Layers¶

fc¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.fc(input, size, num_flatten_dims=1, param_attr=None, bias_attr=None, act=None, name=None)

Fully Connected Layer

The fully connected layer can take multiple tensors as its inputs. It creates a variable (one for each input tensor) called weights for each input tensor, which represents a fully connected weight matrix from each input unit to each output unit. The fully connected layer multiplies each input tensor with its coresponding weight to produce an output Tensor. If multiple input tensors are given, the results of multiple multiplications will be sumed up. If bias_attr is not None, a biases variable will be created and added to the output. Finally, if activation is not None, it will be applied to the output as well.

This process can be formulated as follows:

\[Out = Act({\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}W_iX_i + b})\]

In the above equation:

$N$: Number of the input.
$X_i$: The input tensor.
$W$: The weights created by this layer.
$b$: The bias parameter created by this layer (if needed).
$Act$: The activation funtion.
$Out$: The output tensor.

Parameters:	input (Variable\|list) – The input tensor(s) to the fully connected layer. size (int) – The number of output units in the fully connected layer. num_flatten_dims (int) – The fc layer can accept an input tensor with more than two dimensions. If this happens, the multidimensional tensor will first be flattened into a 2-dimensional matrix. The parameter num_flatten_dims determines how the input tensor is flattened: the first num_flatten_dims (inclusive, index starts from 1) dimensions will be flatten to form the first dimension of the final matrix (height of the matrix), and the rest rank(X) - num_flatten_dims dimensions are flattened to form the second dimension of the final matrix (width of the matrix). For example, suppose X is a 6-dimensional tensor with a shape [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], and num_flatten_dims = 3. Then, the flattened matrix will have a shape [2 x 3 x 4, 5 x 6] = [24, 30]. By default, num_flatten_dims is set to 1. param_attr (ParamAttr\|list) – The parameter attribute for learnable parameters/weights of the fully connected layer. param_initializer (ParamAttr\|list) – The initializer used for the weight/parameter. If set None, XavierInitializer() will be used. bias_attr (ParamAttr\|list) – The parameter attribute for the bias parameter for this layer. If set None, no bias will be added to the output units. bias_initializer (ParamAttr\|list) – The initializer used for the bias. If set None, then ConstantInitializer() will be used. act (str) – Activation to be applied to the output of the fully connected layer. name (str) – Name/alias of the fully connected layer.
Returns:	The output tensor variable.
Return type:	Variable
Raises:	`ValueError` – If rank of the input tensor is less than 2.

Examples

data = fluid.layers.data(name="data", shape=[32, 32], dtype="float32")
fc = fluid.layers.fc(input=data, size=1000, act="tanh")

embedding¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.embedding(input, size, is_sparse=False, padding_idx=None, param_attr=None, dtype='float32')

Embedding Layer

This layer is used to lookup embeddings of IDs, provided by input, in a lookup table. The result of this lookup is the embedding of each ID in the input.

All the input variables are passed in as local variables to the LayerHelper constructor.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The tensor variable containing the IDs. size (tuple\|list) – The shape of the look up table parameter. It should have two elements which indicate the size of the dictionary of embeddings and the size of each embedding vector respectively. is_sparse (bool) – The flag indicating whether to use sparse update. padding_idx (int\|long\|None) – If `None`, it makes no effect to lookup. Otherwise the given `padding_idx` indicates padding the output with zeros whenever lookup encounters it in `input`. If $padding_idx < 0$, the padding_idx to use in lookup is $size[0] + dim$. param_attr (ParamAttr) – Parameters for this layer dtype (np.dtype\|core.DataType\|str) – The type of data : float32, float_16, int etc
Returns:	The tensor variable storing the embeddings of the supplied inputs.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

dict_size = len(dataset.ids)
data = fluid.layers.data(name='ids', shape=[32, 32], dtype='float32')
fc = fluid.layers.embedding(input=data, size=[dict_size, 16])

dynamic_lstm¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.dynamic_lstm(input, size, param_attr=None, bias_attr=None, use_peepholes=True, is_reverse=False, gate_activation='sigmoid', cell_activation='tanh', candidate_activation='tanh', dtype='float32', name=None)

Dynamic LSTM Layer

The defalut implementation is diagonal/peephole connection (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.1128.pdf), the formula is as follows:

\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}i_t & = \sigma(W_{ix}x_{t} + W_{ih}h_{t-1} + W_{ic}c_{t-1} + b_i)\\f_t & = \sigma(W_{fx}x_{t} + W_{fh}h_{t-1} + W_{fc}c_{t-1} + b_f)\\\tilde{c_t} & = act_g(W_{cx}x_t + W_{ch}h_{t-1} + b_c)\\o_t & = \sigma(W_{ox}x_{t} + W_{oh}h_{t-1} + W_{oc}c_t + b_o)\\c_t & = f_t \odot c_{t-1} + i_t \odot \tilde{c_t}\\h_t & = o_t \odot act_h(c_t)\end{aligned}\end{align} \]

where the $W$ terms denote weight matrices (e.g. $W_{xi}$ is the matrix of weights from the input gate to the input), $W_{ic}, W_{fc}, W_{oc}$ are diagonal weight matrices for peephole connections. In our implementation, we use vectors to reprenset these diagonal weight matrices. The $b$ terms denote bias vectors ($b_i$ is the input gate bias vector), $\sigma$ is the non-linear activations, such as logistic sigmoid function, and $i, f, o$ and $c$ are the input gate, forget gate, output gate, and cell activation vectors, respectively, all of which have the same size as the cell output activation vector $h$.

The $\odot$ is the element-wise product of the vectors. $act_g$ and $act_h$ are the cell input and cell output activation functions and tanh is usually used for them. $\tilde{c_t}$ is also called candidate hidden state, which is computed based on the current input and the previous hidden state.

Set use_peepholes to False to disable peephole connection. The formula is omitted here, please refer to the paper http://www.bioinf.jku.at/publications/older/2604.pdf for details.

Note that these $W_{xi}x_{t}, W_{xf}x_{t}, W_{xc}x_{t}, W_{xo}x_{t}$ operations on the input $x_{t}$ are NOT included in this operator. Users can choose to use fully-connect layer before LSTM layer.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input of dynamic_lstm layer, which supports variable-time length input sequence. The underlying tensor in this Variable is a matrix with shape (T X 4D), where T is the total time steps in this mini-batch, D is the hidden size. size (int) – 4 * hidden size. param_attr (ParamAttr\|None) – The parameter attribute for the learnable hidden-hidden weights. Weights = {$W_{ch}, W_{ih}, W_{fh}, W_{oh}$} The shape is (D x 4D), where D is the hidden size. bias_attr (ParamAttr\|None) – The bias attribute for the learnable bias weights, which contains two parts, input-hidden bias weights and peephole connections weights if setting use_peepholes to True. use_peepholes = False Biases = {$b_c, b_i, b_f, b_o$}. The shape is (1 x 4D). use_peepholes = True Biases = { $b_c, b_i, b_f, b_o, W_{ic}, W_{fc}, W_{oc}$}. The shape is (1 x 7D). use_peepholes (bool) – Whether to enable diagonal/peephole connections, default True. is_reverse (bool) – Whether to compute reversed LSTM, default False. gate_activation (str) – The activation for input gate, forget gate and output gate. Choices = [“sigmoid”, “tanh”, “relu”, “identity”], default “sigmoid”. cell_activation (str) – The activation for cell output. Choices = [“sigmoid”, “tanh”, “relu”, “identity”], default “tanh”. candidate_activation (str) – The activation for candidate hidden state. Choices = [“sigmoid”, “tanh”, “relu”, “identity”], default “tanh”. dtype (str) – Data type. Choices = [“float32”, “float64”], default “float32”. name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The hidden state, and cell state of LSTM. The shape of both is (T x D), and lod is the same with the input.
Return type:	tuple

Examples

hidden_dim = 512
forward_proj = fluid.layers.fc(input=input_seq, size=hidden_dim * 4,
                               act=None, bias_attr=None)
forward, _ = fluid.layers.dynamic_lstm(
    input=forward_proj, size=hidden_dim * 4, use_peepholes=False)

dynamic_lstmp¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.dynamic_lstmp(input, size, proj_size, param_attr=None, bias_attr=None, use_peepholes=True, is_reverse=False, gate_activation='sigmoid', cell_activation='tanh', candidate_activation='tanh', proj_activation='tanh', dtype='float32', name=None)

Dynamic LSTMP Layer

LSTMP (LSTM with recurrent projection) layer has a separate projection layer after the LSTM layer, projecting the original hidden state to a lower-dimensional one, which is proposed to reduce the number of total parameters and furthermore computational complexity for the LSTM, espeacially for the case that the size of output units is relative large (https://research.google.com/pubs/archive/43905.pdf).

The formula is as follows:

\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}i_t & = \sigma(W_{ix}x_{t} + W_{ir}r_{t-1} + W_{ic}c_{t-1} + b_i)\\f_t & = \sigma(W_{fx}x_{t} + W_{fr}r_{t-1} + W_{fc}c_{t-1} + b_f)\\\tilde{c_t} & = act_g(W_{cx}x_t + W_{cr}r_{t-1} + b_c)\\o_t & = \sigma(W_{ox}x_{t} + W_{or}r_{t-1} + W_{oc}c_t + b_o)\\c_t & = f_t \odot c_{t-1} + i_t \odot \tilde{c_t}\\h_t & = o_t \odot act_h(c_t)\\r_t & = \overline{act_h}(W_{rh}h_t)\end{aligned}\end{align} \]

In the above formula:

$W$: Denotes weight matrices (e.g. $W_{xi}$ is the matrix of weights from the input gate to the input).
$W_{ic}$, $W_{fc}$, $W_{oc}$: Diagonal weight matrices for peephole connections. In our implementation, we use vectors to reprenset these diagonal weight matrices.
$b$: Denotes bias vectors (e.g. $b_i$ is the input gate bias vector).
$\sigma$: The activation, such as logistic sigmoid function.
$i, f, o$ and $c$: The input gate, forget gate, output gate, and cell activation vectors, respectively, all of which have the same size as the cell output activation vector $h$.
$h$: The hidden state.
$r$: The recurrent projection of the hidden state.
$\tilde{c_t}$: The candidate hidden state, whose computation is based on the current input and previous hidden state.
$\odot$: The element-wise product of the vectors.
$act_g$ and $act_h$: The cell input and cell output activation functions and tanh is usually used for them.
$\overline{act_h}$: The activation function for the projection output, usually using identity or same as $act_h$.

