Patch mkldnn for build on gcc 4.8.2 (#10616)

* test_patch_mkldnn

* use patch file

* follow comments

* fix patch

cmake/external/mkldnn.cmake

@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ ExternalProject_Add(
     GIT_TAG             "v0.14"
     PREFIX              ${MKLDNN_SOURCES_DIR}
     UPDATE_COMMAND      ""
+    # Patch MKLDNN to compile with gcc 4.8, the related issue is in intel/mkl-dnn#237.
+    PATCH_COMMAND       ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/patches/mkldnn.hpp ${MKLDNN_SOURCES_DIR}/src/extern_mkldnn/include/mkldnn.hpp
     CMAKE_ARGS          -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${MKLDNN_INSTALL_DIR}
     CMAKE_ARGS          -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} 
     CMAKE_ARGS          -DMKLROOT=${MKLML_ROOT}

patches/mkldnn.hpp

+// Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+* Copyright 2016-2018 Intel Corporation
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*******************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef MKLDNN_HPP
+#define MKLDNN_HPP
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "mkldnn.h"
+#endif
+
+namespace mkldnn {
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api C++ API
+/// @{
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_utils Utils
+/// @{
+
+/// A class that provides the destructor for an Intel(R) MKL-DNN C handle
+template <typename T>
+class handle_traits {};
+
+/// A class for wrapping an Intel(R) MKL-DNN handle. It is used as the base
+/// class for primitive (#mkldnn_primitive_t), engine (#mkldnn_engine_t), and
+/// stream (#mkldnn_stream_t) handles. An object of the #mkldnn::handle class
+/// can be passed by value. This class enables wrapping:
+///  - Newly constructed handles.
+///    @n In this case, the constructed handle uses reference counting provided
+///    by @p std::shared_ptr with a proper deleter function specified through
+///    the @p handle_traits class.
+///  - Pre-existing handles returned by the Intel(R) MKL-DNN C API (for
+///    example, through #mkldnn_primitive_get_output()).
+///    @n In this case, an Intel(R) MKL-DNN C API handle is wrapped without a
+///    deleter because it is assumed that the handle wrapper for the original
+///    object deletes the handle (this model is similar to @p std::weak_ptr).
+template <typename T, typename traits = handle_traits<T>>
+class handle {
+private:
+  std::shared_ptr<typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type> _data;
+  handle(const handle &&) = delete;
+  handle &operator=(const handle &&other) = delete;
+
+protected:
+  /// Constructs a C handle wrapper.
+  /// @param t The C handle to wrap.
+  /// @param weak A flag to specify whether to construct a weak wrapper.
+  handle(T t = 0, bool weak = false) : _data(0) { reset(t, weak); }
+
+  bool operator==(const T other) const { return other == _data.get(); }
+  bool operator!=(const T other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+
+public:
+  handle(const handle &other) : _data(other._data) {}
+  handle &operator=(const handle &other) {
+    _data = other._data;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /// Resets the value of a C handle.
+  /// @param t The new value of the C handle.
+  /// @param weak A flag to specify whether the wrapper should be weak.
+  void reset(T t, bool weak = false) {
+    auto dummy_destructor = [](T) {
+      return decltype(traits::destructor(0))(0);
+    };
+    _data.reset(t, weak ? dummy_destructor : traits::destructor);
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the value of the underlying C handle.
+  T get() const { return _data.get(); }
+
+  bool operator==(const handle &other) const {
+    return other._data.get() == _data.get();
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const handle &other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+};
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_primitive_desc_destroy;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_primitive_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_primitive_destroy;
+};
+#endif
+
+/// Base class for all computational primitives.
+class primitive : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_t> {
+  friend struct error;
+  friend struct stream;
+  friend class primitive_at;
+  using handle::handle;
+
+public:
+  /// A proxy to C primitive kind enum
+  enum class kind {
+    undefined_primitive = mkldnn_undefined_primitive,
+    memory = mkldnn_memory,
+    view = mkldnn_view,
+    reorder = mkldnn_reorder,
+    concat = mkldnn_concat,
+    concat_inplace = mkldnn_concat_inplace,
+    sum = mkldnn_sum,
+    convolution = mkldnn_convolution,
+    deconvolution = mkldnn_deconvolution,
+    eltwise = mkldnn_eltwise,
+    relu = mkldnn_relu,
+    softmax = mkldnn_softmax,
+    pooling = mkldnn_pooling,
+    lrn = mkldnn_lrn,
+    batch_normalization = mkldnn_batch_normalization,
+    inner_product = mkldnn_inner_product,
+    convolution_relu = mkldnn_convolution_relu,
+    rnn = mkldnn_rnn,
+  };
+
+  /// A wrapper structure to specify a particular output of a primitive.
+  struct at {
+    /// The underlying C API structure.
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t data;
+    /// Constructs a wrapper specifying @p aprimitive output with index @p
+    /// at.
+    ///
+    /// @param aprimitive The target primitive.
+    /// @param at The output index.
+
+    at(const primitive &aprimitive, size_t at = 0)
+        : data(mkldnn_primitive_at(aprimitive.get(), at)) {}
+    /// Returns the specified output.
+    inline operator primitive() const;
+  };
+
+  /// Returns the descriptor of the underlying C API primitive
+  inline const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t get_primitive_desc() const;
+  // TODO: use the C++ API wrapper structure.
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_primitive_kind_t convert_to_c(primitive::kind akind) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_primitive_kind_t>(akind);
+}
+
+/// Intel(R) MKL-DNN exception class.
+///
+/// This class captures the status returned by the failed C API function, error
+/// message, and, optionally, handle of the primitive that caused the error.
+struct error : public std::exception {
+  mkldnn_status_t status;
+  std::string message;
+  primitive error_primitive;
+
+  /// Constructs an error instance.
+  ///
+  /// @param astatus The error status returned by the C API.
+  /// @param amessage The error message.
+  /// @param aerror_primitive (optional) A C handle of the primitive that
+  ///                         caused the error.
+
+  error(mkldnn_status_t astatus,
+        std::string amessage,
+        mkldnn_primitive_t aerror_primitive = 0)
+      : status(astatus),
+        message(amessage),
+        error_primitive(aerror_primitive, true) {}
+
+  /// A convenience function for wrapping calls to the C API. Checks the
+  /// return status and throws an #error in case of failure.
+  ///
+  /// @param status The error status returned by the C API.
+  /// @param message The error message.
+  /// @param error_primitive (optional) A C handle of the primitive that
+  ///                        caused the error.
