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- id: convert-markdown-into-html - id: convert-markdown-into-html
name: convert-markdown-into-html name: convert-markdown-into-html
description: Convert README.md into index.html and README.en.md into index.en.html description: Convert README.md into index.html and README.en.md into index.en.html
entry: python pre-commit-hooks/convert_markdown_into_html.py entry: python .pre-commit-hooks/convert_markdown_into_html.py
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files: .+README(\.en)?\.md$ files: .+README(\.en)?\.md$
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- pip install -U virtualenv pre-commit pip - pip install -U virtualenv pre-commit pip
- GOPATH=/tmp/go go get -u github.com/wangkuiyi/ipynb/markdown-to-ipynb - GOPATH=/tmp/go go get -u github.com/wangkuiyi/ipynb/markdown-to-ipynb
script: script:
- PATH=/tmp/go/bin:$PATH travis/precommit.sh - PATH=/tmp/go/bin:$PATH .travis/precommit.sh
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图像分类
=======
本教程源代码目录在[book/image_classification](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/tree/develop/image_classification)， 初次使用请参考PaddlePaddle[安装教程](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/doc/getstarted/build_and_install/docker_install_cn.rst)。
## 背景介绍
图像相比文字能够提供更加生动、容易理解及更具艺术感的信息，是人们转递与交换信息的重要来源。在本教程中，我们专注于图像识别领域的一个重要问题，即图像分类。
图像分类是根据图像的语义信息将不同类别图像区分开来，是计算机视觉中重要的基本问题，也是图像检测、图像分割、物体跟踪、行为分析等其他高层视觉任务的基础。图像分类在很多领域有广泛应用，包括安防领域的人脸识别和智能视频分析等，交通领域的交通场景识别，互联网领域基于内容的图像检索和相册自动归类，医学领域的图像识别等。
一般来说，图像分类通过手工特征或特征学习方法对整个图像进行全部描述，然后使用分类器判别物体类别，因此如何提取图像的特征至关重要。在深度学习算法之前使用较多的是基于词袋(Bag of Words)模型的物体分类方法。词袋方法从自然语言处理中引入，即一句话可以用一个装了词的袋子表示其特征，袋子中的词为句子中的单词、短语或字。对于图像而言，词袋方法需要构建字典。最简单的词袋模型框架可以设计为**底层特征抽取**、**特征编码**、**分类器设计**三个过程。
而基于深度学习的图像分类方法，可以通过有监督或无监督的方式**学习**层次化的特征描述，从而取代了手工设计或选择图像特征的工作。深度学习模型中的卷积神经网络(Convolution Neural Network, CNN)近年来在图像领域取得了惊人的成绩，CNN直接利用图像像素信息作为输入，最大程度上保留了输入图像的所有信息，通过卷积操作进行特征的提取和高层抽象，模型输出直接是图像识别的结果。这种基于"输入-输出"直接端到端的学习方法取得了非常好的效果，得到了广泛的应用。
本教程主要介绍图像分类的深度学习模型，以及如何使用PaddlePaddle训练CNN模型。
## 效果展示
图像分类包括通用图像分类、细粒度图像分类等。图1展示了通用图像分类效果，即模型可以正确识别图像上的主要物体。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/dog_cat.png " width="350" ><br/>
图1. 通用图像分类展示
</p>
图2展示了细粒度图像分类-花卉识别的效果，要求模型可以正确识别花的类别。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/flowers.png" width="400" ><br/>
图2. 细粒度图像分类展示
</p>
一个好的模型既要对不同类别识别正确，同时也应该能够对不同视角、光照、背景、变形或部分遮挡的图像正确识别(这里我们统一称作图像扰动)。图3展示了一些图像的扰动，较好的模型会像聪明的人类一样能够正确识别。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/variations.png" width="550" ><br/>
图3. 扰动图片展示[22]
</p>
## 模型概览
图像识别领域大量的研究成果都是建立在[PASCAL VOC](http://host.robots.ox.ac.uk/pascal/VOC/)、[ImageNet](http://image-net.org/)等公开的数据集上，很多图像识别算法通常在这些数据集上进行测试和比较。PASCAL VOC是2005年发起的一个视觉挑战赛，ImageNet是2010年发起的大规模视觉识别竞赛(ILSVRC)的数据集，在本章中我们基于这些竞赛的一些论文介绍图像分类模型。
在2012年之前的传统图像分类方法可以用背景描述中提到的三步完成，但通常完整建立图像识别模型一般包括底层特征学习、特征编码、空间约束、分类器设计、模型融合等几个阶段。
1). **底层特征提取**: 通常从图像中按照固定步长、尺度提取大量局部特征描述。常用的局部特征包括SIFT(Scale-Invariant Feature Transform, 尺度不变特征转换) \[[1](#参考文献)\]、HOG(Histogram of Oriented Gradient, 方向梯度直方图) \[[2](#参考文献)\]、LBP(Local Bianray Pattern, 局部二值模式) \[[3](#参考文献)\] 等，一般也采用多种特征描述子，防止丢失过多的有用信息。
2). **特征编码**: 底层特征中包含了大量冗余与噪声，为了提高特征表达的鲁棒性，需要使用一种特征变换算法对底层特征进行编码，称作特征编码。常用的特征编码包括向量量化编码 \[[4](#参考文献)\]、稀疏编码 \[[5](#参考文献)\]、局部线性约束编码 \[[6](#参考文献)\]、Fisher向量编码 \[[7](#参考文献)\] 等。
3). **空间特征约束**: 特征编码之后一般会经过空间特征约束，也称作**特征汇聚**。特征汇聚是指在一个空间范围内，对每一维特征取最大值或者平均值，可以获得一定特征不变形的特征表达。金字塔特征匹配是一种常用的特征聚会方法，这种方法提出将图像均匀分块，在分块内做特征汇聚。
4). **通过分类器分类**: 经过前面步骤之后一张图像可以用一个固定维度的向量进行描述，接下来就是经过分类器对图像进行分类。通常使用的分类器包括SVM(Support Vector Machine, 支持向量机)、随机森林等。而使用核方法的SVM是最为广泛的分类器，在传统图像分类任务上性能很好。
这种方法在PASCAL VOC竞赛中的图像分类算法中被广泛使用 \[[18](#参考文献)\]。[NEC实验室](http://www.nec-labs.com/)在ILSVRC2010中采用SIFT和LBP特征，两个非线性编码器以及SVM分类器获得图像分类的冠军 \[[8](#参考文献)\]。
