalizedYear, 1, 1, null);
                if (nextJan1 < gregorianCutoverDate) {
                    nextJan1 = gregorianCutoverDate;
                }
                assert jan1 <= cal.getFixedDate(date.getNormalizedYear(), date.getMonth(),
                                                date.getDayOfMonth(), date);
                assert nextJan1 >= cal.getFixedDate(date.getNormalizedYear(), date.getMonth(),
                                                date.getDayOfMonth(), date);
                value = (int)(nextJan1 - jan1);
            }
            break;

        case WEEK_OF_YEAR:
            {
                if (!gc.isCutoverYear(normalizedYear)) {
                    // Get the day of week of January 1 of the year
                    CalendarDate d = cal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
                    d.setDate(date.getYear(), BaseCalendar.JANUARY, 1);
                    int dayOfWeek = cal.getDayOfWeek(d);
                    // Normalize the day of week with the firstDayOfWeek value
                    dayOfWeek -= getFirstDayOfWeek();
                    if (dayOfWeek < 0) {
                        dayOfWeek += 7;
                    }
                    value = 52;
                    int magic = dayOfWeek + getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() - 1;
                    if ((magic == 6) ||
                        (date.isLeapYear() && (magic == 5 || magic == 12))) {
                        value++;
                    }
                    break;
                }

                if (gc == this) {
                    gc = (GregorianCalendar) gc.clone();
                }
                int maxDayOfYear = getActualMaximum(DAY_OF_YEAR);
                gc.set(DAY_OF_YEAR, maxDayOfYear);
                value = gc.get(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
                if (internalGet(YEAR) != gc.getWeekYear()) {
                    gc.set(DAY_OF_YEAR, maxDayOfYear - 7);
                    value = gc.get(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
                }
            }
            break;

        case WEEK_OF_MONTH:
            {
                if (!gc.isCutoverYear(normalizedYear)) {
                    CalendarDate d = cal.newCalendarDate(null);
                    d.setDate(date.getYear(), date.getMonth(), 1);
                    int dayOfWeek = cal.getDayOfWeek(d);
                    int monthLength = cal.getMonthLength(d);
                    dayOfWeek -= getFirstDayOfWeek();
                    if (dayOfWeek < 0) {
                        dayOfWeek += 7;
                    }
                    int nDaysFirstWeek = 7 - dayOfWeek; // # of days in the first week
                    value = 3;
                    if (nDaysFirstWeek >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
                        value++;
                    }
                    monthLength -= nDaysFirstWeek + 7 * 3;
                    if (monthLength > 0) {
                        value++;
                        if (monthLength > 7) {
                            value++;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                // Cutover year handling
                if (gc == this) {
                    gc = (GregorianCalendar) gc.clone();
                }
                int y = gc.internalGet(YEAR);
                int m = gc.internalGet(MONTH);
                do {
                    value = gc.get(WEEK_OF_MONTH);
                    gc.add(WEEK_OF_MONTH, +1);
                } while (gc.get(YEAR) == y && gc.get(MONTH) == m);
            }
            break;

        case DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH:
            {
                // may be in the Gregorian cutover month
                int ndays, dow1;
                int dow = date.getDayOfWeek();
                if (!gc.isCutoverYear(normalizedYear)) {
                    BaseCalendar.Date d = (BaseCalendar.Date) date.clone();
                    ndays = cal.getMonthLength(d);
                    d.setDayOfMonth(1);
                    cal.normalize(d);
                    dow1 = d.getDayOfWeek();
                } else {
                    // Let a cloned GregorianCalendar take care of the cutover cases.
                    if (gc == this) {
                        gc = (GregorianCalendar) clone();
                    }
                    ndays = gc.actualMonthLength();
                    gc.set(DAY_OF_MONTH, gc.getActualMinimum(DAY_OF_MONTH));
                    dow1 = gc.get(DAY_OF_WEEK);
                }
                int x = dow - dow1;
                if (x < 0) {
                    x += 7;
                }
                ndays -= x;
                value = (ndays + 6) / 7;
            }
            break;

        case YEAR:
            /* The year computation is no different, in principle, from the
             * others, however, the range of possible maxima is large.  In
             * addition, the way we know we've exceeded the range is different.
             * For these reasons, we use the special case code below to handle
             * this field.
             *
             * The actual maxima for YEAR depend on the type of calendar:
             *
             *     Gregorian = May 17, 292275056 BCE - Aug 17, 292278994 CE
             *     Julian    = Dec  2, 292269055 BCE - Jan  3, 292272993 CE
             *     Hybrid    = Dec  2, 292269055 BCE - Aug 17, 292278994 CE
             *
             * We know we've exceeded the maximum when either the month, date,
             * time, or era changes in response to setting the year.  We don't
             * check for month, date, and time here because the year and era are
             * sufficient to detect an invalid year setting.  NOTE: If code is
             * added to check the month and date in the future for some reason,
             * Feb 29 must be allowed to shift to Mar 1 when setting the year.
             */
            {
                if (gc == this) {
                    gc = (GregorianCalendar) clone();
                }

                // Calculate the millisecond offset from the beginning
                // of the year of this calendar and adjust the max
                // year value if we are beyond the limit in the max
                // year.
                long current = gc.getYearOffsetInMillis();

                if (gc.internalGetEra() == CE) {
                    gc.setTimeInMillis(Long.MAX_VALUE);
                    value = gc.get(YEAR);
                    long maxEnd = gc.getYearOffsetInMillis();
                    if (current > maxEnd) {
                        value--;
                    }
                } else {
                    CalendarSystem mincal = gc.getTimeInMillis() >= gregorianCutover ?
                        gcal : getJulianCalendarSystem();
                    CalendarDate d = mincal.getCalendarDate(Long.MIN_VALUE, getZone());
                    long maxEnd = (cal.getDayOfYear(d) - 1) * 24 + d.getHours();
                    maxEnd *= 60;
                    maxEnd += d.getMinutes();
                    maxEnd *= 60;
                    maxEnd += d.getSeconds();
                    maxEnd *= 1000;
                    maxEnd += d.getMillis();
                    value = d.getYear();
                    if (value <= 0) {
                        assert mincal == gcal;
                        value = 1 - value;
                    }
                    if (current < maxEnd) {
                        value--;
                    }
                }
            }
            break;

        default:
            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(field);
        }
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the millisecond offset from the beginning of this
     * year. This Calendar object must have been normalized.
     */
    private long getYearOffsetInMillis() {
        long t = (internalGet(DAY_OF_YEAR) - 1) * 24;
        t += internalGet(HOUR_OF_DAY);
        t *= 60;
        t += internalGet(MINUTE);
        t *= 60;
        t += internalGet(SECOND);
        t *= 1000;
        return t + internalGet(MILLISECOND) -
            (internalGet(ZONE_OFFSET) + internalGet(DST_OFFSET));
    }