+
+  static void wrap_c_api(mkldnn_status_t status,
+                         std::string message,
+                         mkldnn_primitive_t *error_primitive = 0) {
+    if (status != mkldnn_success) {
+      if (nullptr != error_primitive)
+        throw error(status, message, *error_primitive);
+      else
+        throw error(status, message, nullptr);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+inline primitive::at::operator primitive() const {
+  const_mkldnn_primitive_t output;
+  error::wrap_c_api(
+      mkldnn_primitive_get_output(data.primitive, data.output_index, &output),
+      "could not get an output primitive");
+  return primitive(const_cast<mkldnn_primitive_t>(output), true);
+}
+
+const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t primitive::get_primitive_desc() const {
+  const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t pd;
+  error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_get_primitive_desc(get(), &pd),
+                    "could not get primitive descriptor by primitive");
+  return pd;
+}
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_enums Common data types and enumerations
+/// @{
+
+enum round_mode {
+  round_nearest = mkldnn_round_nearest,
+  round_down = mkldnn_round_down,
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_round_mode_t convert_to_c(round_mode mode) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_round_mode_t>(mode);
+}
+
+enum padding_kind { zero = mkldnn_padding_zero };
+
+inline mkldnn_padding_kind_t convert_to_c(padding_kind kind) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_padding_kind_t>(kind);
+}
+
+enum prop_kind {
+  forward_training = mkldnn_forward_training,
+  forward_scoring = mkldnn_forward_scoring,
+  forward_inference = mkldnn_forward_inference,
+  forward = mkldnn_forward,
+  backward = mkldnn_backward,
+  backward_data = mkldnn_backward_data,
+  backward_weights = mkldnn_backward_weights,
+  backward_bias = mkldnn_backward_bias
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_prop_kind_t convert_to_c(prop_kind kind) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_prop_kind_t>(kind);
+}
+
+enum algorithm {
+  algorithm_undef = mkldnn_alg_kind_undef,
+  convolution_direct = mkldnn_convolution_direct,
+  convolution_winograd = mkldnn_convolution_winograd,
+  deconvolution_direct = mkldnn_deconvolution_direct,
+  deconvolution_winograd = mkldnn_deconvolution_winograd,
+  eltwise_relu = mkldnn_eltwise_relu,
+  eltwise_tanh = mkldnn_eltwise_tanh,
+  eltwise_elu = mkldnn_eltwise_elu,
+  eltwise_square = mkldnn_eltwise_square,
+  eltwise_abs = mkldnn_eltwise_abs,
+  eltwise_sqrt = mkldnn_eltwise_sqrt,
+  eltwise_linear = mkldnn_eltwise_linear,
+  eltwise_bounded_relu = mkldnn_eltwise_bounded_relu,
+  eltwise_soft_relu = mkldnn_eltwise_soft_relu,
+  eltwise_logistic = mkldnn_eltwise_logistic,
+  lrn_across_channels = mkldnn_lrn_across_channels,
+  lrn_within_channel = mkldnn_lrn_within_channel,
+  pooling_max = mkldnn_pooling_max,
+  pooling_avg = mkldnn_pooling_avg,
+  pooling_avg_include_padding = mkldnn_pooling_avg_include_padding,
+  pooling_avg_exclude_padding = mkldnn_pooling_avg_exclude_padding,
+  vanilla_rnn = mkldnn_vanilla_rnn,
+  vanilla_lstm = mkldnn_vanilla_lstm,
+  vanilla_gru = mkldnn_vanilla_gru,
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_alg_kind_t convert_to_c(algorithm aalgorithm) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_alg_kind_t>(aalgorithm);
+}
+
+enum batch_normalization_flag {
+  use_global_stats = mkldnn_use_global_stats,
+  use_scale_shift = mkldnn_use_scaleshift,
+  omit_stats = mkldnn_omit_stats,
+  fuse_bn_relu = mkldnn_fuse_bn_relu
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_batch_normalization_flag_t convert_to_c(
+    batch_normalization_flag aflag) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_batch_normalization_flag_t>(aflag);
+}
+
+enum rnn_direction {
+  unidirectional_left2right = mkldnn_unidirectional_left2right,
+  unidirectional_right2left = mkldnn_unidirectional_right2left,
+  unidirectional = mkldnn_unidirectional,
+  bidirectional_concat = mkldnn_bidirectional_concat,
+  bidirectional_sum = mkldnn_bidirectional_sum,
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_rnn_direction_t convert_to_c(rnn_direction adir) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_rnn_direction_t>(adir);
+}
+
+enum query {
+  undef = mkldnn_query_undef,
+
+  eengine = mkldnn_query_engine,
+  primitive_kind = mkldnn_query_primitive_kind,
+
+  num_of_inputs_s32 = mkldnn_query_num_of_inputs_s32,
+  num_of_outputs_s32 = mkldnn_query_num_of_outputs_s32,
+
+  time_estimate_f64 = mkldnn_query_time_estimate_f64,
+  memory_consumption_s64 = mkldnn_query_memory_consumption_s64,
+
+  impl_info_str = mkldnn_query_impl_info_str,
+
+  memory_d = mkldnn_query_memory_d,
+  convolution_d = mkldnn_query_convolution_d,
+  deconvolution_d = mkldnn_query_deconvolution_d,
+  eltwise_d = mkldnn_query_eltwise_d,
+  relu_d = mkldnn_query_relu_d,
+  softmax_d = mkldnn_query_softmax_d,
+  pooling_d = mkldnn_query_pooling_d,
+  lrn_d = mkldnn_query_lrn_d,
+  batch_normalization_d = mkldnn_query_batch_normalization_d,
+  inner_product_d = mkldnn_query_inner_product_d,
+  convolution_relu_d = mkldnn_query_convolution_relu_d,
+  rnn_d = mkldnn_query_rnn_d,
+
+  input_pd = mkldnn_query_input_pd,
+  output_pd = mkldnn_query_output_pd,
+  src_pd = mkldnn_query_src_pd,
+  diff_src_pd = mkldnn_query_diff_src_pd,
+  weights_pd = mkldnn_query_weights_pd,
+  diff_weights_pd = mkldnn_query_diff_weights_pd,
+  dst_pd = mkldnn_query_dst_pd,
+  diff_dst_pd = mkldnn_query_diff_dst_pd,
+  workspace_pd = mkldnn_query_workspace_pd,
+};
+
+inline mkldnn_query_t convert_to_c(query aquery) {
+  return static_cast<mkldnn_query_t>(aquery);
+}
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_attr Attributes
+/// @{
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_post_ops_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_post_ops_destroy;
+};
+#endif
+
+struct post_ops : public handle<mkldnn_post_ops_t> {
+  post_ops() {
+    mkldnn_post_ops_t result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_create(&result),
+                      "could not create post operation sequence");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  int len() const { return mkldnn_post_ops_len(get()); }
+
+  primitive::kind kind(int index) const {
+    error::wrap_c_api(index < len() ? mkldnn_success : mkldnn_invalid_arguments,
+                      "post_ops index is out of range");
+    return static_cast<primitive::kind>(mkldnn_post_ops_get_kind(get(), index));
+  }
+
+  void append_sum(float scale = 1.) {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_append_sum(get(), scale),
+                      "could not append sum");
+  }
+
+  void get_params_sum(int index, float &scale) const {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_get_params_sum(get(), index, &scale),
+                      "could not get sum params");
+  }
+
+  void append_eltwise(float scale, algorithm alg, float alpha, float beta) {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_append_eltwise(
+                          get(), scale, convert_to_c(alg), alpha, beta),
+                      "could not append eltwise");
+  }
+
+  void get_params_eltwise(int index,
+                          float &scale,
+                          algorithm &alg,
+                          float &alpha,
+                          float &beta) const {
+    mkldnn_alg_kind_t c_alg;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_get_params_eltwise(
+                          get(), index, &scale, &c_alg, &alpha, &beta),
+                      "could not get eltwise params");
+    alg = static_cast<algorithm>(c_alg);
+  }
+};
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_primitive_attr_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_primitive_attr_destroy;
+};
+#endif
+
+struct primitive_attr : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_attr_t> {
+  primitive_attr() {
+    mkldnn_primitive_attr_t result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_create(&result),
+                      "could not create a primitive attr");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  round_mode get_int_output_round_mode() const {
+    mkldnn_round_mode_t result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_attr_get_int_output_round_mode(get(), &result),
+        "could not get int output round mode");
+    return round_mode(result);
+  }
+
+  void set_int_output_round_mode(round_mode mode) {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_set_int_output_round_mode(
+                          get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(mode)),
+                      "could not set int output round mode");
+  }
+
+  void get_output_scales(int &mask, std::vector<float> &scales) const {
+    int count, c_mask;
+    const float *c_scales;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_get_output_scales(
+                          get(), &count, &c_mask, &c_scales),
+                      "could not get int output scales");
+    scales.resize(count);
+
+    mask = c_mask;
+    for (int c = 0; c < count; ++c) scales[c] = c_scales[c];
+  }
+
+  void set_output_scales(int mask, const std::vector<float> &scales) {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_set_output_scales(
+                          get(), (int)scales.size(), mask, &scales[0]),
+                      "could not set int output scales");
+  }
+
+  const post_ops get_post_ops() const {
+    post_ops result;
+    const_mkldnn_post_ops_t c_result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_get_post_ops(get(), &c_result),
+                      "could not get post operation sequence");
+    result.reset(const_cast<mkldnn_post_ops_t>(c_result), true);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  void set_post_ops(post_ops ops) {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_set_post_ops(get(), ops.get()),
+                      "could not set post operation sequence");
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_engine Engine
+/// @{
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_engine_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_engine_destroy;
+};
+#endif
+
+/// An execution engine.