Alex Krizhevsky在2012年ILSVRC提出的CNN模型 \[[9](#参考文献)\] 取得了历史性的突破，效果大幅度超越传统方法，获得了ILSVRC2012冠军，该模型被称作AlexNet。这也是首次将深度学习用于大规模图像分类中。从AlexNet之后，涌现了一系列CNN模型，不断地在ImageNet上刷新成绩，如图4展示。随着模型变得越来越深以及精妙的结构设计，Top-5的错误率也越来越低，降到了3.5%附近。而在同样的ImageNet数据集上，人眼的辨识错误率大概在5.1%，也就是目前的深度学习模型的识别能力已经超过了人眼。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/ilsvrc.png" width="500" ><br/>
图4. ILSVRC图像分类Top-5错误率
</p>
### CNN
传统CNN包含卷积层、全连接层等组件，并采用softmax多类别分类器和多类交叉熵损失函数，一个典型的卷积神经网络如图5所示，我们先介绍用来构造CNN的常见组件。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/lenet.png"><br/>
图5. CNN网络示例[20]
</p>
- 卷积层(convolution layer): 执行卷积操作提取底层到高层的特征，发掘出图片局部关联性质和空间不变性质。
- 池化层(pooling layer): 执行降采样操作。通过取卷积输出特征图中局部区块的最大值(max-pooling)或者均值(avg-pooling)。降采样也是图像处理中常见的一种操作，可以过滤掉一些不重要的高频信息。
- 全连接层(fully-connected layer，或者fc layer): 输入层到隐藏层的神经元是全部连接的。
- 非线性变化: 卷积层、全连接层后面一般都会接非线性变化层，例如Sigmoid、Tanh、ReLu等来增强网络的表达能力，在CNN里最常使用的为ReLu激活函数。
- Dropout \[[10](#参考文献)\] : 在模型训练阶段随机让一些隐层节点权重不工作，提高网络的泛化能力，一定程度上防止过拟合。
另外，在训练过程中由于每层参数不断更新，会导致下一次输入分布发生变化，这样导致训练过程需要精心设计超参数。如2015年Sergey Ioffe和Christian Szegedy提出了Batch Normalization (BN)算法 \[[14](#参考文献)\] 中，每个batch对网络中的每一层特征都做归一化，使得每层分布相对稳定。BN算法不仅起到一定的正则作用，而且弱化了一些超参数的设计。经过实验证明，BN算法加速了模型收敛过程，在后来较深的模型中被广泛使用。
接下来我们主要介绍VGG，GoogleNet和ResNet网络结构。
### VGG
牛津大学VGG(Visual Geometry Group)组在2014年ILSVRC提出的模型被称作VGG模型 \[[11](#参考文献)\] 。该模型相比以往模型进一步加宽和加深了网络结构，它的核心是五组卷积操作，每两组之间做Max-Pooling空间降维。同一组内采用多次连续的3X3卷积，卷积核的数目由较浅组的64增多到最深组的512，同一组内的卷积核数目是一样的。卷积之后接两层全连接层，之后是分类层。由于每组内卷积层的不同，有11、13、16、19层这几种模型，下图展示一个16层的网络结构。VGG模型结构相对简洁，提出之后也有很多文章基于此模型进行研究，如在ImageNet上首次公开超过人眼识别的模型\[[19](#参考文献)\]就是借鉴VGG模型的结构。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/vgg16.png" width="750" ><br/>
图6. 基于ImageNet的VGG16模型
</p>
### GoogleNet
GoogleNet \[[12](#参考文献)\] 在2014年ILSVRC的获得了冠军，在介绍该模型之前我们先来了解NIN(Network in Network)模型 \[[13](#参考文献)\] 和Inception模块，因为GoogleNet模型由多组Inception模块组成，模型设计借鉴了NIN的一些思想。
NIN模型主要有两个特点：1) 引入了多层感知卷积网络(Multi-Layer Perceptron Convolution, MLPconv)代替一层线性卷积网络。MLPconv是一个微小的多层卷积网络，即在线性卷积后面增加若干层1x1的卷积，这样可以提取出高度非线性特征。2) 传统的CNN最后几层一般都是全连接层，参数较多。而NIN模型设计最后一层卷积层包含类别维度大小的特征图，然后采用全局均值池化(Avg-Pooling)替代全连接层，得到类别维度大小的向量，再进行分类。这种替代全连接层的方式有利于减少参数。
Inception模块如下图7所示，图(a)是最简单的设计，输出是3个卷积层和一个池化层的特征拼接。这种设计的缺点是池化层不会改变特征通道数，拼接后会导致特征的通道数较大，经过几层这样的模块堆积后，通道数会越来越大，导致参数和计算量也随之增大。为了改善这个缺点，图(b)引入3个1x1卷积层进行降维，所谓的降维就是减少通道数，同时如NIN模型中提到的1x1卷积也可以修正线性特征。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/inception.png" width="800" ><br/>
图7. Inception模块
</p>
GoogleNet由多组Inception模块堆积而成。另外，在网络最后也没有采用传统的多层全连接层，而是像NIN网络一样采用了均值池化层；但与NIN不同的是，池化层后面接了一层到类别数映射的全连接层。除了这两个特点之外，由于网络中间层特征也很有判别性，GoogleNet在中间层添加了两个辅助分类器，在后向传播中增强梯度并且增强正则化，而整个网络的损失函数是这个三个分类器的损失加权求和。
GoogleNet整体网络结构如图8所示，总共22层网络：开始由3层普通的卷积组成；接下来由三组子网络组成，第一组子网络包含2个Inception模块，第二组包含5个Inception模块，第三组包含2个Inception模块；然后接均值池化层、全连接层。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/googlenet.jpeg" ><br/>
图8. GoogleNet[12]
</p>
上面介绍的是GoogleNet第一版模型(称作GoogleNet-v1)。GoogleNet-v2 \[[14](#参考文献)\] 引入BN层；GoogleNet-v3 \[[16](#参考文献)\] 对一些卷积层做了分解，进一步提高网络非线性能力和加深网络；GoogleNet-v4 \[[17](#参考文献)\] 引入下面要讲的ResNet设计思路。从v1到v4每一版的改进都会带来准确度的提升，介于篇幅，这里不再详细介绍v2到v4的结构。
### ResNet
ResNet(Residual Network) \[[15](#参考文献)\] 是2015年ImageNet图像分类、图像物体定位和图像物体检测比赛的冠军。针对训练卷积神经网络时加深网络导致准确度下降的问题，ResNet提出了采用残差学习。在已有设计思路(BN, 小卷积核，全卷积网络)的基础上，引入了残差模块。每个残差模块包含两条路径，其中一条路径是输入特征的直连通路，另一条路径对该特征做两到三次卷积操作得到该特征的残差，最后再将两条路径上的特征相加。
残差模块如图9所示，左边是基本模块连接方式，由两个输出通道数相同的3x3卷积组成。右边是瓶颈模块(Bottleneck)连接方式，之所以称为瓶颈，是因为上面的1x1卷积用来降维(图示例即256->64)，下面的1x1卷积用来升维(图示例即64->256)，这样中间3x3卷积的输入和输出通道数都较小(图示例即64->64)。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/resnet_block.jpg" width="400"><br/>
图9. 残差模块
</p>
图10展示了50、101、152层网络连接示意图，使用的是瓶颈模块。这三个模型的区别在于每组中残差模块的重复次数不同(见图右上角)。ResNet训练收敛较快，成功的训练了上百乃至近千层的卷积神经网络。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/resnet.png"><br/>
图10. 基于ImageNet的ResNet模型
</p>