    @Override
    public Object clone()
    {
        GregorianCalendar other = (GregorianCalendar) super.clone();

        other.gdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) gdate.clone();
        if (cdate != null) {
            if (cdate != gdate) {
                other.cdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) cdate.clone();
            } else {
                other.cdate = other.gdate;
            }
        }
        other.originalFields = null;
        other.zoneOffsets = null;
        return other;
    }

    @Override
    public TimeZone getTimeZone() {
        TimeZone zone = super.getTimeZone();
        // To share the zone by CalendarDates
        gdate.setZone(zone);
        if (cdate != null && cdate != gdate) {
            cdate.setZone(zone);
        }
        return zone;
    }

    @Override
    public void setTimeZone(TimeZone zone) {
        super.setTimeZone(zone);
        // To share the zone by CalendarDates
        gdate.setZone(zone);
        if (cdate != null && cdate != gdate) {
            cdate.setZone(zone);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} indicating this {@code GregorianCalendar}
     * supports week dates.
     *
     * @return {@code true} (always)
     * @see #getWeekYear()
     * @see #setWeekDate(int,int,int)
     * @see #getWeeksInWeekYear()
     * @since 1.7
     */
    @Override
    public final boolean isWeekDateSupported() {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the <a href="#week_year">week year</a> represented by this
     * {@code GregorianCalendar}. The dates in the weeks between 1 and the
     * maximum week number of the week year have the same week year value
     * that may be one year before or after the {@link Calendar#YEAR YEAR}
     * (calendar year) value.
     *
     * <p>This method calls {@link Calendar#complete()} before
     * calculating the week year.
     *
     * @return the week year represented by this {@code GregorianCalendar}.
     *         If the {@link Calendar#ERA ERA} value is {@link #BC}, the year is
     *         represented by 0 or a negative number: BC 1 is 0, BC 2
     *         is -1, BC 3 is -2, and so on.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *         if any of the calendar fields is invalid in non-lenient mode.
     * @see #isWeekDateSupported()
     * @see #getWeeksInWeekYear()
     * @see Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek()
     * @see Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()
     * @since 1.7
     */
    @Override
    public int getWeekYear() {
        int year = get(YEAR); // implicitly calls complete()
        if (internalGetEra() == BCE) {
            year = 1 - year;
        }

        // Fast path for the Gregorian calendar years that are never
        // affected by the Julian-Gregorian transition
        if (year > gregorianCutoverYear + 1) {
            int weekOfYear = internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
            if (internalGet(MONTH) == JANUARY) {
                if (weekOfYear >= 52) {
                    --year;
                }
            } else {
                if (weekOfYear == 1) {
                    ++year;
                }
            }
            return year;
        }

        // General (slow) path
        int dayOfYear = internalGet(DAY_OF_YEAR);
        int maxDayOfYear = getActualMaximum(DAY_OF_YEAR);
        int minimalDays = getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek();

        // Quickly check the possibility of year adjustments before
        // cloning this GregorianCalendar.
        if (dayOfYear > minimalDays && dayOfYear < (maxDayOfYear - 6)) {
            return year;
        }

        // Create a clone to work on the calculation
        GregorianCalendar cal = (GregorianCalendar) clone();
        cal.setLenient(true);
        // Use GMT so that intermediate date calculations won't
        // affect the time of day fields.
        cal.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
        // Go to the first day of the year, which is usually January 1.
        cal.set(DAY_OF_YEAR, 1);
        cal.complete();

        // Get the first day of the first day-of-week in the year.
        int delta = getFirstDayOfWeek() - cal.get(DAY_OF_WEEK);
        if (delta != 0) {
            if (delta < 0) {
                delta += 7;
            }
            cal.add(DAY_OF_YEAR, delta);
        }
        int minDayOfYear = cal.get(DAY_OF_YEAR);
        if (dayOfYear < minDayOfYear) {
            if (minDayOfYear <= minimalDays) {
                --year;
            }
        } else {
            cal.set(YEAR, year + 1);
            cal.set(DAY_OF_YEAR, 1);
            cal.complete();
            int del = getFirstDayOfWeek() - cal.get(DAY_OF_WEEK);
            if (del != 0) {
                if (del < 0) {
                    del += 7;
                }
                cal.add(DAY_OF_YEAR, del);
            }
            minDayOfYear = cal.get(DAY_OF_YEAR) - 1;
            if (minDayOfYear == 0) {
                minDayOfYear = 7;
            }
            if (minDayOfYear >= minimalDays) {
                int days = maxDayOfYear - dayOfYear + 1;
                if (days <= (7 - minDayOfYear)) {
                    ++year;
                }
            }
        }
        return year;
    }

    /**
     * Sets this {@code GregorianCalendar} to the date given by the
     * date specifiers - <a href="#week_year">{@code weekYear}</a>,
     * {@code weekOfYear}, and {@code dayOfWeek}. {@code weekOfYear}
     * follows the <a href="#week_and_year">{@code WEEK_OF_YEAR}
     * numbering</a>.  The {@code dayOfWeek} value must be one of the
     * {@link Calendar#DAY_OF_WEEK DAY_OF_WEEK} values: {@link
     * Calendar#SUNDAY SUNDAY} to {@link Calendar#SATURDAY SATURDAY}.
     *
     * <p>Note that the numeric day-of-week representation differs from
     * the ISO 8601 standard, and that the {@code weekOfYear}
     * numbering is compatible with the standard when {@code
     * getFirstDayOfWeek()} is {@code MONDAY} and {@code
     * getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()} is 4.
     *
     * <p>Unlike the {@code set} method, all of the calendar fields
     * and the instant of time value are calculated upon return.
     *
     * <p>If {@code weekOfYear} is out of the valid week-of-year
     * range in {@code weekYear}, the {@code weekYear}
     * and {@code weekOfYear} values are adjusted in lenient
     * mode, or an {@code IllegalArgumentException} is thrown in
     * non-lenient mode.
     *
     * @param weekYear    the week year
     * @param weekOfYear  the week number based on {@code weekYear}
     * @param dayOfWeek   the day of week value: one of the constants
     *                    for the {@link #DAY_OF_WEEK DAY_OF_WEEK} field:
     *                    {@link Calendar#SUNDAY SUNDAY}, ...,
     *                    {@link Calendar#SATURDAY SATURDAY}.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException
     *            if any of the given date specifiers is invalid,
     *            or if any of the calendar fields are inconsistent
     *            with the given date specifiers in non-lenient mode
     * @see GregorianCalendar#isWeekDateSupported()
     * @see Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek()
     * @see Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()
     * @since 1.7
     */
    @Override
    public void setWeekDate(int weekYear, int weekOfYear, int dayOfWeek) {
        if (dayOfWeek < SUNDAY || dayOfWeek > SATURDAY) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid dayOfWeek: " + dayOfWeek);
        }