+struct engine : public handle<mkldnn_engine_t> {
+  friend class primitive;
+  // gcc bug??? using handle::handle;
+
+  /// Kinds of engines
+  enum kind {
+    /// An unspecified engine
+    any = mkldnn_any_engine,
+    /// CPU engine
+    cpu = mkldnn_cpu,
+  };
+
+  /// Returns the number of engines of a certain kind.
+  ///
+  /// @param akind The kind of engines to count.
+
+  static size_t get_count(kind akind) {
+    return mkldnn_engine_get_count(convert_to_c(akind));
+  }
+
+  /// Constructs an engine.
+  ///
+  /// @param akind The kind of engine to construct.
+  /// @param index The index of the engine. Must be less than the value
+  ///              returned by #get_count() for this particular kind of engine.
+
+  engine(kind akind, size_t index) {
+    mkldnn_engine_t aengine;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_engine_create(&aengine, convert_to_c(akind), index),
+        "could not create an engine");
+    reset(aengine);
+  }
+
+  explicit engine(const mkldnn_engine_t &aengine) : handle(aengine, true) {}
+
+  engine(const handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> &pd) {
+    mkldnn_engine_t engine_q;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
+            pd.get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(eengine), 0, &engine_q),
+        "could not get engine from primitive_desc");
+    reset(engine_q, true);
+  }
+
+  template <class primitive_desc>
+  static engine query(const primitive_desc &pd) {
+    mkldnn_engine_t engine_q;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
+            pd.get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(eengine), 0, &engine_q),
+        "could not get engine from primitive_desc");
+
+    return engine(engine_q);
+  }
+
+private:
+  static mkldnn_engine_kind_t convert_to_c(kind akind) {
+    return static_cast<mkldnn_engine_kind_t>(akind);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_primitives Primitives
+/// @{
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_memory Memory
+/// @{
+
+/// Memory primitive that describes the data.
+struct memory : public primitive {
+private:
+  std::shared_ptr<char> _handle;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::vector<std::remove_extent<mkldnn_dims_t>::type> dims;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static void validate_dims(std::vector<T> v) {
+    if (v.size() > TENSOR_MAX_DIMS)
+      throw error(mkldnn_invalid_arguments, "invalid dimensions");
+  }
+
+  /// Data type specification. See #mkldnn_data_type_t for a detailed
+  /// description.
+  enum data_type {
+    data_undef = mkldnn_data_type_undef,
+    f32 = mkldnn_f32,
+    s32 = mkldnn_s32,
+    s16 = mkldnn_s16,
+    s8 = mkldnn_s8,
+    u8 = mkldnn_u8,
+  };
+
+  /// Memory format specification. See #mkldnn_memory_format_t
+  /// for a detailed description.
+  enum format {
+    format_undef = mkldnn_format_undef,
+    any = mkldnn_any,
+    blocked = mkldnn_blocked,
+    x = mkldnn_x,
+    nc = mkldnn_nc,
+    nchw = mkldnn_nchw,
+    nhwc = mkldnn_nhwc,
+    chwn = mkldnn_chwn,
+    nChw8c = mkldnn_nChw8c,
+    nChw16c = mkldnn_nChw16c,
+    ncdhw = mkldnn_ncdhw,
+    ndhwc = mkldnn_ndhwc,
+    nCdhw16c = mkldnn_nCdhw16c,
+    oi = mkldnn_oi,
+    io = mkldnn_io,
+    oihw = mkldnn_oihw,
+    ihwo = mkldnn_ihwo,
+    hwio = mkldnn_hwio,
+    oidhw = mkldnn_oidhw,
+    OIdhw16i16o = mkldnn_OIdhw16i16o,
+    OIdhw16o16i = mkldnn_OIdhw16o16i,
+    Oidhw16o = mkldnn_Oidhw16o,
+    Odhwi16o = mkldnn_Odhwi16o,
+    oIhw8i = mkldnn_oIhw8i,
+    oIhw16i = mkldnn_oIhw16i,
+    OIhw8i8o = mkldnn_OIhw8i8o,
+    OIhw16i16o = mkldnn_OIhw16i16o,
+    OIhw8o8i = mkldnn_OIhw8o8i,
+    OIhw16o16i = mkldnn_OIhw16o16i,
+    IOhw16o16i = mkldnn_IOhw16o16i,
+    OIhw8i16o2i = mkldnn_OIhw8i16o2i,
+    OIhw8o16i2o = mkldnn_OIhw8o16i2o,
+    OIhw4i16o4i = mkldnn_OIhw4i16o4i,
+    Oihw8o = mkldnn_Oihw8o,
+    Oihw16o = mkldnn_Oihw16o,
+    Ohwi8o = mkldnn_Ohwi8o,
+    Ohwi16o = mkldnn_Ohwi16o,
+    OhIw16o4i = mkldnn_OhIw16o4i,
+    goihw = mkldnn_goihw,
+    hwigo = mkldnn_hwigo,
+    gOIhw8i8o = mkldnn_gOIhw8i8o,
+    gOIhw16i16o = mkldnn_gOIhw16i16o,
+    gOIhw8i16o2i = mkldnn_gOIhw8i16o2i,
+    gOIhw8o16i2o = mkldnn_gOIhw8o16i2o,
+    gOIhw4i16o4i = mkldnn_gOIhw4i16o4i,
+    gOihw8o = mkldnn_gOihw8o,
+    gOihw16o = mkldnn_gOihw16o,
+    gOhwi8o = mkldnn_gOhwi8o,
+    gOhwi16o = mkldnn_gOhwi16o,
+    Goihw8g = mkldnn_Goihw8g,
+    Goihw16g = mkldnn_Goihw16g,
+    gOIhw8o8i = mkldnn_gOIhw8o8i,
+    gOIhw16o16i = mkldnn_gOIhw16o16i,
+    gIOhw16o16i = mkldnn_gIOhw16o16i,
+    gOhIw16o4i = mkldnn_gOhIw16o4i,
+    goidhw = mkldnn_goidhw,
+    gOIdhw16i16o = mkldnn_gOIdhw16i16o,
+    gOIdhw16o16i = mkldnn_gOIdhw16o16i,
+    gOidhw16o = mkldnn_gOidhw16o,
+    gOdhwi16o = mkldnn_gOdhwi16o,
+    ntc = mkldnn_ntc,
+    tnc = mkldnn_tnc,
+    ldsnc = mkldnn_ldsnc,
+    ldigo = mkldnn_ldigo,
+    ldigo_p = mkldnn_ldigo_p,
+    ldgoi = mkldnn_ldgoi,
+    ldgoi_p = mkldnn_ldgoi_p,
+    ldgo = mkldnn_ldgo,
+    wino_fmt = mkldnn_wino_fmt,
+    format_last = mkldnn_format_last,
+  };
+
+  /// A memory descriptor.
