Merge branch 'develop' of https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle into...

Merge branch 'develop' of https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle into feature/refine_parallel_executor

Dockerfile

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ RUN localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8
 # specify sphinx version as 1.5.6 and remove -U option for [pip install -U
 # sphinx-rtd-theme] since -U option will cause sphinx being updated to newest
 # version(1.7.1 for now), which causes building documentation failed.
-RUN pip install --upgrade pip==9.0.3 && \
+RUN easy_install -U pip && \
     pip install -U wheel && \
     pip install -U docopt PyYAML sphinx==1.5.6 && \
     pip install sphinx-rtd-theme==0.1.9 recommonmark

cmake/external/mkldnn.cmake

@@ -53,11 +53,9 @@ ExternalProject_Add(
     ${EXTERNAL_PROJECT_LOG_ARGS}
     DEPENDS             ${MKLDNN_DEPENDS}
     GIT_REPOSITORY      "https://github.com/01org/mkl-dnn.git"
-    GIT_TAG             "v0.14"
+    GIT_TAG             "db3424ad44901513c03a1ea31ccaacdf633fbe9f"
     PREFIX              ${MKLDNN_SOURCES_DIR}
     UPDATE_COMMAND      ""
-    # Patch MKLDNN to compile with gcc 4.8, the related issue is in intel/mkl-dnn#237.
-    PATCH_COMMAND       ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/patches/mkldnn.hpp ${MKLDNN_SOURCES_DIR}/src/extern_mkldnn/include/mkldnn.hpp
     CMAKE_ARGS          -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${MKLDNN_INSTALL_DIR}
     CMAKE_ARGS          -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} 
     CMAKE_ARGS          -DMKLROOT=${MKLML_ROOT}

cmake/inference_lib.cmake

@@ -98,6 +98,14 @@ elseif (WITH_MKLML)
     )
 endif()
 
+if(WITH_MKLDNN)
+  set(dst_dir "${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/third_party/install/mkldnn")
+  copy(mkldnn_lib
+    SRCS ${MKLDNN_INC_DIR} ${MKLDNN_SHARED_LIB}
+    DSTS ${dst_dir} ${dst_dir}/lib
+  )
+endif()
+
 if(NOT MOBILE_INFERENCE AND NOT RPI)
   set(dst_dir "${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/third_party/install/snappy")
   copy(snappy_lib

paddle/fluid/framework/data_device_transform.cc

@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ void TransDataDevice(const Tensor& in, const platform::Place& dst_place,
   VLOG(3) << "DeviceTransform in, src_place " << in.place()
           << " dst_place: " << dst_place;
   auto* dev_ctx = GetDeviceContext(in.place(), dst_place);
-  dev_ctx->Wait();
+
   TensorCopy(in, dst_place, *dev_ctx, out);
-  dev_ctx->Wait();
+  if (platform::is_gpu_place(in.place()) && platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {
+    dev_ctx->Wait();
+  }
 }
 
 }  // namespace framework

paddle/fluid/framework/executor.cc

@@ -228,7 +228,8 @@ static bool has_fetch_operators(
 void Executor::Run(const ProgramDesc& program, Scope* scope,
                    std::map<std::string, const LoDTensor*>* feed_targets,
                    std::map<std::string, LoDTensor*>* fetch_targets,
-                   bool create_vars, const std::string& feed_holder_name,
+                   bool create_local_scope, bool create_vars,
+                   const std::string& feed_holder_name,
                    const std::string& fetch_holder_name) {
   platform::RecordBlock b(kProgramId);
   bool has_feed_ops =
@@ -290,8 +291,9 @@ void Executor::Run(const ProgramDesc& program, Scope* scope,
   }
 
   auto ctx = Prepare(*copy_program, 0);
-  RunPreparedContext(ctx.get(), scope, feed_targets, fetch_targets, create_vars,
-                     feed_holder_name, fetch_holder_name);
+  RunPreparedContext(ctx.get(), scope, feed_targets, fetch_targets,
+                     create_local_scope, create_vars, feed_holder_name,
+                     fetch_holder_name);
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<ExecutorPrepareContext> Executor::Prepare(
@@ -366,8 +368,9 @@ void Executor::RunPreparedContext(ExecutorPrepareContext* ctx, Scope* scope,
 void Executor::RunPreparedContext(
     ExecutorPrepareContext* ctx, Scope* scope,
     std::map<std::string, const LoDTensor*>* feed_targets,
-    std::map<std::string, LoDTensor*>* fetch_targets, bool create_vars,
-    const std::string& feed_holder_name, const std::string& fetch_holder_name) {
+    std::map<std::string, LoDTensor*>* fetch_targets, bool create_local_scope,
+    bool create_vars, const std::string& feed_holder_name,
+    const std::string& fetch_holder_name) {
   auto& global_block = ctx->prog_.Block(ctx->block_id_);
 
   PADDLE_ENFORCE(
@@ -387,7 +390,7 @@ void Executor::RunPreparedContext(
     }
   }
 
-  RunPreparedContext(ctx, scope, create_vars, create_vars);
+  RunPreparedContext(ctx, scope, create_local_scope, create_vars);
 
   // obtain the data of fetch_targets from fetch_holder
   for (auto* op : global_block.AllOps()) {

paddle/fluid/framework/executor.h

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class Executor {
   void Run(const ProgramDesc& program, Scope* scope,
            std::map<std::string, const LoDTensor*>* feed_targets,
            std::map<std::string, LoDTensor*>* fetch_targets,
-           bool create_vars = true,
+           bool create_local_scope = true, bool create_vars = true,
            const std::string& feed_holder_name = "feed",
            const std::string& fetch_holder_name = "fetch");
 
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ class Executor {
   void RunPreparedContext(ExecutorPrepareContext* ctx, Scope* scope,
                           std::map<std::string, const LoDTensor*>* feed_targets,
                           std::map<std::string, LoDTensor*>* fetch_targets,
+                          bool create_local_scope = true,
                           bool create_vars = true,
                           const std::string& feed_holder_name = "feed",
                           const std::string& fetch_holder_name = "fetch");

paddle/fluid/inference/tests/test_helper.h

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ void TestInference(const std::string& dirname,
     state = paddle::platform::ProfilerState::kCPU;
   } else {
 #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
-    state = paddle::platform::ProfilerState::kCUDA;
+    state = paddle::platform::ProfilerState::kAll;
     // The default device_id of paddle::platform::CUDAPlace is 0.
     // Users can get the device_id using:
     //   int device_id = place.GetDeviceId();
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ void TestInference(const std::string& dirname,
   }
   // Disable the profiler and print the timing information
   paddle::platform::DisableProfiler(paddle::platform::EventSortingKey::kDefault,
-                                    "load_program_profiler.txt");
+                                    "load_program_profiler");
   paddle::platform::ResetProfiler();
 
   // 3. Get the feed_target_names and fetch_target_names
@@ -208,10 +208,10 @@ void TestInference(const std::string& dirname,
     if (PrepareContext) {
       ctx = executor.Prepare(*inference_program, 0);
       executor.RunPreparedContext(ctx.get(), scope, &feed_targets,
-                                  &fetch_targets, CreateVars);
+                                  &fetch_targets, true, CreateVars);
     } else {
       executor.Run(*inference_program, scope, &feed_targets, &fetch_targets,
-                   CreateVars);
+                   true, CreateVars);
     }
 
     // Enable the profiler
@@ -236,8 +236,7 @@ void TestInference(const std::string& dirname,
 
     // Disable the profiler and print the timing information
     paddle::platform::DisableProfiler(
-        paddle::platform::EventSortingKey::kDefault,
-        "run_inference_profiler.txt");
+        paddle::platform::EventSortingKey::kDefault, "run_inference_profiler");
     paddle::platform::ResetProfiler();
   }
 

paddle/fluid/operators/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -186,11 +186,7 @@ endif()
 
 add_subdirectory(detail)
 if(WITH_DISTRIBUTE)
-    if(WITH_GPU)
-        op_library(gen_nccl_id_op DEPS nccl_common)
-    else()
-        set(DEPS_OPS ${DEPS_OPS} gen_nccl_id_op)
-    endif()
+    
     set(DISTRIBUTE_DEPS sendrecvop_grpc grpc++_unsecure grpc_unsecure gpr cares zlib protobuf)
     set(DISTRIBUTE_COMPILE_FLAGS "-Wno-non-virtual-dtor -Wno-error=non-virtual-dtor -Wno-error=delete-non-virtual-dtor")
     op_library(send_op DEPS ${DISTRIBUTE_DEPS})
@@ -207,7 +203,13 @@ if(WITH_DISTRIBUTE)
     set_source_files_properties(send_barrier_op.cc PROPERTIES COMPILE_FLAGS ${DISTRIBUTE_COMPILE_FLAGS})
     set_source_files_properties(send_recv_op_test.cc PROPERTIES COMPILE_FLAGS ${DISTRIBUTE_COMPILE_FLAGS})
     cc_test(test_send_recv SRCS send_recv_op_test.cc DEPS prefetch_op send_op listen_and_serv_op sum_op executor)
-    cc_test(test_send_nccl_id SRCS test_send_nccl_id.cc DEPS send_op listen_and_serv_op executor)
+    if(WITH_GPU)
+        cc_test(test_send_nccl_id SRCS test_send_nccl_id.cc DEPS send_op listen_and_serv_op executor)
+        op_library(gen_nccl_id_op DEPS nccl_common sendrecvop_grpc)
+        set_source_files_properties(gen_nccl_id_op.cc PROPERTIES COMPILE_FLAGS ${DISTRIBUTE_COMPILE_FLAGS})
+    else()
+        set(DEPS_OPS ${DEPS_OPS} gen_nccl_id_op)
+    endif()
 else()
     set(DEPS_OPS ${DEPS_OPS} send_op prefetch_op recv_op listen_and_serv_op send_vars_op send_barrier_op gen_nccl_id_op)
 endif()

paddle/fluid/operators/detail/grpc_server.cc

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class RequestPrefetch final : public RequestBase {
     framework::Scope* local_scope = &scope_->NewScope();
     auto* var = local_scope->FindVar(var_name);
     InitializeVariable(var, var_desc->GetType());
-    executor_->RunPreparedContext(prefetch_ctx_, scope_, false, false);
+    executor_->RunPreparedContext(prefetch_ctx_, scope_);
 
     SerializeToByteBuffer(var_name, var, *dev_ctx_, &reply);
 

paddle/fluid/operators/listen_and_serv_op.cc

@@ -57,8 +57,7 @@ static void ParallelExecuteBlocks(
         framework::Async([&executor, &prepared, &program, &scope, idx]() {
           int run_block = idx;  // thread local
           try {
-            executor->RunPreparedContext(prepared[run_block].get(), scope,
-                                         false, false);
+            executor->RunPreparedContext(prepared[run_block].get(), scope);
           } catch (std::exception &e) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "run sub program error " << e.what();
           }
@@ -211,8 +210,8 @@ static void AsyncUpdateThread(
     }
     auto fs = framework::Async([var_name, &executor, &v, prepared] {
       try {
-        executor->RunPreparedContext(prepared, v.second->GetMutableLocalScope(),
-                                     false, false);
+        executor->RunPreparedContext(prepared,
+                                     v.second->GetMutableLocalScope());
       } catch (std::exception &e) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "run sub program error " << e.what();
       }

paddle/fluid/operators/roi_pool_op.cu

@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ __global__ void GPUROIPoolForward(
   int index = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
   int offset = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
   for (size_t i = index; i < nthreads; i += offset) {
-    int pw = index % pooled_width;
-    int ph = (index / pooled_width) % pooled_height;
-    int c = (index / pooled_width / pooled_height) % channels;
-    int n = index / pooled_width / pooled_height / channels;
+    int pw = i % pooled_width;
+    int ph = (i / pooled_width) % pooled_height;
+    int c = (i / pooled_width / pooled_height) % channels;
+    int n = i / pooled_width / pooled_height / channels;
 
     const int64_t* offset_input_rois = input_rois + n * kROISize;
     int roi_batch_ind = roi_batch_id_data[n];
@@ -52,14 +52,19 @@ __global__ void GPUROIPoolForward(
 
     int roi_width = max(roi_end_w - roi_start_w + 1, 1);
     int roi_height = max(roi_end_h - roi_start_h + 1, 1);
-    T bin_size_h = static_cast<T>(roi_height) / static_cast<T>(pooled_height);
-    T bin_size_w = static_cast<T>(roi_width) / static_cast<T>(pooled_width);
-
-    int hstart = static_cast<int>(floor(static_cast<T>(ph) * bin_size_h));
-    int wstart = static_cast<int>(floor(static_cast<T>(pw) * bin_size_w));
-    int hend = static_cast<int>(ceil(static_cast<T>(ph + 1) * bin_size_h));
-    int wend = static_cast<int>(ceil(static_cast<T>(pw + 1) * bin_size_w));
 