        // To avoid changing the time of day fields by date
        // calculations, use a clone with the GMT time zone.
        GregorianCalendar gc = (GregorianCalendar) clone();
        gc.setLenient(true);
        int era = gc.get(ERA);
        gc.clear();
        gc.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
        gc.set(ERA, era);
        gc.set(YEAR, weekYear);
        gc.set(WEEK_OF_YEAR, 1);
        gc.set(DAY_OF_WEEK, getFirstDayOfWeek());
        int days = dayOfWeek - getFirstDayOfWeek();
        if (days < 0) {
            days += 7;
        }
        days += 7 * (weekOfYear - 1);
        if (days != 0) {
            gc.add(DAY_OF_YEAR, days);
        } else {
            gc.complete();
        }

        if (!isLenient() &&
            (gc.getWeekYear() != weekYear
             || gc.internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR) != weekOfYear
             || gc.internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK) != dayOfWeek)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }

        set(ERA, gc.internalGet(ERA));
        set(YEAR, gc.internalGet(YEAR));
        set(MONTH, gc.internalGet(MONTH));
        set(DAY_OF_MONTH, gc.internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH));

        // to avoid throwing an IllegalArgumentException in
        // non-lenient, set WEEK_OF_YEAR internally
        internalSet(WEEK_OF_YEAR, weekOfYear);
        complete();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of weeks in the <a href="#week_year">week year</a>
     * represented by this {@code GregorianCalendar}.
     *
     * <p>For example, if this {@code GregorianCalendar}'s date is
     * December 31, 2008 with <a href="#iso8601_compatible_setting">the ISO
     * 8601 compatible setting</a>, this method will return 53 for the
     * period: December 29, 2008 to January 3, 2010 while {@link
     * #getActualMaximum(int) getActualMaximum(WEEK_OF_YEAR)} will return
     * 52 for the period: December 31, 2007 to December 28, 2008.
     *
     * @return the number of weeks in the week year.
     * @see Calendar#WEEK_OF_YEAR
     * @see #getWeekYear()
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     * @since 1.7
     */
    @Override
    public int getWeeksInWeekYear() {
        GregorianCalendar gc = getNormalizedCalendar();
        int weekYear = gc.getWeekYear();
        if (weekYear == gc.internalGet(YEAR)) {
            return gc.getActualMaximum(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
        }

        // Use the 2nd week for calculating the max of WEEK_OF_YEAR
        if (gc == this) {
            gc = (GregorianCalendar) gc.clone();
        }
        gc.setWeekDate(weekYear, 2, internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK));
        return gc.getActualMaximum(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
    }

/////////////////////////////
// Time => Fields computation
/////////////////////////////

    /**
     * The fixed date corresponding to gdate. If the value is
     * Long.MIN_VALUE, the fixed date value is unknown. Currently,
     * Julian calendar dates are not cached.
     */
    transient private long cachedFixedDate = Long.MIN_VALUE;

    /**
     * Converts the time value (millisecond offset from the <a
     * href="Calendar.html#Epoch">Epoch</a>) to calendar field values.
     * The time is <em>not</em>
     * recomputed first; to recompute the time, then the fields, call the
     * <code>complete</code> method.
     *
     * @see Calendar#complete
     */
    @Override
    protected void computeFields() {
        int mask;
        if (isPartiallyNormalized()) {
            // Determine which calendar fields need to be computed.
            mask = getSetStateFields();
            int fieldMask = ~mask & ALL_FIELDS;
            // We have to call computTime in case calsys == null in
            // order to set calsys and cdate. (6263644)
            if (fieldMask != 0 || calsys == null) {
                mask |= computeFields(fieldMask,
                                      mask & (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK));
                assert mask == ALL_FIELDS;
            }
        } else {
            mask = ALL_FIELDS;
            computeFields(mask, 0);
        }
        // After computing all the fields, set the field state to `COMPUTED'.
        setFieldsComputed(mask);
    }

    /**
     * This computeFields implements the conversion from UTC
     * (millisecond offset from the Epoch) to calendar
     * field values. fieldMask specifies which fields to change the
     * setting state to COMPUTED, although all fields are set to
     * the correct values. This is required to fix 4685354.
     *
     * @param fieldMask a bit mask to specify which fields to change
     * the setting state.
     * @param tzMask a bit mask to specify which time zone offset
     * fields to be used for time calculations
     * @return a new field mask that indicates what field values have
     * actually been set.
     */
    private int computeFields(int fieldMask, int tzMask) {
        int zoneOffset = 0;
        TimeZone tz = getZone();
        if (zoneOffsets == null) {
            zoneOffsets = new int[2];
        }
        if (tzMask != (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK)) {
            if (tz instanceof ZoneInfo) {
                zoneOffset = ((ZoneInfo)tz).getOffsets(time, zoneOffsets);
            } else {
                zoneOffset = tz.getOffset(time);
                zoneOffsets[0] = tz.getRawOffset();
                zoneOffsets[1] = zoneOffset - zoneOffsets[0];
            }
        }
        if (tzMask != 0) {
            if (isFieldSet(tzMask, ZONE_OFFSET)) {
                zoneOffsets[0] = internalGet(ZONE_OFFSET);
            }
            if (isFieldSet(tzMask, DST_OFFSET)) {
                zoneOffsets[1] = internalGet(DST_OFFSET);
            }
            zoneOffset = zoneOffsets[0] + zoneOffsets[1];
        }

        // By computing time and zoneOffset separately, we can take
        // the wider range of time+zoneOffset than the previous
        // implementation.
        long fixedDate = zoneOffset / ONE_DAY;
        int timeOfDay = zoneOffset % (int)ONE_DAY;
        fixedDate += time / ONE_DAY;
        timeOfDay += (int) (time % ONE_DAY);
        if (timeOfDay >= ONE_DAY) {
            timeOfDay -= ONE_DAY;
            ++fixedDate;
        } else {
            while (timeOfDay < 0) {
                timeOfDay += ONE_DAY;
                --fixedDate;
            }
        }
        fixedDate += EPOCH_OFFSET;

        int era = CE;
        int year;
        if (fixedDate >= gregorianCutoverDate) {
            // Handle Gregorian dates.
            assert cachedFixedDate == Long.MIN_VALUE || gdate.isNormalized()
                        : "cache control: not normalized";
            assert cachedFixedDate == Long.MIN_VALUE ||
                   gcal.getFixedDate(gdate.getNormalizedYear(),
                                          gdate.getMonth(),
                                          gdate.getDayOfMonth(), gdate)
                                == cachedFixedDate
                        : "cache control: inconsictency" +
                          ", cachedFixedDate=" + cachedFixedDate +
                          ", computed=" +
                          gcal.getFixedDate(gdate.getNormalizedYear(),
                                                 gdate.getMonth(),
                                                 gdate.getDayOfMonth(),
                                                 gdate) +
                          ", date=" + gdate;