+  struct desc {
+    friend struct memory;
+    /// The underlying C API data structure.
+    mkldnn_memory_desc_t data;
+
+    /// Constructs a memory descriptor.
+    ///
+    /// @param adims Data dimensions
+    /// @param adata_type Data precision/type.
+    /// @param aformat Data layout format.
+    desc(dims adims, data_type adata_type, format aformat) {
+      validate_dims(adims);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_memory_desc_init(&data,
+                                  (int)adims.size(),
+                                  adims.size() == 0 ? nullptr : &adims[0],
+                                  convert_to_c(adata_type),
+                                  convert_to_c(aformat)),
+          "could not initialize a memory descriptor");
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs a memory descriptor from a C API data structure.
+    ///
+    /// @param adata A C API #mkldnn_memory_desc_t structure.
+    desc(const mkldnn_memory_desc_t &adata) : data(adata) {}
+  };
+
+  /// A memory primitive descriptor.
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    friend struct memory;
+
+    // TODO: make private
+    primitive_desc() {}
+
+    /// Constructs a memory primitive descriptor.
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_memory_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get()),
+                        "could not initialize a memory primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the memory primitive descriptor.
+    memory::desc desc() {
+      auto memory_d = mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_memory_d(get());
+      return memory::desc(*memory_d);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of bytes required to allocate the memory described
+    /// including the padding area.
+    size_t get_size() const {
+      return mkldnn_memory_primitive_desc_get_size(get());
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(const primitive_desc &other) const {
+      return mkldnn_memory_primitive_desc_equal(get(), other.get());
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(const primitive_desc &other) const {
+      return !operator==(other);
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  /// Constructs a memory primitive from a generic primitive.
+  ///
+  /// @param aprimitive The primitive to treat as memory.
+  memory(const primitive &aprimitive) : primitive(aprimitive) {}
+  /// Constructs a memory primitive.
+  ///
+  /// @param adesc Memory primitive descriptor.
+  memory(const primitive_desc &adesc) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, adesc.get(), nullptr, nullptr),
+        "could not create a memory primitive");
+    reset(result);
+    auto _malloc = [](size_t size, int alignment) {
+      void *ptr;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+      ptr = _aligned_malloc(size, alignment);
+      int rc = ((ptr) ? 0 : errno);
+#else
+      int rc = ::posix_memalign(&ptr, alignment, size);
+#endif /* _WIN32 */
+      return (rc == 0) ? (char *)ptr : nullptr;
+    };
+    auto _free = [](char *p) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+      _aligned_free((void *)p);
+#else
+      ::free((void *)p);
+#endif /* _WIN32 */
+    };
+    _handle.reset(_malloc(adesc.get_size(), 4096), _free);
+    set_data_handle(_handle.get());
+  }
+
+  memory(const primitive_desc &adesc, void *ahandle) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, adesc.get(), nullptr, nullptr),
+        "could not create a memory primitive");
+    reset(result);
+    set_data_handle(ahandle);
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the descriptor of the memory primitive.
+  primitive_desc get_primitive_desc() const {
+    primitive_desc adesc;
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_get_primitive_desc(get(), &cdesc),
+        "could not get primitive descriptor from a memory primitive");
+    /* FIXME: no const_cast should be here */
+    adesc.reset(const_cast<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t>(cdesc), true);
+    return adesc;
+  }
+
+  /// Returns a handle of the data contained in the memory primitive. On
+  /// the CPU engine, this is a pointer to the allocated memory.
+  inline void *get_data_handle() const {
+    void *handle;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_memory_get_data_handle(get(), &handle),
+                      "could not get native handle");
+    return handle;
+  }
+
+  inline void set_data_handle(void *handle) const {
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_memory_set_data_handle(get(), handle),
+                      "could not set native handle");
+  }
+
+  // Must go away or be private:
+  static mkldnn_data_type_t convert_to_c(data_type adata_type) {
+    return static_cast<mkldnn_data_type_t>(adata_type);
+  }
+  static mkldnn_memory_format_t convert_to_c(format aformat) {
+    return static_cast<mkldnn_memory_format_t>(aformat);
+  }
+};
+
+inline memory::desc zero_md() {
+  mkldnn_memory_desc_t zero;
+  zero.primitive_kind = mkldnn_memory;
+  return memory::desc(zero);
+}
+
+inline memory null_memory(engine eng) {
+  mkldnn::memory::desc zero = zero_md();
+  return memory({zero, eng}, nullptr);
+}
+
+inline bool is_null_memory(const const_mkldnn_primitive_t &aprimitive) {
+  const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t aprimitive_pd;
+  mkldnn_primitive_get_primitive_desc(aprimitive, &aprimitive_pd);
+  const mkldnn_memory_desc_t *aprimitive_md =
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_memory_d(aprimitive_pd);
+
+  return ((aprimitive_md != nullptr) && (aprimitive_md->ndims == 0));
+}
+
+inline bool operator==(mkldnn_data_type_t a, memory::data_type b) {
+  return a == memory::convert_to_c(b);
+}
+inline bool operator!=(mkldnn_data_type_t a, memory::data_type b) {
+  return !(a == b);
+}
+inline bool operator==(memory::data_type a, mkldnn_data_type_t b) {
+  return b == a;
+}
+inline bool operator!=(memory::data_type a, mkldnn_data_type_t b) {
+  return !(a == b);
+}
+
+inline bool operator==(mkldnn_memory_format_t a, memory::format b) {
+  return a == memory::convert_to_c(b);
+}
+inline bool operator!=(mkldnn_memory_format_t a, memory::format b) {
+  return !(a == b);
+}
+inline bool operator==(memory::format a, mkldnn_memory_format_t b) {
+  return b == a;
+}
+inline bool operator!=(memory::format a, mkldnn_memory_format_t b) {
+  return !(a == b);
+}
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_reorder Reorder
+/// @{
+
+struct reorder : public primitive {
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const memory::primitive_desc &input,
+                   const memory::primitive_desc &output) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_reorder_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, input.get(), output.get()),
+                        "could not create a reorder primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const memory::primitive_desc &input,
+                   const memory::primitive_desc &output,
+                   const primitive_attr &aattr) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_reorder_primitive_desc_create_v2(
+                            &result, input.get(), output.get(), aattr.get()),
+                        "could not create a reorder primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  reorder(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+          const primitive::at &input,
+          const memory &output) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {input.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a reorder primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  reorder(const primitive::at &input, const memory &output) {
+    auto input_mpd = memory(input).get_primitive_desc();
+    auto output_mpd = output.get_primitive_desc();
+
+    auto reorder_d = primitive_desc(input_mpd, output_mpd);
+
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {input.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, reorder_d.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a reorder primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_view View
+/// @{
+
+struct view : public primitive {
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const memory::primitive_desc &input,
+                   memory::dims dims,
+                   memory::dims offsets) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_view_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, input.get(), &dims[0], &offsets[0]),
+                        "could not create a view primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  view(const primitive_desc &view_pd, primitive::at input) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {input.data};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, view_pd.get(), inputs, nullptr),
+        "could not create a view primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  view(memory input, memory::dims dims, memory::dims offsets) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    primitive_desc view_pd(input.get_primitive_desc(), dims, offsets);
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {primitive::at(input).data};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, view_pd.get(), inputs, nullptr),
+        "could not create a view primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_concat Concat
+/// @{
+
+struct concat : public primitive {
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> cpp_to_c(
+        std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> c_api_inputs;
+      c_api_inputs.reserve(inputs.size());
+      auto convert_to_c = [](memory::primitive_desc d) { return d.get(); };
+      std::transform(inputs.begin(),
+                     inputs.end(),
+                     std::back_inserter(c_api_inputs),
+                     convert_to_c);
+      return c_api_inputs;
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const memory::desc &output,
+                   int concat_dimension,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_concat_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                              &output.data,
+                                              (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                              concat_dimension,
+                                              &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a concat primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(int concat_dimension,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_concat_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                              nullptr,
+                                              (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                              concat_dimension,
+                                              &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a concat primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  concat(const primitive_desc &concat_pd,
+         std::vector<primitive::at> &inputs,
+         const memory &output) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+
+    std::vector<mkldnn_primitive_at_t> p_inputs;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.size(); i++)
+      p_inputs.push_back(inputs[i].data);
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
+
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, concat_pd.get(), &p_inputs[0], outputs),
+                      "could not create a concat primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_sum Sum
+/// @{
+
+struct sum : public primitive {
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> cpp_to_c(
+        std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> c_api_inputs;
+      c_api_inputs.reserve(inputs.size());
+      auto convert_to_c = [](memory::primitive_desc d) { return d.get(); };
+      std::transform(inputs.begin(),
+                     inputs.end(),
+                     std::back_inserter(c_api_inputs),
+                     convert_to_c);
+      return c_api_inputs;
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const memory::desc &output,
+                   const std::vector<float> &scales,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                           &output.data,
+                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                           &scales[0],
+                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const std::vector<float> &scales,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                           nullptr,
+                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                           &scales[0],
+                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated: api backwards compatibility for double scales type */
+    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED
+    primitive_desc(const memory::desc &output,
+                   std::vector<double> scale,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+      auto scale_f = scale_to_float(scale);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                           &output.data,
+                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                           &scale_f[0],
+                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated: api backwards compatibility for double scales type */
+    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED
+    primitive_desc(std::vector<double> scale,
+                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+
+      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
+      auto scale_f = scale_to_float(scale);
+
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                           nullptr,
+                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
+                                           &scale_f[0],
+                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
+          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  sum(const primitive_desc &sum_pd,
+      std::vector<primitive::at> &inputs,
+      const memory &output) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+
+    std::vector<mkldnn_primitive_at_t> p_inputs;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.size(); i++)
+      p_inputs.push_back(inputs[i].data);
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
+
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, sum_pd.get(), &p_inputs[0], outputs),
+        "could not create a sum primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+private:
+  static std::vector<float> scale_to_float(const std::vector<double> &vd) {
+    std::vector<float> vf(vd.size());
+    std::transform(
+        vd.begin(), vd.end(), vf.begin(), [=](double x) { return (float)x; });
+    return vf;
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_convolution Convolution
+/// @{
+
+struct convolution_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_convolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_convolution_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            &bias_desc.data,
+                            &dst_desc.data,
+                            &strides[0],
+                            &padding_l[0],
+                            &padding_r[0],
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+                        "could not create a convolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_convolution_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            nullptr,
+                            &dst_desc.data,
+                            &strides[0],
+                            &padding_l[0],
+                            &padding_r[0],
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+                        "could not create a convolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims dilates,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_forward_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &weights_desc.data,
+              &bias_desc.data,
+              &dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &dilates[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a dilated convolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims dilates,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_forward_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &weights_desc.data,
+              nullptr,
+              &dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &dilates[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a dilated convolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a convolution forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
+                   const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a convolution forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  convolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                      const primitive::at &src,
+                      const primitive::at &weights,
+                      const primitive::at &bias,
+                      const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a convolution forward bias primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  convolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                      const primitive::at &src,
+                      const primitive::at &weights,
+                      const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a convolution forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct convolution_backward_data : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_convolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_convolution_backward_data_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &diff_src_desc.data,
+              &weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward data descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims dilates,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_backward_data_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &diff_src_desc.data,
+              &weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &dilates[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward data descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const convolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a convolution backward data primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  convolution_backward_data(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                            const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                            const primitive::at &weights,
+                            const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a convolution backward data primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct convolution_backward_weights : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_convolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_bias_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              nullptr,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims dilates,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_bias_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &dilates[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims dilates,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              nullptr,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &dilates[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const convolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a convolution backward weights primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  convolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const memory &diff_weights,
+                               const memory &diff_bias) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get(), diff_bias.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a convolution backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+  convolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const memory &diff_weights) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a convolution backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct convolution_relu_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_convolution_relu_desc_t data;
+    desc(const convolution_forward::desc conv_desc,
+         const float negative_slope) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_convolution_relu_desc_init(
+              &data, &conv_desc.data, negative_slope),
+          "could not create a convolution_relu_forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a convolution relu forward descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  convolution_relu_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                           const primitive::at &src,
+                           const primitive::at &weights,
+                           const primitive::at &bias,
+                           const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a convolution relu forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  convolution_relu_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                           const primitive::at &src,
+                           const primitive::at &weights,
+                           const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a convolution relu forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+//
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_deconvolution Deconvolution
+/// @{
+
+struct deconvolution_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_deconvolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_deconvolution_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            &bias_desc.data,
+                            &dst_desc.data,
+                            &strides[0],
+                            &padding_l[0],
+                            &padding_r[0],
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+                        "could not create a deconvolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_deconvolution_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            nullptr,
+                            &dst_desc.data,
+                            &strides[0],
+                            &padding_l[0],
+                            &padding_r[0],
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+                        "could not create a deconvolution forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a deconvolution forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
+                   const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a deconvolution forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  deconvolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                        const primitive::at &src,
+                        const primitive::at &weights,
+                        const primitive::at &bias,
+                        const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a deconvolution forward bias primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  deconvolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                        const primitive::at &src,
+                        const primitive::at &weights,
+                        const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a deconvolution forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct deconvolution_backward_data : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_deconvolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_deconvolution_backward_data_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &diff_src_desc.data,
+              &weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a deconvolution backward data descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const deconvolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a deconvolution backward data primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  deconvolution_backward_data(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                              const primitive::at &weights,
+                              const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a deconvolution backward data primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct deconvolution_backward_weights : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_deconvolution_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_deconvolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_bias_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a deconvolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_deconvolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              nullptr,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data,
+              &strides[0],
+              &padding_l[0],
+              &padding_r[0],
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not create a deconvolution backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const deconvolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a deconvolution backward weights primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  deconvolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                                 const primitive::at &src,
+                                 const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                                 const memory &diff_weights,
+                                 const memory &diff_bias) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get(), diff_bias.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a deconvolution backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+  deconvolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                                 const primitive::at &src,
+                                 const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                                 const memory &diff_weights) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a deconvolution backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_lrn LRN
+/// @{
+
+struct lrn_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_lrn_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         int local_size,
+         float alpha,
+         float beta,
+         float k) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_lrn_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                       convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                                       &src_desc.data,
+                                       local_size,
+                                       alpha,
+                                       beta,
+                                       k),
+          "could not create a lrn forward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         int local_size,
+         float alpha,
+         float beta) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_lrn_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                       convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                                       &src_desc.data,
+                                       local_size,
+                                       alpha,
+                                       beta,
+                                       float(1.0)),
+          "could not create a lrn forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+                        "could not create a lrn forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(ldesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  lrn_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+              const primitive::at &src,
+              const memory &workspace,
+              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get(), workspace.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a lrn forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  lrn_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+              const primitive::at &src,
+              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a lrn forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct lrn_backward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_lrn_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &data_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
+         int local_size,
+         float alpha,
+         float beta,
+         float k) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_lrn_backward_desc_init(&data,
+                                                      convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                                                      &diff_data_desc.data,
+                                                      &data_desc.data,
+                                                      local_size,
+                                                      alpha,
+                                                      beta,
+                                                      k),