Set use_peepholes to False to disable peephole connection. The formula is omitted here, please refer to the paper http://www.bioinf.jku.at/publications/older/2604.pdf for details.

Note that these $W_{xi}x_{t}, W_{xf}x_{t}, W_{xc}x_{t}, W_{xo}x_{t}$ operations on the input $x_{t}$ are NOT included in this operator. Users can choose to use fully-connected layer before LSTMP layer.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input of dynamic_lstmp layer, which supports variable-time length input sequence. The underlying tensor in this Variable is a matrix with shape (T X 4D), where T is the total time steps in this mini-batch, D is the hidden size. size (int) – 4 * hidden size. proj_size (int) – The size of projection output. param_attr (ParamAttr\|None) – The parameter attribute for the learnable hidden-hidden weight and projection weight. Hidden-hidden weight = {$W_{ch}, W_{ih}, W_{fh}, W_{oh}$}. The shape of hidden-hidden weight is (P x 4D), where P is the projection size and D the hidden size. Projection weight = {$W_{rh}$}. The shape of projection weight is (D x P). bias_attr (ParamAttr\|None) – The bias attribute for the learnable bias weights, which contains two parts, input-hidden bias weights and peephole connections weights if setting use_peepholes to True. use_peepholes = False Biases = {$b_c, b_i, b_f, b_o$}. The shape is (1 x 4D). use_peepholes = True Biases = { $b_c, b_i, b_f, b_o, W_{ic}, W_{fc}, W_{oc}$}. The shape is (1 x 7D). use_peepholes (bool) – Whether to enable diagonal/peephole connections, default True. is_reverse (bool) – Whether to compute reversed LSTM, default False. gate_activation (str) – The activation for input gate, forget gate and output gate. Choices = [“sigmoid”, “tanh”, “relu”, “identity”], default “sigmoid”. cell_activation (str) – The activation for cell output. Choices = [“sigmoid”, “tanh”, “relu”, “identity”], default “tanh”. candidate_activation (str) – The activation for candidate hidden state. Choices = [“sigmoid”, “tanh”, “relu”, “identity”], default “tanh”. proj_activation (str) – The activation for projection output. Choices = [“sigmoid”, “tanh”, “relu”, “identity”], default “tanh”. dtype (str) – Data type. Choices = [“float32”, “float64”], default “float32”. name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The projection of hidden state, and cell state of LSTMP. The shape of projection is (T x P), for the cell state which is (T x D), and both LoD is the same with the input.
Return type:	tuple

Examples

hidden_dim, proj_dim = 512, 256
fc_out = fluid.layers.fc(input=input_seq, size=hidden_dim * 4,
                         act=None, bias_attr=None)
proj_out, _ = fluid.layers.dynamic_lstmp(input=fc_out,
                                         size=hidden_dim * 4,
                                         proj_size=proj_dim,
                                         use_peepholes=False,
                                         is_reverse=True,
                                         cell_activation="tanh",
                                         proj_activation="tanh")

dynamic_gru¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.dynamic_gru(input, size, param_attr=None, bias_attr=None, is_reverse=False, gate_activation='sigmoid', candidate_activation='tanh', h_0=None)

Dynamic GRU Layer

Refer to Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modeling

The formula is as follows:

\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}u_t & = act_g(W_{ux}x_{t} + W_{uh}h_{t-1} + b_u)\\r_t & = act_g(W_{rx}x_{t} + W_{rh}h_{t-1} + b_r)\\\tilde{h_t} & = act_c(W_{cx}x_{t} + W_{ch}(r_t \odot h_{t-1}) + b_c)\\h_t & = (1-u_t) \odot h_{t-1} + u_t \odot \tilde{h_t}\end{aligned}\end{align} \]

The $\odot$ is the element-wise product of the vectors. $act_g$ is the update gate and reset gate activation function and $sigmoid$ is usually used for it. $act_c$ is the activation function for candidate hidden state and $tanh$ is usually used for it.

Note that these $W_{ux}x_{t}, W_{rx}x_{t}, W_{cx}x_{t}$ operations on the input $x_{t}$ are NOT included in this operator. Users can choose to use fully-connect layer before GRU layer.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input of dynamic_gru layer, which supports variable-time length input sequence. The underlying tensor in this Variable is a matrix with shape $(T \times 3D)$, where $T$ is the total time steps in this mini-batch, $D$ is the hidden size. size (int) – The dimension of the gru cell. param_attr (ParamAttr\|None) – The parameter attribute for the learnable hidden-hidden weight matrix. Note: The shape of the weight matrix is $(T \times 3D)$, where $D$ is the hidden size. All elements in the weight matrix can be divided into two parts. The first part are weights of the update gate and reset gate with shape $(D \times 2D)$, and the second part are weights for candidate hidden state with shape $(D \times D)$. bias_attr (ParamAttr) – The parameter attribute for learnable the hidden-hidden bias. is_reverse (bool) – Whether to compute reversed GRU, default `False`. gate_activation (str) – The activation for update gate and reset gate. Choices = [“sigmoid”, “tanh”, “relu”, “identity”], default “sigmoid”. activation (str) – The activation for candidate hidden state. Choices = [“sigmoid”, “tanh”, “relu”, “identity”], default “tanh”.
Returns:	The hidden state of GRU. The shape is (T times D), and lod is the same with the input.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

hidden_dim = 512
x = fluid.layers.fc(input=data, size=hidden_dim * 3)
hidden = fluid.layers.dynamic_gru(input=x, dim=hidden_dim)

data¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.data(name, shape, append_batch_size=True, dtype='float32', lod_level=0, type=VarType.LOD_TENSOR, stop_gradient=True)

Data Layer

This function takes in the input and based on whether data has to be returned back as a minibatch, it creates the global variable by using the helper functions. The global variables can be accessed by all the following operators in the graph.

All the input variables of this function are passed in as local variables to the LayerHelper constructor.

Parameters:	name (str) – The name/alias of the function shape (list) – Tuple declaring the shape. append_batch_size (bool) – Whether or not to append the data as a batch. dtype (int\|float) – The type of data : float32, float_16, int etc type (VarType) – The output type. By default it is LOD_TENSOR. lod_level (int) – The LoD Level. 0 means the input data is not a sequence. main_program (Program) – Name of the main program that calls this startup_program (Program) – Name of the startup program stop_gradient (bool) – A boolean that mentions whether gradient should flow.
Returns:	The global variable that gives access to the data.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

data = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[784], dtype='float32')

mean¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.mean(**kwargs)

Mean Operator.

Out is a scalar which is the mean of all elements in X.

Parameters:	x – The input of mean op Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	The output of mean op

mul¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.mul(**kwargs)

Mul Operator.

This operator is used to perform matrix multiplication for input $X$ and $Y$.

The equation is:

$$Out = X * Y$$

Both the input $X$ and $Y$ can carry the LoD (Level of Details) information, or not. But the output only shares the LoD information with input $X$.

Parameters:

x – (Tensor), The first input tensor of mul op. Duplicable: False Optional: False
y – (Tensor), The second input tensor of mul op. Duplicable: False Optional: False
x_num_col_dims (INT) – (int, default 1), The mul_op can take tensors with more than two dimensions as its inputs. If the input $X$ is a tensor with more than two dimensions, $X$ will be flattened into a two-dimensional matrix first. The flattening rule is: the first num_col_dims will be flattened to form the first dimension of the final matrix (the height of the matrix), and the rest rank(X) - num_col_dims dimensions are flattened to form the second dimension of the final matrix (the width of the matrix). As a result, height of the flattened matrix is equal to the product of $X$’s first x_num_col_dims dimensions’ sizes, and width of the flattened matrix is equal to the product of $X$’s last rank(x) - num_col_dims dimensions’ size. For example, suppose $X$ is a 6-dimensional tensor with the shape [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], and x_num_col_dims = 3. Thus, the flattened matrix will have a shape [2 x 3 x 4, 5 x 6] = [24, 30].
y_num_col_dims (INT) – (int, default 1), The mul_op can take tensors with more than two, dimensions as its inputs. If the input $Y$ is a tensor with more than two dimensions, $Y$ will be flattened into a two-dimensional matrix first. The attribute y_num_col_dims determines how $Y$ is flattened. See comments of x_num_col_dims for more details.

Returns:

(Tensor), The output tensor of mul op.

elementwise_add¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.elementwise_add(**kwargs)

Limited Elementwise Add Operator.

The equation is:

$$Out = X + Y$$

$X$ is a tensor of any dimension and the dimensions of tensor $Y$ must be smaller than or equal to the dimensions of $X$.

There are two cases for this operator: 1. The shape of $Y$ is same with $X$; 2. The shape of $Y$ is a subset of $X$.

For case 2: $Y$ will be broadcasted to match the shape of $X$ and axis should be set to index of the start dimension to broadcast $Y$ onto $X$.

For example

shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (,)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (5,)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (4, 5)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (3, 4), with axis=1
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (2), with axis=0

Either of the inputs $X$ and $Y$ or none can carry the LoD (Level of Details) information. However, the output only shares the LoD information with input $X$.

Parameters:	x – (Tensor), The first input tensor of elementwise op. Duplicable: False Optional: False y – (Tensor), The second input tensor of elementwise op. Duplicable: False Optional: False axis (INT) – (int, default -1). The start dimension index for broadcasting Y onto X.
Returns:	The output of elementwise op.

elementwise_sub¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.elementwise_sub(**kwargs)

Limited Elementwise Sub Operator.

The equation is:

$$Out = X - Y$$

$X$ is a tensor of any dimension and the dimensions of tensor $Y$ must be smaller than or equal to the dimensions of $X$.

There are two cases for this operator: 1. The shape of $Y$ is same with $X$; 2. The shape of $Y$ is a subset of $X$.

For case 2: $Y$ will be broadcasted to match the shape of $X$ and axis should be set to index of the start dimension to broadcast $Y$ onto $X$.

For example

shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (,)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (5,)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (4, 5)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (3, 4), with axis=1
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (2), with axis=0

Either of the inputs $X$ and $Y$ or none can carry the LoD (Level of Details) information. However, the output only shares the LoD information with input $X$.