            // See if we can use gdate to avoid date calculation.
            if (fixedDate != cachedFixedDate) {
                gcal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(gdate, fixedDate);
                cachedFixedDate = fixedDate;
            }

            year = gdate.getYear();
            if (year <= 0) {
                year = 1 - year;
                era = BCE;
            }
            calsys = gcal;
            cdate = gdate;
            assert cdate.getDayOfWeek() > 0 : "dow="+cdate.getDayOfWeek()+", date="+cdate;
        } else {
            // Handle Julian calendar dates.
            calsys = getJulianCalendarSystem();
            cdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) jcal.newCalendarDate(getZone());
            jcal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(cdate, fixedDate);
            Era e = cdate.getEra();
            if (e == jeras[0]) {
                era = BCE;
            }
            year = cdate.getYear();
        }

        // Always set the ERA and YEAR values.
        internalSet(ERA, era);
        internalSet(YEAR, year);
        int mask = fieldMask | (ERA_MASK|YEAR_MASK);

        int month =  cdate.getMonth() - 1; // 0-based
        int dayOfMonth = cdate.getDayOfMonth();

        // Set the basic date fields.
        if ((fieldMask & (MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_MASK))
            != 0) {
            internalSet(MONTH, month);
            internalSet(DAY_OF_MONTH, dayOfMonth);
            internalSet(DAY_OF_WEEK, cdate.getDayOfWeek());
            mask |= MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_MASK;
        }

        if ((fieldMask & (HOUR_OF_DAY_MASK|AM_PM_MASK|HOUR_MASK
                          |MINUTE_MASK|SECOND_MASK|MILLISECOND_MASK)) != 0) {
            if (timeOfDay != 0) {
                int hours = timeOfDay / ONE_HOUR;
                internalSet(HOUR_OF_DAY, hours);
                internalSet(AM_PM, hours / 12); // Assume AM == 0
                internalSet(HOUR, hours % 12);
                int r = timeOfDay % ONE_HOUR;
                internalSet(MINUTE, r / ONE_MINUTE);
                r %= ONE_MINUTE;
                internalSet(SECOND, r / ONE_SECOND);
                internalSet(MILLISECOND, r % ONE_SECOND);
            } else {
                internalSet(HOUR_OF_DAY, 0);
                internalSet(AM_PM, AM);
                internalSet(HOUR, 0);
                internalSet(MINUTE, 0);
                internalSet(SECOND, 0);
                internalSet(MILLISECOND, 0);
            }
            mask |= (HOUR_OF_DAY_MASK|AM_PM_MASK|HOUR_MASK
                     |MINUTE_MASK|SECOND_MASK|MILLISECOND_MASK);
        }

        if ((fieldMask & (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK)) != 0) {
            internalSet(ZONE_OFFSET, zoneOffsets[0]);
            internalSet(DST_OFFSET, zoneOffsets[1]);
            mask |= (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK);
        }

        if ((fieldMask & (DAY_OF_YEAR_MASK|WEEK_OF_YEAR_MASK|WEEK_OF_MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH_MASK)) != 0) {
            int normalizedYear = cdate.getNormalizedYear();
            long fixedDateJan1 = calsys.getFixedDate(normalizedYear, 1, 1, cdate);
            int dayOfYear = (int)(fixedDate - fixedDateJan1) + 1;
            long fixedDateMonth1 = fixedDate - dayOfMonth + 1;
            int cutoverGap = 0;
            int cutoverYear = (calsys == gcal) ? gregorianCutoverYear : gregorianCutoverYearJulian;
            int relativeDayOfMonth = dayOfMonth - 1;

            // If we are in the cutover year, we need some special handling.
            if (normalizedYear == cutoverYear) {
                // Need to take care of the "missing" days.
                if (gregorianCutoverYearJulian <= gregorianCutoverYear) {
                    // We need to find out where we are. The cutover
                    // gap could even be more than one year.  (One
                    // year difference in ~48667 years.)
                    fixedDateJan1 = getFixedDateJan1(cdate, fixedDate);
                    if (fixedDate >= gregorianCutoverDate) {
                        fixedDateMonth1 = getFixedDateMonth1(cdate, fixedDate);
                    }
                }
                int realDayOfYear = (int)(fixedDate - fixedDateJan1) + 1;
                cutoverGap = dayOfYear - realDayOfYear;
                dayOfYear = realDayOfYear;
                relativeDayOfMonth = (int)(fixedDate - fixedDateMonth1);
            }
            internalSet(DAY_OF_YEAR, dayOfYear);
            internalSet(DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH, relativeDayOfMonth / 7 + 1);

            int weekOfYear = getWeekNumber(fixedDateJan1, fixedDate);

            // The spec is to calculate WEEK_OF_YEAR in the
            // ISO8601-style. This creates problems, though.
            if (weekOfYear == 0) {
                // If the date belongs to the last week of the
                // previous year, use the week number of "12/31" of
                // the "previous" year. Again, if the previous year is
                // the Gregorian cutover year, we need to take care of
                // it.  Usually the previous day of January 1 is
                // December 31, which is not always true in
                // GregorianCalendar.
                long fixedDec31 = fixedDateJan1 - 1;
                long prevJan1  = fixedDateJan1 - 365;
                if (normalizedYear > (cutoverYear + 1)) {
                    if (CalendarUtils.isGregorianLeapYear(normalizedYear - 1)) {
                        --prevJan1;
                    }
                } else if (normalizedYear <= gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                    if (CalendarUtils.isJulianLeapYear(normalizedYear - 1)) {
                        --prevJan1;
                    }
                } else {
                    BaseCalendar calForJan1 = calsys;
                    //int prevYear = normalizedYear - 1;
                    int prevYear = getCalendarDate(fixedDec31).getNormalizedYear();
                    if (prevYear == gregorianCutoverYear) {
                        calForJan1 = getCutoverCalendarSystem();
                        if (calForJan1 == jcal) {
                            prevJan1 = calForJan1.getFixedDate(prevYear,
                                                               BaseCalendar.JANUARY,
                                                               1,
                                                               null);
                        } else {
                            prevJan1 = gregorianCutoverDate;
                            calForJan1 = gcal;
                        }
                    } else if (prevYear <= gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                        calForJan1 = getJulianCalendarSystem();
                        prevJan1 = calForJan1.getFixedDate(prevYear,
                                                           BaseCalendar.JANUARY,
                                                           1,
                                                           null);
                    }
                }
                weekOfYear = getWeekNumber(prevJan1, fixedDec31);
            } else {
                if (normalizedYear > gregorianCutoverYear ||
                    normalizedYear < (gregorianCutoverYearJulian - 1)) {
                    // Regular years
                    if (weekOfYear >= 52) {
                        long nextJan1 = fixedDateJan1 + 365;
                        if (cdate.isLeapYear()) {
                            nextJan1++;
                        }
                        long nextJan1st = BaseCalendar.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(nextJan1 + 6,
                                                                                  getFirstDayOfWeek());
                        int ndays = (int)(nextJan1st - nextJan1);
                        if (ndays >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() && fixedDate >= (nextJan1st - 7)) {
                            // The first days forms a week in which the date is included.
                            weekOfYear = 1;
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    BaseCalendar calForJan1 = calsys;
                    int nextYear = normalizedYear + 1;
                    if (nextYear == (gregorianCutoverYearJulian + 1) &&
                        nextYear < gregorianCutoverYear) {
                        // In case the gap is more than one year.
                        nextYear = gregorianCutoverYear;
                    }
                    if (nextYear == gregorianCutoverYear) {
                        calForJan1 = getCutoverCalendarSystem();
                    }