+                        "could not create a lrn backward descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &data_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
+         int local_size,
+         float alpha,
+         float beta) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_lrn_backward_desc_init(&data,
+                                                      convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                                                      &diff_data_desc.data,
+                                                      &data_desc.data,
+                                                      local_size,
+                                                      alpha,
+                                                      beta,
+                                                      float(1.0)),
+                        "could not create a lrn backward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const engine &aengine,
+                   const lrn_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a backward lrn primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(ldesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  lrn_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+               const primitive::at &src,
+               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+               const primitive::at &workspace,
+               const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data, workspace.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a lrn backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  lrn_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+               const primitive::at &src,
+               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+               const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a lrn backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_pooling Pooling
+/// @{
+
+struct pooling_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_pooling_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims strides,
+         const memory::dims kernel,
+         const memory::dims padding_l,
+         const memory::dims padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(kernel);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_pooling_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                           convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                                           &src_desc.data,
+                                           &dst_desc.data,
+                                           &strides[0],
+                                           &kernel[0],
+                                           &padding_l[0],
+                                           &padding_r[0],
+                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+          "could not init a forward pooling descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a forward pooling primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  pooling_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                  const primitive::at &src,
+                  const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get(), nullptr};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a pooling forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  pooling_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                  const primitive::at &src,
+                  const memory &dst,
+                  const memory &workspace) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get(), workspace.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a pooling forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct pooling_backward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_pooling_desc_t data;
+    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
+         const memory::dims &strides,
+         const memory::dims &kernel,
+         const memory::dims &padding_l,
+         const memory::dims &padding_r,
+         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
+      memory::validate_dims(strides);
+      memory::validate_dims(kernel);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
+      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_pooling_backward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
+                            &diff_src_desc.data,
+                            &diff_dst_desc.data,
+                            &strides[0],
+                            &kernel[0],
+                            &padding_l[0],
+                            &padding_r[0],
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
+                        "could not init a backward pooling descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const pooling_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a backward pooling primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  pooling_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                   const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                   const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a pooling backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  pooling_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                   const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                   const primitive::at &workspace,
+                   const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, workspace.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a pooling backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_eltwise Eltwise
+/// @{
+
+struct eltwise_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_eltwise_desc_t data;
+    template <typename T>
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         algorithm alg_kind,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         T alpha = 0,
+         T beta = 0) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_eltwise_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(alg_kind),
+                                           &src_desc.data,
+                                           static_cast<float>(alpha),
+                                           static_cast<float>(beta)),
+          "could not create a eltwise forward descriptor");
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated: api backward compatibility for relu */
+    template <typename T>
+    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+                           const memory::desc &src_desc,
+                           T negative_slope)
+        : desc(aprop_kind, eltwise_relu, src_desc, negative_slope) {}
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a eltwise forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  eltwise_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                  const primitive::at &src,
+                  const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a eltwise forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+typedef eltwise_forward relu_forward;
+
+struct eltwise_backward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_eltwise_desc_t data;
+
+    template <typename T>
+    desc(algorithm alg_kind,
+         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
+         const memory::desc &data_desc,
+         T alpha = 0,
+         T beta = 0) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_eltwise_backward_desc_init(&data,
+                                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(alg_kind),
+                                            &diff_data_desc.data,
+                                            &data_desc.data,
+                                            static_cast<float>(alpha),
+                                            static_cast<float>(beta)),
+          "could not create a eltwise backward descriptor");
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated: api backward compatibility for relu */
+    template <typename T>
+    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED desc(const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
+                           const memory::desc &data_desc,
+                           T negative_slope)
+        : desc(eltwise_relu, diff_data_desc, data_desc, negative_slope) {}
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const eltwise_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a eltwise backward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  eltwise_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                   const primitive::at &src,
+                   const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                   const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a eltwise backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+typedef eltwise_backward relu_backward;
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_softmax Softmax
+/// @{
+
+struct softmax_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_softmax_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         const memory::desc &data_desc,
+         int softmax_axis) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_softmax_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                           &data_desc.data,
+                                           softmax_axis),
+          "could not create a softmax forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a softmax forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  softmax_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                  const primitive::at &src,
+                  const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a softmax forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_batch_norm Batch normalization
+/// @{
+
+struct batch_normalization_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t data;
+    template <typename T>
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         T epsilon,
+         unsigned flags) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_batch_normalization_forward_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+              &src_desc.data,
+              static_cast<float>(epsilon),
+              flags),
+          "could not create a batch normalization forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+                        "could not create a batch normalization forward "
+                        "primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
+                   const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a batch normalization forward "
+          "primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(bndesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc mean_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc aprimitive_desc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t *p;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(batch_normalization_d), 0, &p),
+          "could not get a batch-normalization descriptor");
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          (p->flags & use_global_stats)
+              ? mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1)
+              : mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a mean primitive descriptor");
+      aprimitive_desc.reset(bndesc);
+      return aprimitive_desc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc variance_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc aprimitive_desc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t *p;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(batch_normalization_d), 0, &p),
+          "could not get a batch-normalization descriptor");
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          (p->flags & use_global_stats)
+              ? mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 2)
+              : mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 2);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a variance primitive descriptor");
+      aprimitive_desc.reset(bndesc);
+      return aprimitive_desc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const primitive::at &mean,
+                              const primitive::at &variance,
+                              const primitive::at &weights,
+                              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {
+        src.data, mean.data, variance.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const primitive::at &mean,
+                              const primitive::at &variance,
+                              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, mean.data, variance.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  /// @warning batch_normalization_forward has 2 constructors with very
+  ///          similar signatures:
+  ///           - (pd, src, weights, dst, mean, variance) // 2 in, 3 out
+  ///           - (pd, src, dst, mean, variance, workspace) // 1 in, 4 out
+  ///          The only way to distinguish between those is to explicitly
+  ///          cast all input parameters to their type, i.e. to
+  ///          const primitive:at &.
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const primitive::at &weights,
+                              const memory &dst,
+                              const memory &mean,
+                              const memory &variance) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {
+        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const primitive::at &weights,
+                              const memory &dst,
+                              const memory &mean,
+                              const memory &variance,
+                              const memory &workspace) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {
+        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get(), workspace.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const memory &dst,
+                              const memory &mean,
+                              const memory &variance) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {
+        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  /// @warning batch_normalization_forward has 2 constructors with very
+  ///          similar signatures:
+  ///           - (pd, src, weights, dst, mean, variance) // 2 in, 3 out
+  ///           - (pd, src, dst, mean, variance, workspace) // 1 in, 4 out
+  ///          The only way to distinguish between those is to explicitly
+  ///          cast all input parameters to their type, i.e. to
+  ///          const primitive:at &.