Parameters:	x – (Tensor), The first input tensor of elementwise op. Duplicable: False Optional: False y – (Tensor), The second input tensor of elementwise op. Duplicable: False Optional: False axis (INT) – (int, default -1). The start dimension index for broadcasting Y onto X.
Returns:	The output of elementwise op.

elementwise_mul¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.elementwise_mul(**kwargs)

Limited Elementwise Mul Operator.

The equation is:

$$Out = X odotY$$

$X$ is a tensor of any dimension and the dimensions of tensor $Y$ must be smaller than or equal to the dimensions of $X$.

There are two cases for this operator: 1. The shape of $Y$ is same with $X$; 2. The shape of $Y$ is a subset of $X$.

For case 2: $Y$ will be broadcasted to match the shape of $X$ and axis should be set to index of the start dimension to broadcast $Y$ onto $X$.

For example

shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (,)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (5,)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (4, 5)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (3, 4), with axis=1
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (2), with axis=0

Either of the inputs $X$ and $Y$ or none can carry the LoD (Level of Details) information. However, the output only shares the LoD information with input $X$.

Parameters:	x – (Tensor), The first input tensor of elementwise op. Duplicable: False Optional: False y – (Tensor), The second input tensor of elementwise op. Duplicable: False Optional: False axis (INT) – (int, default -1). The start dimension index for broadcasting Y onto X.
Returns:	The output of elementwise op.

elementwise_div¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.elementwise_div(**kwargs)

Limited Elementwise Div Operator.

The equation is:

$$Out = X / Y$$

$X$ is a tensor of any dimension and the dimensions of tensor $Y$ must be smaller than or equal to the dimensions of $X$.

There are two cases for this operator: 1. The shape of $Y$ is same with $X$; 2. The shape of $Y$ is a subset of $X$.

For case 2: $Y$ will be broadcasted to match the shape of $X$ and axis should be set to index of the start dimension to broadcast $Y$ onto $X$.

For example

shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (,)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (5,)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (4, 5)
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (3, 4), with axis=1
shape(X) = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape(Y) = (2), with axis=0

Either of the inputs $X$ and $Y$ or none can carry the LoD (Level of Details) information. However, the output only shares the LoD information with input $X$.

Parameters:	x – (Tensor), The first input tensor of elementwise op. Duplicable: False Optional: False y – (Tensor), The second input tensor of elementwise op. Duplicable: False Optional: False axis (INT) – (int, default -1). The start dimension index for broadcasting Y onto X.
Returns:	The output of elementwise op.

dropout¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.dropout(x, dropout_prob, is_test=False, seed=None, **kwargs)

Computes dropout.

Drop or keep each element of x independently. Dropout is a regularization technique for reducing overfitting by preventing neuron co-adaption during training. The dropout operator randomly set (according to the given dropout probability) the outputs of some units to zero, while others are remain unchanged.

Parameters:	x (variable) – The input tensor. dropout_prob (float) – Probability of setting units to zero. is_test (bool) – A flag indicating whether it is in test phrase or not. seed (int) – A Python integer used to create random seeds. If this parameter is set to None, a random seed is used. NOTE: If an integer seed is given, always the same output units will be dropped. DO NOT use a fixed seed in training.
Returns:	A tensor variable.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name="data", shape=[32, 32], dtype="float32")
droped = fluid.layers.dropout(input=x, dropout_rate=0.5)

reshape¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.reshape(**kwargs)

Reshape Operator.

Reshape Input(X) into the shape specified by Attr(shape).

An example: Given a 2-D tensor X with 2 rows and 2 columns : [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

and target shape = [1, 4], the reshape operator will transform the tensor X into a 2-D tensor: [[1, 2, 3, 4]]

One dimension in the target shape can be set -1, representing that its size is unknown. In this case, the real dimension will be infered from the original shape of Input(X) and other dimensions in the target shape.

Parameters:	x – The input tensor of reshape operator. Duplicable: False Optional: False shape (INTS) – (vector<int>) Target shape of reshape operator.
Returns:	The output tensor of reshape operator.

sigmoid¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.sigmoid(**kwargs)

Sigmoid Activation Operator

$$out = frac{1}{1 + e^{-x}}$$

Parameters:	x – Input of Sigmoid operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Sigmoid operator

scale¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.scale(**kwargs)

Scale operator

$$Out = scale*X$$

Parameters:	x – (Tensor) Input tensor of scale operator. Duplicable: False Optional: False scale (FLOAT) – (float, default 1.0)The scaling factor of the scale operator.
Returns:	(Tensor) Output tensor of scale operator.

transpose¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.transpose(x, perm, name=None)

transpose Layer

Permute the dimensions of input according to perm.

The i-th dimension of the returned tensor will correspond to the perm[i]-th dimension of input.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – (Tensor), A Tensor. perm (list) – A permutation of the dimensions of input.
Returns:	A transposed Tensor.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[5, 10, 15], dtype='float32')
x_transposed = layers.transpose(x, perm=[1, 0, 2])

sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits¶

cast¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.cast(x, dtype): This function takes in the input with input_dtype and casts it to the output_dtype as the output.

concat¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.concat(input, axis=0)

Concat

This function concatenates the input along the axis mentioned and returns that as the output.

Parameters:	input (list) – List of tensors to be concatenated axis (int) – Integer axis along which the tensors will be concatenated
Returns:	Output variable of the concatenation
Return type:	Variable

Examples

sums¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.sums(input, out=None)

This function performs the sum operation on the input and returns the result as the output.

Parameters:	input (Variable\|list) – The input tensor that has the elements that need to be summed up.
Returns:	The tensor type variable that has the sum of input written to it.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

linear_chain_crf¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.linear_chain_crf(input, label, param_attr=None)

assign¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.embedding(input, size, is_sparse=False, padding_idx=None, param_attr=None, dtype='float32')

Embedding Layer

This layer is used to lookup embeddings of IDs, provided by input, in a lookup table. The result of this lookup is the embedding of each ID in the input.

All the input variables are passed in as local variables to the LayerHelper constructor.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The tensor variable containing the IDs. size (tuple\|list) – The shape of the look up table parameter. It should have two elements which indicate the size of the dictionary of embeddings and the size of each embedding vector respectively. is_sparse (bool) – The flag indicating whether to use sparse update. padding_idx (int\|long\|None) – If `None`, it makes no effect to lookup. Otherwise the given `padding_idx` indicates padding the output with zeros whenever lookup encounters it in `input`. If $padding_idx < 0$, the padding_idx to use in lookup is $size[0] + dim$. param_attr (ParamAttr) – Parameters for this layer dtype (np.dtype\|core.DataType\|str) – The type of data : float32, float_16, int etc
Returns:	The tensor variable storing the embeddings of the supplied inputs.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

dict_size = len(dataset.ids)
data = fluid.layers.data(name='ids', shape=[32, 32], dtype='float32')
fc = fluid.layers.embedding(input=data, size=[dict_size, 16])

split_lod_tensor¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.split_lod_tensor(input, mask, level=0)

split_lod_tensor

This function takes in an input that contains the complete lod information, and takes in a mask which is used to mask certain parts of the input. The output is the true branch and the false branch with the mask applied to the input at a certain level in the tensor.

Parameters:	input (tuple\|list\|None) – The input tensor that contains complete lod information needed to construct the output. mask (list) – A bool column vector which masks the input. level (int) – The specific lod level to rank.
Returns:	The true branch of tensor as per the mask applied to input. Variable: The false branch of tensor as per the mask applied to input.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x = layers.data(name='x', shape=[1])
x.persistable = True

y = layers.data(name='y', shape=[1])
y.persistable = True

out_true, out_false = layers.split_lod_tensor(
      input=x, mask=y, level=level)

merge_lod_tensor¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.merge_lod_tensor(in_true, in_false, x, mask, level=0)

merge_lod_tensor

This function takes in an input $x$, the True branch, the False branch and a binary $mask$. Using this information, this function merges the True and False branches of the tensor into a single Output at a certain lod level indiacted by $level$.

Parameters:	in_true (tuple\|list\|None) – The True branch to be merged. in_false (tuple\|list\|None) – The False branch to be merged. x (tuple\|list\|None) – The input tensor that contains complete lod information needed to construct the output. mask (list) – A bool column vector which masks the input. level (int) – The specific lod level to rank.
Returns:	The merged output tensor.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x = layers.data(
            name='x', shape=[1], dtype='float32', stop_gradient=False)
y = layers.data(
      name='y', shape=[1], dtype='bool', stop_gradient=False)

level = 0

out_true, out_false = layers.split_lod_tensor(
      input=x, mask=y, level=level)
out = layers.merge_lod_tensor(
      in_true=out_true, in_false=out_false, mask=y, x=x, level=level)

cos_sim¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.cos_sim(X, Y, **kwargs): This function performs the cosine similarity between two tensors X and Y and returns that as the output.

cross_entropy¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input, label, **kwargs)

Cross Entropy Layer

This layer computes the cross entropy between input and label. It supports both standard cross-entropy and soft-label cross-entropy loss computation.

One-hot cross-entropy:

soft_label = False, Label[i, 0] indicates the class index for sample i:

\[Y[i] = -\log(X[i, Label[i]])\]
Soft-label cross-entropy:

soft_label = True, Label[i, j] indicates the soft label of class j for sample i:

\[Y[i] = \sum_j{-Label[i, j] * log(X[i, j])}\]

Please make sure that in this case the summation of each row of label equals one.
One-hot cross-entropy with vecterized label:

As a special case of 2), when each row of ‘label’ has only one non-zero element which is equal to 1, soft-label cross-entropy degenerates to a one-hot cross-entropy with one-hot label representation.

Parameters:

input (Variable|list) – a 2-D tensor with shape [N x D], where N is the batch size and D is the number of classes. This input is a probability computed by the previous operator, which is almost always the result of a softmax operator.
label (Variable|list) – the ground truth which is a 2-D tensor. When soft_label is set to False, label is a tensor<int64> with shape [N x 1]. When soft_label is set to True, label is a tensor<float/double> with shape [N x D].
soft_label (bool, via **kwargs) – a flag indicating whether to interpretate the given labels as soft labels, default False.