## 数据准备
### 数据介绍与下载
通用图像分类公开的标准数据集常用的有[CIFAR](<https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html)、[ImageNet](http://image-net.org/)、[COCO](http://mscoco.org/)等，常用的细粒度图像分类数据集包括[CUB-200-2011](http://www.vision.caltech.edu/visipedia/CUB-200-2011.html)、[Stanford Dog](http://vision.stanford.edu/aditya86/ImageNetDogs/)、[Oxford-flowers](http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/flowers/)等。其中ImageNet数据集规模相对较大，如[模型概览](#模型概览)一章所讲，大量研究成果基于ImageNet。ImageNet数据从2010年来稍有变化，常用的是ImageNet-2012数据集，该数据集包含1000个类别：训练集包含1,281,167张图片，每个类别数据732至1300张不等，验证集包含50,000张图片，平均每个类别50张图片。
由于ImageNet数据集较大，下载和训练较慢，为了方便大家学习，我们使用[CIFAR10](<https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html>)数据集。CIFAR10数据集包含60,000张32x32的彩色图片，10个类别，每个类包含6,000张。其中50,000张图片作为训练集，10000张作为测试集。图11从每个类别中随机抽取了10张图片，展示了所有的类别。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/cifar.png" width="350"><br/>
图11. CIFAR10数据集[21]
</p>
下面命令用于下载数据和基于训练集计算图像均值，在网络输入前，基于该均值对输入数据做预处理。
```bash
./data/get_data.sh
```
### 数据提供给PaddlePaddle
我们使用Python接口传递数据给系统，下面 `dataprovider.py` 针对CIFAR10数据给出了完整示例。
- `initializer` 函数进行dataprovider的初始化，这里加载图像的均值，定义了输入image和label两个字段的类型。
- `process` 函数将数据逐条传输给系统，在图像分类任务里，可以在该函数中完成数据扰动操作，再传输给PaddlePaddle。这里对训练集做随机左右翻转，并将原始图片减去均值后传输给系统。
```python
import numpy as np
import cPickle
from paddle.trainer.PyDataProvider2 import *
def initializer(settings, mean_path, is_train, **kwargs):
settings.is_train = is_train
settings.input_size = 3 * 32 * 32
settings.mean = np.load(mean_path)['mean']
settings.input_types = {
'image': dense_vector(settings.input_size),
'label': integer_value(10)
}
@provider(init_hook=initializer, cache=CacheType.CACHE_PASS_IN_MEM)
def process(settings, file_list):
with open(file_list, 'r') as fdata:
for fname in fdata:
fo = open(fname.strip(), 'rb')
batch = cPickle.load(fo)
fo.close()
images = batch['data']
labels = batch['labels']
for im, lab in zip(images, labels):
if settings.is_train and np.random.randint(2):
im = im[:,:,::-1]
im = im - settings.mean
yield {
'image': im.astype('float32'),
'label': int(lab)
}
```
## 模型配置说明
### 数据定义
在模型配置中，定义通过 `define_py_data_sources2` 函数从 dataprovider 中读入数据， 其中 args 指定均值文件的路径。如果该配置文件用于预测，则不需要数据定义部分。
```python
from paddle.trainer_config_helpers import *
is_predict = get_config_arg("is_predict", bool, False)
if not is_predict:
define_py_data_sources2(
train_list='data/train.list',
test_list='data/test.list',
module='dataprovider',
obj='process',
args={'mean_path': 'data/mean.meta'})
```
### 算法配置
在模型配置中，通过 `settings` 设置训练使用的优化算法，并指定batch size 、初始学习率、momentum以及L2正则。
```python
settings(
batch_size=128,
learning_rate=0.1 / 128.0,
learning_rate_decay_a=0.1,
learning_rate_decay_b=50000 * 100,
learning_rate_schedule='discexp',
learning_method=MomentumOptimizer(0.9),
regularization=L2Regularization(0.0005 * 128),)
```
通过 `learning_rate_decay_a` (简写$a$） 、`learning_rate_decay_b` (简写$b$) 和 `learning_rate_schedule` 指定学习率调整策略，这里采用离散指数的方式调节学习率，计算公式如下， $n$ 代表已经处理过的累计总样本数，$lr_{0}$ 即为 `settings` 里设置的 `learning_rate`。
$$ lr = lr_{0} * a^ {\lfloor \frac{n}{ b}\rfloor} $$
### 模型结构
本教程中我们提供了VGG和ResNet两个模型的配置。
#### VGG
首先介绍VGG模型结构，由于CIFAR10图片大小和数量相比ImageNet数据小很多，因此这里的模型针对CIFAR10数据做了一定的适配。卷积部分引入了BN和Dropout操作。
1. 定义数据输入及其维度
网络输入定义为 `data_layer` (数据层)，在图像分类中即为图像像素信息。CIFRAR10是RGB 3通道32x32大小的彩色图，因此输入数据大小为3072(3x32x32)，类别大小为10，即10分类。
```python
datadim = 3 * 32 * 32
classdim = 10
data = data_layer(name='image', size=datadim)
```
2. 定义VGG网络核心模块
```python
net = vgg_bn_drop(data)
```
VGG核心模块的输入是数据层，`vgg_bn_drop` 定义了16层VGG结构，每层卷积后面引入BN层和Dropout层，详细的定义如下：
```python
def vgg_bn_drop(input, num_channels):
def conv_block(ipt, num_filter, groups, dropouts, num_channels_=None):
return img_conv_group(
input=ipt,
num_channels=num_channels_,
pool_size=2,
pool_stride=2,
conv_num_filter=[num_filter] * groups,
conv_filter_size=3,
conv_act=ReluActivation(),
conv_with_batchnorm=True,
conv_batchnorm_drop_rate=dropouts,
pool_type=MaxPooling())
conv1 = conv_block(input, 64, 2, [0.3, 0], 3)
conv2 = conv_block(conv1, 128, 2, [0.4, 0])
conv3 = conv_block(conv2, 256, 3, [0.4, 0.4, 0])