                    long nextJan1;
                    if (nextYear > gregorianCutoverYear
                        || gregorianCutoverYearJulian == gregorianCutoverYear
                        || nextYear == gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                        nextJan1 = calForJan1.getFixedDate(nextYear,
                                                           BaseCalendar.JANUARY,
                                                           1,
                                                           null);
                    } else {
                        nextJan1 = gregorianCutoverDate;
                        calForJan1 = gcal;
                    }

                    long nextJan1st = BaseCalendar.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(nextJan1 + 6,
                                                                              getFirstDayOfWeek());
                    int ndays = (int)(nextJan1st - nextJan1);
                    if (ndays >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() && fixedDate >= (nextJan1st - 7)) {
                        // The first days forms a week in which the date is included.
                        weekOfYear = 1;
                    }
                }
            }
            internalSet(WEEK_OF_YEAR, weekOfYear);
            internalSet(WEEK_OF_MONTH, getWeekNumber(fixedDateMonth1, fixedDate));
            mask |= (DAY_OF_YEAR_MASK|WEEK_OF_YEAR_MASK|WEEK_OF_MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH_MASK);
        }
        return mask;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of weeks in a period between fixedDay1 and
     * fixedDate. The getFirstDayOfWeek-getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek rule
     * is applied to calculate the number of weeks.
     *
     * @param fixedDay1 the fixed date of the first day of the period
     * @param fixedDate the fixed date of the last day of the period
     * @return the number of weeks of the given period
     */
    private int getWeekNumber(long fixedDay1, long fixedDate) {
        // We can always use `gcal' since Julian and Gregorian are the
        // same thing for this calculation.
        long fixedDay1st = Gregorian.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fixedDay1 + 6,
                                                                getFirstDayOfWeek());
        int ndays = (int)(fixedDay1st - fixedDay1);
        assert ndays <= 7;
        if (ndays >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
            fixedDay1st -= 7;
        }
        int normalizedDayOfPeriod = (int)(fixedDate - fixedDay1st);
        if (normalizedDayOfPeriod >= 0) {
            return normalizedDayOfPeriod / 7 + 1;
        }
        return CalendarUtils.floorDivide(normalizedDayOfPeriod, 7) + 1;
    }

    /**
     * Converts calendar field values to the time value (millisecond
     * offset from the <a href="Calendar.html#Epoch">Epoch</a>).
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if any calendar fields are invalid.
     */
    @Override
    protected void computeTime() {
        // In non-lenient mode, perform brief checking of calendar
        // fields which have been set externally. Through this
        // checking, the field values are stored in originalFields[]
        // to see if any of them are normalized later.
        if (!isLenient()) {
            if (originalFields == null) {
                originalFields = new int[FIELD_COUNT];
            }
            for (int field = 0; field < FIELD_COUNT; field++) {
                int value = internalGet(field);
                if (isExternallySet(field)) {
                    // Quick validation for any out of range values
                    if (value < getMinimum(field) || value > getMaximum(field)) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(getFieldName(field));
                    }
                }
                originalFields[field] = value;
            }
        }

        // Let the super class determine which calendar fields to be
        // used to calculate the time.
        int fieldMask = selectFields();

        // The year defaults to the epoch start. We don't check
        // fieldMask for YEAR because YEAR is a mandatory field to
        // determine the date.
        int year = isSet(YEAR) ? internalGet(YEAR) : EPOCH_YEAR;

        int era = internalGetEra();
        if (era == BCE) {
            year = 1 - year;
        } else if (era != CE) {
            // Even in lenient mode we disallow ERA values other than CE & BCE.
            // (The same normalization rule as add()/roll() could be
            // applied here in lenient mode. But this checking is kept
            // unchanged for compatibility as of 1.5.)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid era");
        }

        // If year is 0 or negative, we need to set the ERA value later.
        if (year <= 0 && !isSet(ERA)) {
            fieldMask |= ERA_MASK;
            setFieldsComputed(ERA_MASK);
        }

        // Calculate the time of day. We rely on the convention that
        // an UNSET field has 0.
        long timeOfDay = 0;
        if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, HOUR_OF_DAY)) {
            timeOfDay += (long) internalGet(HOUR_OF_DAY);
        } else {
            timeOfDay += internalGet(HOUR);
            // The default value of AM_PM is 0 which designates AM.
            if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, AM_PM)) {
                timeOfDay += 12 * internalGet(AM_PM);
            }
        }
        timeOfDay *= 60;
        timeOfDay += internalGet(MINUTE);
        timeOfDay *= 60;
        timeOfDay += internalGet(SECOND);
        timeOfDay *= 1000;
        timeOfDay += internalGet(MILLISECOND);

        // Convert the time of day to the number of days and the
        // millisecond offset from midnight.
        long fixedDate = timeOfDay / ONE_DAY;
        timeOfDay %= ONE_DAY;
        while (timeOfDay < 0) {
            timeOfDay += ONE_DAY;
            --fixedDate;
        }

        // Calculate the fixed date since January 1, 1 (Gregorian).
        calculateFixedDate: {
            long gfd, jfd;
            if (year > gregorianCutoverYear && year > gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                gfd = fixedDate + getFixedDate(gcal, year, fieldMask);
                if (gfd >= gregorianCutoverDate) {
                    fixedDate = gfd;
                    break calculateFixedDate;
                }
                jfd = fixedDate + getFixedDate(getJulianCalendarSystem(), year, fieldMask);
            } else if (year < gregorianCutoverYear && year < gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                jfd = fixedDate + getFixedDate(getJulianCalendarSystem(), year, fieldMask);
                if (jfd < gregorianCutoverDate) {
                    fixedDate = jfd;
                    break calculateFixedDate;
                }
                gfd = jfd;
            } else {
                jfd = fixedDate + getFixedDate(getJulianCalendarSystem(), year, fieldMask);
                gfd = fixedDate + getFixedDate(gcal, year, fieldMask);
            }

            // Now we have to determine which calendar date it is.