Returns:

A 2-D tensor with shape [N x 1], the cross entropy loss.

Raises:

ValueError – 1) the 1st dimension of input and label are not equal. 2) when soft_label == True, and the 2nd dimension of

input and label are not equal.

when soft_label == False, and the 2nd dimension of label is not 1.

Examples

predict = fluid.layers.fc(input=net, size=classdim, act='softmax')
cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)

square_error_cost¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.square_error_cost(input, label, **kwargs)

Square error cost layer

This layer accepts input predictions and target label and returns the squared error cost.

For predictions, $X$, and target labels, $Y$, the equation is:

\[Out = (X - Y)^2\]

In the above equation:

$X$: Input predictions, a tensor.

$Y$: Input labels, a tensor.

$Out$: Output value, same shape with $X$.

Parameters:

input (Variable) – Input tensor, has predictions.
label (Variable) – Label tensor, has target labels.

Returns:

The tensor variable storing the element-wise squared error: difference of input and label.

Return type:

Variable

Examples

y = layers.data(name='y', shape=[1], dtype='float32')
y_predict = layers.data(name='y_predict', shape=[1], dtype='float32')
cost = layers.square_error_cost(input=y_predict, label=y)

accuracy¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.accuracy(input, label, k=1, correct=None, total=None, **kwargs): This function computes the accuracy using the input and label. The output is the top_k inputs and their indices.

sequence_conv¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.sequence_conv(input, num_filters, filter_size=3, filter_stride=1, padding=None, bias_attr=None, param_attr=None, act=None): This function creates the op for sequence_conv, using the inputs and other convolutional configurations for the filters and stride as given in the input parameters to the function.

conv2d¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.conv2d(input, num_filters, filter_size, stride=None, padding=None, groups=None, param_attr=None, bias_attr=None, use_cudnn=True, act=None)

Convlution2D Layer

The convolution2D layer calculates the output based on the input, filter and strides, paddings, dilations, groups parameters. Input(Input) and Output(Output) are in NCHW format. Where N is batch size, C is the number of channels, H is the height of the feature, and W is the width of the feature. The details of convolution layer, please refer UFLDL’s convolution, . If bias attribution and activation type are provided, bias is added to the output of the convolution, and the corresponding activation function is applied to the final result.

For each input $X$, the equation is:

\[Out = \sigma (W \ast X + b)\]

In the above equation:

$X$: Input value, a tensor with NCHW format.
$W$: Filter value, a tensor with MCHW format.
$\ast$: Convolution operation.
$b$: Bias value, a 2-D tensor with shape [M, 1].
$\sigma$: Activation function.
$Out$: Output value, the shape of $Out$ and $X$ may be

different.

Example

Input:

Input shape: $(N, C_{in}, H_{in}, W_{in})$

Filter shape: $(C_{out}, C_{in}, H_f, W_f)$
Output: Output shape: $(N, C_{out}, H_{out}, W_{out})$

Where

\[\]

H_{out}&= frac{(H_{in} + 2 * paddings[0] - (dilations[0] * (H_f - 1) + 1))}{strides[0]} + 1 \ W_{out}&= frac{(W_{in} + 2 * paddings[1] - (dilations[1] * (W_f - 1) + 1))}{strides[1]} + 1

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input image with [N, C, H, W] format. num_filters (int) – The number of filter. It is as same as the output image channel. filter_size (int\|tuple\|None) – The filter size. If filter_size is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (filter_size_H, filter_size_W). Otherwise, the filter will be a square. stride (int\|tuple) – The stride size. If stride is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (stride_H, stride_W). Otherwise, the stride_H = stride_W = stride. Default: stride = 1. padding (int\|tuple) – The padding size. If padding is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (padding_H, padding_W). Otherwise, the padding_H = padding_W = padding. Default: padding = 0. groups (int) – The groups number of the Conv2d Layer. According to grouped convolution in Alex Krizhevsky’s Deep CNN paper: when group=2, the first half of the filters is only connected to the first half of the input channels, while the second half of the filters is only connected to the second half of the input channels. Default: groups=1 param_attr (ParamAttr) – The parameters to the Conv2d Layer. Default: None bias_attr (ParamAttr) – Bias parameter for the Conv2d layer. Default: None use_cudnn (bool) – Use cudnn kernel or not, it is valid only when the cudnn library is installed. Default: True act (str) – Activation type. Default: None
Returns:	The tensor variable storing the convolution and non-linearity activation result.
Return type:	Variable
Raises:	`ValueError` – If the shapes of input, filter_size, stride, padding and groups mismatch.

Examples

data = fluid.layers.data(
    name='data', shape=[3, 32, 32], dtype='float32')
conv2d = fluid.layers.conv2d(
    input=data, num_filters=2, filter_size=3, act="relu")

sequence_pool¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.sequence_pool(input, pool_type, **kwargs)

This function add the operator for sequence pooling. It pools features of all time-steps of each instance, and is applied on top of the input using pool_type mentioned in the parameters.

It supports four pool_type:

average: $Out[i] = \frac{\sum_i X_i}{N}$
sum: $Out[i] = \sum_jX_{ij}$
sqrt: $Out[i] = \frac{\sum_jX_{ij}}{\sqrt{len(X_i)}}$
max: $Out[i] = max(X_i)$

x is a 1-level LoDTensor:
  x.lod = [[0, 2, 5, 7]]
  x.data = [1, 3, 2, 4, 6, 5, 1]
  x.dims = [7, 1]

then output is a Tensor:
  out.dim = [3, 1]
  with condition len(x.lod[-1]) - 1 == out.dims[0]

for different pool_type:
  average: out.data = [2, 4, 3], where 2=(1+3)/2, 4=(2+4+6)/3, 3=(5+1)/2
  sum    : out.data = [4, 12, 6], where 4=1+3, 12=2+4+6, 6=5+1
  sqrt   : out.data = [2.82, 6.93, 4.24], where 2.82=(1+3)/sqrt(2),
             6.93=(2+4+6)/sqrt(3), 4.24=(5+1)/sqrt(2)
  max    : out.data = [3, 6, 5], where 3=max(1,3), 6=max(2,4,6), 5=max(5,1)

Parameters:	input (variable) – The input variable which is a LoDTensor. pool_type (string) – The pooling type of sequence_pool. It supports average, sum, sqrt and max.
Returns:	The sequence pooling variable which is a Tensor.

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[7, 1],
                 dtype='float32', lod_level=1)
avg_x = fluid.layers.sequence_pool(input=x, pool_type='average')
sum_x = fluid.layers.sequence_pool(input=x, pool_type='sum')
sqrt_x = fluid.layers.sequence_pool(input=x, pool_type='sqrt')
max_x = fluid.layers.sequence_pool(input=x, pool_type='max')

sequence_first_step¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.sequence_first_step(input, **kwargs)

This funciton get the first step of sequence.

x is a 1-level LoDTensor:
  x.lod = [[0, 2, 5, 7]]
  x.data = [1, 3, 2, 4, 6, 5, 1]
  x.dims = [7, 1]

then output is a Tensor:
  out.dim = [3, 1]
  with condition len(x.lod[-1]) - 1 == out.dims[0]
  out.data = [1, 2, 5], where 1=first(1,3), 2=first(2,4,6), 5=first(5,1)

Parameters:	input (variable) – The input variable which is a LoDTensor.
Returns:	The sequence’s first step variable which is a Tensor.

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[7, 1],
                 dtype='float32', lod_level=1)
x_first_step = fluid.layers.sequence_first_step(input=x)

sequence_last_step¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.sequence_last_step(input, **kwargs)

This funciton get the last step of sequence.

x is a 1-level LoDTensor:
  x.lod = [[0, 2, 5, 7]]
  x.data = [1, 3, 2, 4, 6, 5, 1]
  x.dims = [7, 1]

then output is a Tensor:
  out.dim = [3, 1]
  with condition len(x.lod[-1]) - 1 == out.dims[0]
  out.data = [3, 6, 1], where 3=last(1,3), 6=last(2,4,6), 1=last(5,1)

Parameters:	input (variable) – The input variable which is a LoDTensor.
Returns:	The sequence’s last step variable which is a Tensor.

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[7, 1],
                 dtype='float32', lod_level=1)
x_last_step = fluid.layers.sequence_last_step(input=x)

pool2d¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.pool2d(input, pool_size, pool_type, pool_stride=None, pool_padding=None, global_pooling=False, use_cudnn=True, name=None): This function adds the operator for pooling in 2 dimensions, using the pooling configurations mentioned in input parameters.

batch_norm¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.batch_norm(input, act=None, is_test=False, momentum=0.9, epsilon=1e-05, param_attr=None, bias_attr=None, data_layout='NCHW', name=None): This function helps create an operator to implement the BatchNorm layer using the configurations from the input parameters.

beam_search_decode¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.beam_search_decode(ids, scores, name=None)

lod_rank_table¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.lod_rank_table(x, level=0)

LoD Rank Table Operator. Given an input variable x and a level number of LoD, this layer creates a LodRankTable object. A LoDRankTable object contains a list of bi-element tuples. Each tuple consists of an index and a length, both of which are int type. Refering to specified level of LoD, the index is the sequence index number and the length representes the sequence length. Please note that the list is ranked in descending order by the length. The following is an example:

x is a LoDTensor:
    x.lod = [[0,                2, 3],
             [0,             5, 6, 7]]
    x.data = [a, b, c, d, e, f, g]

1. set level to 0:
    Create lod rank table:
        lod_rank_table_obj = lod_rank_table(x, level=0)

    Get:
        lod_rank_table_obj.items() = [(0, 2), (1, 1)]

2. set level to 1:
    Create lod rank table:
        lod_rank_table_obj = lod_rank_table(x, level=1)

    Get:
        lod_rank_table_obj.items() = [(0, 5), (1, 1), (2, 1)]

Parameters:	x (Variable) – Input variable, a LoDTensor based which to create the lod rank table. level (int) – Specify the LoD level, on which to create the lod rank table.
Returns:	The created LoDRankTable object.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[10],
                dtype='float32', lod_level=1)
out = layers.lod_rank_table(x=x, level=0)

max_sequence_len¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.max_sequence_len(rank_table)

Max Sequence Len Operator. Given a LoDRankTable object, this layer returns the max length of a batch of sequences. In fact, a LoDRankTable object contains a list of tuples(<sequence index, sequence length>) and the list is already sorted by sequence length in descending order, so the operator just returns the sequence length of the first tuple element.