+    int hstart = static_cast<int>(floor(static_cast<double>(ph) *
+                                        static_cast<double>(roi_height) /
+                                        static_cast<double>(pooled_height)));
+    int wstart = static_cast<int>(floor(static_cast<double>(pw) *
+                                        static_cast<double>(roi_width) /
+                                        static_cast<double>(pooled_width)));
+    int hend = static_cast<int>(ceil(static_cast<double>(ph + 1) *
+                                     static_cast<double>(roi_height) /
+                                     static_cast<double>(pooled_height)));
+    int wend = static_cast<int>(ceil(static_cast<double>(pw + 1) *
+                                     static_cast<double>(roi_width) /
+                                     static_cast<double>(pooled_width)));
     hstart = min(max(hstart + roi_start_h, 0), height);
     hend = min(max(hend + roi_start_h, 0), height);
     wstart = min(max(wstart + roi_start_w, 0), width);
@@ -79,9 +84,9 @@ __global__ void GPUROIPoolForward(
         }
       }
     }
-    output_data[index] = maxval;
+    output_data[i] = maxval;
     if (argmax_data) {
-      argmax_data[index] = maxidx;
+      argmax_data[i] = maxidx;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -96,10 +101,10 @@ __global__ void GPUROIPoolBackward(
   int index = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
   int offset = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
   for (int i = index; i < nthreads; i += offset) {
-    int pw = index % pooled_width;
-    int ph = (index / pooled_width) % pooled_height;
-    int c = (index / pooled_width / pooled_height) % channels;
-    int n = index / pooled_width / pooled_height / channels;
+    int pw = i % pooled_width;
+    int ph = (i / pooled_width) % pooled_height;
+    int c = (i / pooled_width / pooled_height) % channels;
+    int n = i / pooled_width / pooled_height / channels;
 
     int roi_batch_ind = roi_batch_id_data[n];
     int input_offset = (roi_batch_ind * channels + c) * height * width;
@@ -138,6 +143,7 @@ class GPUROIPoolOpKernel : public framework::OpKernel<T> {
     int width = in_dims[3];
 
     int rois_num = rois->dims()[0];
+
     if (rois_num == 0) return;
 
     int output_size = out->numel();

paddle/fluid/operators/send_recv_op_test.cc

@@ -92,12 +92,16 @@ void InitSelectedRowsInScope(const p::CPUPlace &place, f::Scope *scope) {
 
 void AddOp(const std::string &type, const f::VariableNameMap &inputs,
            const f::VariableNameMap &outputs, f::AttributeMap attrs,
-           f::BlockDesc *block) {
+           f::BlockDesc *block, bool is_sparse) {
   // insert output
   for (auto kv : outputs) {
     for (auto v : kv.second) {
       auto var = block->Var(v);
       var->SetDataType(f::proto::VarType::FP32);
+      var->SetPersistable(true);
+      if (is_sparse) {
+        var->SetType(f::proto::VarType::SELECTED_ROWS);
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -128,7 +132,8 @@ void StartServerNet(bool is_sparse, std::atomic<bool> *initialized) {
   auto *optimize_block = program.AppendBlock(root_block);
   auto *prefetch_block = program.AppendBlock(root_block);
   // X for server side tensors, RX for received tensors, must be of same shape.
-  AddOp("sum", {{"X", {"x0", "x1"}}}, {{"Out", {"Out"}}}, {}, optimize_block);
+  AddOp("sum", {{"X", {"x0", "x1"}}}, {{"Out", {"Out"}}}, {}, optimize_block,
+        is_sparse);
   f::AttributeMap attrs;
   attrs.insert({"endpoint", std::string("127.0.0.1:0")});
   attrs.insert({"Fanin", 1});

paddle/fluid/platform/profiler.cc

@@ -173,8 +173,9 @@ void PopEvent(const std::string& name, const DeviceContext* dev_ctx) {
 }
 
 RecordEvent::RecordEvent(const std::string& name, const DeviceContext* dev_ctx)
-    : start_ns_(PosixInNsec()) {
+    : is_enabled_(false), start_ns_(PosixInNsec()) {
   if (g_state == ProfilerState::kDisabled) return;
+  is_enabled_ = true;
   dev_ctx_ = dev_ctx;
   name_ = name;
   PushEvent(name_, dev_ctx_);
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ RecordEvent::RecordEvent(const std::string& name, const DeviceContext* dev_ctx)
 }
 
 RecordEvent::~RecordEvent() {
-  if (g_state == ProfilerState::kDisabled) return;
+  if (g_state == ProfilerState::kDisabled || !is_enabled_) return;
   DeviceTracer* tracer = GetDeviceTracer();
   if (tracer) {
     tracer->AddCPURecords(CurAnnotation(), start_ns_, PosixInNsec(),
@@ -193,14 +194,16 @@ RecordEvent::~RecordEvent() {
   PopEvent(name_, dev_ctx_);
 }
 
-RecordBlock::RecordBlock(int block_id) : start_ns_(PosixInNsec()) {
+RecordBlock::RecordBlock(int block_id)
+    : is_enabled_(false), start_ns_(PosixInNsec()) {
   if (g_state == ProfilerState::kDisabled) return;
+  is_enabled_ = true;
   SetCurBlock(block_id);
   name_ = string::Sprintf("block_%d", block_id);
 }
 
 RecordBlock::~RecordBlock() {
-  if (g_state == ProfilerState::kDisabled) return;
+  if (g_state == ProfilerState::kDisabled || !is_enabled_) return;
   DeviceTracer* tracer = GetDeviceTracer();
   if (tracer) {
     // We try to put all blocks at the same nested depth in the

paddle/fluid/platform/profiler.h

@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ struct RecordEvent {
 
   ~RecordEvent();
 
+  bool is_enabled_;
   uint64_t start_ns_;
   // The device context is used by Event to get the current cuda stream.
   const DeviceContext* dev_ctx_;
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ struct RecordBlock {
   ~RecordBlock();
 
  private:
+  bool is_enabled_;
   std::string name_;
   uint64_t start_ns_;
 };

paddle/scripts/docker/build.sh

@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ EOF
     # run paddle version to install python packages first
     RUN apt-get update &&\
         ${NCCL_DEPS}\
-        apt-get install -y wget python-pip dmidecode python-tk && pip install -U pip==9.0.3 && \
+        apt-get install -y wget python-pip dmidecode python-tk && easy_install -U pip && \
         pip install /*.whl; apt-get install -f -y && \
         apt-get clean -y && \
         rm -f /*.whl && \

paddle/scripts/paddle_build.sh

@@ -405,17 +405,19 @@ EOF
 
 function gen_dockerfile() {
     # Set BASE_IMAGE according to env variables
+    CUDA_MAJOR="$(echo $CUDA_VERSION | cut -d '.' -f 1).$(echo $CUDA_VERSION | cut -d '.' -f 2)"
+    CUDNN_MAJOR=$(echo $CUDNN_VERSION | cut -d '.' -f 1)
     if [[ ${WITH_GPU} == "ON" ]]; then
-    BASE_IMAGE="nvidia/cuda:8.0-cudnn5-runtime-ubuntu16.04"
+        BASE_IMAGE="nvidia/cuda:${CUDA_MAJOR}-cudnn${CUDNN_MAJOR}-runtime-ubuntu16.04"
     else
-    BASE_IMAGE="ubuntu:16.04"
+        BASE_IMAGE="ubuntu:16.04"
     fi
 
     DOCKERFILE_GPU_ENV=""
     DOCKERFILE_CUDNN_DSO=""
     if [[ ${WITH_GPU:-OFF} == 'ON' ]]; then
         DOCKERFILE_GPU_ENV="ENV LD_LIBRARY_PATH /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu:\${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}"
-        DOCKERFILE_CUDNN_DSO="RUN ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcudnn.so.5 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcudnn.so"
+        DOCKERFILE_CUDNN_DSO="RUN ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcudnn.so.${CUDNN_MAJOR} /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcudnn.so"
     fi
 
     cat <<EOF
@@ -449,7 +451,7 @@ EOF
     # run paddle version to install python packages first
     RUN apt-get update &&\
         ${NCCL_DEPS}\
-        apt-get install -y wget python-pip dmidecode python-tk && pip install -U pip==9.0.3 && \
+        apt-get install -y wget python-pip dmidecode python-tk && easy_install -U pip && \
         pip install /*.whl; apt-get install -f -y && \
         apt-get clean -y && \
         rm -f /*.whl && \
@@ -490,7 +492,7 @@ function gen_fluid_inference_lib() {
     Deploying fluid inference library ...
     ========================================
 EOF
-        make inference_lib_dist
+        make -j `nproc` inference_lib_dist
     fi
 }
 