conv4 = conv_block(conv3, 512, 3, [0.4, 0.4, 0])
conv5 = conv_block(conv4, 512, 3, [0.4, 0.4, 0])
drop = dropout_layer(input=conv5, dropout_rate=0.5)
fc1 = fc_layer(input=drop, size=512, act=LinearActivation())
bn = batch_norm_layer(
input=fc1, act=ReluActivation(), layer_attr=ExtraAttr(drop_rate=0.5))
fc2 = fc_layer(input=bn, size=512, act=LinearActivation())
return fc2
```
2.1. 首先定义了一组卷积网络，即conv_block。卷积核大小为3x3，池化窗口大小为2x2，窗口滑动大小为2，groups决定每组VGG模块是几次连续的卷积操作，dropouts指定Dropout操作的概率。所使用的`img_conv_group`是在`paddle.trainer_config_helpers`中预定义的模块，由若干组 `Conv->BN->ReLu->Dropout` 和 一组 `Pooling` 组成，
2.2. 五组卷积操作，即 5个conv_block。 第一、二组采用两次连续的卷积操作。第三、四、五组采用三次连续的卷积操作。每组最后一个卷积后面Dropout概率为0，即不使用Dropout操作。
2.3. 最后接两层512维的全连接。
3. 定义分类器
通过上面VGG网络提取高层特征，然后经过全连接层映射到类别维度大小的向量，再通过Softmax归一化得到每个类别的概率，也可称作分类器。
```python
out = fc_layer(input=net, size=class_num, act=SoftmaxActivation())
```
4. 定义损失函数和网络输出
在有监督训练中需要输入图像对应的类别信息，同样通过`data_layer`来定义。训练中采用多类交叉熵作为损失函数，并作为网络的输出，预测阶段定义网络的输出为分类器得到的概率信息。
```python
if not is_predict:
lbl = data_layer(name="label", size=class_num)
cost = classification_cost(input=out, label=lbl)
outputs(cost)
else:
outputs(out)
```
### ResNet
ResNet模型的第1、3、4步和VGG模型相同，这里不再介绍。主要介绍第2步即CIFAR10数据集上ResNet核心模块。
```python
net = resnet_cifar10(data, depth=56)
```
先介绍`resnet_cifar10`中的一些基本函数，再介绍网络连接过程。
- `conv_bn_layer` : 带BN的卷积层。
- `shortcut` : 残差模块的"直连"路径，"直连"实际分两种形式：残差模块输入和输出特征通道数不等时，采用1x1卷积的升维操作；残差模块输入和输出通道相等时，采用直连操作。
- `basicblock` : 一个基础残差模块，即图9左边所示，由两组3x3卷积组成的路径和一条"直连"路径组成。
- `bottleneck` : 一个瓶颈残差模块，即图9右边所示，由上下1x1卷积和中间3x3卷积组成的路径和一条"直连"路径组成。
- `layer_warp` : 一组残差模块，由若干个残差模块堆积而成。每组中第一个残差模块滑动窗口大小与其他可以不同，以用来减少特征图在垂直和水平方向的大小。
```python
def conv_bn_layer(input,
ch_out,
filter_size,
stride,
padding,
active_type=ReluActivation(),
ch_in=None):
tmp = img_conv_layer(
input=input,
filter_size=filter_size,
num_channels=ch_in,
num_filters=ch_out,
stride=stride,
padding=padding,
act=LinearActivation(),
bias_attr=False)
return batch_norm_layer(input=tmp, act=active_type)
def shortcut(ipt, n_in, n_out, stride):
if n_in != n_out:
return conv_bn_layer(ipt, n_out, 1, stride, 0, LinearActivation())
else:
return ipt
def basicblock(ipt, ch_out, stride):
ch_in = ipt.num_filters
tmp = conv_bn_layer(ipt, ch_out, 3, stride, 1)
tmp = conv_bn_layer(tmp, ch_out, 3, 1, 1, LinearActivation())
short = shortcut(ipt, ch_in, ch_out, stride)
return addto_layer(input=[ipt, short], act=ReluActivation())
def bottleneck(ipt, ch_out, stride):
ch_in = ipt.num_filter
tmp = conv_bn_layer(ipt, ch_out, 1, stride, 0)
tmp = conv_bn_layer(tmp, ch_out, 3, 1, 1)
tmp = conv_bn_layer(tmp, ch_out * 4, 1, 1, 0, LinearActivation())
short = shortcut(ipt, ch_in, ch_out, stride)
return addto_layer(input=[ipt, short], act=ReluActivation())
def layer_warp(block_func, ipt, features, count, stride):
tmp = block_func(ipt, features, stride)
for i in range(1, count):
tmp = block_func(tmp, features, 1)
return tmp
```
`resnet_cifar10` 的连接结构主要有以下几个过程。
1. 底层输入连接一层 `conv_bn_layer`，即带BN的卷积层。
2. 然后连接3组残差模块即下面配置3组 `layer_warp` ，每组采用图 10 左边残差模块组成。
3. 最后对网络做均值池化并返回该层。
注意：除过第一层卷积层和最后一层全连接层之外，要求三组 `layer_warp` 总的含参层数能够被6整除，即 `resnet_cifar10` 的 depth 要满足 $(depth - 2) % 6 == 0$ 。
```python
def resnet_cifar10(ipt, depth=56):
# depth should be one of 20, 32, 44, 56, 110, 1202
assert (depth - 2) % 6 == 0
n = (depth - 2) / 6
nStages = {16, 64, 128}
conv1 = conv_bn_layer(ipt,
ch_in=3,
ch_out=16,
filter_size=3,
stride=1,
padding=1)
res1 = layer_warp(basicblock, conv1, 16, n, 1)
res2 = layer_warp(basicblock, res1, 32, n, 2)
res3 = layer_warp(basicblock, res2, 64, n, 2)
pool = img_pool_layer(input=res3,
pool_size=8,
stride=1,
pool_type=AvgPooling())
return pool
```
## 模型训练
执行脚本 train.sh 进行模型训练， 其中指定配置文件、设备类型、线程个数、总共训练的轮数、模型存储路径等。
``` bash
sh train.sh
```
脚本 `train.sh` 如下：
```bash
#cfg=models/resnet.py
cfg=models/vgg.py
output=output
log=train.log
paddle train \
--config=$cfg \
--use_gpu=true \