Parameters:	rank_table (Variable) – Input variable which is a LoDRankTable object.
Returns:	The max length of sequence.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[10],
                dtype='float32', lod_level=1)
rank_table = layers.lod_rank_table(x=x, level=0)
max_seq_len = layers.max_sequence_len(rank_table)

topk¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.topk(input, k)

topk

This function performs the operation that selects the k entries in the input vector and outputs their values and indices as vectors. Thus topk_out[j] is the j-th largest entry in input, and its index is topk_indices[j]

Parameters:

input (Variable|list) – The input tensor that has all the data.
k (int) – The number of top elements that the function will pick.

Returns:

The variable of type array that contains the k largest entries: from input.
Variable: The variable of type array that contains the indices of k: largest entries from input.

Return type:

Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[10])
k = 5
array = fluid.layers.topk(x, k)

lod_tensor_to_array¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.lod_tensor_to_array(x, table)

Convert a LOD_TENSOR to an LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY.

Parameters:

x (Variable|list) – The LOD tensor to be converted to a LOD tensor array.
table (ParamAttr|list) – The variable that stores the level of lod which is ordered by sequence length in descending order.

Returns:

The variable of type array that has been converted from a: tensor.

Return type:

Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[10])
table = fluid.layers.lod_rank_table(x, level=0)
array = fluid.layers.lod_tensor_to_array(x, table)

array_to_lod_tensor¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.array_to_lod_tensor(x, table)

Convert a LoD_Tensor_Aarry to an LoDTensor.

Parameters:

x (Variable|list) – The lod tensor array to be converted to a tensor.
table (ParamAttr|list) – The variable that stores the level of lod which is ordered by sequence length in descending order.

Returns:

The variable of type tensor that has been converted: from an array.

Return type:

Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[10])
table = fluid.layers.lod_rank_table(x, level=0)
array = fluid.layers.lod_tensor_to_array(x, table)
lod_tensor = fluid.layers.array_to_lod_tensor(array, table)

fill_constant¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.fill_constant(shape, dtype, value, force_cpu=False, out=None)

fill_constant

This function creates a tensor with specified shape and dtype, and initializes it with a constant specifed by value.

The attribute stop_gradient of the created tensor is set to True.

Parameters:	shape (tuple\|list\|None) – Shape of the output tensor. dtype (np.dtype\|core.DataType\|str) – Data type of the output tensor. value (float) – The constant value used to initialize the output tensor. out (Variable) – The output tensor.
Returns:	The tensor variable storing the output.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

data = fluid.layers.fill_constant(shape=[1], value=0, dtype='int64')

fill_constant_batch_size_like¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.fill_constant_batch_size_like(input, shape, dtype, value, input_dim_idx=0, output_dim_idx=0)

fill_constant_batch_size_like

This function creates a tensor of specified shape, dtype and batch size, and initializes this with a constant supplied in value. The batch size is obtained from the input tensor.

It also sets stop_gradient to True.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – Tensor whose dimensions will be used to get batch size shape (tuple\|list\|None) – Shape of output tensor dtype (np.dtype\|core.DataType\|str) – Data type of output tensor value (float) – Constant value to initialize the output tensor input_dim_idx (int) – Index of input’s batch size dimension output_dim_idx (int) – Index of output’s batch size dimension
Returns:	The tensor variable storing the output
Return type:	Variable

Examples

data = fluid.layers.fill_constant_batch_size_like(
    input=like, shape=[1], value=0, dtype='int64')

ones¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.ones(shape, dtype)

ones

This function creates a tensor of specified shape and dtype, and initializes this with 1.

It also sets stop_gradient to True.

Parameters:	shape (tuple\|list\|None) – Shape of output tensor dtype (np.dtype\|core.DataType\|str) – Data type of output tensor
Returns:	The tensor variable storing the output
Return type:	Variable

Examples

data = fluid.layers.ones(shape=[1], dtype='int64')

zeros¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.zeros(shape, dtype)

zeros

This function creates a tensor of specified shape and dtype, and initializes this with 0.

It also sets stop_gradient to True.

Parameters:	shape (tuple\|list\|None) – Shape of output tensor dtype (np.dtype\|core.DataType\|str) – Data type of output tensor
Returns:	The tensor variable storing the output
Return type:	Variable

Examples

data = fluid.layers.zeros(shape=[1], dtype='int64')

increment¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.increment(x, value=1.0, in_place=True)

This function performs an operation that increments each value in the input $x$ by an amount: $value$ as mentioned in the input parameter. This operation is performed in-place by default.

Parameters:

x (Variable|list) – The tensor that has the input values.
value (float) – The amount by which the values should be incremented.
in_place (bool) – If the increment should be performed in-place.

Returns:

The tensor variable storing the transformation of: element-wise increment of each value in the input.

Return type:

Variable

Examples

data = fluid.layers.data(name='data', shape=[32, 32], dtype='float32')
data = fluid.layers.increment(x=data, value=3.0, in_place=True)

array_write¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.array_write(x, i, array=None)

This function writes the given input variable to the specified position indicating by the arrary index to an output LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY. If the output LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY is not given(None), a new one will be created and returned.

Parameters:	x (Variable\|list) – The input tensor from which the data will be read. i (Variable\|list) – The index of the output LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY, pointing to the position to which the input tensor will be written. array (Variable\|list) – The output LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY to which the input tensor will be written. If this parameter is NONE, a new LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY will be created and returned.
Returns:	The output LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY where the input tensor is written.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

create_array¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.create_array(dtype)

This function creates an array of type $LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY$ using the LayerHelper.

Parameters:	dtype (int\|float) – The data type of the elements in the array.
Returns:	The tensor variable storing the elements of data type.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

data = fluid.layers.create_array(dtype='float32')

less_than¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.less_than(x, y, cond=None, **ignored)

Less than

This layer returns the truth value of $x < y$ elementwise.

Parameters:	x (Variable) – First operand of less_than y (Variable) – Second operand of less_than cond (Variable\|None) – Optional output variable to store the result of less_than
Returns:	The tensor variable storing the output of less_than.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

less = fluid.layers.less_than(x=label, y=limit)

array_read¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.array_read(array, i)

This function performs the operation to read the data in as an LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY. :param array: The input tensor that will be written to an array. :type array: Variable|list :param i: The subscript index in tensor array, that points the

place where data will be written to.

Returns:	The tensor type variable that has the data written to it.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

shrink_memory¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.shrink_memory(x, i, table): This function creates an operator to shrink_rnn_memory using the RankTable as mentioned in the input parameter.

array_length¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.array_length(array)

This function performs the operation to find the length of the input LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY.

Parameters:	array (LOD_TENSOR_ARRAY) – The input array that will be used to compute the length.
Returns:	The length of the input LoDTensorArray.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

conv2d_transpose¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.conv2d_transpose(input, num_filters, output_size=None, filter_size=None, padding=None, stride=None, dilation=None, param_attr=None, use_cudnn=True, name=None)

Convlution2D transpose layer

The convolution2D transpose layer calculates the output based on the input, filter, and dilations, strides, paddings. Input(Input) and output(Output) are in NCHW format. Where N is batch size, C is the number of channels, H is the height of the feature, and W is the width of the feature. Parameters(dilations, strides, paddings) are two elements. These two elements represent height and width, respectively. The details of convolution transpose layer, please refer to the following explanation and references therein.

For each input $X$, the equation is:

\[Out = W \ast X\]

In the above equation:

$X$: Input value, a tensor with NCHW format.
$W$: Filter value, a tensor with MCHW format.
$\ast$ : Convolution transpose operation.
$Out$: Output value, the shape of $Out$ and $X$ may be

different.

Example

Input:

Input shape: $(N, C_{in}, H_{in}, W_{in})$

Filter shape: $(C_{in}, C_{out}, H_f, W_f)$
Output:

Output shape: $(N, C_{out}, H_{out}, W_{out})$

Where

\[\begin{split}H_{out} &= (H_{in} - 1) * strides[0] - 2 * paddings[0] + dilations[0] * (H_f - 1) + 1 \\ W_{out} &= (W_{in} - 1) * strides[1] - 2 * paddings[1] + dilations[1] * (W_f - 1) + 1\end{split}\]

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input image with [N, C, H, W] format. num_filters (int) – The number of the filter. It is as same as the output image channel. output_size (int\|tuple\|None) – The output image size. If output size is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (image_H, image_W). This parameter only works when filter_size is None. filter_size (int\|tuple\|None) – The filter size. If filter_size is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (filter_size_H, filter_size_W). Otherwise, the filter will be a square. None if use output size to calculate filter_size. padding (int\|tuple) – The padding size. If padding is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (padding_H, padding_W). Otherwise, the padding_H = padding_W = padding. Default: padding = 0. stride (int\|tuple) – The stride size. If stride is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (stride_H, stride_W). Otherwise, the stride_H = stride_W = stride. Default: stride = 1. dilation (int\|tuple) – The dilation size. If dilation is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (dilation_H, dilation_W). Otherwise, the dilation_H = dilation_W = dilation. Default: dilation = 1. param_attr (ParamAttr) – The parameters to the Conv2d_transpose Layer. Default: None use_cudnn (bool) – Use cudnn kernel or not, it is valid only when the cudnn library is installed. Default: True name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The tensor variable storing the convolution transpose result.
Return type:	Variable
Raises:	`ValueError` – If the shapes of input, filter_size, stride, padding and groups mismatch.