patches/mkldnn.hpp

-// Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-/*******************************************************************************
-* Copyright 2016-2018 Intel Corporation
-*
-* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-* You may obtain a copy of the License at
-*
-*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-*
-* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-* limitations under the License.
-*******************************************************************************/
-
-#ifndef MKLDNN_HPP
-#define MKLDNN_HPP
-
-#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <memory>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "mkldnn.h"
-#endif
-
-namespace mkldnn {
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api C++ API
-/// @{
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_utils Utils
-/// @{
-
-/// A class that provides the destructor for an Intel(R) MKL-DNN C handle
-template <typename T>
-class handle_traits {};
-
-/// A class for wrapping an Intel(R) MKL-DNN handle. It is used as the base
-/// class for primitive (#mkldnn_primitive_t), engine (#mkldnn_engine_t), and
-/// stream (#mkldnn_stream_t) handles. An object of the #mkldnn::handle class
-/// can be passed by value. This class enables wrapping:
-///  - Newly constructed handles.
-///    @n In this case, the constructed handle uses reference counting provided
-///    by @p std::shared_ptr with a proper deleter function specified through
-///    the @p handle_traits class.
-///  - Pre-existing handles returned by the Intel(R) MKL-DNN C API (for
-///    example, through #mkldnn_primitive_get_output()).
-///    @n In this case, an Intel(R) MKL-DNN C API handle is wrapped without a
-///    deleter because it is assumed that the handle wrapper for the original
-///    object deletes the handle (this model is similar to @p std::weak_ptr).
-template <typename T, typename traits = handle_traits<T>>
-class handle {
-private:
-  std::shared_ptr<typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type> _data;
-  handle(const handle &&) = delete;
-  handle &operator=(const handle &&other) = delete;
-
-protected:
-  /// Constructs a C handle wrapper.
-  /// @param t The C handle to wrap.
-  /// @param weak A flag to specify whether to construct a weak wrapper.
-  handle(T t = 0, bool weak = false) : _data(0) { reset(t, weak); }
-
-  bool operator==(const T other) const { return other == _data.get(); }
-  bool operator!=(const T other) const { return !(*this == other); }
-
-public:
-  handle(const handle &other) : _data(other._data) {}
-  handle &operator=(const handle &other) {
-    _data = other._data;
-    return *this;
-  }
-  /// Resets the value of a C handle.
-  /// @param t The new value of the C handle.
-  /// @param weak A flag to specify whether the wrapper should be weak.
-  void reset(T t, bool weak = false) {
-    auto dummy_destructor = [](T) {
-      return decltype(traits::destructor(0))(0);
-    };
-    _data.reset(t, weak ? dummy_destructor : traits::destructor);
-  }
-
-  /// Returns the value of the underlying C handle.
-  T get() const { return _data.get(); }
-
-  bool operator==(const handle &other) const {
-    return other._data.get() == _data.get();
-  }
-  bool operator!=(const handle &other) const { return !(*this == other); }
-};
-
-#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
-template <>
-struct handle_traits<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_primitive_desc_destroy;
-};
-
-template <>
-struct handle_traits<mkldnn_primitive_t> {
-  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_primitive_destroy;
-};
-#endif
-
-/// Base class for all computational primitives.
-class primitive : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_t> {
-  friend struct error;
-  friend struct stream;
-  friend class primitive_at;
-  using handle::handle;
-
-public:
-  /// A proxy to C primitive kind enum
-  enum class kind {
-    undefined_primitive = mkldnn_undefined_primitive,
-    memory = mkldnn_memory,
-    view = mkldnn_view,
-    reorder = mkldnn_reorder,
-    concat = mkldnn_concat,
-    concat_inplace = mkldnn_concat_inplace,
-    sum = mkldnn_sum,
-    convolution = mkldnn_convolution,
-    deconvolution = mkldnn_deconvolution,
-    eltwise = mkldnn_eltwise,
-    relu = mkldnn_relu,
-    softmax = mkldnn_softmax,
-    pooling = mkldnn_pooling,
-    lrn = mkldnn_lrn,
-    batch_normalization = mkldnn_batch_normalization,
-    inner_product = mkldnn_inner_product,
-    convolution_relu = mkldnn_convolution_relu,
-    rnn = mkldnn_rnn,
-  };
-
-  /// A wrapper structure to specify a particular output of a primitive.
-  struct at {
-    /// The underlying C API structure.
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t data;
-    /// Constructs a wrapper specifying @p aprimitive output with index @p
-    /// at.
-    ///
-    /// @param aprimitive The target primitive.
-    /// @param at The output index.
-
-    at(const primitive &aprimitive, size_t at = 0)
-        : data(mkldnn_primitive_at(aprimitive.get(), at)) {}
-    /// Returns the specified output.
-    inline operator primitive() const;
-  };
-
-  /// Returns the descriptor of the underlying C API primitive
-  inline const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t get_primitive_desc() const;
-  // TODO: use the C++ API wrapper structure.
-};
-
-inline mkldnn_primitive_kind_t convert_to_c(primitive::kind akind) {
-  return static_cast<mkldnn_primitive_kind_t>(akind);
-}
-
-/// Intel(R) MKL-DNN exception class.
-///
-/// This class captures the status returned by the failed C API function, error
-/// message, and, optionally, handle of the primitive that caused the error.
-struct error : public std::exception {
-  mkldnn_status_t status;
-  std::string message;
-  primitive error_primitive;
-
-  /// Constructs an error instance.
-  ///
-  /// @param astatus The error status returned by the C API.
-  /// @param amessage The error message.
-  /// @param aerror_primitive (optional) A C handle of the primitive that
-  ///                         caused the error.
-
-  error(mkldnn_status_t astatus,
-        std::string amessage,
-        mkldnn_primitive_t aerror_primitive = 0)
-      : status(astatus),
-        message(amessage),
-        error_primitive(aerror_primitive, true) {}
-
-  /// A convenience function for wrapping calls to the C API. Checks the
-  /// return status and throws an #error in case of failure.
-  ///
-  /// @param status The error status returned by the C API.
-  /// @param message The error message.
-  /// @param error_primitive (optional) A C handle of the primitive that
-  ///                        caused the error.
-
-  static void wrap_c_api(mkldnn_status_t status,
-                         std::string message,
-                         mkldnn_primitive_t *error_primitive = 0) {
-    if (status != mkldnn_success) {
-      if (nullptr != error_primitive)
-        throw error(status, message, *error_primitive);
-      else
-        throw error(status, message, nullptr);
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-inline primitive::at::operator primitive() const {
-  const_mkldnn_primitive_t output;
-  error::wrap_c_api(
-      mkldnn_primitive_get_output(data.primitive, data.output_index, &output),
-      "could not get an output primitive");
-  return primitive(const_cast<mkldnn_primitive_t>(output), true);
-}
-
-const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t primitive::get_primitive_desc() const {
-  const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t pd;
-  error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_get_primitive_desc(get(), &pd),
-                    "could not get primitive descriptor by primitive");
-  return pd;
-}
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_enums Common data types and enumerations
-/// @{
-
-enum round_mode {
-  round_nearest = mkldnn_round_nearest,
-  round_down = mkldnn_round_down,
-};
-
-inline mkldnn_round_mode_t convert_to_c(round_mode mode) {
-  return static_cast<mkldnn_round_mode_t>(mode);
-}
-
-enum padding_kind { zero = mkldnn_padding_zero };
-
-inline mkldnn_padding_kind_t convert_to_c(padding_kind kind) {
-  return static_cast<mkldnn_padding_kind_t>(kind);
-}
-
-enum prop_kind {
-  forward_training = mkldnn_forward_training,
-  forward_scoring = mkldnn_forward_scoring,
-  forward_inference = mkldnn_forward_inference,
-  forward = mkldnn_forward,
-  backward = mkldnn_backward,
-  backward_data = mkldnn_backward_data,
-  backward_weights = mkldnn_backward_weights,
-  backward_bias = mkldnn_backward_bias
-};
-
-inline mkldnn_prop_kind_t convert_to_c(prop_kind kind) {
-  return static_cast<mkldnn_prop_kind_t>(kind);
-}
-
-enum algorithm {
-  algorithm_undef = mkldnn_alg_kind_undef,
-  convolution_direct = mkldnn_convolution_direct,
-  convolution_winograd = mkldnn_convolution_winograd,
-  deconvolution_direct = mkldnn_deconvolution_direct,
-  deconvolution_winograd = mkldnn_deconvolution_winograd,
-  eltwise_relu = mkldnn_eltwise_relu,
-  eltwise_tanh = mkldnn_eltwise_tanh,
-  eltwise_elu = mkldnn_eltwise_elu,
-  eltwise_square = mkldnn_eltwise_square,
-  eltwise_abs = mkldnn_eltwise_abs,
-  eltwise_sqrt = mkldnn_eltwise_sqrt,
-  eltwise_linear = mkldnn_eltwise_linear,
-  eltwise_bounded_relu = mkldnn_eltwise_bounded_relu,
-  eltwise_soft_relu = mkldnn_eltwise_soft_relu,
-  eltwise_logistic = mkldnn_eltwise_logistic,
-  lrn_across_channels = mkldnn_lrn_across_channels,
-  lrn_within_channel = mkldnn_lrn_within_channel,
-  pooling_max = mkldnn_pooling_max,
-  pooling_avg = mkldnn_pooling_avg,
-  pooling_avg_include_padding = mkldnn_pooling_avg_include_padding,
-  pooling_avg_exclude_padding = mkldnn_pooling_avg_exclude_padding,
-  vanilla_rnn = mkldnn_vanilla_rnn,
-  vanilla_lstm = mkldnn_vanilla_lstm,
-  vanilla_gru = mkldnn_vanilla_gru,
-};
-
-inline mkldnn_alg_kind_t convert_to_c(algorithm aalgorithm) {
-  return static_cast<mkldnn_alg_kind_t>(aalgorithm);
-}
-
-enum batch_normalization_flag {
-  use_global_stats = mkldnn_use_global_stats,
-  use_scale_shift = mkldnn_use_scaleshift,
-  omit_stats = mkldnn_omit_stats,
-  fuse_bn_relu = mkldnn_fuse_bn_relu
-};
-
-inline mkldnn_batch_normalization_flag_t convert_to_c(
-    batch_normalization_flag aflag) {
-  return static_cast<mkldnn_batch_normalization_flag_t>(aflag);
-}
-
-enum rnn_direction {
-  unidirectional_left2right = mkldnn_unidirectional_left2right,
-  unidirectional_right2left = mkldnn_unidirectional_right2left,
-  unidirectional = mkldnn_unidirectional,
-  bidirectional_concat = mkldnn_bidirectional_concat,
-  bidirectional_sum = mkldnn_bidirectional_sum,
-};
-
-inline mkldnn_rnn_direction_t convert_to_c(rnn_direction adir) {
-  return static_cast<mkldnn_rnn_direction_t>(adir);
-}
-
-enum query {
-  undef = mkldnn_query_undef,
-
-  eengine = mkldnn_query_engine,
-  primitive_kind = mkldnn_query_primitive_kind,
-
-  num_of_inputs_s32 = mkldnn_query_num_of_inputs_s32,
-  num_of_outputs_s32 = mkldnn_query_num_of_outputs_s32,
-
-  time_estimate_f64 = mkldnn_query_time_estimate_f64,
-  memory_consumption_s64 = mkldnn_query_memory_consumption_s64,
-
-  impl_info_str = mkldnn_query_impl_info_str,
-
-  memory_d = mkldnn_query_memory_d,
-  convolution_d = mkldnn_query_convolution_d,
-  deconvolution_d = mkldnn_query_deconvolution_d,
-  eltwise_d = mkldnn_query_eltwise_d,
-  relu_d = mkldnn_query_relu_d,
-  softmax_d = mkldnn_query_softmax_d,
-  pooling_d = mkldnn_query_pooling_d,
-  lrn_d = mkldnn_query_lrn_d,
-  batch_normalization_d = mkldnn_query_batch_normalization_d,
-  inner_product_d = mkldnn_query_inner_product_d,
-  convolution_relu_d = mkldnn_query_convolution_relu_d,
-  rnn_d = mkldnn_query_rnn_d,
-
-  input_pd = mkldnn_query_input_pd,
-  output_pd = mkldnn_query_output_pd,
-  src_pd = mkldnn_query_src_pd,
-  diff_src_pd = mkldnn_query_diff_src_pd,
-  weights_pd = mkldnn_query_weights_pd,
-  diff_weights_pd = mkldnn_query_diff_weights_pd,
-  dst_pd = mkldnn_query_dst_pd,
-  diff_dst_pd = mkldnn_query_diff_dst_pd,
-  workspace_pd = mkldnn_query_workspace_pd,
-};
-
-inline mkldnn_query_t convert_to_c(query aquery) {
-  return static_cast<mkldnn_query_t>(aquery);
-}
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_attr Attributes
-/// @{
-
-#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
-template <>
-struct handle_traits<mkldnn_post_ops_t> {
-  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_post_ops_destroy;
-};
-#endif
-
-struct post_ops : public handle<mkldnn_post_ops_t> {
-  post_ops() {
-    mkldnn_post_ops_t result;
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_create(&result),
-                      "could not create post operation sequence");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  int len() const { return mkldnn_post_ops_len(get()); }
-
-  primitive::kind kind(int index) const {
-    error::wrap_c_api(index < len() ? mkldnn_success : mkldnn_invalid_arguments,
-                      "post_ops index is out of range");
-    return static_cast<primitive::kind>(mkldnn_post_ops_get_kind(get(), index));
-  }
-
-  void append_sum(float scale = 1.) {
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_append_sum(get(), scale),
-                      "could not append sum");
-  }
-
-  void get_params_sum(int index, float &scale) const {
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_get_params_sum(get(), index, &scale),
-                      "could not get sum params");
-  }
-
-  void append_eltwise(float scale, algorithm alg, float alpha, float beta) {
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_append_eltwise(
-                          get(), scale, convert_to_c(alg), alpha, beta),
-                      "could not append eltwise");
-  }
-
-  void get_params_eltwise(int index,
-                          float &scale,
-                          algorithm &alg,
-                          float &alpha,
-                          float &beta) const {
-    mkldnn_alg_kind_t c_alg;
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_post_ops_get_params_eltwise(
-                          get(), index, &scale, &c_alg, &alpha, &beta),
-                      "could not get eltwise params");
-    alg = static_cast<algorithm>(c_alg);
-  }
-};
-
-#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
-template <>
-struct handle_traits<mkldnn_primitive_attr_t> {
-  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_primitive_attr_destroy;
-};
-#endif
-
-struct primitive_attr : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_attr_t> {
-  primitive_attr() {
-    mkldnn_primitive_attr_t result;
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_create(&result),
-                      "could not create a primitive attr");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  round_mode get_int_output_round_mode() const {
-    mkldnn_round_mode_t result;
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_attr_get_int_output_round_mode(get(), &result),
-        "could not get int output round mode");
-    return round_mode(result);
-  }
-
-  void set_int_output_round_mode(round_mode mode) {
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_set_int_output_round_mode(
-                          get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(mode)),
-                      "could not set int output round mode");
-  }
-
-  void get_output_scales(int &mask, std::vector<float> &scales) const {
-    int count, c_mask;
-    const float *c_scales;
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_get_output_scales(
-                          get(), &count, &c_mask, &c_scales),
-                      "could not get int output scales");
-    scales.resize(count);
-
-    mask = c_mask;
-    for (int c = 0; c < count; ++c) scales[c] = c_scales[c];
-  }
-
-  void set_output_scales(int mask, const std::vector<float> &scales) {
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_set_output_scales(
-                          get(), (int)scales.size(), mask, &scales[0]),
-                      "could not set int output scales");
-  }
-
-  const post_ops get_post_ops() const {
-    post_ops result;
-    const_mkldnn_post_ops_t c_result;
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_get_post_ops(get(), &c_result),
-                      "could not get post operation sequence");
-    result.reset(const_cast<mkldnn_post_ops_t>(c_result), true);
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  void set_post_ops(post_ops ops) {
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_attr_set_post_ops(get(), ops.get()),
-                      "could not set post operation sequence");
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_engine Engine
-/// @{
-
-#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
-template <>
-struct handle_traits<mkldnn_engine_t> {
-  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_engine_destroy;
-};
-#endif
-
-/// An execution engine.
-struct engine : public handle<mkldnn_engine_t> {
-  friend class primitive;
-  // gcc bug??? using handle::handle;
-
-  /// Kinds of engines
-  enum kind {
-    /// An unspecified engine
-    any = mkldnn_any_engine,
-    /// CPU engine
-    cpu = mkldnn_cpu,
-  };
-
-  /// Returns the number of engines of a certain kind.
-  ///
-  /// @param akind The kind of engines to count.
-
-  static size_t get_count(kind akind) {
-    return mkldnn_engine_get_count(convert_to_c(akind));
-  }
-
-  /// Constructs an engine.
-  ///
-  /// @param akind The kind of engine to construct.
-  /// @param index The index of the engine. Must be less than the value
-  ///              returned by #get_count() for this particular kind of engine.
-
-  engine(kind akind, size_t index) {
-    mkldnn_engine_t aengine;
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_engine_create(&aengine, convert_to_c(akind), index),
-        "could not create an engine");
-    reset(aengine);
-  }
-
-  explicit engine(const mkldnn_engine_t &aengine) : handle(aengine, true) {}
-
-  engine(const handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> &pd) {
-    mkldnn_engine_t engine_q;
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
-            pd.get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(eengine), 0, &engine_q),
-        "could not get engine from primitive_desc");
-    reset(engine_q, true);
-  }
-
-  template <class primitive_desc>
-  static engine query(const primitive_desc &pd) {
-    mkldnn_engine_t engine_q;
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
-            pd.get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(eengine), 0, &engine_q),
-        "could not get engine from primitive_desc");
-
-    return engine(engine_q);
-  }
-
-private:
-  static mkldnn_engine_kind_t convert_to_c(kind akind) {
-    return static_cast<mkldnn_engine_kind_t>(akind);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_primitives Primitives
-/// @{
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_memory Memory
-/// @{
-
-/// Memory primitive that describes the data.
-struct memory : public primitive {
-private:
-  std::shared_ptr<char> _handle;
-
-public:
-  typedef std::vector<std::remove_extent<mkldnn_dims_t>::type> dims;
-
-  template <typename T>
-  static void validate_dims(std::vector<T> v) {
-    if (v.size() > TENSOR_MAX_DIMS)
-      throw error(mkldnn_invalid_arguments, "invalid dimensions");
-  }
-
-  /// Data type specification. See #mkldnn_data_type_t for a detailed
-  /// description.
-  enum data_type {
-    data_undef = mkldnn_data_type_undef,
-    f32 = mkldnn_f32,
-    s32 = mkldnn_s32,
-    s16 = mkldnn_s16,
-    s8 = mkldnn_s8,
-    u8 = mkldnn_u8,
-  };
-
-  /// Memory format specification. See #mkldnn_memory_format_t
-  /// for a detailed description.
-  enum format {
-    format_undef = mkldnn_format_undef,
-    any = mkldnn_any,
-    blocked = mkldnn_blocked,
-    x = mkldnn_x,
-    nc = mkldnn_nc,
-    nchw = mkldnn_nchw,
-    nhwc = mkldnn_nhwc,
-    chwn = mkldnn_chwn,
-    nChw8c = mkldnn_nChw8c,
-    nChw16c = mkldnn_nChw16c,
-    ncdhw = mkldnn_ncdhw,
-    ndhwc = mkldnn_ndhwc,
-    nCdhw16c = mkldnn_nCdhw16c,
-    oi = mkldnn_oi,
-    io = mkldnn_io,
-    oihw = mkldnn_oihw,
-    ihwo = mkldnn_ihwo,
-    hwio = mkldnn_hwio,
-    oidhw = mkldnn_oidhw,
-    OIdhw16i16o = mkldnn_OIdhw16i16o,
-    OIdhw16o16i = mkldnn_OIdhw16o16i,
-    Oidhw16o = mkldnn_Oidhw16o,
-    Odhwi16o = mkldnn_Odhwi16o,
-    oIhw8i = mkldnn_oIhw8i,
-    oIhw16i = mkldnn_oIhw16i,
-    OIhw8i8o = mkldnn_OIhw8i8o,
-    OIhw16i16o = mkldnn_OIhw16i16o,
-    OIhw8o8i = mkldnn_OIhw8o8i,
-    OIhw16o16i = mkldnn_OIhw16o16i,
-    IOhw16o16i = mkldnn_IOhw16o16i,
-    OIhw8i16o2i = mkldnn_OIhw8i16o2i,
-    OIhw8o16i2o = mkldnn_OIhw8o16i2o,
-    OIhw4i16o4i = mkldnn_OIhw4i16o4i,
-    Oihw8o = mkldnn_Oihw8o,
-    Oihw16o = mkldnn_Oihw16o,
-    Ohwi8o = mkldnn_Ohwi8o,
-    Ohwi16o = mkldnn_Ohwi16o,
-    OhIw16o4i = mkldnn_OhIw16o4i,
-    goihw = mkldnn_goihw,
-    hwigo = mkldnn_hwigo,
-    gOIhw8i8o = mkldnn_gOIhw8i8o,
-    gOIhw16i16o = mkldnn_gOIhw16i16o,
-    gOIhw8i16o2i = mkldnn_gOIhw8i16o2i,
-    gOIhw8o16i2o = mkldnn_gOIhw8o16i2o,
-    gOIhw4i16o4i = mkldnn_gOIhw4i16o4i,
-    gOihw8o = mkldnn_gOihw8o,
-    gOihw16o = mkldnn_gOihw16o,
-    gOhwi8o = mkldnn_gOhwi8o,
-    gOhwi16o = mkldnn_gOhwi16o,
-    Goihw8g = mkldnn_Goihw8g,
-    Goihw16g = mkldnn_Goihw16g,
-    gOIhw8o8i = mkldnn_gOIhw8o8i,
-    gOIhw16o16i = mkldnn_gOIhw16o16i,
-    gIOhw16o16i = mkldnn_gIOhw16o16i,
-    gOhIw16o4i = mkldnn_gOhIw16o4i,
-    goidhw = mkldnn_goidhw,
-    gOIdhw16i16o = mkldnn_gOIdhw16i16o,
-    gOIdhw16o16i = mkldnn_gOIdhw16o16i,
-    gOidhw16o = mkldnn_gOidhw16o,
-    gOdhwi16o = mkldnn_gOdhwi16o,
-    ntc = mkldnn_ntc,
-    tnc = mkldnn_tnc,
-    ldsnc = mkldnn_ldsnc,
-    ldigo = mkldnn_ldigo,
-    ldigo_p = mkldnn_ldigo_p,
-    ldgoi = mkldnn_ldgoi,
-    ldgoi_p = mkldnn_ldgoi_p,
-    ldgo = mkldnn_ldgo,
-    wino_fmt = mkldnn_wino_fmt,
-    format_last = mkldnn_format_last,
-  };
-
-  /// A memory descriptor.
-  struct desc {
-    friend struct memory;
-    /// The underlying C API data structure.
-    mkldnn_memory_desc_t data;
-
-    /// Constructs a memory descriptor.
-    ///
-    /// @param adims Data dimensions
-    /// @param adata_type Data precision/type.
-    /// @param aformat Data layout format.
-    desc(dims adims, data_type adata_type, format aformat) {
-      validate_dims(adims);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_memory_desc_init(&data,
-                                  (int)adims.size(),
-                                  adims.size() == 0 ? nullptr : &adims[0],
-                                  convert_to_c(adata_type),
-                                  convert_to_c(aformat)),
-          "could not initialize a memory descriptor");
-    }
-
-    /// Constructs a memory descriptor from a C API data structure.
-    ///
-    /// @param adata A C API #mkldnn_memory_desc_t structure.
-    desc(const mkldnn_memory_desc_t &adata) : data(adata) {}
-  };
-
-  /// A memory primitive descriptor.
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    friend struct memory;
-
-    // TODO: make private
-    primitive_desc() {}
-
-    /// Constructs a memory primitive descriptor.
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_memory_primitive_desc_create(
-                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get()),
-                        "could not initialize a memory primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the memory primitive descriptor.
-    memory::desc desc() {
-      auto memory_d = mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_memory_d(get());
-      return memory::desc(*memory_d);
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the number of bytes required to allocate the memory described
-    /// including the padding area.
-    size_t get_size() const {
-      return mkldnn_memory_primitive_desc_get_size(get());
-    }
-
-    bool operator==(const primitive_desc &other) const {
-      return mkldnn_memory_primitive_desc_equal(get(), other.get());
-    }
-
-    bool operator!=(const primitive_desc &other) const {
-      return !operator==(other);
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  /// Constructs a memory primitive from a generic primitive.
-  ///
-  /// @param aprimitive The primitive to treat as memory.
-  memory(const primitive &aprimitive) : primitive(aprimitive) {}
-  /// Constructs a memory primitive.
-  ///
-  /// @param adesc Memory primitive descriptor.
-  memory(const primitive_desc &adesc) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, adesc.get(), nullptr, nullptr),
-        "could not create a memory primitive");
-    reset(result);
-    auto _malloc = [](size_t size, int alignment) {
-      void *ptr;
-#ifdef _WIN32
-      ptr = _aligned_malloc(size, alignment);
-      int rc = ((ptr) ? 0 : errno);
-#else
-      int rc = ::posix_memalign(&ptr, alignment, size);
-#endif /* _WIN32 */
-      return (rc == 0) ? (char *)ptr : nullptr;
-    };
-    auto _free = [](char *p) {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-      _aligned_free((void *)p);
-#else
-      ::free((void *)p);
-#endif /* _WIN32 */
-    };
-    _handle.reset(_malloc(adesc.get_size(), 4096), _free);
-    set_data_handle(_handle.get());
-  }
-
-  memory(const primitive_desc &adesc, void *ahandle) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, adesc.get(), nullptr, nullptr),
-        "could not create a memory primitive");
-    reset(result);
-    set_data_handle(ahandle);
-  }
-
-  /// Returns the descriptor of the memory primitive.
-  primitive_desc get_primitive_desc() const {
-    primitive_desc adesc;
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_get_primitive_desc(get(), &cdesc),
-        "could not get primitive descriptor from a memory primitive");
-    /* FIXME: no const_cast should be here */
-    adesc.reset(const_cast<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t>(cdesc), true);
-    return adesc;
-  }
-
-  /// Returns a handle of the data contained in the memory primitive. On