--trainer_count=1 \
--log_period=100 \
--num_passes=300 \
--save_dir=$output \
2>&1 | tee $log
```
- `--config=$cfg` : 指定配置文件，默认是 `models/vgg.py`。
- `--use_gpu=true` : 指定使用GPU训练，若使用CPU，设置为false。
- `--trainer_count=1` : 指定线程个数或GPU个数。
- `--log_period=100` : 指定日志打印的batch间隔。
- `--save_dir=$output` : 指定模型存储路径。
一轮训练log示例如下所示，经过1个pass， 训练集上平均error为0.79958 ，测试集上平均error为0.7858 。
```text
TrainerInternal.cpp:165] Batch=300 samples=38400 AvgCost=2.07708 CurrentCost=1.96158 Eval: classification_error_evaluator=0.81151 CurrentEval: classification_error_evaluator=0.789297
TrainerInternal.cpp:181] Pass=0 Batch=391 samples=50000 AvgCost=2.03348 Eval: classification_error_evaluator=0.79958
Tester.cpp:115] Test samples=10000 cost=1.99246 Eval: classification_error_evaluator=0.7858
```
图12是训练的分类错误率曲线图，运行到第200个pass后基本收敛，最终得到测试集上分类错误率为8.54%。
<p align="center">
<img src="image/plot.png" width="400" ><br/>
图12. CIFAR10数据集上VGG模型的分类错误率
</p>
## 模型应用
在训练完成后，模型会保存在路径 `output/pass-%05d` 下，例如第300个pass的模型会保存在路径 `output/pass-00299`。 可以使用脚本 `classify.py` 对图片进行预测或提取特征，注意该脚本默认使用模型配置为 `models/vgg.py`，
### 预测
可以按照下面方式预测图片的类别，默认使用GPU预测，如果使用CPU预测，在后面加参数 `-c`即可。
```bash
python classify.py --job=predict --model=output/pass-00299 --data=image/dog.png # -c
```
预测结果为：
```text
Label of image/dog.png is: 5
```
### 特征提取
可以按照下面方式对图片提取特征，和预测使用方式不同的是指定job类型为extract，并需要指定提取的层。`classify.py` 默认以第一层卷积特征为例提取特征，并画出了类似图13的可视化图。VGG模型的第一层卷积有64个通道，图13展示了每个通道的灰度图。
```bash
python classify.py --job=extract --model=output/pass-00299 --data=image/dog.png # -c
```
<p align="center">
<img src="image/fea_conv0.png" width="500"><br/>
图13. 卷积特征可视化图
</p>
## 总结
传统图像分类方法由多个阶段构成，框架较为复杂，而端到端的CNN模型结构可一步到位，而且大幅度提升了分类准确率。本文我们首先介绍VGG、GoogleNet、ResNet三个经典的模型；然后基于CIFAR10数据集，介绍如何使用PaddlePaddle配置和训练CNN模型，尤其是VGG和ResNet模型；最后介绍如何使用PaddlePaddle的API接口对图片进行预测和特征提取。对于其他数据集比如ImageNet，配置和训练流程是同样的，大家可以自行进行实验。
## 参考文献
[1] D. G. Lowe, [Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints](http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~lowe/papers/ijcv04.pdf). IJCV, 60(2):91-110, 2004.
[2] N. Dalal, B. Triggs, [Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection](http://vision.stanford.edu/teaching/cs231b_spring1213/papers/CVPR05_DalalTriggs.pdf), Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2005.
[3] Ahonen, T., Hadid, A., and Pietikinen, M. (2006). [Face description with local binary patterns: Application to face recognition](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1717463/). PAMI, 28.
[4] J. Sivic, A. Zisserman, [Video Google: A Text Retrieval Approach to Object Matching in Videos](http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/publications/papers/sivic03.pdf), Proc. Ninth Int'l Conf. Computer Vision, pp. 1470-1478, 2003.
[5] B. Olshausen, D. Field, [Sparse Coding with an Overcomplete Basis Set: A Strategy Employed by V1?](http://redwood.psych.cornell.edu/papers/olshausen_field_1997.pdf), Vision Research, vol. 37, pp. 3311-3325, 1997.
[6] Wang, J., Yang, J., Yu, K., Lv, F., Huang, T., and Gong, Y. (2010). [Locality-constrained Linear Coding for image classification](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5540018/). In CVPR.
[7] Perronnin, F., Sánchez, J., & Mensink, T. (2010). [Improving the fisher kernel for large-scale image classification](http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1888101). In ECCV (4).
[8] Lin, Y., Lv, F., Cao, L., Zhu, S., Yang, M., Cour, T., Yu, K., and Huang, T. (2011). [Large-scale image clas- sification: Fast feature extraction and SVM training](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5995477/). In CVPR.
[9] Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., and Hinton, G. (2012). [ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neu- ral networks](http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/imagenet_classification_with_deep_convolutional.pdf). In NIPS.