            // If the date is relative from the beginning of the year
            // in the Julian calendar, then use jfd;
            if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_YEAR) || isFieldSet(fieldMask, WEEK_OF_YEAR)) {
                if (gregorianCutoverYear == gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                    fixedDate = jfd;
                    break calculateFixedDate;
                } else if (year == gregorianCutoverYear) {
                    fixedDate = gfd;
                    break calculateFixedDate;
                }
            }

            if (gfd >= gregorianCutoverDate) {
                if (jfd >= gregorianCutoverDate) {
                    fixedDate = gfd;
                } else {
                    // The date is in an "overlapping" period. No way
                    // to disambiguate it. Determine it using the
                    // previous date calculation.
                    if (calsys == gcal || calsys == null) {
                        fixedDate = gfd;
                    } else {
                        fixedDate = jfd;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                if (jfd < gregorianCutoverDate) {
                    fixedDate = jfd;
                } else {
                    // The date is in a "missing" period.
                    if (!isLenient()) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("the specified date doesn't exist");
                    }
                    // Take the Julian date for compatibility, which
                    // will produce a Gregorian date.
                    fixedDate = jfd;
                }
            }
        }

        // millis represents local wall-clock time in milliseconds.
        long millis = (fixedDate - EPOCH_OFFSET) * ONE_DAY + timeOfDay;

        // Compute the time zone offset and DST offset.  There are two potential
        // ambiguities here.  We'll assume a 2:00 am (wall time) switchover time
        // for discussion purposes here.
        // 1. The transition into DST.  Here, a designated time of 2:00 am - 2:59 am
        //    can be in standard or in DST depending.  However, 2:00 am is an invalid
        //    representation (the representation jumps from 1:59:59 am Std to 3:00:00 am DST).
        //    We assume standard time.
        // 2. The transition out of DST.  Here, a designated time of 1:00 am - 1:59 am
        //    can be in standard or DST.  Both are valid representations (the rep
        //    jumps from 1:59:59 DST to 1:00:00 Std).
        //    Again, we assume standard time.
        // We use the TimeZone object, unless the user has explicitly set the ZONE_OFFSET
        // or DST_OFFSET fields; then we use those fields.
        TimeZone zone = getZone();
        if (zoneOffsets == null) {
            zoneOffsets = new int[2];
        }
        int tzMask = fieldMask & (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK);
        if (tzMask != (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK)) {
            if (zone instanceof ZoneInfo) {
                ((ZoneInfo)zone).getOffsetsByWall(millis, zoneOffsets);
            } else {
                int gmtOffset = isFieldSet(fieldMask, ZONE_OFFSET) ?
                                    internalGet(ZONE_OFFSET) : zone.getRawOffset();
                zone.getOffsets(millis - gmtOffset, zoneOffsets);
            }
        }
        if (tzMask != 0) {
            if (isFieldSet(tzMask, ZONE_OFFSET)) {
                zoneOffsets[0] = internalGet(ZONE_OFFSET);
            }
            if (isFieldSet(tzMask, DST_OFFSET)) {
                zoneOffsets[1] = internalGet(DST_OFFSET);
            }
        }

        // Adjust the time zone offset values to get the UTC time.
        millis -= zoneOffsets[0] + zoneOffsets[1];

        // Set this calendar's time in milliseconds
        time = millis;

        int mask = computeFields(fieldMask | getSetStateFields(), tzMask);

        if (!isLenient()) {
            for (int field = 0; field < FIELD_COUNT; field++) {
                if (!isExternallySet(field)) {
                    continue;
                }
                if (originalFields[field] != internalGet(field)) {
                    String s = originalFields[field] + " -> " + internalGet(field);
                    // Restore the original field values
                    System.arraycopy(originalFields, 0, fields, 0, fields.length);
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(getFieldName(field) + ": " + s);
                }
            }
        }
        setFieldsNormalized(mask);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the fixed date under either the Gregorian or the
     * Julian calendar, using the given year and the specified calendar fields.
     *
     * @param cal the CalendarSystem to be used for the date calculation
     * @param year the normalized year number, with 0 indicating the
     * year 1 BCE, -1 indicating 2 BCE, etc.
     * @param fieldMask the calendar fields to be used for the date calculation
     * @return the fixed date
     * @see Calendar#selectFields
     */
    private long getFixedDate(BaseCalendar cal, int year, int fieldMask) {
        int month = JANUARY;
        if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, MONTH)) {
            // No need to check if MONTH has been set (no isSet(MONTH)
            // call) since its unset value happens to be JANUARY (0).
            month = internalGet(MONTH);

            // If the month is out of range, adjust it into range
            if (month > DECEMBER) {
                year += month / 12;
                month %= 12;
            } else if (month < JANUARY) {
                int[] rem = new int[1];
                year += CalendarUtils.floorDivide(month, 12, rem);
                month = rem[0];
            }
        }