Examples

data = fluid.layers.data(
    name='data', shape=[3, 32, 32], dtype='float32')
conv2d_transpose = fluid.layers.conv2d_transpose(
    input=data, num_filters=2, filter_size=3)

sequence_expand¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.sequence_expand(x, y, name=None)

Sequence Expand Layer. This layer will expand the input variable x according to LoD information of y. And the following examples will explain how sequence_expand works:

* Case 1
    x is a LoDTensor:
        x.lod = [[0,       2, 3],
                 [0, 1,    3, 4]]
        x.data = [a, b, c, d]
        x.dims = [4, 1]

    y is a LoDTensor:
        y.lod = [[0,    2,    4],
                 [0, 3, 6, 7, 8]]

    with condition len(y.lod[-1]) - 1 == x.dims[0]

    then output is a 2-level LoDTensor:
        out.lod = [[0,                2,    4],
                   [0,       3,       6, 7, 8]]
        out.data = [a, a, a, b, b, b, c, d]
        out.dims = [8, 1]

* Case 2
    x is a Tensor:
        x.data = [a, b, c]
        x.dims = [3, 1]

    y is a LoDTensor:
        y.lod = [[0, 2, 3, 6]]

    with condition len(y.lod[-1]) - 1 == x.dims[0]

    then output is a 1-level LoDTensor:
        out.lod = [[0,    2, 3,      6]]
        out.data = [a, a, b, c, c, c]
        out.dims = [6, 1]

Parameters:	x (Variable) – The input variable which is a Tensor or LoDTensor. y (Variable) – The input variable which is a LoDTensor. name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The expanded variable which is a LoDTensor.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[10], dtype='float32')
y = fluid.layers.data(name='y', shape=[10, 20],
                 dtype='float32', lod_level=1)
out = layers.sequence_expand(x=x, y=y)

gru_unit¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.gru_unit(input, hidden, size, weight=None, bias=None, activation='tanh', gate_activation='sigmoid')

GRU unit layer. The equation of a gru step is:

\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}u_t & = actGate(xu_{t} + W_u h_{t-1} + b_u)\\r_t & = actGate(xr_{t} + W_r h_{t-1} + b_r)\\m_t & = actNode(xm_t + W_c dot(r_t, h_{t-1}) + b_m)\\h_t & = dot((1-u_t), m_t) + dot(u_t, h_{t-1})\end{aligned}\end{align} \]

The inputs of gru unit includes $z_t$, $h_{t-1}$. In terms of the equation above, the $z_t$ is split into 3 parts - $xu_t$, $xr_t$ and $xm_t$. This means that in order to implement a full GRU unit operator for an input, a fully connected layer has to be applied, such that $z_t = W_{fc}x_t$.

The terms $u_t$ and $r_t$ represent the update and reset gates of the GRU cell. Unlike LSTM, GRU has one lesser gate. However, there is an intermediate candidate hidden output, which is denoted by $m_t$. This layer has three outputs $h_t$, $dot(r_t, h_{t-1})$ and concatenation of $u_t$, $r_t$ and $m_t$.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The fc transformed input value of current step. hidden (Variable) – The hidden value of lstm unit from previous step. size (integer) – The input dimension value. weight (ParamAttr) – The weight parameters for gru unit. Default: None bias (ParamAttr) – The bias parameters for gru unit. Default: None activation (string) – The activation type for cell (actNode). Default: ‘tanh’ gate_activation (string) – The activation type for gates (actGate). Default: ‘sigmoid’
Returns:	The hidden value, reset-hidden value and gate values.
Return type:	tuple

Examples

# assuming we have x_t_data and prev_hidden of size=10
x_t = fluid.layers.fc(input=x_t_data, size=30)
hidden_val, r_h_val, gate_val = fluid.layers.gru_unit(input=x_t,
                                       hidden = prev_hidden)

lstm_unit¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.lstm_unit(x_t, hidden_t_prev, cell_t_prev, forget_bias=0.0, param_attr=None, bias_attr=None, name=None)

Lstm unit layer. The equation of a lstm step is:

\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}i_t & = \sigma(W_{x_i}x_{t} + W_{h_i}h_{t-1} + b_i)\\f_t & = \sigma(W_{x_f}x_{t} + W_{h_f}h_{t-1} + b_f)\\c_t & = f_tc_{t-1} + i_t tanh (W_{x_c}x_t + W_{h_c}h_{t-1} + b_c)\\o_t & = \sigma(W_{x_o}x_{t} + W_{h_o}h_{t-1} + b_o)\\h_t & = o_t tanh(c_t)\end{aligned}\end{align} \]

The inputs of lstm unit include $x_t$, $h_{t-1}$ and $c_{t-1}$. The 2nd dimensions of $h_{t-1}$ and $c_{t-1}$ should be same. The implementation separates the linear transformation and non-linear transformation apart. Here, we take $i_t$ as an example. The linear transformation is applied by calling a fc layer and the equation is:

\[L_{i_t} = W_{x_i}x_{t} + W_{h_i}h_{t-1} + b_i\]

The non-linear transformation is applied by calling lstm_unit_op and the equation is:

\[i_t = \sigma(L_{i_t})\]

This layer has two outputs including $h_t$ and $o_t$.

Parameters:	x_t (Variable) – The input value of current step, a 2-D tensor with shape M x N, M for batch size and N for input size. hidden_t_prev (Variable) – The hidden value of lstm unit, a 2-D tensor with shape M x S, M for batch size and S for size of lstm unit. cell_t_prev (Variable) – The cell value of lstm unit, a 2-D tensor with shape M x S, M for batch size and S for size of lstm unit. forget_bias (float) – The forget bias of lstm unit. param_attr (ParamAttr) – The attributes of parameter weights, used to set initializer, name etc. bias_attr (ParamAttr) – The attributes of bias weights, if not False, bias weights will be created and be set to default value. name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The hidden value and cell value of lstm unit.
Return type:	tuple
Raises:	`ValueError` – The ranks of x_t, hidden_t_prev and cell_t_prev not be 2 or the 1st dimensions of x_t, hidden_t_prev and cell_t_prev not be the same or the 2nd dimensions of hidden_t_prev and cell_t_prev not be the same.

Examples

x_t = fluid.layers.fc(input=x_t_data, size=10)
prev_hidden = fluid.layers.fc(input=prev_hidden_data, size=30)
prev_cell = fluid.layers.fc(input=prev_cell_data, size=30)
hidden_value, cell_value = fluid.layers.lstm_unit(x_t=x_t,
                                       hidden_t_prev=prev_hidden,
                                       cell_t_prev=prev_cell)

sequence_softmax¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.sequence_softmax(**kwargs)

Sequence Softmax Operator.

SequenceSoftmaxOp computes the softmax activation among all time-steps for each sequence. The dimension of each time-step should be 1. Thus, the shape of input Tensor can be either [N, 1] or [N], where N is the sum of the length of all sequences.

The algorithm works as follows:

for i-th sequence in a mini-batch:

$$ Out(X[lod[i]:lod[i+1]], :) = frac{exp(X[lod[i]:lod[i+1], :])} {sum(exp(X[lod[i]:lod[i+1], :]))} $$

For example, for a mini-batch of 3 sequences with variable-length, each containing 2, 3, 2 time-steps, the lod of which is [0, 2, 5, 7], then softmax will be computed among X[0:2, :], X[2:5, :], X[5:7, :] and N turns out to be 7.

Parameters:	x – (LoDTensor) 1-D or 2-D input LoDTensor with the 2-nd dimension of length 1. Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	(LoDTensor) 1-D or 2-D output LoDTensor with the 2-nd dimension of length 1.

reduce_sum¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.reduce_sum(input, dim=None, keep_dim=False, name=None)

Computes the sum of tensor elements over the given dimension.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input variable which is a Tensor or LoDTensor. dim (int\|None) – The dimension along which the sum is performed. If `None`, sum all elements of `input` and return a Tensor variable with a single element, otherwise must be in the range $[-rank(input), rank(input))$. If $dim < 0$, the dimension to reduce is $rank + dim$. keep_dim (bool) – Whether to reserve the reduced dimension in the output Tensor. The result tensor will have one fewer dimension than the `input` unless `keep_dim` is true. name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The reduced Tensor variable.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

# x is a Tensor variable with following elements:
#    [[0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9]
#     [0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.7]]
# Each example is followed by the correspending output tensor.
fluid.layers.reduce_sum(x)  # [3.5]
fluid.layers.reduce_sum(x, dim=0)  # [0.3, 0.5, 1.1, 1.6]
fluid.layers.reduce_sum(x, dim=-1)  # [1.9, 1.6]
fluid.layers.reduce_sum(x, dim=1, keep_dim=True)  # [[1.9], [1.6]]

reduce_mean¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.reduce_mean(input, dim=None, keep_dim=False, name=None)

Computes the mean of tensor elements over the given dimension.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input variable which is a Tensor or LoDTensor. dim (int\|None) – The dimension along which the mean is computed. If `None`, compute the mean over all elements of `input` and return a Tensor variable with a single element, otherwise must be in the range $[-rank(input), rank(input))$. If $dim < 0$, the dimension to reduce is $rank + dim$. keep_dim (bool) – Whether to reserve the reduced dimension in the output Tensor. The result tensor will have one fewer dimension than the `input` unless `keep_dim` is true. name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The reduced Tensor variable.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

# x is a Tensor variable with following elements:
#    [[0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9]
#     [0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.7]]
# Each example is followed by the correspending output tensor.
fluid.layers.reduce_mean(x)  # [0.4375]
fluid.layers.reduce_mean(x, dim=0)  # [0.15, 0.25, 0.55, 0.8]
fluid.layers.reduce_mean(x, dim=-1)  # [0.475, 0.4]
fluid.layers.reduce_mean(x, dim=1, keep_dim=True)  # [[0.475], [0.4]]

reduce_max¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.reduce_max(input, dim=None, keep_dim=False, name=None)

Computes the maximum of tensor elements over the given dimension.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input variable which is a Tensor or LoDTensor. dim (int\|None) – The dimension along which the maximum is computed. If `None`, compute the maximum over all elements of `input` and return a Tensor variable with a single element, otherwise must be in the range $[-rank(input), rank(input))$. If $dim < 0$, the dimension to reduce is $rank + dim$. keep_dim (bool) – Whether to reserve the reduced dimension in the output Tensor. The result tensor will have one fewer dimension than the `input` unless `keep_dim` is true. name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The reduced Tensor variable.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

# x is a Tensor variable with following elements:
#    [[0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9]
#     [0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.7]]
# Each example is followed by the correspending output tensor.
fluid.layers.reduce_max(x)  # [0.9]
fluid.layers.reduce_max(x, dim=0)  # [0.2, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9]
fluid.layers.reduce_max(x, dim=-1)  # [0.9, 0.7]
fluid.layers.reduce_max(x, dim=1, keep_dim=True)  # [[0.9], [0.7]]

reduce_min¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.reduce_min(input, dim=None, keep_dim=False, name=None)