[10] G.E. Hinton, N. Srivastava, A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and R.R. Salakhutdinov. [Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors](https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.0580). arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.0580, 2012.
[11] K. Chatfield, K. Simonyan, A. Vedaldi, A. Zisserman. [Return of the Devil in the Details: Delving Deep into Convolutional Nets](https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.3531). BMVC, 2014。
[12] Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Vanhoucke, V., Rabinovich, A., [Going deeper with convolutions](https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.4842). In: CVPR. (2015)
[13] Lin, M., Chen, Q., and Yan, S. [Network in network](https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.4400). In Proc. ICLR, 2014.
[14] S. Ioffe and C. Szegedy. [Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift](https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03167). In ICML, 2015.
[15] K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, J. Sun. [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.03385). CVPR 2016.
[16] Szegedy, C., Vanhoucke, V., Ioffe, S., Shlens, J., Wojna, Z. [Rethinking the incep-tion architecture for computer vision](https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.00567). In: CVPR. (2016).
[17] Szegedy, C., Ioffe, S., Vanhoucke, V. [Inception-v4, inception-resnet and the impact of residual connections on learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.07261). arXiv:1602.07261 (2016).
[18] Everingham, M., Eslami, S. M. A., Van Gool, L., Williams, C. K. I., Winn, J. and Zisserman, A. [The Pascal Visual Object Classes Challenge: A Retrospective]((http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11263-014-0733-5)). International Journal of Computer Vision, 111(1), 98-136, 2015.
[19] He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., and Sun, J. [Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classification](https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01852). ArXiv e-prints, February 2015.
[20] http://deeplearning.net/tutorial/lenet.html
[21] https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html
[22] http://cs231n.github.io/classification/
<br/>
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image_classification/deprecated/classify.py 已删除 100644 → 0
浏览文件 @ df2ba16e
# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import os, sys
import cPickle
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
from optparse import OptionParser
import paddle.utils.image_util as image_util
from py_paddle import swig_paddle, DataProviderConverter
from paddle.trainer.PyDataProvider2 import dense_vector
from paddle.trainer.config_parser import parse_config
import logging
logging.basicConfig(
format='[%(levelname)s %(asctime)s %(filename)s:%(lineno)s] %(message)s')
logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO)
def vis_square(data, fname):
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('Agg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
"""Take an array of shape (n, height, width) or (n, height, width, 3)
and visualize each (height, width) thing in a grid of size approx. sqrt(n) by sqrt(n)"""
# normalize data for display
data = (data - data.min()) / (data.max() - data.min())
# force the number of filters to be square
n = int(np.ceil(np.sqrt(data.shape[0])))
padding = (
((0, n**2 - data.shape[0]), (0, 1),
(0, 1)) # add some space between filters
+ ((0, 0), ) *
(data.ndim - 3)) # don't pad the last dimension (if there is one)
data = np.pad(
data, padding, mode='constant',
constant_values=1) # pad with ones (white)
# tile the filters into an image
data = data.reshape((n, n) + data.shape[1:]).transpose((0, 2, 1, 3) + tuple(
range(4, data.ndim + 1)))
data = data.reshape((n * data.shape[1], n * data.shape[3]) + data.shape[4:])
plt.imshow(data, cmap='gray')
plt.savefig(fname)
plt.axis('off')
class ImageClassifier():
def __init__(self,
train_conf,
resize_dim,
crop_dim,
model_dir=None,
use_gpu=True,
mean_file=None,
oversample=False,
is_color=True):
self.train_conf = train_conf
self.model_dir = model_dir
if model_dir is None:
self.model_dir = os.path.dirname(train_conf)
self.resize_dim = resize_dim
self.crop_dims = [crop_dim, crop_dim]
self.oversample = oversample
self.is_color = is_color
self.transformer = image_util.ImageTransformer(is_color=is_color)
self.transformer.set_transpose((2, 0, 1))
self.transformer.set_channel_swap((2, 1, 0))
self.mean_file = mean_file
if self.mean_file is not None:
mean = np.load(self.mean_file)['mean']
mean = mean.reshape(3, self.crop_dims[0], self.crop_dims[1])
self.transformer.set_mean(mean) # mean pixel
else:
# if you use three mean value, set like:
# this three mean value is calculated from ImageNet.
self.transformer.set_mean(np.array([103.939, 116.779, 123.68]))
conf_args = "use_gpu=%d,is_predict=1" % (int(use_gpu))
conf = parse_config(train_conf, conf_args)
swig_paddle.initPaddle("--use_gpu=%d" % (int(use_gpu)))
self.network = swig_paddle.GradientMachine.createFromConfigProto(
conf.model_config)
assert isinstance(self.network, swig_paddle.GradientMachine)
self.network.loadParameters(self.model_dir)
dim = 3 * self.crop_dims[0] * self.crop_dims[1]
slots = [dense_vector(dim)]
self.converter = DataProviderConverter(slots)
def get_data(self, img_path):
"""
1. load image from img_path.
2. resize or oversampling.
3. transformer data: transpose, channel swap, sub mean.
return K x H x W ndarray.
img_path: image path.
"""
image = image_util.load_image(img_path, self.is_color)
# Another way to extract oversampled features is that
# cropping and averaging from large feature map which is
# calculated by large size of image.
# This way reduces the computation.
if self.oversample:
image = image_util.resize_image(image, self.resize_dim)
image = np.array(image)
input = np.zeros(
(1, image.shape[0], image.shape[1], 3), dtype=np.float32)
input[0] = image.astype(np.float32)
input = image_util.oversample(input, self.crop_dims)
else:
image = image.resize(self.crop_dims, Image.ANTIALIAS)
input = np.zeros(
(1, self.crop_dims[0], self.crop_dims[1], 3), dtype=np.float32)
input[0] = np.array(image).astype(np.float32)
data_in = []
for img in input:
img = self.transformer.transformer(img).flatten()
data_in.append([img.tolist()])
return data_in
def forward(self, input_data):
in_arg = self.converter(input_data)
return self.network.forwardTest(in_arg)
def forward(self, data, output_layer):
input = self.converter(data)
self.network.forwardTest(input)
output = self.network.getLayerOutputs(output_layer)
res = {}
if isinstance(output_layer, basestring):
output_layer = [output_layer]
for name in output_layer:
# For oversampling, average predictions across crops.
# If not, the shape of output[name]: (1, class_number),
# the mean is also applicable.
res[name] = output[name].mean(0)
return res
def option_parser():
usage = "%prog -c config -i data_list -w model_dir [options]"
parser = OptionParser(usage="usage: %s" % usage)
parser.add_option(
"--job",
action="store",
dest="job_type",
choices=[
'predict',
'extract',
],
default='predict',
help="The job type. \
predict: predicting,\
extract: extract features")
parser.add_option(
"--conf",
action="store",
dest="train_conf",
default='models/vgg.py',
help="network config")
parser.add_option(
"--data",
action="store",
dest="data_file",
default='image/dog.png',
help="image list")
parser.add_option(
"--model",
action="store",
dest="model_path",
default=None,
help="model path")
parser.add_option(
"-c", dest="cpu_gpu", action="store_false", help="Use cpu mode.")