-  /// the CPU engine, this is a pointer to the allocated memory.
-  inline void *get_data_handle() const {
-    void *handle;
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_memory_get_data_handle(get(), &handle),
-                      "could not get native handle");
-    return handle;
-  }
-
-  inline void set_data_handle(void *handle) const {
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_memory_set_data_handle(get(), handle),
-                      "could not set native handle");
-  }
-
-  // Must go away or be private:
-  static mkldnn_data_type_t convert_to_c(data_type adata_type) {
-    return static_cast<mkldnn_data_type_t>(adata_type);
-  }
-  static mkldnn_memory_format_t convert_to_c(format aformat) {
-    return static_cast<mkldnn_memory_format_t>(aformat);
-  }
-};
-
-inline memory::desc zero_md() {
-  mkldnn_memory_desc_t zero;
-  zero.primitive_kind = mkldnn_memory;
-  return memory::desc(zero);
-}
-
-inline memory null_memory(engine eng) {
-  mkldnn::memory::desc zero = zero_md();
-  return memory({zero, eng}, nullptr);
-}
-
-inline bool is_null_memory(const const_mkldnn_primitive_t &aprimitive) {
-  const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t aprimitive_pd;
-  mkldnn_primitive_get_primitive_desc(aprimitive, &aprimitive_pd);
-  const mkldnn_memory_desc_t *aprimitive_md =
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_memory_d(aprimitive_pd);
-
-  return ((aprimitive_md != nullptr) && (aprimitive_md->ndims == 0));
-}
-
-inline bool operator==(mkldnn_data_type_t a, memory::data_type b) {
-  return a == memory::convert_to_c(b);
-}
-inline bool operator!=(mkldnn_data_type_t a, memory::data_type b) {
-  return !(a == b);
-}
-inline bool operator==(memory::data_type a, mkldnn_data_type_t b) {
-  return b == a;
-}
-inline bool operator!=(memory::data_type a, mkldnn_data_type_t b) {
-  return !(a == b);
-}
-
-inline bool operator==(mkldnn_memory_format_t a, memory::format b) {
-  return a == memory::convert_to_c(b);
-}
-inline bool operator!=(mkldnn_memory_format_t a, memory::format b) {
-  return !(a == b);
-}
-inline bool operator==(memory::format a, mkldnn_memory_format_t b) {
-  return b == a;
-}
-inline bool operator!=(memory::format a, mkldnn_memory_format_t b) {
-  return !(a == b);
-}
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_reorder Reorder
-/// @{
-
-struct reorder : public primitive {
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const memory::primitive_desc &input,
-                   const memory::primitive_desc &output) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_reorder_primitive_desc_create(
-                            &result, input.get(), output.get()),
-                        "could not create a reorder primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    primitive_desc(const memory::primitive_desc &input,
-                   const memory::primitive_desc &output,
-                   const primitive_attr &aattr) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_reorder_primitive_desc_create_v2(
-                            &result, input.get(), output.get(), aattr.get()),
-                        "could not create a reorder primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  reorder(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-          const primitive::at &input,
-          const memory &output) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {input.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a reorder primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  reorder(const primitive::at &input, const memory &output) {
-    auto input_mpd = memory(input).get_primitive_desc();
-    auto output_mpd = output.get_primitive_desc();
-
-    auto reorder_d = primitive_desc(input_mpd, output_mpd);
-
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {input.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, reorder_d.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a reorder primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_view View
-/// @{
-
-struct view : public primitive {
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const memory::primitive_desc &input,
-                   memory::dims dims,
-                   memory::dims offsets) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_view_primitive_desc_create(
-                            &result, input.get(), &dims[0], &offsets[0]),
-                        "could not create a view primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  view(const primitive_desc &view_pd, primitive::at input) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {input.data};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, view_pd.get(), inputs, nullptr),
-        "could not create a view primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  view(memory input, memory::dims dims, memory::dims offsets) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    primitive_desc view_pd(input.get_primitive_desc(), dims, offsets);
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {primitive::at(input).data};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, view_pd.get(), inputs, nullptr),
-        "could not create a view primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_concat Concat
-/// @{
-
-struct concat : public primitive {
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> cpp_to_c(
-        std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
-      std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> c_api_inputs;
-      c_api_inputs.reserve(inputs.size());
-      auto convert_to_c = [](memory::primitive_desc d) { return d.get(); };
-      std::transform(inputs.begin(),
-                     inputs.end(),
-                     std::back_inserter(c_api_inputs),
-                     convert_to_c);
-      return c_api_inputs;
-    }
-
-    primitive_desc(const memory::desc &output,
-                   int concat_dimension,
-                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-
-      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
-
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_concat_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                              &output.data,
-                                              (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
-                                              concat_dimension,
-                                              &c_api_inputs[0]),
-          "could not create a concat primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    primitive_desc(int concat_dimension,
-                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-
-      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
-
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_concat_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                              nullptr,
-                                              (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
-                                              concat_dimension,
-                                              &c_api_inputs[0]),
-          "could not create a concat primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  concat(const primitive_desc &concat_pd,
-         std::vector<primitive::at> &inputs,
-         const memory &output) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-
-    std::vector<mkldnn_primitive_at_t> p_inputs;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.size(); i++)
-      p_inputs.push_back(inputs[i].data);
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
-
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, concat_pd.get(), &p_inputs[0], outputs),
-                      "could not create a concat primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_sum Sum
-/// @{
-
-struct sum : public primitive {
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> cpp_to_c(
-        std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
-      std::vector<const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> c_api_inputs;
-      c_api_inputs.reserve(inputs.size());
-      auto convert_to_c = [](memory::primitive_desc d) { return d.get(); };
-      std::transform(inputs.begin(),
-                     inputs.end(),
-                     std::back_inserter(c_api_inputs),
-                     convert_to_c);
-      return c_api_inputs;
-    }
-
-    primitive_desc(const memory::desc &output,
-                   const std::vector<float> &scales,
-                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-
-      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
-
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                           &output.data,
-                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
-                                           &scales[0],
-                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
-          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    primitive_desc(const std::vector<float> &scales,
-                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-
-      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
-
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                           nullptr,
-                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
-                                           &scales[0],
-                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
-          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    /** @deprecated: api backwards compatibility for double scales type */
-    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED
-    primitive_desc(const memory::desc &output,
-                   std::vector<double> scale,
-                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-
-      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
-      auto scale_f = scale_to_float(scale);
-
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                           &output.data,
-                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
-                                           &scale_f[0],
-                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
-          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    /** @deprecated: api backwards compatibility for double scales type */
-    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED
-    primitive_desc(std::vector<double> scale,
-                   std::vector<memory::primitive_desc> inputs) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-
-      auto c_api_inputs = cpp_to_c(inputs);
-      auto scale_f = scale_to_float(scale);
-
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_sum_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                           nullptr,
-                                           (int)c_api_inputs.size(),
-                                           &scale_f[0],
-                                           &c_api_inputs[0]),
-          "could not create a sum primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  sum(const primitive_desc &sum_pd,
-      std::vector<primitive::at> &inputs,
-      const memory &output) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-
-    std::vector<mkldnn_primitive_at_t> p_inputs;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.size(); i++)
-      p_inputs.push_back(inputs[i].data);
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {output.get()};
-
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(&result, sum_pd.get(), &p_inputs[0], outputs),
-        "could not create a sum primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-private:
-  static std::vector<float> scale_to_float(const std::vector<double> &vd) {
-    std::vector<float> vf(vd.size());
-    std::transform(
-        vd.begin(), vd.end(), vf.begin(), [=](double x) { return (float)x; });
-    return vf;
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_convolution Convolution
-/// @{
-
-struct convolution_forward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_convolution_desc_t data;
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_convolution_forward_desc_init(
-                            &data,
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-                            &src_desc.data,
-                            &weights_desc.data,
-                            &bias_desc.data,
-                            &dst_desc.data,
-                            &strides[0],
-                            &padding_l[0],
-                            &padding_r[0],
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-                        "could not create a convolution forward descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_convolution_forward_desc_init(
-                            &data,
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-                            &src_desc.data,
-                            &weights_desc.data,
-                            nullptr,
-                            &dst_desc.data,
-                            &strides[0],
-                            &padding_l[0],
-                            &padding_r[0],
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-                        "could not create a convolution forward descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims dilates,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_forward_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &src_desc.data,
-              &weights_desc.data,
-              &bias_desc.data,
-              &dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &dilates[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a dilated convolution forward descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims dilates,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_forward_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &src_desc.data,
-              &weights_desc.data,
-              nullptr,
-              &dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &dilates[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a dilated convolution forward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a convolution forward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
-                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
-                   const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a convolution forward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  convolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                      const primitive::at &src,
-                      const primitive::at &weights,
-                      const primitive::at &bias,
-                      const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a convolution forward bias primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  convolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                      const primitive::at &src,
-                      const primitive::at &weights,
-                      const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a convolution forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct convolution_backward_data : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_convolution_desc_t data;
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_convolution_backward_data_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &diff_src_desc.data,
-              &weights_desc.data,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a convolution backward data descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims dilates,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_backward_data_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &diff_src_desc.data,
-              &weights_desc.data,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &dilates[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a convolution backward data descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(
-        const desc &adesc,
-        const engine &aengine,
-        const convolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                       &adesc.data,
-                                       aengine.get(),
-                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
-          "could not create a convolution backward data primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_src primititve descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  convolution_backward_data(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                            const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                            const primitive::at &weights,
-                            const memory &diff_src) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a convolution backward data primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct convolution_backward_weights : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_convolution_desc_t data;
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &src_desc.data,
-              &diff_weights_desc.data,
-              &diff_bias_desc.data,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &src_desc.data,
-              &diff_weights_desc.data,
-              nullptr,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims dilates,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &src_desc.data,
-              &diff_weights_desc.data,
-              &diff_bias_desc.data,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &dilates[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims dilates,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(dilates);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_dilated_convolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &src_desc.data,
-              &diff_weights_desc.data,
-              nullptr,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &dilates[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a convolution backward weights descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(
-        const desc &adesc,
-        const engine &aengine,
-        const convolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                       &adesc.data,
-                                       aengine.get(),
-                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
-          "could not create a convolution backward weights primitive "
-          "descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_bias primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  convolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                               const primitive::at &src,
-                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                               const memory &diff_weights,
-                               const memory &diff_bias) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get(), diff_bias.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a convolution backward weights primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-  convolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                               const primitive::at &src,
-                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                               const memory &diff_weights) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a convolution backward weights primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct convolution_relu_forward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_convolution_relu_desc_t data;
-    desc(const convolution_forward::desc conv_desc,
-         const float negative_slope) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_convolution_relu_desc_init(
-              &data, &conv_desc.data, negative_slope),
-          "could not create a convolution_relu_forward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a convolution relu forward descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  convolution_relu_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                           const primitive::at &src,
-                           const primitive::at &weights,
-                           const primitive::at &bias,
-                           const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a convolution relu forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  convolution_relu_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                           const primitive::at &src,
-                           const primitive::at &weights,
-                           const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a convolution relu forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-//
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_deconvolution Deconvolution
-/// @{
-
-struct deconvolution_forward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_deconvolution_desc_t data;
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_deconvolution_forward_desc_init(
-                            &data,
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-                            &src_desc.data,
-                            &weights_desc.data,
-                            &bias_desc.data,
-                            &dst_desc.data,
-                            &strides[0],
-                            &padding_l[0],
-                            &padding_r[0],
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-                        "could not create a deconvolution forward descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_deconvolution_forward_desc_init(
-                            &data,
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-                            &src_desc.data,
-                            &weights_desc.data,
-                            nullptr,
-                            &dst_desc.data,
-                            &strides[0],
-                            &padding_l[0],
-                            &padding_r[0],
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-                        "could not create a deconvolution forward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a deconvolution forward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
-                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
-                   const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a deconvolution forward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  deconvolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                        const primitive::at &src,
-                        const primitive::at &weights,
-                        const primitive::at &bias,
-                        const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a deconvolution forward bias primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  deconvolution_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                        const primitive::at &src,
-                        const primitive::at &weights,
-                        const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a deconvolution forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct deconvolution_backward_data : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_deconvolution_desc_t data;
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_deconvolution_backward_data_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &diff_src_desc.data,
-              &weights_desc.data,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a deconvolution backward data descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(
-        const desc &adesc,
-        const engine &aengine,
-        const deconvolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                       &adesc.data,
-                                       aengine.get(),
-                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
-          "could not create a deconvolution backward data primitive "
-          "descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_src primititve descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  deconvolution_backward_data(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                              const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                              const primitive::at &weights,
-                              const memory &diff_src) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a deconvolution backward data primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct deconvolution_backward_weights : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_deconvolution_desc_t data;
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_deconvolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &src_desc.data,
-              &diff_weights_desc.data,
-              &diff_bias_desc.data,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a deconvolution backward weights descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_deconvolution_backward_weights_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-              &src_desc.data,
-              &diff_weights_desc.data,
-              nullptr,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data,
-              &strides[0],
-              &padding_l[0],
-              &padding_r[0],
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not create a deconvolution backward weights descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(
-        const desc &adesc,
-        const engine &aengine,
-        const deconvolution_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                       &adesc.data,
-                                       aengine.get(),
-                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
-          "could not create a deconvolution backward weights primitive "
