## 常见反爬策略及应对方案 1. 构造合理的HTTP请求头。 - Accept - User-Agent - 三方库fake-useragent ```Python from fake_useragent import UserAgent ua = UserAgent() ua.ie # Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US); ua.msie # Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3; Trident/6.0)' ua['Internet Explorer'] # Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0; GTB7.4; InfoPath.2; SV1; .NET CLR 3.3.69573; WOW64; en-US) ua.opera # Opera/9.80 (X11; Linux i686; U; ru) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11 ua.chrome # Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1216.0 Safari/537.2' ua.google # Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_4) AppleWebKit/537.13 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/24.0.1290.1 Safari/537.13 ua['google chrome'] # Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11 ua.firefox # Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; Win64; x64; rv:16.0.1) Gecko/20121011 Firefox/16.0.1 ua.ff # Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:15.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/15.0.1 ua.safari # Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 6_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/6.0 Mobile/10A5355d Safari/8536.25 # and the best one, random via real world browser usage statistic ua.random ``` - Referer - Accept-Encoding - Accept-Language 2. 检查网站生成的Cookie。 - 有用的插件:[EditThisCookie](http://www.editthiscookie.com/) - 如何处理脚本动态生成的Cookie 3. 抓取动态内容。 - Selenium + WebDriver - Chrome / Firefox - Driver 4. 限制爬取的速度。 5. 处理表单中的隐藏域。 - 在读取到隐藏域之前不要提交表单 - 用RoboBrowser这样的工具辅助提交表单 6. 处理表单中的验证码。 - OCR(Tesseract) - 商业项目一般不考虑 - 专业识别平台 - 超级鹰 / 云打码 ```Python from hashlib import md5 class ChaoClient(object): def __init__(self, username, password, soft_id): self.username = username password = password.encode('utf-8') self.password = md5(password).hexdigest() self.soft_id = soft_id self.base_params = { 'user': self.username, 'pass2': self.password, 'softid': self.soft_id, } self.headers = { 'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0)', } def post_pic(self, im, codetype): params = { 'codetype': codetype, } params.update(self.base_params) files = {'userfile': ('captcha.jpg', im)} r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/Processing.php', data=params, files=files, headers=self.headers) return r.json() if __name__ == '__main__': client = ChaoClient('用户名', '密码', '软件ID') with open('captcha.jpg', 'rb') as file: print(client.post_pic(file, 1902)) ``` 7. 绕开“陷阱”。 - 网页上有诱使爬虫爬取的爬取的隐藏链接(陷阱或蜜罐) - 通过Selenium+WebDriver+Chrome判断链接是否可见或在可视区域 8. 隐藏身份。 - 代理服务 - 快代理 / 讯代理 / 芝麻代理 / 蘑菇代理 / 云代理 [《爬虫代理哪家强?十大付费代理详细对比评测出炉!》](https://cuiqingcai.com/5094.html) - 洋葱路由 - 国内需要翻墙才能使用 ```Shell yum -y install tor useradd admin -d /home/admin passwd admin chown -R admin:admin /home/admin chown -R admin:admin /var/run/tor tor ```