parser.add_option(
"-g",
dest="cpu_gpu",
default=True,
action="store_true",
help="Use gpu mode.")
parser.add_option(
"--mean",
action="store",
dest="mean",
default='data/mean.meta',
help="The mean file.")
parser.add_option(
"--multi_crop",
action="store_true",
dest="multi_crop",
default=False,
help="Wether to use multiple crops on image.")
return parser.parse_args()
def main():
options, args = option_parser()
mean = 'data/mean.meta' if not options.mean else options.mean
conf = 'models/vgg.py' if not options.train_conf else options.train_conf
obj = ImageClassifier(
conf,
32,
32,
options.model_path,
use_gpu=options.cpu_gpu,
mean_file=mean,
oversample=options.multi_crop)
image_path = options.data_file
if options.job_type == 'predict':
output_layer = '__fc_layer_2__'
data = obj.get_data(image_path)
prob = obj.forward(data, output_layer)
lab = np.argsort(-prob[output_layer])
logging.info("Label of %s is: %d", image_path, lab[0])
elif options.job_type == "extract":
output_layer = '__conv_0__'
data = obj.get_data(options.data_file)
features = obj.forward(data, output_layer)
dshape = (64, 32, 32)
fea = features[output_layer].reshape(dshape)
vis_square(fea, 'fea_conv0.png')
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
image_classification/deprecated/data/cifar10.py 已删除 100755 → 0
浏览文件 @ df2ba16e
# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import os
import numpy as np
import cPickle
DATA = "cifar-10-batches-py"
CHANNEL = 3
HEIGHT = 32
WIDTH = 32
def create_mean(dataset):
if not os.path.isfile("mean.meta"):
mean = np.zeros(CHANNEL * HEIGHT * WIDTH)
num = 0
for f in dataset:
batch = np.load(f)
mean += batch['data'].sum(0)
num += len(batch['data'])
mean /= num
print mean.size
data = {"mean": mean, "size": mean.size}
cPickle.dump(
data, open("mean.meta", 'w'), protocol=cPickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
def create_data():
train_set = [DATA + "/data_batch_%d" % (i + 1) for i in xrange(0, 5)]
test_set = [DATA + "/test_batch"]
# create mean values
create_mean(train_set)
# create dataset lists
if not os.path.isfile("train.txt"):
train = ["data/" + i for i in train_set]
open("train.txt", "w").write("\n".join(train))
open("train.list", "w").write("\n".join(["data/train.txt"]))
if not os.path.isfile("text.txt"):
test = ["data/" + i for i in test_set]
open("test.txt", "w").write("\n".join(test))
open("test.list", "w").write("\n".join(["data/test.txt"]))
if __name__ == '__main__':
create_data()
image_classification/deprecated/data/get_data.sh 已删除 100755 → 0
浏览文件 @ df2ba16e
# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
set -e
wget https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar-10-python.tar.gz
tar zxf cifar-10-python.tar.gz
rm cifar-10-python.tar.gz
python cifar10.py
image_classification/deprecated/dataprovider.py 已删除 100644 → 0
浏览文件 @ df2ba16e
# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import numpy as np
import cPickle
from paddle.trainer.PyDataProvider2 import *
def initializer(settings, mean_path, is_train, **kwargs):
settings.is_train = is_train
settings.input_size = 3 * 32 * 32
settings.mean = np.load(mean_path)['mean']
settings.input_types = {
'image': dense_vector(settings.input_size),
'label': integer_value(10)
}
@provider(init_hook=initializer, pool_size=50000)
def process(settings, file_list):
with open(file_list, 'r') as fdata:
for fname in fdata:
fo = open(fname.strip(), 'rb')
batch = cPickle.load(fo)
fo.close()
images = batch['data']
labels = batch['labels']
for im, lab in zip(images, labels):
if settings.is_train and np.random.randint(2):
im = im.reshape(3, 32, 32)
im = im[:, :, ::-1]
im = im.flatten()
im = im - settings.mean
yield {'image': im.astype('float32'), 'label': int(lab)}
image_classification/deprecated/extract.sh 已删除 100755 → 0
浏览文件 @ df2ba16e
#!/bin/bash
# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
set -e
python classify.py --job=extract --model=output/pass-00299 --data=image/dog.png # -c
image_classification/deprecated/models/resnet.py 已删除 100644 → 0
浏览文件 @ df2ba16e
# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from paddle.trainer_config_helpers import *
is_predict = get_config_arg("is_predict", bool, False)
if not is_predict:
args = {'meta': 'data/mean.meta'}
define_py_data_sources2(
train_list='data/train.list',
test_list='data/test.list',
module='dataprovider',
obj='process',
args={'mean_path': 'data/mean.meta'})
settings(
batch_size=128,
learning_rate=0.1 / 128.0,
learning_rate_decay_a=0.1,
learning_rate_decay_b=50000 * 140,
learning_rate_schedule='discexp',
learning_method=MomentumOptimizer(0.9),
regularization=L2Regularization(0.0002 * 128))
def conv_bn_layer(input,
ch_out,
filter_size,
stride,
padding,
active_type=ReluActivation(),
ch_in=None):
tmp = img_conv_layer(
input=input,
filter_size=filter_size,
num_channels=ch_in,
num_filters=ch_out,
stride=stride,
padding=padding,
act=LinearActivation(),
bias_attr=False)
return batch_norm_layer(input=tmp, act=active_type)