        // Get the fixed date since Jan 1, 1 (Gregorian). We are on
        // the first day of either `month' or January in 'year'.
        long fixedDate = cal.getFixedDate(year, month + 1, 1,
                                          cal == gcal ? gdate : null);
        if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, MONTH)) {
            // Month-based calculations
            if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_MONTH)) {
                // We are on the first day of the month. Just add the
                // offset if DAY_OF_MONTH is set. If the isSet call
                // returns false, that means DAY_OF_MONTH has been
                // selected just because of the selected
                // combination. We don't need to add any since the
                // default value is the 1st.
                if (isSet(DAY_OF_MONTH)) {
                    // To avoid underflow with DAY_OF_MONTH-1, add
                    // DAY_OF_MONTH, then subtract 1.
                    fixedDate += internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH);
                    fixedDate--;
                }
            } else {
                if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, WEEK_OF_MONTH)) {
                    long firstDayOfWeek = BaseCalendar.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fixedDate + 6,
                                                                                  getFirstDayOfWeek());
                    // If we have enough days in the first week, then
                    // move to the previous week.
                    if ((firstDayOfWeek - fixedDate) >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
                        firstDayOfWeek -= 7;
                    }
                    if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_WEEK)) {
                        firstDayOfWeek = BaseCalendar.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(firstDayOfWeek + 6,
                                                                                 internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK));
                    }
                    // In lenient mode, we treat days of the previous
                    // months as a part of the specified
                    // WEEK_OF_MONTH. See 4633646.
                    fixedDate = firstDayOfWeek + 7 * (internalGet(WEEK_OF_MONTH) - 1);
                } else {
                    int dayOfWeek;
                    if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_WEEK)) {
                        dayOfWeek = internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK);
                    } else {
                        dayOfWeek = getFirstDayOfWeek();
                    }
                    // We are basing this on the day-of-week-in-month.  The only
                    // trickiness occurs if the day-of-week-in-month is
                    // negative.
                    int dowim;
                    if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH)) {
                        dowim = internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH);
                    } else {
                        dowim = 1;
                    }
                    if (dowim >= 0) {
                        fixedDate = BaseCalendar.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fixedDate + (7 * dowim) - 1,
                                                                            dayOfWeek);
                    } else {
                        // Go to the first day of the next week of
                        // the specified week boundary.
                        int lastDate = monthLength(month, year) + (7 * (dowim + 1));
                        // Then, get the day of week date on or before the last date.
                        fixedDate = BaseCalendar.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fixedDate + lastDate - 1,
                                                                            dayOfWeek);
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            if (year == gregorianCutoverYear && cal == gcal
                && fixedDate < gregorianCutoverDate
                && gregorianCutoverYear != gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
                // January 1 of the year doesn't exist.  Use
                // gregorianCutoverDate as the first day of the
                // year.
                fixedDate = gregorianCutoverDate;
            }
            // We are on the first day of the year.
            if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_YEAR)) {
                // Add the offset, then subtract 1. (Make sure to avoid underflow.)
                fixedDate += internalGet(DAY_OF_YEAR);
                fixedDate--;
            } else {
                long firstDayOfWeek = BaseCalendar.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fixedDate + 6,
                                                                              getFirstDayOfWeek());
                // If we have enough days in the first week, then move
                // to the previous week.
                if ((firstDayOfWeek - fixedDate) >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
                    firstDayOfWeek -= 7;
                }
                if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_WEEK)) {
                    int dayOfWeek = internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK);
                    if (dayOfWeek != getFirstDayOfWeek()) {
                        firstDayOfWeek = BaseCalendar.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(firstDayOfWeek + 6,
                                                                                 dayOfWeek);
                    }
                }
                fixedDate = firstDayOfWeek + 7 * ((long)internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR) - 1);
            }
        }

        return fixedDate;
    }

    /**
     * Returns this object if it's normalized (all fields and time are
     * in sync). Otherwise, a cloned object is returned after calling
     * complete() in lenient mode.
     */
    private GregorianCalendar getNormalizedCalendar() {
        GregorianCalendar gc;
        if (isFullyNormalized()) {
            gc = this;
        } else {
            // Create a clone and normalize the calendar fields
            gc = (GregorianCalendar) this.clone();
            gc.setLenient(true);
            gc.complete();
        }
        return gc;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Julian calendar system instance (singleton). 'jcal'
     * and 'jeras' are set upon the return.
     */
    private static synchronized BaseCalendar getJulianCalendarSystem() {
        if (jcal == null) {
            jcal = (JulianCalendar) CalendarSystem.forName("julian");
            jeras = jcal.getEras();
        }
        return jcal;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the calendar system for dates before the cutover date
     * in the cutover year. If the cutover date is January 1, the
     * method returns Gregorian. Otherwise, Julian.
     */
    private BaseCalendar getCutoverCalendarSystem() {
        if (gregorianCutoverYearJulian < gregorianCutoverYear) {
            return gcal;
        }
        return getJulianCalendarSystem();
    }

    /**
     * Determines if the specified year (normalized) is the Gregorian
     * cutover year. This object must have been normalized.
     */
    private boolean isCutoverYear(int normalizedYear) {
        int cutoverYear = (calsys == gcal) ? gregorianCutoverYear : gregorianCutoverYearJulian;
        return normalizedYear == cutoverYear;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the fixed date of the first day of the year (usually
     * January 1) before the specified date.
     *
     * @param date the date for which the first day of the year is
     * calculated. The date has to be in the cut-over year (Gregorian
     * or Julian).
     * @param fixedDate the fixed date representation of the date
     */
    private long getFixedDateJan1(BaseCalendar.Date date, long fixedDate) {
        assert date.getNormalizedYear() == gregorianCutoverYear ||
            date.getNormalizedYear() == gregorianCutoverYearJulian;
        if (gregorianCutoverYear != gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
            if (fixedDate >= gregorianCutoverDate) {
                // Dates before the cutover date don't exist
                // in the same (Gregorian) year. So, no
                // January 1 exists in the year. Use the
                // cutover date as the first day of the year.
                return gregorianCutoverDate;
            }
        }
        // January 1 of the normalized year should exist.
        BaseCalendar juliancal = getJulianCalendarSystem();
        return juliancal.getFixedDate(date.getNormalizedYear(), BaseCalendar.JANUARY, 1, null);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the fixed date of the first date of the month (usually
     * the 1st of the month) before the specified date.
     *
     * @param date the date for which the first day of the month is
     * calculated. The date has to be in the cut-over year (Gregorian
     * or Julian).
     * @param fixedDate the fixed date representation of the date
     */
    private long getFixedDateMonth1(BaseCalendar.Date date, long fixedDate) {
        assert date.getNormalizedYear() == gregorianCutoverYear ||
            date.getNormalizedYear() == gregorianCutoverYearJulian;
        BaseCalendar.Date gCutover = getGregorianCutoverDate();
        if (gCutover.getMonth() == BaseCalendar.JANUARY
            && gCutover.getDayOfMonth() == 1) {
            // The cutover happened on January 1.
            return fixedDate - date.getDayOfMonth() + 1;
        }

        long fixedDateMonth1;
        // The cutover happened sometime during the year.
        if (date.getMonth() == gCutover.getMonth()) {
            // The cutover happened in the month.
            BaseCalendar.Date jLastDate = getLastJulianDate();
            if (gregorianCutoverYear == gregorianCutoverYearJulian
                && gCutover.getMonth() == jLastDate.getMonth()) {
                // The "gap" fits in the same month.
                fixedDateMonth1 = jcal.getFixedDate(date.getNormalizedYear(),
                                                    date.getMonth(),
                                                    1,
                                                    null);
            } else {
                // Use the cutover date as the first day of the month.
                fixedDateMonth1 = gregorianCutoverDate;
            }
        } else {
            // The cutover happened before the month.
            fixedDateMonth1 = fixedDate - date.getDayOfMonth() + 1;
        }