-          "descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a src primititve descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_bias primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  deconvolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                                 const primitive::at &src,
-                                 const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                                 const memory &diff_weights,
-                                 const memory &diff_bias) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get(), diff_bias.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a deconvolution backward weights primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-  deconvolution_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                                 const primitive::at &src,
-                                 const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                                 const memory &diff_weights) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a deconvolution backward weights primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_lrn LRN
-/// @{
-
-struct lrn_forward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_lrn_desc_t data;
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         int local_size,
-         float alpha,
-         float beta,
-         float k) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_lrn_forward_desc_init(&data,
-                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                                       convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-                                       &src_desc.data,
-                                       local_size,
-                                       alpha,
-                                       beta,
-                                       k),
-          "could not create a lrn forward descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         int local_size,
-         float alpha,
-         float beta) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_lrn_forward_desc_init(&data,
-                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                                       convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-                                       &src_desc.data,
-                                       local_size,
-                                       alpha,
-                                       beta,
-                                       float(1.0)),
-          "could not create a lrn forward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-                        "could not create a lrn forward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a src primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
-                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(ldesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  lrn_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-              const primitive::at &src,
-              const memory &workspace,
-              const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get(), workspace.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a lrn forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  lrn_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-              const primitive::at &src,
-              const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a lrn forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct lrn_backward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_lrn_desc_t data;
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &data_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
-         int local_size,
-         float alpha,
-         float beta,
-         float k) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_lrn_backward_desc_init(&data,
-                                                      convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-                                                      &diff_data_desc.data,
-                                                      &data_desc.data,
-                                                      local_size,
-                                                      alpha,
-                                                      beta,
-                                                      k),
-                        "could not create a lrn backward descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &data_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
-         int local_size,
-         float alpha,
-         float beta) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_lrn_backward_desc_init(&data,
-                                                      convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-                                                      &diff_data_desc.data,
-                                                      &data_desc.data,
-                                                      local_size,
-                                                      alpha,
-                                                      beta,
-                                                      float(1.0)),
-                        "could not create a lrn backward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
-                   const engine &aengine,
-                   const lrn_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                       &adesc.data,
-                                       aengine.get(),
-                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
-          "could not create a backward lrn primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_src primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
-                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(ldesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  lrn_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-               const primitive::at &src,
-               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-               const primitive::at &workspace,
-               const memory &diff_src) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data, workspace.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a lrn backward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  lrn_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-               const primitive::at &src,
-               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-               const memory &diff_src) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a lrn backward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_pooling Pooling
-/// @{
-
-struct pooling_forward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_pooling_desc_t data;
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims strides,
-         const memory::dims kernel,
-         const memory::dims padding_l,
-         const memory::dims padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(kernel);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_pooling_forward_desc_init(&data,
-                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                                           convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-                                           &src_desc.data,
-                                           &dst_desc.data,
-                                           &strides[0],
-                                           &kernel[0],
-                                           &padding_l[0],
-                                           &padding_r[0],
-                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-          "could not init a forward pooling descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a forward pooling primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a workspace primititve descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  pooling_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                  const primitive::at &src,
-                  const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get(), nullptr};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a pooling forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  pooling_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                  const primitive::at &src,
-                  const memory &dst,
-                  const memory &workspace) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get(), workspace.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a pooling forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct pooling_backward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_pooling_desc_t data;
-    desc(algorithm aalgorithm,
-         const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc,
-         const memory::dims &strides,
-         const memory::dims &kernel,
-         const memory::dims &padding_l,
-         const memory::dims &padding_r,
-         const padding_kind apadding_kind) {
-      memory::validate_dims(strides);
-      memory::validate_dims(kernel);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_l);
-      memory::validate_dims(padding_r);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_pooling_backward_desc_init(
-                            &data,
-                            convert_to_c(aalgorithm),
-                            &diff_src_desc.data,
-                            &diff_dst_desc.data,
-                            &strides[0],
-                            &kernel[0],
-                            &padding_l[0],
-                            &padding_r[0],
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(apadding_kind)),
-                        "could not init a backward pooling descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(
-        const desc &adesc,
-        const engine &aengine,
-        const pooling_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                       &adesc.data,
-                                       aengine.get(),
-                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
-          "could not create a backward pooling primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff src primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  pooling_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                   const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                   const memory &diff_src) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a pooling backward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  pooling_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                   const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                   const primitive::at &workspace,
-                   const memory &diff_src) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, workspace.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a pooling backward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_eltwise Eltwise
-/// @{
-
-struct eltwise_forward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_eltwise_desc_t data;
-    template <typename T>
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         algorithm alg_kind,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         T alpha = 0,
-         T beta = 0) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_eltwise_forward_desc_init(&data,
-                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(alg_kind),
-                                           &src_desc.data,
-                                           static_cast<float>(alpha),
-                                           static_cast<float>(beta)),
-          "could not create a eltwise forward descriptor");
-    }
-
-    /** @deprecated: api backward compatibility for relu */
-    template <typename T>
-    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-                           const memory::desc &src_desc,
-                           T negative_slope)
-        : desc(aprop_kind, eltwise_relu, src_desc, negative_slope) {}
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a eltwise forward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  eltwise_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                  const primitive::at &src,
-                  const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a eltwise forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-typedef eltwise_forward relu_forward;
-
-struct eltwise_backward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_eltwise_desc_t data;
-
-    template <typename T>
-    desc(algorithm alg_kind,
-         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
-         const memory::desc &data_desc,
-         T alpha = 0,
-         T beta = 0) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_eltwise_backward_desc_init(&data,
-                                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(alg_kind),
-                                            &diff_data_desc.data,
-                                            &data_desc.data,
-                                            static_cast<float>(alpha),
-                                            static_cast<float>(beta)),
-          "could not create a eltwise backward descriptor");
-    }
-
-    /** @deprecated: api backward compatibility for relu */
-    template <typename T>
-    MKLDNN_DEPRECATED desc(const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
-                           const memory::desc &data_desc,
-                           T negative_slope)
-        : desc(eltwise_relu, diff_data_desc, data_desc, negative_slope) {}
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(
-        const desc &adesc,
-        const engine &aengine,
-        const eltwise_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                       &adesc.data,
-                                       aengine.get(),
-                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
-          "could not create a eltwise backward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff src primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  eltwise_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                   const primitive::at &src,
-                   const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                   const memory &diff_src) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a eltwise backward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-typedef eltwise_backward relu_backward;
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_softmax Softmax
-/// @{
-
-struct softmax_forward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_softmax_desc_t data;
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         const memory::desc &data_desc,
-         int softmax_axis) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_softmax_forward_desc_init(&data,
-                                           mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                                           &data_desc.data,
-                                           softmax_axis),
-          "could not create a softmax forward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a softmax forward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  softmax_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                  const primitive::at &src,
-                  const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a softmax forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_batch_norm Batch normalization
-/// @{
-
-struct batch_normalization_forward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t data;
-    template <typename T>
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         T epsilon,
-         unsigned flags) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_batch_normalization_forward_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-              &src_desc.data,
-              static_cast<float>(epsilon),
-              flags),
-          "could not create a batch normalization forward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-                        "could not create a batch normalization forward "
-                        "primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
-                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
-                   const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a batch normalization forward "
-          "primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(bndesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc mean_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc aprimitive_desc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
-      mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t *p;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(batch_normalization_d), 0, &p),
-          "could not get a batch-normalization descriptor");
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
-          (p->flags & use_global_stats)
-              ? mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1)
-              : mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
-                        "could not clone a mean primitive descriptor");
-      aprimitive_desc.reset(bndesc);
-      return aprimitive_desc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc variance_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc aprimitive_desc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
-      mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t *p;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(batch_normalization_d), 0, &p),
-          "could not get a batch-normalization descriptor");
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
-          (p->flags & use_global_stats)
-              ? mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 2)
-              : mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-                    get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 2);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
-                        "could not clone a variance primitive descriptor");
-      aprimitive_desc.reset(bndesc);
-      return aprimitive_desc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                              const primitive::at &src,
-                              const primitive::at &mean,
-                              const primitive::at &variance,
-                              const primitive::at &weights,
-                              const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {
-        src.data, mean.data, variance.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                              const primitive::at &src,
-                              const primitive::at &mean,
-                              const primitive::at &variance,
-                              const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, mean.data, variance.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  /// @warning batch_normalization_forward has 2 constructors with very
-  ///          similar signatures:
-  ///           - (pd, src, weights, dst, mean, variance) // 2 in, 3 out
-  ///           - (pd, src, dst, mean, variance, workspace) // 1 in, 4 out
-  ///          The only way to distinguish between those is to explicitly
-  ///          cast all input parameters to their type, i.e. to
-  ///          const primitive:at &.
-  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                              const primitive::at &src,
-                              const primitive::at &weights,
-                              const memory &dst,
-                              const memory &mean,
-                              const memory &variance) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {
-        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                              const primitive::at &src,
-                              const primitive::at &weights,
-                              const memory &dst,
-                              const memory &mean,
-                              const memory &variance,
-                              const memory &workspace) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {
-        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get(), workspace.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                              const primitive::at &src,
-                              const memory &dst,
-                              const memory &mean,
-                              const memory &variance) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {
-        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  /// @warning batch_normalization_forward has 2 constructors with very
-  ///          similar signatures:
-  ///           - (pd, src, weights, dst, mean, variance) // 2 in, 3 out
-  ///           - (pd, src, dst, mean, variance, workspace) // 1 in, 4 out
-  ///          The only way to distinguish between those is to explicitly
-  ///          cast all input parameters to their type, i.e. to
-  ///          const primitive:at &.
-  /// @note to make users' experience a little bit better this constructor
-  ///       checks if whether parameters match corresponding primitive
-  ///       descriptor, and if they are not -- call the other (proper)
-  ///       constructor. Yeah, this is still very ugly...
-  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                              const primitive::at &src,
-                              const memory &dst,
-                              const memory &mean,
-                              const memory &variance,
-                              const memory &workspace) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[2] = {src.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[4] = {
-        dst.get(), mean.get(), variance.get(), workspace.get()};
-
-    if (1) {  // check whether this is the `wrong` constructor
-      const int n_inputs_expected = mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_s32(
-          aprimitive_desc.get(), mkldnn_query_num_of_inputs_s32, 0);
-      const int n_outputs_expected = mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_s32(
-          aprimitive_desc.get(), mkldnn_query_num_of_outputs_s32, 0);
-      if (n_inputs_expected == 2 && n_outputs_expected == 3) {
-        // shift parameters, get rid of workspace, and add weights...
-        auto _weights = dst;
-        inputs[1] = {_weights.get(), 0};
-
-        auto _dst = mean, _mean = variance, _variance = workspace;
-        outputs[0] = _dst.get();
-        outputs[1] = _mean.get();
-        outputs[2] = _variance.get();
-        outputs[3] = nullptr;
-      }
-    }
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                              const primitive::at &src,
-                              const primitive::at &weights,
-                              const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  batch_normalization_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                              const primitive::at &src,
-                              const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct batch_normalization_backward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_batch_normalization_desc_t data;
-    template <typename T>
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         const memory::desc &diff_data_desc,
-         const memory::desc &data_desc,
-         T epsilon,
-         unsigned flags) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_batch_normalization_backward_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-              &diff_data_desc.data,
-              &data_desc.data,
-              static_cast<float>(epsilon),
-              flags),
-          "could not create a batch normalization backward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
-                   const engine &aengine,
-                   const batch_normalization_forward::primitive_desc
-                       &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                       &adesc.data,
-                                       aengine.get(),
-                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
-          "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive "
-          "descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(bndesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff_weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(bndesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc mean_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
-                        "could not clone a mean primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(bndesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc variance_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t bndesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_bndesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 2);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&bndesc, const_bndesc),
-                        "could not clone a variance primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(bndesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  // Prop_kind == backward
-  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                               const primitive::at &src,
-                               const primitive::at &mean,
-                               const primitive::at &variance,
-                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                               const primitive::at &weights,
-                               const memory &diff_src,
-                               const memory &diff_weights) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {
-        src.data, mean.data, variance.data, diff_dst.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get(), diff_weights.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  // Prop_kind == backward (+ws)
-  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                               const primitive::at &src,
-                               const primitive::at &mean,
-                               const primitive::at &variance,
-                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                               const primitive::at &weights,
-                               const primitive::at &workspace,
-                               const memory &diff_src,
-                               const memory &diff_weights) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data,
-                                      mean.data,
-                                      variance.data,
-                                      diff_dst.data,
-                                      weights.data,
-                                      workspace.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get(), diff_weights.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  // Prop_kind == backward_data (+ws or +weights)
-  /// @warning This constructor works for backward_data propagation
-  ///          - w/ weights but w/o workspace, or
-  ///          - w/ workspace but w/o weights
-  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                               const primitive::at &src,
-                               const primitive::at &mean,
-                               const primitive::at &variance,
-                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                               const primitive::at &weights_or_workspace,
-                               const memory &diff_src) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data,
-                                      mean.data,
-                                      variance.data,
-                                      diff_dst.data,
-                                      weights_or_workspace.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  // Prop_kind == backward_data
-  batch_normalization_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                               const primitive::at &src,
-                               const primitive::at &mean,
-                               const primitive::at &variance,
-                               const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                               const memory &diff_src) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {
-        src.data, mean.data, variance.data, diff_dst.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a batch normalization backward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_inner_product Inner Product
-/// @{
-
-struct inner_product_forward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_inner_product_desc_t data;
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_desc) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_inner_product_forward_desc_init(
-                            &data,
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                            &src_desc.data,
-                            &weights_desc.data,
-                            &bias_desc.data,
-                            &dst_desc.data),
-                        "could not create a inner product forward descriptor");
-    }
-
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_desc) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_inner_product_forward_desc_init(
-                            &data,
-                            mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                            &src_desc.data,
-                            &weights_desc.data,
-                            nullptr,
-                            &dst_desc.data),
-                        "could not create a inner product forward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a inner product forward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc,
-                   const primitive_attr &aattr,
-                   const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create_v2(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aattr.get(), aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create a inner product "
-          "forward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a src primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a dst primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  inner_product_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                        const primitive::at &src,
-                        const primitive::at weights,
-                        const primitive::at &bias,
-                        const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data, bias.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a inner product forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  inner_product_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                        const primitive::at &src,
-                        const primitive::at weights,
-                        const memory &dst) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {dst.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create a inner product forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct inner_product_backward_data : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_inner_product_desc_t data;
-    desc(const memory::desc &diff_src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_inner_product_backward_data_desc_init(&data,
-                                                       &diff_src_desc.data,
-                                                       &weights_desc.data,
-                                                       &diff_dst_desc.data),
-          "could not create a inner product backward data descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(
-        const desc &adesc,
-        const engine &aengine,
-        const inner_product_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                       &adesc.data,
-                                       aengine.get(),
-                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
-          "could not create a inner product backward data primitive "
-          "descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff dst primititve descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff src primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  inner_product_backward_data(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                              const primitive::at &diff_dst,
-                              const primitive::at weights,
-                              const memory &diff_src) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {diff_dst.data, weights.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_src.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a inner product backward data primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct inner_product_backward_weights : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_inner_product_desc_t data;
-    desc(const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_inner_product_backward_weights_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              &src_desc.data,
-              &diff_weights_desc.data,
-              &diff_bias_desc.data,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data),
-          "could not create a inner product backward weights descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(const memory::desc &src_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_weights_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_desc) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_inner_product_backward_weights_desc_init(
-              &data,
-              &src_desc.data,
-              &diff_weights_desc.data,
-              nullptr,
-              &diff_dst_desc.data),
-          "could not create a inner product backward weights descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(
-        const desc &adesc,
-        const engine &aengine,
-        const inner_product_forward::primitive_desc &hint_fwd_primitive_desc) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(&result,
-                                       &adesc.data,
-                                       aengine.get(),
-                                       hint_fwd_primitive_desc.get()),
-          "could not create a inner product backward weights primitive "
-          "descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff dst primititve descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a diff bias primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc src_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a src primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  inner_product_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                                 const primitive::at &src,
-                                 const primitive::at diff_dst,
-                                 const memory &diff_weights) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a inner product backward weights primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-
-  inner_product_backward_weights(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-                                 const primitive::at &src,
-                                 const primitive::at diff_dst,
-                                 const memory &diff_weights,
-                                 const memory &diff_bias) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[] = {src.data, diff_dst.data};
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[] = {diff_weights.get(), diff_bias.get()};
-    error::wrap_c_api(
-        mkldnn_primitive_create(
-            &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-        "could not create a inner product backward weights primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_rnn RNN
-/// @{
-
-struct rnn_cell {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_rnn_cell_desc_t c_rnn_cell_;
-
-    desc(algorithm kind, algorithm activation_f) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_rnn_cell_desc_init(&c_rnn_cell_,
-                                    mkldnn::convert_to_c(kind),
-                                    mkldnn::convert_to_c(activation_f),
-                                    0U,
-                                    0,
-                                    0),
-          "could not init an rnn cell descriptor");
-    }
-    desc(algorithm kind) : desc(kind, algorithm::algorithm_undef) {}
-
-    operator const mkldnn_rnn_cell_desc_t *() const { return &c_rnn_cell_; }
-
-    algorithm get_cell_kind() const { return algorithm(c_rnn_cell_.cell_kind); }
-    algorithm get_activation() const {
-      return algorithm(c_rnn_cell_.activation_kind);
-    }
-
-    float get_alpha() const { return c_rnn_cell_.alpha; }
-    void set_alpha(float alpha) {
-      c_rnn_cell_.flags |= mkldnn_rnn_cell_with_relu;
-      c_rnn_cell_.alpha = alpha;
-    }
-
-    float get_clipping() const { return c_rnn_cell_.clipping; }
-    void set_clipping(float clipping) {
-      c_rnn_cell_.flags |= mkldnn_rnn_cell_with_clipping;
-      c_rnn_cell_.clipping = clipping;
-    }
-
-    int get_gates_count() const {
-      return mkldnn_rnn_cell_get_gates_count(&c_rnn_cell_);
-    }
-    int get_state_count() const {
-      return mkldnn_rnn_cell_get_states_count(&c_rnn_cell_);
-    }
-  };
-};
-
-struct rnn_forward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_rnn_desc_t data;
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         rnn_cell::desc cell,
-         const rnn_direction direction,
-         const memory::desc &src_layer_desc,
-         const memory::desc &src_iter_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_layer_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_iter_desc,
-         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_layer_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_iter_desc) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_rnn_forward_desc_init(&data,
-                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                                       cell,
-                                       mkldnn::convert_to_c(direction),
-                                       &src_layer_desc.data,
-                                       &src_iter_desc.data,
-                                       &weights_layer_desc.data,
-                                       &weights_iter_desc.data,
-                                       &bias_desc.data,
-                                       &dst_layer_desc.data,
-                                       &dst_iter_desc.data),
-          "could not create an RNN forward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-                            &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-                        "could not create an RNN forward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc src_layer_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone an src layer primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a src iter primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_layer_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 2);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
-                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(ldesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_layer_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-          "could not clone a dst last layer primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_iter_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-          "could not clone a dst last iteration primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-
-  rnn_forward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-              const primitive::at &src_layer,
-              const primitive::at &src_iter,
-              const primitive::at &weights_layer,
-              const primitive::at &weights_iter,
-              const primitive::at &bias,
-              const memory &dst_layer,
-              const memory &dst_iter,
-              const memory &workspace) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[5];
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[3];
-    int idx = 0;
-    inputs[idx++] = src_layer.data;
-    if (!is_null_memory(src_iter.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = src_iter.data;
-    inputs[idx++] = weights_layer.data;
-    inputs[idx++] = weights_iter.data;
-    if (!is_null_memory(bias.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = bias.data;
-
-    idx = 0;
-    outputs[idx++] = dst_layer.get();
-    if (!is_null_memory(dst_iter.get())) outputs[idx++] = dst_iter.get();
-    if (!is_null_memory(workspace.get())) outputs[idx++] = workspace.get();
-
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create an RNN forward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-struct rnn_backward : public primitive {
-  struct desc {
-    mkldnn_rnn_desc_t data;
-    desc(prop_kind aprop_kind,
-         rnn_cell::desc cell,
-         const rnn_direction direction,
-         const memory::desc &src_layer_desc,
-         const memory::desc &src_iter_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_layer_desc,
-         const memory::desc &weights_iter_desc,
-         const memory::desc &bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_layer_desc,
-         const memory::desc &dst_iter_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_src_layer_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_src_iter_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_weights_layer_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_weights_iter_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_bias_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_layer_desc,
-         const memory::desc &diff_dst_iter_desc) {
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_rnn_backward_desc_init(&data,
-                                        mkldnn::convert_to_c(aprop_kind),
-                                        cell,
-                                        mkldnn::convert_to_c(direction),
-                                        &src_layer_desc.data,
-                                        &src_iter_desc.data,
-                                        &weights_layer_desc.data,
-                                        &weights_iter_desc.data,
-                                        &bias_desc.data,
-                                        &dst_layer_desc.data,
-                                        &dst_iter_desc.data,
-                                        &diff_src_layer_desc.data,
-                                        &diff_src_iter_desc.data,
-                                        &diff_weights_layer_desc.data,
-                                        &diff_weights_iter_desc.data,
-                                        &diff_bias_desc.data,
-                                        &diff_dst_layer_desc.data,
-                                        &diff_dst_iter_desc.data),
-          "could not create an RNN backward descriptor");
-    }
-  };
-  struct primitive_desc : public handle<mkldnn_primitive_desc_t> {
-    primitive_desc(const desc &adesc, const engine &aengine) {
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t result;
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_create(
-              &result, &adesc.data, aengine.get(), nullptr),
-          "could not create an RNN backward primitive descriptor");
-      reset(result);
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc src_layer_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone an src layer primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(src_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a src iter primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_layer_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc weights_iter_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc bias_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(weights_pd), 2);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_layer_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-          "could not clone a dst last layer primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc dst_iter_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(dst_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-          "could not clone a dst last iteration primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_layer_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone an src_layer primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_src_iter_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_src_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a src iter primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_layer_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_weights_iter_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a weights primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_bias_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_weights_pd), 2);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-                        "could not clone a bias primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_layer_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-          "could not clone a dst last layer primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc diff_dst_iter_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t cdesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_cdesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(diff_dst_pd), 1);
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&cdesc, const_cdesc),
-          "could not clone a dst last iteration primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(cdesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    memory::primitive_desc workspace_primitive_desc() const {
-      memory::primitive_desc adesc;
-      mkldnn_primitive_desc_t ldesc;
-      const_mkldnn_primitive_desc_t const_ldesc =
-          mkldnn_primitive_desc_query_pd(
-              get(), mkldnn::convert_to_c(workspace_pd), 0);
-      error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_desc_clone(&ldesc, const_ldesc),
-                        "could not clone a workspace primitive descriptor");
-      adesc.reset(ldesc);
-      return adesc;
-    }
-
-    engine get_engine() { return engine::query(*this); }
-  };
-  // With last iteration (with and without input src_iter)
-  rnn_backward(const primitive_desc &aprimitive_desc,
-               const primitive::at &src_layer,
-               const primitive::at &src_iter,
-               const primitive::at &weights_layer,
-               const primitive::at &weights_iter,
-               const primitive::at &bias,
-               const primitive::at &dst_layer,
-               const primitive::at &dst_iter,
-               const memory &diff_src_layer,
-               const memory &diff_src_iter,
-               const memory &diff_weights_layer,
-               const memory &diff_weights_iter,
-               const memory &diff_bias,
-               const primitive::at &diff_dst_layer,
-               const primitive::at &diff_dst_iter,
-               const primitive::at &workspace) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t result;
-    mkldnn_primitive_at_t inputs[10];
-    const_mkldnn_primitive_t outputs[5];
-    int idx = 0;
-    inputs[idx] = src_layer.data;
-    if (!is_null_memory(src_iter.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = src_iter.data;
-    inputs[idx++] = weights_layer.data;
-    inputs[idx++] = weights_iter.data;
-    if (!is_null_memory(bias.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = bias.data;
-    inputs[idx] = dst_layer.data;
-    if (!is_null_memory(dst_iter.data.primitive)) inputs[idx++] = dst_iter.data;
-    inputs[idx] = diff_dst_layer.data;
-    if (!is_null_memory(diff_dst_iter.data.primitive))
-      inputs[idx++] = diff_dst_iter.data;
-    inputs[idx] = workspace.data;
-
-    idx = 0;
-    outputs[idx] = diff_src_layer.get();
-    if (!is_null_memory(diff_src_iter.get()))
-      outputs[idx++] = diff_src_iter.get();
-    outputs[idx] = diff_weights_layer.get();
-    outputs[idx] = diff_weights_iter.get();
-    if (!is_null_memory(diff_bias.get())) outputs[idx] = diff_bias.get();
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_primitive_create(
-                          &result, aprimitive_desc.get(), inputs, outputs),
-                      "could not create an RNN backward primitive");
-    reset(result);
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-/// @} Primitives
-
-/// @addtogroup cpp_api_stream Stream
-/// @{
-
-#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
-template <>
-struct handle_traits<mkldnn_stream_t> {
-  static constexpr auto destructor = &mkldnn_stream_destroy;
-};
-#endif
-
-struct stream : public handle<mkldnn_stream_t> {
-  using handle::handle;
-
-  enum kind {
-    any = mkldnn_stream_kind_t::mkldnn_any_stream,
-    eager = mkldnn_stream_kind_t::mkldnn_eager,
-    lazy = mkldnn_stream_kind_t::mkldnn_lazy
-  };
-
-  static mkldnn_stream_kind_t convert_to_c(kind akind) {
-    return static_cast<mkldnn_stream_kind_t>(akind);
-  }
-  /// Constructs a stream.
-  stream(kind akind) {
-    mkldnn_stream_t astream;
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_stream_create(&astream, convert_to_c(akind)),
-                      "could not create a stream");
-    reset(astream);
-  }
-
-  /// Submits a vector of primitives to a stream for computations.
-  ///
-  /// @param primitives The vector of primitives to submit.
-  /// @returns The stream.
-  stream &submit(std::vector<primitive> primitives) {
-    // TODO: find a proper way to convert vector<primitive> to
-    // vector<mkldnn_primitive_t>
-    if (primitives.size() == 0) return *this;
-    std::vector<mkldnn_primitive_t> c_api_primitives;
-    c_api_primitives.reserve(primitives.size());
-    auto convert_to_c = [](primitive p) { return p.get(); };
-    std::transform(primitives.begin(),
-                   primitives.end(),
-                   std::back_inserter(c_api_primitives),
-                   convert_to_c);
-
-    mkldnn_primitive_t c_api_error_primitive;
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_stream_submit(get(),
-                                           c_api_primitives.size(),
-                                           &c_api_primitives[0],
-                                           &c_api_error_primitive),
-                      "could not submit primitives to a stream",
-                      &c_api_error_primitive);
-
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  /// Waits for all computations submitted to the stream to complete.
-  ///
-  /// @param block Specifies whether the operation should wait indefinitely or
-  /// return
-  ///              immediately.
-  /// @returns @c true if all computations completed.
-  /// @returns @c false if not all computations completed.
-  bool wait(bool block = true) {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t c_api_error_primitive;
-    mkldnn_status_t status =
-        mkldnn_stream_wait(get(), block, &c_api_error_primitive);
-    if (status != mkldnn_success && status != mkldnn_try_again)
-      error::wrap_c_api(
-          status, "could not wait on a stream", &c_api_error_primitive);
-    return (status == mkldnn_success);
-  }
-
-  stream &rerun() {
-    mkldnn_primitive_t c_api_error_primitive;
-    error::wrap_c_api(mkldnn_stream_rerun(get(), &c_api_error_primitive),
-                      "could not rerun a stream",
-                      &c_api_error_primitive);
-    return *this;
-  }
-};
-
-/// @}
-
-/// @} C++ API
-
-}  // namespace mkldnn
-
-#endif