def shortcut(ipt, n_in, n_out, stride):
if n_in != n_out:
print("n_in != n_out")
return conv_bn_layer(ipt, n_out, 1, stride, 0, LinearActivation())
else:
return ipt
def basicblock(ipt, ch_out, stride):
ch_in = ipt.num_filters
tmp = conv_bn_layer(ipt, ch_out, 3, stride, 1)
tmp = conv_bn_layer(tmp, ch_out, 3, 1, 1, LinearActivation())
short = shortcut(ipt, ch_in, ch_out, stride)
return addto_layer(input=[tmp, short], act=ReluActivation())
def bottleneck(ipt, ch_out, stride):
ch_in = ipt.num_filter
tmp = conv_bn_layer(ipt, ch_out, 1, stride, 0)
tmp = conv_bn_layer(tmp, ch_out, 3, 1, 1)
tmp = conv_bn_layer(tmp, ch_out * 4, 1, 1, 0, LinearActivation())
short = shortcut(ipt, ch_in, ch_out * 4, stride)
return addto_layer(input=[tmp, short], act=ReluActivation())
def layer_warp(block_func, ipt, features, count, stride):
tmp = block_func(ipt, features, stride)
for i in range(1, count):
tmp = block_func(tmp, features, 1)
return tmp
def resnet_imagenet(ipt, depth=50):
cfg = {
18: ([2, 2, 2, 1], basicblock),
34: ([3, 4, 6, 3], basicblock),
50: ([3, 4, 6, 3], bottleneck),
101: ([3, 4, 23, 3], bottleneck),
152: ([3, 8, 36, 3], bottleneck)
}
stages, block_func = cfg[depth]
tmp = conv_bn_layer(
ipt, ch_in=3, ch_out=64, filter_size=7, stride=2, padding=3)
tmp = img_pool_layer(input=tmp, pool_size=3, stride=2)
tmp = layer_warp(block_func, tmp, 64, stages[0], 1)
tmp = layer_warp(block_func, tmp, 128, stages[1], 2)
tmp = layer_warp(block_func, tmp, 256, stages[2], 2)
tmp = layer_warp(block_func, tmp, 512, stages[3], 2)
tmp = img_pool_layer(
input=tmp, pool_size=7, stride=1, pool_type=AvgPooling())
tmp = fc_layer(input=tmp, size=1000, act=SoftmaxActivation())
return tmp
def resnet_cifar10(ipt, depth=32):
#depth should be one of 20, 32, 44, 56, 110, 1202
assert (depth - 2) % 6 == 0
n = (depth - 2) / 6
nStages = {16, 64, 128}
conv1 = conv_bn_layer(
ipt, ch_in=3, ch_out=16, filter_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
res1 = layer_warp(basicblock, conv1, 16, n, 1)
res2 = layer_warp(basicblock, res1, 32, n, 2)
res3 = layer_warp(basicblock, res2, 64, n, 2)
pool = img_pool_layer(
input=res3, pool_size=8, stride=1, pool_type=AvgPooling())
return pool
datadim = 3 * 32 * 32
classdim = 10
data = data_layer(name='image', size=datadim)
net = resnet_cifar10(data, depth=32)
out = fc_layer(input=net, size=10, act=SoftmaxActivation())
if not is_predict:
lbl = data_layer(name="label", size=classdim)
outputs(classification_cost(input=out, label=lbl))
else:
outputs(out)
image_classification/deprecated/models/vgg.py 已删除 100644 → 0
浏览文件 @ df2ba16e
# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from paddle.trainer_config_helpers import *
is_predict = get_config_arg("is_predict", bool, False)
if not is_predict:
define_py_data_sources2(
train_list='data/train.list',
test_list='data/test.list',
module='dataprovider',
obj='process',
args={'mean_path': 'data/mean.meta'})
settings(
batch_size=128,
learning_rate=0.1 / 128.0,
learning_rate_decay_a=0.1,
learning_rate_decay_b=50000 * 100,
learning_rate_schedule='discexp',
learning_method=MomentumOptimizer(0.9),
regularization=L2Regularization(0.0005 * 128), )
def vgg_bn_drop(input):
def conv_block(ipt, num_filter, groups, dropouts, num_channels=None):
return img_conv_group(
input=ipt,
num_channels=num_channels,
pool_size=2,
pool_stride=2,
conv_num_filter=[num_filter] * groups,
conv_filter_size=3,
conv_act=ReluActivation(),
conv_with_batchnorm=True,
conv_batchnorm_drop_rate=dropouts,
pool_type=MaxPooling())
conv1 = conv_block(input, 64, 2, [0.3, 0], 3)
conv2 = conv_block(conv1, 128, 2, [0.4, 0])
conv3 = conv_block(conv2, 256, 3, [0.4, 0.4, 0])
conv4 = conv_block(conv3, 512, 3, [0.4, 0.4, 0])
conv5 = conv_block(conv4, 512, 3, [0.4, 0.4, 0])
drop = dropout_layer(input=conv5, dropout_rate=0.5)
fc1 = fc_layer(input=drop, size=512, act=LinearActivation())
bn = batch_norm_layer(
input=fc1, act=ReluActivation(), layer_attr=ExtraAttr(drop_rate=0.5))
fc2 = fc_layer(input=bn, size=512, act=LinearActivation())
return fc2
datadim = 3 * 32 * 32
classdim = 10
data = data_layer(name='image', size=datadim)
net = vgg_bn_drop(data)
out = fc_layer(input=net, size=classdim, act=SoftmaxActivation())
if not is_predict:
lbl = data_layer(name="label", size=classdim)
cost = classification_cost(input=out, label=lbl)
outputs(cost)
else:
outputs(out)
image_classification/deprecated/predict.sh 已删除 100755 → 0
浏览文件 @ df2ba16e
#!/bin/bash
# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
set -e
python classify.py --job=predict --model=output/pass-00299 --data=image/dog.png # -c
image_classification/deprecated/train.sh 已删除 100755 → 0
浏览文件 @ df2ba16e
#!/bin/bash
# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
set -e
#cfg=models/resnet.py
cfg=models/vgg.py
output=output
log=train.log
paddle train \
--config=$cfg \
--use_gpu=true \
--trainer_count=1 \
--log_period=100 \
--num_passes=300 \
--save_dir=$output \
2>&1 | tee $log
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