+  /// @note to make users' experience a little bit better this constructor
+  ///       checks if whether parameters match corresponding primitive
+  ///       descriptor, and if they are not -- call the other (proper)
+  ///       constructor. Yeah, this is still very ugly...
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const memory &dst,
+                              const memory &mean,
+                              const memory &variance,
+                              const memory &workspace) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[2] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[4] = {
+        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get(), workspace.get()};
+
+    if (1) {  // check whether this is the `wrong` constructor
+      const int n_inputs_expected = mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_s32(
+          aprimitive_desc.get(), mkldnn_query_num_of_inputs_s32, 0);
+      const int n_outputs_expected = mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_s32(
+          aprimitive_desc.get(), mkldnn_query_num_of_outputs_s32, 0);
+      if (n_inputs_expected == 2 && n_outputs_expected == 3) {
+        // shift parameters, get rid of workspace, and add weights...
+        auto _weights = dst;
+        inputs[1] = {_weights.get(), 0};
+
+        auto _dst = mean, _mean = variance, _variance = workspace;
+        outputs[0] = _dst.get();
+        outputs[1] = _mean.get();
+        outputs[2] = _variance.get();
+        outputs[3] = nullptr;
+      }
+    }
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const primitive::at &weights,
+                              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &src,
+                              const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct batch_normalization_backward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t data;
+    template <typename T>
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
+         const memory::desc &data_desc,
+         T epsilon,
+         unsigned flags) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_batch_normalization_backward_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+              &diff_data_desc.data,
+              &data_desc.data,
+              static_cast<float>(epsilon),
+              flags),
+          "could not create a batch normalization backward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const engine &aengine,
+                   const batch_normalization_forward::primitive_desc
+                       &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(bndesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff_weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(bndesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc mean_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a mean primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(bndesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc variance_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 2);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
+                        "could not clone a variance primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(bndesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  // Prop_kind == backward
+  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &mean,
+                               const primitive::at &variance,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const primitive::at &weights,
+                               const memory &diff_src,
+                               const memory &diff_weights) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {
+        src.data, mean.data, variance.data, diff_dst.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get(), diff_weights.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  // Prop_kind == backward (+ws)
+  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &mean,
+                               const primitive::at &variance,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const primitive::at &weights,
+                               const primitive::at &workspace,
+                               const memory &diff_src,
+                               const memory &diff_weights) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data,
+                                      mean.data,
+                                      variance.data,
+                                      diff_dst.data,
+                                      weights.data,
+                                      workspace.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get(), diff_weights.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  // Prop_kind == backward_data (+ws or +weights)
+  /// @warning This constructor works for backward_data propagation
+  ///          - w/ weights but w/o workspace, or
+  ///          - w/ workspace but w/o weights
+  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &mean,
+                               const primitive::at &variance,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const primitive::at &weights_or_workspace,
+                               const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data,
+                                      mean.data,
+                                      variance.data,
+                                      diff_dst.data,
+                                      weights_or_workspace.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  // Prop_kind == backward_data
+  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                               const primitive::at &src,
+                               const primitive::at &mean,
+                               const primitive::at &variance,
+                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                               const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {
+        src.data, mean.data, variance.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_inner_product Inner Product
+/// @{
+
+struct inner_product_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_inner_product_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_inner_product_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            &bias_desc.data,
+                            &dst_desc.data),
+                        "could not create a inner product forward descriptor");
+    }
+
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_inner_product_forward_desc_init(
+                            &data,
+                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                            &src_desc.data,
+                            &weights_desc.data,
+                            nullptr,
+                            &dst_desc.data),
+                        "could not create a inner product forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a inner product forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
+                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
+                   const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create a inner product "
+          "forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  inner_product_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                        const primitive::at &src,
+                        const primitive::at weights,
+                        const primitive::at &bias,
+                        const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a inner product forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  inner_product_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                        const primitive::at &src,
+                        const primitive::at weights,
+                        const memory &dst) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create a inner product forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct inner_product_backward_data : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_inner_product_desc_t data;
+    desc(const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_inner_product_backward_data_desc_init(&data,
+                                                       &diff_src_desc.data,
+                                                       &weights_desc.data,
+                                                       &diff_dst_desc.data),
+          "could not create a inner product backward data descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const inner_product_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a inner product backward data primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff dst primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  inner_product_backward_data(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                              const primitive::at &diff_dst,
+                              const primitive::at weights,
+                              const memory &diff_src) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, weights.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a inner product backward data primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct inner_product_backward_weights : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_inner_product_desc_t data;
+    desc(const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_inner_product_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              &diff_bias_desc.data,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data),
+          "could not create a inner product backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(const memory::desc &src_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_inner_product_backward_weights_desc_init(
+              &data,
+              &src_desc.data,
+              &diff_weights_desc.data,
+              nullptr,
+              &diff_dst_desc.data),
+          "could not create a inner product backward weights descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(
+        const desc &adesc,
+        const engine &aengine,
+        const inner_product_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
+                                       &adesc.data,
+                                       aengine.get(),
+                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
+          "could not create a inner product backward weights primitive "
+          "descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff dst primititve descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a diff bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  inner_product_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                                 const primitive::at &src,
+                                 const primitive::at diff_dst,
+                                 const memory &diff_weights) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a inner product backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+
+  inner_product_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+                                 const primitive::at &src,
+                                 const primitive::at diff_dst,
+                                 const memory &diff_weights,
+                                 const memory &diff_bias) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get(), diff_bias.get()};
+    error::wrap_c_api(
+        mkldnn_primitive_create(
+            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+        "could not create a inner product backward weights primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_rnn RNN
+/// @{
+
+struct rnn_cell {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_rnn_cell_desc_t c_rnn_cell_;
+
+    desc(algorithm kind, algorithm activation_f) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_rnn_cell_desc_init(&c_rnn_cell_,
+                                    mkldnn::convert_to_c(kind),
+                                    mkldnn::convert_to_c(activation_f),
+                                    0U,
+                                    0,
+                                    0),
+          "could not init an rnn cell descriptor");
+    }
+    desc(algorithm kind) : desc(kind, algorithm::algorithm_undef) {}
+
+    operator const mkldnn_rnn_cell_desc_t *() const { return &c_rnn_cell_; }
+
+    algorithm get_cell_kind() const { return algorithm(c_rnn_cell_.cell_kind); }
+    algorithm get_activation() const {
+      return algorithm(c_rnn_cell_.activation_kind);
+    }
+
+    float get_alpha() const { return c_rnn_cell_.alpha; }
+    void set_alpha(float alpha) {