        return fixedDateMonth1;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a CalendarDate produced from the specified fixed date.
     *
     * @param fd the fixed date
     */
    private BaseCalendar.Date getCalendarDate(long fd) {
        BaseCalendar cal = (fd >= gregorianCutoverDate) ? gcal : getJulianCalendarSystem();
        BaseCalendar.Date d = (BaseCalendar.Date) cal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
        cal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(d, fd);
        return d;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Gregorian cutover date as a BaseCalendar.Date. The
     * date is a Gregorian date.
     */
    private BaseCalendar.Date getGregorianCutoverDate() {
        return getCalendarDate(gregorianCutoverDate);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the day before the Gregorian cutover date as a
     * BaseCalendar.Date. The date is a Julian date.
     */
    private BaseCalendar.Date getLastJulianDate() {
        return getCalendarDate(gregorianCutoverDate - 1);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of the specified month in the specified
     * year. The year number must be normalized.
     *
     * @see #isLeapYear(int)
     */
    private int monthLength(int month, int year) {
        return isLeapYear(year) ? LEAP_MONTH_LENGTH[month] : MONTH_LENGTH[month];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of the specified month in the year provided
     * by internalGet(YEAR).
     *
     * @see #isLeapYear(int)
     */
    private int monthLength(int month) {
        int year = internalGet(YEAR);
        if (internalGetEra() == BCE) {
            year = 1 - year;
        }
        return monthLength(month, year);
    }

    private int actualMonthLength() {
        int year = cdate.getNormalizedYear();
        if (year != gregorianCutoverYear && year != gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
            return calsys.getMonthLength(cdate);
        }
        BaseCalendar.Date date = (BaseCalendar.Date) cdate.clone();
        long fd = calsys.getFixedDate(date);
        long month1 = getFixedDateMonth1(date, fd);
        long next1 = month1 + calsys.getMonthLength(date);
        if (next1 < gregorianCutoverDate) {
            return (int)(next1 - month1);
        }
        if (cdate != gdate) {
            date = (BaseCalendar.Date) gcal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
        }
        gcal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(date, next1);
        next1 = getFixedDateMonth1(date, next1);
        return (int)(next1 - month1);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length (in days) of the specified year. The year
     * must be normalized.
     */
    private int yearLength(int year) {
        return isLeapYear(year) ? 366 : 365;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length (in days) of the year provided by
     * internalGet(YEAR).
     */
    private int yearLength() {
        int year = internalGet(YEAR);
        if (internalGetEra() == BCE) {
            year = 1 - year;
        }
        return yearLength(year);
    }

    /**
     * After adjustments such as add(MONTH), add(YEAR), we don't want the
     * month to jump around.  E.g., we don't want Jan 31 + 1 month to go to Mar
     * 3, we want it to go to Feb 28.  Adjustments which might run into this
     * problem call this method to retain the proper month.
     */
    private void pinDayOfMonth() {
        int year = internalGet(YEAR);
        int monthLen;
        if (year > gregorianCutoverYear || year < gregorianCutoverYearJulian) {
            monthLen = monthLength(internalGet(MONTH));
        } else {
            GregorianCalendar gc = getNormalizedCalendar();
            monthLen = gc.getActualMaximum(DAY_OF_MONTH);
        }
        int dom = internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH);
        if (dom > monthLen) {
            set(DAY_OF_MONTH, monthLen);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the fixed date value of this object. The time value and
     * calendar fields must be in synch.
     */
    private long getCurrentFixedDate() {
        return (calsys == gcal) ? cachedFixedDate : calsys.getFixedDate(cdate);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the new value after 'roll'ing the specified value and amount.
     */
    private static int getRolledValue(int value, int amount, int min, int max) {
        assert value >= min && value <= max;
        int range = max - min + 1;
        amount %= range;
        int n = value + amount;
        if (n > max) {
            n -= range;
        } else if (n < min) {
            n += range;
        }
        assert n >= min && n <= max;
        return n;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the ERA.  We need a special method for this because the
     * default ERA is CE, but a zero (unset) ERA is BCE.
     */
    private int internalGetEra() {
        return isSet(ERA) ? internalGet(ERA) : CE;
    }

    /**
     * Updates internal state.
     */
    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream stream)
            throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        stream.defaultReadObject();
        if (gdate == null) {
            gdate = (BaseCalendar.Date) gcal.newCalendarDate(getZone());
            cachedFixedDate = Long.MIN_VALUE;
        }
        setGregorianChange(gregorianCutover);
    }

    /**
     * Converts this object to a {@code ZonedDateTime} that represents
     * the same point on the time-line as this {@code GregorianCalendar}.
     * <p>
     * Since this object supports a Julian-Gregorian cutover date and
     * {@code ZonedDateTime} does not, it is possible that the resulting year,
     * month and day will have different values.  The result will represent the
     * correct date in the ISO calendar system, which will also be the same value
     * for Modified Julian Days.
     *
     * @return a zoned date-time representing the same point on the time-line
     *  as this gregorian calendar
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public ZonedDateTime toZonedDateTime() {
        return ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(getTimeInMillis()),
                                       getTimeZone().toZoneId());
    }

    /**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code GregorianCalendar} with the default locale
     * from a {@code ZonedDateTime} object.
     * <p>
     * Since {@code ZonedDateTime} does not support a Julian-Gregorian cutover
     * date and uses ISO calendar system, the return GregorianCalendar is a pure
     * Gregorian calendar and uses ISO 8601 standard for week definitions,
     * which has {@code MONDAY} as the {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek()
     * FirstDayOfWeek} and {@code 4} as the value of the
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() MinimalDaysInFirstWeek}.
     * <p>
     * {@code ZoneDateTime} can store points on the time-line further in the
     * future and further in the past than {@code GregorianCalendar}. In this
     * scenario, this method will throw an {@code IllegalArgumentException}
     * exception.
     *
     * @param zdt  the zoned date-time object to convert
     * @return  the gregorian calendar representing the same point on the
     *  time-line as the zoned date-time provided
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code zdt} is null
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the zoned date-time is too
     * large to represent as a {@code GregorianCalendar}
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static GregorianCalendar from(ZonedDateTime zdt) {
        GregorianCalendar cal = new GregorianCalendar(TimeZone.getTimeZone(zdt.getZone()));
        cal.setGregorianChange(new Date(Long.MIN_VALUE));
        cal.setFirstDayOfWeek(MONDAY);
        cal.setMinimalDaysInFirstWeek(4);
        try {
            cal.setTimeInMillis(Math.addExact(Math.multiplyExact(zdt.toEpochSecond(), 1000),
                                              zdt.get(ChronoField.MILLI_OF_SECOND)));
        } catch (ArithmeticException ex) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(ex);
        }
        return cal;
    }
}
