From 2fe45806e8ab8e6a6452bd2a2b1834875da94404 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: zhulei <563755780@qq.com>
Date: Thu, 6 May 2021 15:04:10 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] [Rocm] fix expand as (#32704)

* [Rocm] fix test_expand_as_op

* [Rocm] fix test_expand_as_op

* [Rocm] fix test_expand_as_op

* [Rocm] fix test_expand_as_op

* [Rocm] fix test_expand_as_op

* [Rocm] fix test_expand_as_op
---
 cmake/external/eigen.cmake         |   4 +-
 patches/eigen/TensorReductionGpu.h | 996 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 999 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 patches/eigen/TensorReductionGpu.h

diff --git a/cmake/external/eigen.cmake b/cmake/external/eigen.cmake
index 4619f9f7b7e..aa471002eac 100644
--- a/cmake/external/eigen.cmake
+++ b/cmake/external/eigen.cmake
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ elseif(LINUX)
         # which will cause compiler error of using __host__ funciont in __host__ __device__
         file(TO_NATIVE_PATH ${PADDLE_SOURCE_DIR}/patches/eigen/Meta.h native_src)
         file(TO_NATIVE_PATH ${EIGEN_SOURCE_DIR}/Eigen/src/Core/util/Meta.h native_dst)
-        set(EIGEN_PATCH_COMMAND cp ${native_src} ${native_dst})
+        file(TO_NATIVE_PATH ${PADDLE_SOURCE_DIR}/patches/eigen/TensorReductionGpu.h native_src1)
+        file(TO_NATIVE_PATH ${EIGEN_SOURCE_DIR}/unsupported/Eigen/CXX11/src/Tensor/TensorReductionGpu.h native_dst1)
+        set(EIGEN_PATCH_COMMAND cp ${native_src} ${native_dst} && cp ${native_src1} ${native_dst1})
     endif()
 endif()
 