+      c_rnn_cell_.flags |= mkldnn_rnn_cell_with_relu;
+      c_rnn_cell_.alpha = alpha;
+    }
+
+    float get_clipping() const { return c_rnn_cell_.clipping; }
+    void set_clipping(float clipping) {
+      c_rnn_cell_.flags |= mkldnn_rnn_cell_with_clipping;
+      c_rnn_cell_.clipping = clipping;
+    }
+
+    int get_gates_count() const {
+      return mkldnn_rnn_cell_get_gates_count(&c_rnn_cell_);
+    }
+    int get_state_count() const {
+      return mkldnn_rnn_cell_get_states_count(&c_rnn_cell_);
+    }
+  };
+};
+
+struct rnn_forward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_rnn_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         rnn_cell::desc cell,
+         const rnn_direction direction,
+         const memory::desc &src_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &src_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_iter_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_rnn_forward_desc_init(&data,
+                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                       cell,
+                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(direction),
+                                       &src_layer_desc.data,
+                                       &src_iter_desc.data,
+                                       &weights_layer_desc.data,
+                                       &weights_iter_desc.data,
+                                       &bias_desc.data,
+                                       &dst_layer_desc.data,
+                                       &dst_iter_desc.data),
+          "could not create an RNN forward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+                        "could not create an RNN forward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone an src layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src iter primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 2);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(ldesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last iteration primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+
+  rnn_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+              const primitive::at &src_layer,
+              const primitive::at &src_iter,
+              const primitive::at &weights_layer,
+              const primitive::at &weights_iter,
+              const primitive::at &bias,
+              const memory &dst_layer,
+              const memory &dst_iter,
+              const memory &workspace) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[5];
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[3];
+    int idx = 0;
+    inputs[idx++] = src_layer.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(src_iter.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = src_iter.data;
+    inputs[idx++] = weights_layer.data;
+    inputs[idx++] = weights_iter.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(bias.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = bias.data;
+
+    idx = 0;
+    outputs[idx++] = dst_layer.get();
+    if (!is_null_memory(dst_iter.get())) outputs[idx++] = dst_iter.get();
+    if (!is_null_memory(workspace.get())) outputs[idx++] = workspace.get();
+
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create an RNN forward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+struct rnn_backward : public primitive {
+  struct desc {
+    mkldnn_rnn_desc_t data;
+    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
+         rnn_cell::desc cell,
+         const rnn_direction direction,
+         const memory::desc &src_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &src_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &weights_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &dst_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_src_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_weights_iter_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_layer_desc,
+         const memory::desc &diff_dst_iter_desc) {
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_rnn_backward_desc_init(&data,
+                                        mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
+                                        cell,
+                                        mkldnn::convert_to_c(direction),
+                                        &src_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &src_iter_desc.data,
+                                        &weights_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &weights_iter_desc.data,
+                                        &bias_desc.data,
+                                        &dst_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &dst_iter_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_src_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_src_iter_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_weights_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_weights_iter_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_bias_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_dst_layer_desc.data,
+                                        &diff_dst_iter_desc.data),
+          "could not create an RNN backward descriptor");
+    }
+  };
+  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
+    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
+              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
+          "could not create an RNN backward primitive descriptor");
+      reset(result);
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone an src layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src iter primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc weights_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 2);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc dst_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last iteration primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone an src_layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a src iter primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 2);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_layer_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last layer primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_iter_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 1);
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
+          "could not clone a dst last iteration primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(cdesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
+      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
+      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
+      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
+          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
+              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
+      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
+                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
+      adesc.reset(ldesc);
+      return adesc;
+    }
+
+    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
+  };
+  // With last iteration (with and without input src_iter)
+  rnn_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
+               const primitive::at &src_layer,
+               const primitive::at &src_iter,
+               const primitive::at &weights_layer,
+               const primitive::at &weights_iter,
+               const primitive::at &bias,
+               const primitive::at &dst_layer,
+               const primitive::at &dst_iter,
+               const memory &diff_src_layer,
+               const memory &diff_src_iter,
+               const memory &diff_weights_layer,
+               const memory &diff_weights_iter,
+               const memory &diff_bias,
+               const primitive::at &diff_dst_layer,
+               const primitive::at &diff_dst_iter,
+               const primitive::at &workspace) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
+    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[10];
+    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[5];
+    int idx = 0;
+    inputs[idx] = src_layer.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(src_iter.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = src_iter.data;
+    inputs[idx++] = weights_layer.data;
+    inputs[idx++] = weights_iter.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(bias.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = bias.data;
+    inputs[idx] = dst_layer.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(dst_iter.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = dst_iter.data;
+    inputs[idx] = diff_dst_layer.data;
+    if (!is_null_memory(diff_dst_iter.data.primitive))
+      inputs[idx++] = diff_dst_iter.data;
+    inputs[idx] = workspace.data;
+
+    idx = 0;
+    outputs[idx] = diff_src_layer.get();
+    if (!is_null_memory(diff_src_iter.get()))
+      outputs[idx++] = diff_src_iter.get();
+    outputs[idx] = diff_weights_layer.get();
+    outputs[idx] = diff_weights_iter.get();
+    if (!is_null_memory(diff_bias.get())) outputs[idx] = diff_bias.get();
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
+                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
+                      "could not create an RNN backward primitive");
+    reset(result);
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+/// @} Primitives
+
+/// @addtogroup cpp_api_stream Stream
+/// @{
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
+template <>
+struct handle_traits<mkldnn_stream_t> {
+  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_stream_destroy;
+};
+#endif
+
+struct stream : public handle<mkldnn_stream_t> {
+  using handle::handle;
+
+  enum kind {
+    any = mkldnn_stream_kind_t::mkldnn_any_stream,
+    eager = mkldnn_stream_kind_t::mkldnn_eager,
+    lazy = mkldnn_stream_kind_t::mkldnn_lazy
+  };
+
+  static mkldnn_stream_kind_t convert_to_c(kind akind) {
+    return static_cast<mkldnn_stream_kind_t>(akind);
+  }
+  /// Constructs a stream.
+  stream(kind akind) {
+    mkldnn_stream_t astream;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_stream_create(&astream, convert_to_c(akind)),
+                      "could not create a stream");
+    reset(astream);
+  }
+
+  /// Submits a vector of primitives to a stream for computations.
+  ///
+  /// @param primitives The vector of primitives to submit.
+  /// @returns The stream.
+  stream &submit(std::vector<primitive> primitives) {
+    // TODO: find a proper way to convert vector<primitive> to
+    // vector<mkldnn_primitive_t>
+    if (primitives.size() == 0) return *this;
+    std::vector<mkldnn_primitive_t> c_api_primitives;
+    c_api_primitives.reserve(primitives.size());
+    auto convert_to_c = [](primitive p) { return p.get(); };
+    std::transform(primitives.begin(),
+                   primitives.end(),
+                   std::back_inserter(c_api_primitives),
+                   convert_to_c);
+
+    mkldnn_primitive_t c_api_error_primitive;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_stream_submit(get(),
+                                           c_api_primitives.size(),
+                                           &c_api_primitives[0],
+                                           &c_api_error_primitive),
+                      "could not submit primitives to a stream",
+                      &c_api_error_primitive);
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /// Waits for all computations submitted to the stream to complete.
+  ///
+  /// @param block Specifies whether the operation should wait indefinitely or
+  /// return
+  ///              immediately.
+  /// @returns @c true if all computations completed.
+  /// @returns @c false if not all computations completed.
+  bool wait(bool block = true) {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t c_api_error_primitive;
+    mkldnn_status_t status =
+        mkldnn_stream_wait(get(), block, &c_api_error_primitive);
+    if (status != mkldnn_success && status != mkldnn_try_again)
+      error::wrap_c_api(
+          status, "could not wait on a stream", &c_api_error_primitive);
+    return (status == mkldnn_success);
+  }
+
+  stream &rerun() {
+    mkldnn_primitive_t c_api_error_primitive;
+    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_stream_rerun(get(), &c_api_error_primitive),
+                      "could not rerun a stream",
+                      &c_api_error_primitive);
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+/// @}
+
+/// @} C++ API
+
+}  // namespace mkldnn
+
+#endif