Computes the minimum of tensor elements over the given dimension.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input variable which is a Tensor or LoDTensor. dim (int\|None) – The dimension along which the minimum is computed. If `None`, compute the minimum over all elements of `input` and return a Tensor variable with a single element, otherwise must be in the range $[-rank(input), rank(input))$. If $dim < 0$, the dimension to reduce is $rank + dim$. keep_dim (bool) – Whether to reserve the reduced dimension in the output Tensor. The result tensor will have one fewer dimension than the `input` unless `keep_dim` is true. name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The reduced Tensor variable.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

# x is a Tensor variable with following elements:
#    [[0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9]
#     [0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.7]]
# Each example is followed by the correspending output tensor.
fluid.layers.reduce_min(x)  # [0.1]
fluid.layers.reduce_min(x, dim=0)  # [0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7]
fluid.layers.reduce_min(x, dim=-1)  # [0.2, 0.1]
fluid.layers.reduce_min(x, dim=1, keep_dim=True)  # [[0.2], [0.1]]

split¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.split(input, num_or_sections, dim=-1, name=None)

Split the input tensor into multiple sub-tensors.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input variable which is a Tensor or LoDTensor. num_or_sections (int\|list) – If `num_or_sections` is an integer, then the integer indicates the number of equal sized sub-tensors that the tensor will be divided into. If `num_or_sections` is a list of integers, the length of list indicates the number of sub-tensors and the integers indicate the sizes of sub-tensors’ `dim` dimension orderly. dim (int) – The dimension along which to split. If $dim < 0$, the dimension to split along is $rank(input) + dim$. name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The list of segmented tensor variables.
Return type:	List

Examples

# x is a Tensor variable with shape [3, 9, 5]:
x0, x1, x2 = fluid.layers.split(x, num_or_sections=3, dim=1)
x0.shape  # [3, 3, 5]
x1.shape  # [3, 3, 5]
x2.shape  # [3, 3, 5]
x0, x1, x2 = fluid.layers.split(x, num_or_sections=[2, 3, 4], dim=1)
x0.shape  # [3, 2, 5]
x1.shape  # [3, 3, 5]
x2.shape  # [3, 4, 5]

matmul¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.matmul(x, y, transpose_x=False, transpose_y=False, name=None)

Applies matrix multiplication to two tensors.

Currently, the input tensors’ rank can be any, but when the rank of any inputs is bigger than 3, this two inputs’ rank should be equal.

The actual behavior depends on the shapes of $x$, $y$ and the flag values of transpose_x, transpose_y. Specifically:

If a transpose flag is specified, the last two dimensions of the tensor are transposed. If the tensor is rank-1 of shape $[D]$, then for $x$ it is treated as $[1, D]$ in nontransposed form and as $[D, 1]$ in transposed form, whereas for $y$ it is the opposite: It is treated as $[D, 1]$ in nontransposed form and as $[1, D]$ in transposed form.
After transpose, the two tensors are 2-D or n-D and matrix multiplication performs in the following way.
- If both are 2-D, they are multiplied like conventional matrices.
- If either is n-D, it is treated as a stack of matrices residing in the last two dimensions and a batched matrix multiply supporting broadcast applies on the two tensors.

Also note that if the raw tensor $x$ or $y$ is rank-1 and nontransposed, the prepended or appended dimension $1$ will be removed after matrix multiplication.

Parameters:	x (Variable) – The input variable which is a Tensor or LoDTensor. y (Variable) – The input variable which is a Tensor or LoDTensor. transpose_x (bool) – Whether to transpose $x$ before multiplication. transpose_y (bool) – Whether to transpose $y$ before multiplication. name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The product Tensor variable.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

# Examples to clarify shapes of the inputs and output
# x: [B, ..., M, K], y: [B, ..., K, N]
fluid.layers.matmul(x, y)  # out: [B, ..., M, N]

# x: [B, M, K], y: [B, K, N]
fluid.layers.matmul(x, y)  # out: [B, M, N]

# x: [B, M, K], y: [K, N]
fluid.layers.matmul(x, y)  # out: [B, M, N]

# x: [M, K], y: [K, N]
fluid.layers.matmul(x, y)  # out: [M, N]

# x: [B, M, K], y: [K]
fluid.layers.matmul(x, y)  # out: [B, M]

# x: [K], y: [K]
fluid.layers.matmul(x, y)  # out: [1]

# x: [M], y: [N]
fluid.layers.matmul(x, y, True, True)  # out: [M, N]

logsigmoid¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.logsigmoid(**kwargs)

Logsigmoid Activation Operator

$$out = log frac{1}{1 + e^{-x}}$$

Parameters:	x – Input of LogSigmoid operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of LogSigmoid operator

exp¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.exp(**kwargs)

Exp Activation Operator.

$out = e^x$

Parameters:	x – Input of Exp operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Exp operator

relu¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.relu(**kwargs)

Relu Activation Operator.

$out = max(x, 0)$

Parameters:	x – Input of Relu operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Relu operator

tanh¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.tanh(**kwargs)

Tanh Activation Operator.

$$out = frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}$$

Parameters:	x – Input of Tanh operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Tanh operator

tanh_shrink¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.tanh_shrink(**kwargs)

TanhShrink Activation Operator.

$$out = x - frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}$$

Parameters:	x – Input of TanhShrink operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of TanhShrink operator

softshrink¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.softshrink(**kwargs)

Softshrink Activation Operator.

$$ out = begin{cases}

x - lambda, text{if } x > lambda \ x + lambda, text{if } x < -lambda \ 0, text{otherwise} end{cases}

$$

Parameters:	x – Input of Softshrink operator Duplicable: False Optional: False lambda (FLOAT) – non-negative offset
Returns:	Output of Softshrink operator

sqrt¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.sqrt(**kwargs)

Sqrt Activation Operator.

$out = sqrt{x}$

Parameters:	x – Input of Sqrt operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Sqrt operator

abs¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.abs(**kwargs)

Abs Activation Operator.

$out = |x|$

Parameters:	x – Input of Abs operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Abs operator

ceil¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.ceil(**kwargs)

Ceil Activation Operator.

$out = ceil(x)$

Parameters:	x – Input of Ceil operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Ceil operator

floor¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.floor(**kwargs)

Floor Activation Operator.

$out = floor(x)$

Parameters:	x – Input of Floor operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Floor operator

round¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.round(**kwargs)

Round Activation Operator.

$out = [x]$

Parameters:	x – Input of Round operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Round operator

reciprocal¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.reciprocal(**kwargs)

Reciprocal Activation Operator.

$$out = frac{1}{x}$$

Parameters:	x – Input of Reciprocal operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Reciprocal operator

log¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.log(**kwargs)

Log Activation Operator.

$out = ln(x)$

Natural logarithm of x.

Parameters:	x – Input of Log operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Log operator

square¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.square(**kwargs)

Square Activation Operator.

$out = x^2$

Parameters:	x – Input of Square operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Square operator

softplus¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.softplus(**kwargs)

Softplus Activation Operator.

$out = ln(1 + e^{x})$

Parameters:	x – Input of Softplus operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Softplus operator

softsign¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.softsign(**kwargs)

Softsign Activation Operator.

$$out = frac{x}{1 + |x|}$$

Parameters:	x – Input of Softsign operator Duplicable: False Optional: False
Returns:	Output of Softsign operator

brelu¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.brelu(**kwargs)

BRelu Activation Operator.

$out = max(min(x, t_{min}), t_{max})$

Parameters:	x – Input of BRelu operator Duplicable: False Optional: False t_min (FLOAT) – The min marginal value of BRelu t_max (FLOAT) – The max marginal value of BRelu
Returns:	Output of BRelu operator

leaky_relu¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.leaky_relu(**kwargs)

LeakyRelu Activation Operator.

$out = max(x, alpha * x)$

Parameters:	x – Input of LeakyRelu operator Duplicable: False Optional: False alpha (FLOAT) – The small negative slope
Returns:	Output of LeakyRelu operator

soft_relu¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.soft_relu(**kwargs)

SoftRelu Activation Operator.

$out = ln(1 + exp(max(min(x, threshold), threshold))$

Parameters:	x – Input of SoftRelu operator Duplicable: False Optional: False threshold (FLOAT) – The threshold value of SoftRelu
Returns:	Output of SoftRelu operator

elu¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.elu(**kwargs)

ELU Activation Operator.

Applies the following element-wise computation on the input according to https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.07289.

$out = max(0, x) + min(0, alpha * (e^x - 1))$

Parameters:	x – Input of ELU operator Duplicable: False Optional: False alpha (FLOAT) – The alpha value of ELU
Returns:	Output of ELU operator

relu6¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.relu6(**kwargs)

Relu6 Activation Operator.

$out = min(max(0, x), 6)$

Parameters:	x – Input of Relu6 operator Duplicable: False Optional: False threshold (FLOAT) – The threshold value of Relu6
Returns:	Output of Relu6 operator

pow¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.pow(**kwargs)

Pow Activation Operator.

$out = x^{factor}$

Parameters:	x – Input of Pow operator Duplicable: False Optional: False factor (FLOAT) – The exponential factor of Pow
Returns:	Output of Pow operator

hard_shrink¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.hard_shrink(**kwargs)

HardShrink Activation Operator.

$$ out = begin{cases}

x, text{if } x > lambda \ x, text{if } x < -lambda \ 0, text{otherwise} end{cases}

$$

Parameters:	x – Input of HardShrink operator Duplicable: False Optional: False threshold (FLOAT) – The value of threshold for HardShrink
Returns:	Output of HardShrink operator

thresholded_relu¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.thresholded_relu(**kwargs)

ThresholdedRelu Activation Operator.

$$ out = begin{cases}

x, text{if } x > threshold \ 0, text{otherwise} end{cases}

$$

Parameters:	x – Input of ThresholdedRelu operator Duplicable: False Optional: False threshold (FLOAT) – The threshold location of activation
Returns:	Output of ThresholdedRelu operator

hard_sigmoid¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.hard_sigmoid(**kwargs)

HardSigmoid Activation Operator.

Segment-wise linear approximation of sigmoid(https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.00391), which is much faster than sigmoid.