python/paddle/fluid/inferencer.py

@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+import contextlib
+
 import core
 
 import executor
 import framework
 import io
+import parallel_executor
 import unique_name
 from trainer import check_and_get_place
 
@@ -24,40 +27,53 @@ __all__ = ['Inferencer', ]
 
 
 class Inferencer(object):
-    def __init__(self, infer_func, param_path, place=None):
+    def __init__(self, infer_func, param_path, place=None, parallel=False):
         """
         :param infer_func: a function that will return predict Variable
         :param param_path: the path where the inference model is saved by fluid.io.save_params
         :param place: place to do the inference
+        :param parallel: use parallel_executor to run the inference, it will use multi CPU/GPU.
         """
         self.param_path = param_path
         self.scope = core.Scope()
+        self.parallel = parallel
+        self.place = check_and_get_place(place)
 
         self.inference_program = framework.Program()
         with framework.program_guard(self.inference_program):
             with unique_name.guard():
                 self.predict_var = infer_func()
 
-        self.exe = executor.Executor(check_and_get_place(place))
-        with executor.scope_guard(self.scope):
+        with self._prog_and_scope_guard():
             # load params from param_path into scope
-            io.load_params(self.exe, param_path, self.inference_program)
+            io.load_params(executor.Executor(self.place), param_path)
+
+        if parallel:
+            with self._prog_and_scope_guard():
+                self.exe = parallel_executor.ParallelExecutor(
+                    use_cuda=isinstance(self.place, core.CUDAPlace),
+                    loss_name=self.predict_var.name)
+        else:
+            self.exe = executor.Executor(self.place)
 
-    def infer(self, inputs, return_numpy=True):
+    def infer(self, inputs):
         """
         :param inputs: a map of {"input_name": input_var} that will be feed into the inference program
         to get the predict value
-        :param return_numpy: if return numpy value for row tensor
         :return: the predict value of the inference model
         """
         if not isinstance(inputs, dict):
             raise ValueError(
                 "inputs should be a map of {'input_name': input_var}")
 
-        with executor.scope_guard(self.scope):
-            results = self.exe.run(self.inference_program,
-                                   feed=inputs,
-                                   fetch_list=[self.predict_var],
-                                   return_numpy=return_numpy)
+        with self._prog_and_scope_guard():
+            results = self.exe.run(feed=inputs,
+                                   fetch_list=[self.predict_var.name])
 
         return results
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _prog_and_scope_guard(self):
+        with framework.program_guard(main_program=self.inference_program):
+            with executor.scope_guard(self.scope):
+                yield

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -8,3 +8,4 @@ endforeach()
 
 add_subdirectory(fit_a_line)
 add_subdirectory(recognize_digits)
+add_subdirectory(image_classification)

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/fit_a_line/test_fit_a_line.py

@@ -57,22 +57,20 @@ def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_dirname):
         optimizer=fluid.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.001))
 
     def event_handler(event):
-        if isinstance(event, fluid.EndEpochEvent):
-            test_metrics = trainer.test(
-                reader=test_reader, feed_order=['x', 'y'])
-            print test_metrics
-            '''
-            
-            ...
-            ['25.768919467926025']
-            ['15.343549569447836']
-            ...
-            
-            '''
-            if float(test_metrics[0]) < 20.0:
+        if isinstance(event, fluid.EndStepEvent):
+            if event.step == 10:
+                test_metrics = trainer.test(
+                    reader=test_reader, feed_order=['x', 'y'])
+                print test_metrics
+                '''
+                ...
+                ['25.768919467926025']
+                ['15.343549569447836']
+                ...
+                '''
                 if save_dirname is not None:
                     trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
-            return
+                trainer.stop()
 
     trainer.train(
         reader=train_reader,
@@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_dirname=None):
     tensor_x = numpy.random.uniform(0, 10, [batch_size, 13]).astype("float32")
 
     results = inferencer.infer({'x': tensor_x})
-    print("infer results: ", results[0])
+    print("infer results: ", numpy.array(results[0]))
 
 
 def main(use_cuda):

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/image_classification/CMakeLists.txt

+file(GLOB TEST_OPS RELATIVE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}" "test_*.py")
+string(REPLACE ".py" "" TEST_OPS "${TEST_OPS}")
+
+# default test
+foreach(src ${TEST_OPS})
+    py_test(${src} SRCS ${src}.py)
+endforeach()

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/image_classification/cifar10_small_test_set.py

+# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""
+CIFAR dataset.
+
+This module will download dataset from
+https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html and parse train/test set into
+paddle reader creators.
+
+The CIFAR-10 dataset consists of 60000 32x32 colour images in 10 classes,
+with 6000 images per class. There are 50000 training images and 10000 test
+images.
+
+The CIFAR-100 dataset is just like the CIFAR-10, except it has 100 classes
+containing 600 images each. There are 500 training images and 100 testing
+images per class.
+
+"""
+
+import cPickle
+import itertools
+import numpy
+import paddle.v2.dataset.common
+import tarfile
+
+__all__ = ['train10']
+
+URL_PREFIX = 'https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/'
+CIFAR10_URL = URL_PREFIX + 'cifar-10-python.tar.gz'
+CIFAR10_MD5 = 'c58f30108f718f92721af3b95e74349a'
+
+
+def reader_creator(filename, sub_name, batch_size=None):
+    def read_batch(batch):
+        data = batch['data']
+        labels = batch.get('labels', batch.get('fine_labels', None))
+        assert labels is not None
+        for sample, label in itertools.izip(data, labels):
+            yield (sample / 255.0).astype(numpy.float32), int(label)
+
+    def reader():
+        with tarfile.open(filename, mode='r') as f:
+            names = (each_item.name for each_item in f
+                     if sub_name in each_item.name)
+
+            batch_count = 0
+            for name in names:
+                batch = cPickle.load(f.extractfile(name))
+                for item in read_batch(batch):
+                    if isinstance(batch_size, int) and batch_count > batch_size:
+                        break
+                    batch_count += 1
+                    yield item
+
+    return reader
+
+
+def train10(batch_size=None):
+    """
+    CIFAR-10 training set creator.
+
+    It returns a reader creator, each sample in the reader is image pixels in
+    [0, 1] and label in [0, 9].
+
+    :return: Training reader creator
+    :rtype: callable
+    """
+    return reader_creator(
+        paddle.v2.dataset.common.download(CIFAR10_URL, 'cifar', CIFAR10_MD5),
+        'data_batch',
+        batch_size=batch_size)

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/image_classification/notest_image_classification_resnet.py → python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/image_classification/test_image_classification_resnet.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from __future__ import print_function
 import paddle
 import paddle.fluid as fluid
 import numpy
+import cifar10_small_test_set
 
 
 def resnet_cifar10(input, depth=32):
@@ -81,46 +82,50 @@ def train_network():
     cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)
     avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(cost)
     accuracy = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label)
-    return avg_cost, accuracy
+    return [avg_cost, accuracy]
 
 
-def train(use_cuda, save_path):
+def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_dirname):
     BATCH_SIZE = 128
     EPOCH_NUM = 1
 
     train_reader = paddle.batch(
         paddle.reader.shuffle(
-            paddle.dataset.cifar.train10(), buf_size=128 * 10),
+            cifar10_small_test_set.train10(batch_size=10), buf_size=128 * 10),
         batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
 
     test_reader = paddle.batch(
         paddle.dataset.cifar.test10(), batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
 
     def event_handler(event):
-        if isinstance(event, fluid.EndIteration):
-            if (event.batch_id % 10) == 0:
-                avg_cost, accuracy = trainer.test(reader=test_reader)
+        if isinstance(event, fluid.EndStepEvent):
+            avg_cost, accuracy = trainer.test(
+                reader=test_reader, feed_order=['pixel', 'label'])
 
-                print('BatchID {1:04}, Loss {2:2.2}, Acc {3:2.2}'.format(
-                    event.batch_id + 1, avg_cost, accuracy))
+            print('Loss {0:2.2}, Acc {1:2.2}'.format(avg_cost, accuracy))
 
-                if accuracy > 0.01:  # Low threshold for speeding up CI
-                    trainer.params.save(save_path)
-                    return
+            if accuracy > 0.01:  # Low threshold for speeding up CI
+                if save_dirname is not None:
+                    trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
+                return
 
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
     trainer = fluid.Trainer(
-        train_network,
+        train_func=train_program,
         optimizer=fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=0.001),
-        place=place,
-        event_handler=event_handler)
-    trainer.train(train_reader, EPOCH_NUM, event_handler=event_handler)
+        place=place)
 
+    trainer.train(
+        reader=train_reader,
+        num_epochs=EPOCH_NUM,
+        event_handler=event_handler,
+        feed_order=['pixel', 'label'])
 
-def infer(use_cuda, save_path):
-    params = fluid.Params(save_path)
+
+def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_dirname=None):
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
-    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(inference_network, params, place=place)
+    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(
+        infer_func=inference_program, param_path=save_dirname, place=place)
 
     # The input's dimension of conv should be 4-D or 5-D.
     # Use normilized image pixels as input data, which should be in the range
@@ -135,8 +140,14 @@ def main(use_cuda):
     if use_cuda and not fluid.core.is_compiled_with_cuda():
         return
     save_path = "image_classification_resnet.inference.model"
-    train(use_cuda, save_path)
-    infer(use_cuda, save_path)
+
+    train(
+        use_cuda=use_cuda, train_program=train_network, save_dirname=save_path)
+
+    infer(
+        use_cuda=use_cuda,
+        inference_program=inference_network,
+        save_dirname=save_path)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/image_classification/notest_image_classification_vgg.py → python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/image_classification/test_image_classification_vgg.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from __future__ import print_function
 import paddle
 import paddle.fluid as fluid
 import numpy
+import cifar10_small_test_set
 
 
 def vgg16_bn_drop(input):
@@ -60,46 +61,48 @@ def train_network():
     cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)
     avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(cost)
     accuracy = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label)
-    return avg_cost, accuracy
+    return [avg_cost, accuracy]
 
 
-def train(use_cuda, save_path):
+def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_dirname):
     BATCH_SIZE = 128
-    EPOCH_NUM = 1
-
     train_reader = paddle.batch(
         paddle.reader.shuffle(
-            paddle.dataset.cifar.train10(), buf_size=128 * 10),
+            cifar10_small_test_set.train10(batch_size=10), buf_size=128 * 10),
         batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
 
     test_reader = paddle.batch(
         paddle.dataset.cifar.test10(), batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
 
     def event_handler(event):
-        if isinstance(event, fluid.EndIteration):
-            if (event.batch_id % 10) == 0:
-                avg_cost, accuracy = trainer.test(reader=test_reader)
+        if isinstance(event, fluid.EndStepEvent):
+            avg_cost, accuracy = trainer.test(
+                reader=test_reader, feed_order=['pixel', 'label'])
 
-                print('BatchID {1:04}, Loss {2:2.2}, Acc {3:2.2}'.format(
-                    event.batch_id + 1, avg_cost, accuracy))
+            print('Loss {0:2.2}, Acc {1:2.2}'.format(avg_cost, accuracy))
 
-                if accuracy > 0.01:  # Low threshold for speeding up CI
-                    trainer.params.save(save_path)
-                    return
+            if accuracy > 0.01:  # Low threshold for speeding up CI
+                if save_dirname is not None:
+                    trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
+                return
 
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
     trainer = fluid.Trainer(
-        train_network,
-        optimizer=fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=0.001),
+        train_func=train_program,
         place=place,
-        event_handler=event_handler)
-    trainer.train(train_reader, EPOCH_NUM, event_handler=event_handler)
+        optimizer=fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=0.001))
+
+    trainer.train(
+        reader=train_reader,
+        num_epochs=1,
+        event_handler=event_handler,
+        feed_order=['pixel', 'label'])
 
 
-def infer(use_cuda, save_path):
-    params = fluid.Params(save_path)
+def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_dirname=None):
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
-    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(inference_network, params, place=place)
+    inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(
+        infer_func=inference_program, param_path=save_dirname, place=place)
 
     # The input's dimension of conv should be 4-D or 5-D.
     # Use normilized image pixels as input data, which should be in the range
@@ -114,8 +117,14 @@ def main(use_cuda):
     if use_cuda and not fluid.core.is_compiled_with_cuda():
         return
     save_path = "image_classification_vgg.inference.model"
-    train(use_cuda, save_path)
-    infer(use_cuda, save_path)
+
+    train(
+        use_cuda=use_cuda, train_program=train_network, save_dirname=save_path)
+
+    infer(
+        use_cuda=use_cuda,
+        inference_program=inference_network,
+        save_dirname=save_path)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/recognize_digits/test_recognize_digits_conv.py

@@ -71,24 +71,18 @@ def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_dirname):
         if isinstance(event, fluid.EndEpochEvent):
             test_reader = paddle.batch(
                 paddle.dataset.mnist.test(), batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
-            test_metrics = trainer.test(
+            avg_cost, acc = trainer.test(
                 reader=test_reader, feed_order=['img', 'label'])
-            avg_cost_set = test_metrics[0]
-            acc_set = test_metrics[1]
-
-            # get test acc and loss
-            acc = numpy.array(acc_set).mean()
-            avg_cost = numpy.array(avg_cost_set).mean()
 
             print("avg_cost: %s" % avg_cost)
             print("acc     : %s" % acc)
 
-            if float(acc) > 0.2:  # Smaller value to increase CI speed
+            if acc > 0.2:  # Smaller value to increase CI speed
                 trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
             else:
                 print('BatchID {0}, Test Loss {1:0.2}, Acc {2:0.2}'.format(
-                    event.epoch + 1, float(avg_cost), float(acc)))
-                if math.isnan(float(avg_cost)):
+                    event.epoch + 1, avg_cost, acc))
+                if math.isnan(avg_cost):
                     sys.exit("got NaN loss, training failed.")
         elif isinstance(event, fluid.EndStepEvent):
             print("Step {0}, Epoch {1} Metrics {2}".format(
@@ -118,7 +112,7 @@ def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_dirname=None):
 
     results = inferencer.infer({'img': tensor_img})
 
-    print("infer results: ", results[0])
+    print("infer results: ", numpy.array(results[0]))
 
 
 def main(use_cuda):

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/recognize_digits/test_recognize_digits_mlp.py

@@ -55,24 +55,18 @@ def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_dirname):
         if isinstance(event, fluid.EndEpochEvent):
             test_reader = paddle.batch(
                 paddle.dataset.mnist.test(), batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
-            test_metrics = trainer.test(
+            avg_cost, acc = trainer.test(
                 reader=test_reader, feed_order=['img', 'label'])
-            avg_cost_set = test_metrics[0]
-            acc_set = test_metrics[1]
-
-            # get test acc and loss
-            acc = numpy.array(acc_set).mean()
-            avg_cost = numpy.array(avg_cost_set).mean()
 
             print("avg_cost: %s" % avg_cost)
             print("acc     : %s" % acc)
 
-            if float(acc) > 0.2:  # Smaller value to increase CI speed
+            if acc > 0.2:  # Smaller value to increase CI speed
                 trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
             else:
                 print('BatchID {0}, Test Loss {1:0.2}, Acc {2:0.2}'.format(
-                    event.epoch + 1, float(avg_cost), float(acc)))
-                if math.isnan(float(avg_cost)):
+                    event.epoch + 1, avg_cost, acc))
+                if math.isnan(avg_cost):
                     sys.exit("got NaN loss, training failed.")
 
     train_reader = paddle.batch(
@@ -99,7 +93,7 @@ def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_dirname=None):
 
     results = inferencer.infer({'img': tensor_img})
 
-    print("infer results: ", results[0])
+    print("infer results: ", numpy.array(results[0]))
 
 
 def main(use_cuda):

python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/word2vec/no_test_word2vec_new_api.py → python/paddle/fluid/tests/book/high-level-api/word2vec/test_word2vec_new_api.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def train_program(is_sparse):
     return avg_cost
 
 
-def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_path):
+def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_dirname):
     train_reader = paddle.batch(
         paddle.dataset.imikolov.train(word_dict, N), BATCH_SIZE)
     test_reader = paddle.batch(
@@ -99,27 +99,36 @@ def train(use_cuda, train_program, save_path):
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
 
     def event_handler(event):
-        if isinstance(event, fluid.EndEpochEvent):
-            outs = trainer.test(reader=test_reader)
+        if isinstance(event, fluid.EndStepEvent):
+            outs = trainer.test(
+                reader=test_reader,
+                feed_order=['firstw', 'secondw', 'thirdw', 'forthw', 'nextw'])
             avg_cost = outs[0]
             print("loss= ", avg_cost)
 
-            if avg_cost < 5.0:
-                trainer.save_params(save_path)
-                return
+            if avg_cost < 10.0:
+                trainer.save_params(save_dirname)
+                trainer.stop()
+
             if math.isnan(avg_cost):
                 sys.exit("got NaN loss, training failed.")
 
     trainer = fluid.Trainer(
-        train_program, fluid.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.001), place=place)
+        train_func=train_program,
+        optimizer=fluid.optimizer.SGD(learning_rate=0.001),
+        place=place)
+
     trainer.train(
-        reader=train_reader, num_epochs=1, event_handler=event_handler)
+        reader=train_reader,
+        num_epochs=1,
+        event_handler=event_handler,
+        feed_order=['firstw', 'secondw', 'thirdw', 'forthw', 'nextw'])
 
 
-def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_path):
+def infer(use_cuda, inference_program, save_dirname=None):
     place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if use_cuda else fluid.CPUPlace()
     inferencer = fluid.Inferencer(
-        infer_func=inference_program, param_path=save_path, place=place)
+        infer_func=inference_program, param_path=save_dirname, place=place)
 
     lod = [0, 1]
     first_word = create_random_lodtensor(lod, place, low=0, high=dict_size - 1)
@@ -142,9 +151,17 @@ def main(use_cuda, is_sparse):
     if use_cuda and not fluid.core.is_compiled_with_cuda():
         return
 
-    save_path = "word2vec.params"
-    train(use_cuda, partial(train_program, is_sparse), save_path)
-    infer(use_cuda, partial(inference_program, is_sparse), save_path)
+    save_path = "word2vec.inference.model"
+
+    train(
+        use_cuda=use_cuda,
+        train_program=partial(train_program, is_sparse),
+        save_dirname=save_path)
+
+    infer(
+        use_cuda=use_cuda,
+        inference_program=partial(inference_program, is_sparse),
+        save_dirname=save_path)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

python/paddle/fluid/tests/unittests/test_dist_train.py

@@ -55,15 +55,18 @@ class TestSendOp(unittest.TestCase):
             serv = layers.ListenAndServ(
                 "127.0.0.1:0", ["X"], optimizer_mode=False)
             with serv.do():
+                out_var = main.global_block().create_var(
+                    name="scale_0.tmp_0",
+                    psersistable=True,
+                    dtype="float32",
+                    shape=[32, 32])
                 x = layers.data(
                     shape=[32, 32],
                     dtype='float32',
                     name="X",
                     append_batch_size=False)
                 fluid.initializer.Constant(value=1.0)(x, main.global_block())
-                o = layers.scale(x=x, scale=10.0)
-            main.global_block().create_var(
-                name=o.name, psersistable=False, dtype=o.dtype, shape=o.shape)
+                layers.scale(x=x, scale=10.0, out=out_var)
 
         self.server_exe = fluid.Executor(place)
         self.server_exe.run(main)

python/paddle/fluid/trainer.py

@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+import contextlib
 import os
+
 import core
-import framework
-import executor
+
 import data_feeder
-import contextlib
+import executor
+import framework
 import io
-import unique_name
-import parallel_executor
-
 # optimizer is same as the parameter of Trainer.__init__. Rename it to opt_module
 import optimizer as opt_module
+import parallel_executor
 from transpiler import distribute_transpiler
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ class Trainer(object):
                  param_path=None,
                  place=None,
                  parallel=False):
+        self.__stop = False
         self.parallel = parallel
         # 1. we need to generate a framework.Program by calling
         # program_func. Reference: fluid.program_guard in
@@ -210,6 +211,12 @@ class Trainer(object):
                     'TRAINING_ROLE environment variable must be either TRAINER or PSERVER'
                 )
 
+    def stop(self):
+        """
+        stop training
+        """
+        self.__stop = True
+
     def train(self, num_epochs, event_handler, reader=None, feed_order=None):
         """
         Train the model.
@@ -289,6 +296,8 @@ class Trainer(object):
         for epoch_id in range(num_epochs):
             event_handler(BeginEpochEvent(epoch_id))
             for step_id, data in enumerate(reader()):
+                if self.__stop:
+                    return
                 begin_event = BeginStepEvent(epoch_id, step_id)
                 event_handler(begin_event)
                 if begin_event.fetch_metrics:
@@ -327,9 +336,7 @@ class Trainer(object):
             feeder = data_feeder.DataFeeder(
                 feed_list=feed_var_list, place=self.place)
             reader = feeder.decorate_reader(reader, multi_devices=True)
-            for epoch_id in range(num_epochs):
-                self._train_by_any_executor(event_handler, pe, num_epochs,
-                                            reader)
+            self._train_by_any_executor(event_handler, pe, num_epochs, reader)
 
     def _get_parallel_executor(self):
         return getattr(self, 'parallel_executor', None)

tools/timeline.py

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ if args.timeline_path:
 
 profile_paths = profile_path.split(',')
 profile_dict = dict()
-if len(profile_path) == 1:
+if len(profile_paths) == 1:
     with open(profile_path, 'r') as f:
         profile_s = f.read()
         profile_pb = profiler_pb2.Profile()