$out = max(0, min(1, slope * x + shift))$

The slope should be positive. The offset can be either positive or negative. The default slope and shift are set according to the above reference. It is recommended to use the defaults for this activation.

Parameters:	x – Input of HardSigmoid operator Duplicable: False Optional: False slope (FLOAT) – Slope for linear approximation of sigmoid offset (FLOAT) – Offset for linear approximation of sigmoid
Returns:	Output of HardSigmoid operator

swish¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.swish(**kwargs)

Swish Activation Operator.

$$out = frac{x}{1 + e^{- beta x}}$$

Parameters:	x – Input of Swish operator Duplicable: False Optional: False beta (FLOAT) – Constant beta of swish operator
Returns:	Output of Swish operator

im2sequence¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.im2sequence(input, filter_size=1, stride=1, padding=0, name=None)

Extracts image patches from the input tensor to form a tensor of shape {input.batch_size * output_height * output_width, filter_size_H * filter_size_W * input.channels} which is similar with im2col. This op use filter / kernel to scan images and convert these images to sequences. After expanding, the number of time step are output_height * output_width for an image, in which output_height and output_width are calculated by below equation:

\[output\_size = 1 + (2 * padding + img\_size - block\_size + stride - 1) / stride\]

And the dimension of each time step is block_y * block_x * input.channels.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – The input should be a tensor in NCHW format. filter_size (int\|tuple\|None) – The filter size. If filter_size is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (filter_size_H, filter_size_W). Otherwise, the filter will be a square. stride (int\|tuple) – The stride size. If stride is a tuple, it must contain two integers, (stride_H, stride_W). Otherwise, the stride_H = stride_W = stride. Default: stride = 1. padding (int\|tuple) – The padding size. If padding is a tuple, it can contain two integers like (padding_H, padding_W) which means padding_up = padding_down = padding_H and padding_left = padding_right = padding_W. Or it can use (padding_up, padding_left, padding_down, padding_right) to indicate paddings of four direction. Otherwise, a scalar padding means padding_up = padding_down = padding_left = padding_right = padding Default: padding = 0. name (int) – The name of this layer. It is optional.
Returns:	The output is a LoDTensor with shape {input.batch_size * output_height * output_width, filter_size_H * filter_size_W * input.channels}. If we regard output as a matrix, each row of this matrix is a step of a sequence.
Return type:	output

Examples:

As an example:

Given:

x = [[[[ 6.  2.  1.]
       [ 8.  3.  5.]
       [ 0.  2.  6.]]

      [[ 2.  4.  4.]
       [ 6.  3.  0.]
       [ 6.  4.  7.]]]

     [[[ 6.  7.  1.]
       [ 5.  7.  9.]
       [ 2.  4.  8.]]

      [[ 1.  2.  1.]
       [ 1.  3.  5.]
       [ 9.  0.  8.]]]]

x.dims = {2, 2, 3, 3}

And:

filter = [2, 2]
stride = [1, 1]
padding = [0, 0]

Then:

output.data = [[ 6.  2.  8.  3.  2.  4.  6.  3.]
               [ 2.  1.  3.  5.  4.  4.  3.  0.]
               [ 8.  3.  0.  2.  6.  3.  6.  4.]
               [ 3.  5.  2.  6.  3.  0.  4.  7.]
               [ 6.  7.  5.  7.  1.  2.  1.  3.]
               [ 7.  1.  7.  9.  2.  1.  3.  5.]
               [ 5.  7.  2.  4.  1.  3.  9.  0.]
               [ 7.  9.  4.  8.  3.  5.  0.  8.]]

output.dims = {8, 9}

output.lod = [[0, 4, 8]]

The simple usage is:

output = fluid.layers.im2sequence(
    input=layer, stride=[1, 1], filter_size=[2, 2])

edit_distance¶

ctc_greedy_decoder¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.ctc_greedy_decoder(input, blank, name=None)

This op is used to decode sequences by greedy policy by below steps: 1. Get the indexes of max value for each row in input. a.k.a.

numpy.argmax(input, axis=0).

For each sequence in result of step1, merge repeated tokens between two blanks and delete all blanks.

A simple example as below:

Given:

input.data = [[0.6, 0.1, 0.3, 0.1],
              [0.3, 0.2, 0.4, 0.1],
              [0.1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.3],
              [0.5, 0.1, 0.3, 0.1],

              [0.5, 0.1, 0.3, 0.1],
              [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4],
              [0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.5],
              [0.5, 0.1, 0.3, 0.1]]

input.lod = [[0, 4, 8]]

Then:

output.data = [[2],
               [1],
               [3]]

output.lod = [[0, 2, 3]]

Parameters:	input (Variable) – (LoDTensor<float>), the probabilities of variable-length sequences, which is a 2-D Tensor with LoD information. It’s shape is [Lp, num_classes + 1], where Lp is the sum of all input sequences’ length and num_classes is the true number of classes. (not including the blank label). blank (int) – the blank label index of Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) loss, which is in thehalf-opened interval [0, num_classes + 1).
Returns:	CTC greedy decode result.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[8], dtype='float32')

cost = fluid.layers.ctc_greedy_decoder(input=x, blank=0)

l2_normalize¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.l2_normalize(x, axis, epsilon=1e-12, name=None)

L2 normalize Layer

The l2 normalize layer normalizes x along dimension axis using an L2 norm. For a 1-D tensor (dim is fixed to 0), this layer computes

output = x / sqrt(max(sum(x**2), epsilon))

For x with more dimensions, this layer independently normalizes each 1-D slice along dimension axis.

Parameters:	x (Variable\|list) – The input tensor to l2_normalize layer. axis (int) – Dimension along which to normalize the input. epsilon (float) – A lower bound value for x‘s l2 norm. sqrt(epsilon) will be used as the divisor if the l2 norm of x is less than sqrt(epsilon). name (str\|None) – A name for this layer(optional). If set None, the layer will be named automatically.
Returns:	The output tensor variable.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

data = fluid.layers.data(name="data",
                         shape=(3, 17, 13),
                         dtype="float32")
normed = fluid.layers.l2_normalize(x=data, axis=1)

sequence_reshape¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.sequence_reshape(input, new_dim)

Sequence Reshape Layer

This layer will rearrange the input sequences. The new dimension is set by user. Length of each sequence is computed according to original length, original dimension and new dimension. The following example will help to illustrate the function of this layer:

x is a LoDTensor:
    x.lod  = [[0, 2, 6]]
    x.data = [[1, 2], [3, 4],
              [5, 6], [7, 8], [9, 10], [11, 12]]
    x.dims = [6, 2]

set new_dim = 4

then out is a LoDTensor:
    out.lod  = [[0, 1, 3]]
    out.data = [[1, 2, 3, 4],
                [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]]
    out.dims = [3, 4]

Currently, only 1-level LoDTensor is supported and please make sure (original length * original dimension) can be divided by new dimension with no remainder for each sequence.

Parameters:	input (Variable) – (LodTensor, default: LoDTensor<float>), a 2-D LoDTensor with shape being [N, M] where M for dimension. new_dim (int) – New dimension which the input LoDTensor is reshaped to.
Returns:	Reshaped LoDTensor according to new dimension.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[5, 20],
                  dtype='float32', lod_level=1)
x_reshaped = layers.sequence_reshape(input=x, new_dim=10)

row_conv¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.row_conv(input, future_context_size, param_attr=None, act=None)

Row Conv Operator. This layer will apply lookahead convolution to input. The input variable should be a 2D LoDTensor with shape [T, D]. Parameters with shape [future_context_size + 1, D] will be created. The math equation of row convolution is as follows:

\[Out_{i} = \sum_{j = i} ^ {i + \tau} X_{j} \odot W_{i - j}\]

In the above equation:

$Out_{i}$: The i-th row of output variable with shape [1, D].
$\tau$: Future context size.
$X_{j}$: The j-th row of input variable with shape [1, D].
$W_{i-j}$: The (i-j)-th row of parameters with shape [1, D].

More details about row_conv please refer to the paper (http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dyogatam/papers/wang+etal.iclrworkshop2016.pdf) and the design document (https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/issues/2228#issuecomment-303903645).

Parameters:	input (Variable) – Input variable, a 2D LoDTensor with shape [T, D]. future_context_size (int) – Future context size. Please note, the shape of convolution kernel is [future_context_size + 1, D]. param_attr (ParamAttr) – Attributes of parameters, including name, initializer etc. act (str) – Non-linear activation to be applied to output variable.
Returns:	The output tensor with same shape as input tensor.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x = fluid.layers.data(name='x', shape=[16],
                dtype='float32', lod_level=1)
out = fluid.layers.row_conv(input=x, future_context_size=2)

multiplex¶

paddle.v2.fluid.layers.multiplex(inputs, index)

Multiplex Layer

Referring to the given index variable, this layer selects rows from the input variables to construct a multiplex variable. Assuming that there are $m$ input variables and $I_i$ represents the i-th input variable and $i$ is in [0, $m$). All input variables are tensors with same shape [$d_0$, $d_1$, ..., $d_R$]. Please note that rank of the input tensor should be at least 2. Each input variable will be treated as a 2-D matrix with shape [$M$, $N$] where $M$ for $d_0$ and $N$ for $d_1$ * $d_2$ * ... * $d_R$. Let $I_i[j]$ be the j-th row of the i-th input variable. The given index variable should be a 2-D tensor with shape [$M$, 1]. Let ID[i] be the i-th index value of the index variable. Then the output variable will be a tensor with shape [$d_0$, $d_1$, ..., $d_R$]. If we treat the output tensor as a 2-D matrix with shape [$M$, $N$] and let $O[i]$ be the i-th row of the matrix, then O[i] is equal to $I_{ID[i]}[i]$.

Parameters:	inputs (list) – A list of variables to gather from. All variables have the same shape and the rank is at least 2. index (Variable) – Tensor<int32>, index variable which is a 2-D tensor with shape [M, 1] where M is the batch size.
Returns:	Multiplex variable gathered from input variables.
Return type:	Variable

Examples

x1 = fluid.layers.data(name='x1', shape=[4], dtype='float32')
x2 = fluid.layers.data(name='x2', shape=[4], dtype='float32')
index = fluid.layers.data(name='index', shape=[1], dtype='int32')
out = fluid.layers.multiplex(inputs=[x1, x2], index=index)