diff --git a/patches/eigen/TensorReductionGpu.h b/patches/eigen/TensorReductionGpu.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..696078e5488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/patches/eigen/TensorReductionGpu.h
@@ -0,0 +1,996 @@
+// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library
+// for linear algebra.
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2014 Benoit Steiner <benoit.steiner.goog@gmail.com>
+//
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla
+// Public License v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed
+// with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+// clang-format off
+#ifndef EIGEN_CXX11_TENSOR_TENSOR_REDUCTION_GPU_H
+#define EIGEN_CXX11_TENSOR_TENSOR_REDUCTION_GPU_H
+
+namespace Eigen {
+namespace internal {
+
+#if defined(EIGEN_USE_GPU) && defined(EIGEN_GPUCC)
+// Full reducers for GPU, don't vectorize for now
+
+// Reducer function that enables multiple gpu thread to safely accumulate at the same
+// output address. It basically reads the current value of the output variable, and
+// attempts to update it with the new value. If in the meantime another gpu thread
+// updated the content of the output address it will try again.
+template <typename T, typename R>
+__device__ EIGEN_ALWAYS_INLINE void atomicReduce(T* output, T accum, R& reducer) {
+#if (defined(EIGEN_HIP_DEVICE_COMPILE) && defined(__HIP_ARCH_HAS_WARP_SHUFFLE__)) || (EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300)
+  if (sizeof(T) == 4)
+  {
+    unsigned int oldval = *reinterpret_cast<unsigned int*>(output);
+    unsigned int newval = oldval;
+    reducer.reduce(accum, reinterpret_cast<T*>(&newval));
+    if (newval == oldval) {
+      return;
+    }
+    unsigned int readback;
+    while ((readback = atomicCAS((unsigned int*)output, oldval, newval)) != oldval) {
+      oldval = readback;
+      newval = oldval;
+      reducer.reduce(accum, reinterpret_cast<T*>(&newval));
+      if (newval == oldval) {
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else if (sizeof(T) == 8) {
+    unsigned long long oldval = *reinterpret_cast<unsigned long long*>(output);
+    unsigned long long newval = oldval;
+    reducer.reduce(accum, reinterpret_cast<T*>(&newval));
+    if (newval == oldval) {
+      return;
+    }
+    unsigned long long readback;
+    while ((readback = atomicCAS((unsigned long long*)output, oldval, newval)) != oldval) {
+      oldval = readback;
+      newval = oldval;
+      reducer.reduce(accum, reinterpret_cast<T*>(&newval));
+      if (newval == oldval) {
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    gpu_assert(0 && "Wordsize not supported");
+  }
+#else // EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300
+  gpu_assert(0 && "Shouldn't be called on unsupported device");
+#endif // EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300
+}
+
+// We extend atomicExch to support extra data types
+template <typename Type>
+__device__ inline Type atomicExchCustom(Type* address, Type val) {
+  return atomicExch(address, val);
+}
+
+template <>
+__device__ inline double atomicExchCustom(double* address, double val) {
+  unsigned long long int* address_as_ull = reinterpret_cast<unsigned long long int*>(address);
+  return __longlong_as_double(atomicExch(address_as_ull, __double_as_longlong(val)));
+}
+
+#ifdef EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+template <template <typename T> class R>
+__device__ inline void atomicReduce(half2* output, half2 accum, R<half>& reducer) {
+  unsigned int oldval = *reinterpret_cast<unsigned int*>(output);
+  unsigned int newval = oldval;
+  reducer.reducePacket(accum, reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&newval));
+  if (newval == oldval) {
+    return;
+  }
+  unsigned int readback;
+  while ((readback = atomicCAS((unsigned int*)output, oldval, newval)) != oldval) {
+    oldval = readback;
+    newval = oldval;
+    reducer.reducePacket(accum, reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&newval));
+    if (newval == oldval) {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+// reduction should be associative since reduction is not atomic in wide vector but atomic in half2 operations
+template <template <typename T> class R>
+__device__ inline void atomicReduce(Packet4h2* output, Packet4h2 accum,
+                                    R<half>& reducer) {
+  half2* houtput=reinterpret_cast<half2*>(output);
+  half2* haccum=reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&accum);
+  for(int i=0;i<4;++i){
+    atomicReduce(houtput+i,*(haccum+i),reducer);
+  }
+}
+#endif  // EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+
+template <>
+__device__ inline void atomicReduce(float* output, float accum, SumReducer<float>&) {
+#if (defined(EIGEN_HIP_DEVICE_COMPILE) && defined(__HIP_ARCH_HAS_WARP_SHUFFLE__)) || (EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300)
+  atomicAdd(output, accum);
+#else // EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300
+  gpu_assert(0 && "Shouldn't be called on unsupported device");
+#endif // EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300
+}
+
+
+template <typename CoeffType, typename Index>
+__global__ void ReductionInitKernel(const CoeffType val, Index num_preserved_coeffs, CoeffType* output) {
+  const Index thread_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
+  const Index num_threads = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
+  for (Index i = thread_id; i < num_preserved_coeffs; i += num_threads) {
+    output[i] = val;
+  }
+}
+
+
+template <int BlockSize, int NumPerThread, typename Self,
+          typename Reducer, typename Index>
+__global__ void FullReductionKernel(Reducer reducer, const Self input, Index num_coeffs,
+                                    typename Self::CoeffReturnType* output, unsigned int* semaphore) {
+#if (defined(EIGEN_HIP_DEVICE_COMPILE) && defined(__HIP_ARCH_HAS_WARP_SHUFFLE__)) || (EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300)
+  // Initialize the output value
+  const Index first_index = blockIdx.x * BlockSize * NumPerThread + threadIdx.x;
+  if (gridDim.x == 1) {
+    if (first_index == 0) {
+      *output = reducer.initialize();
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
+      unsigned int block = atomicCAS(semaphore, 0u, 1u);
+      if (block == 0) {
+        // We're the first block to run, initialize the output value
+        atomicExchCustom(output, reducer.initialize());
+        __threadfence();
+        atomicExch(semaphore, 2u);
+      }
+      else {
+        // Wait for the first block to initialize the output value.
+        // Use atomicCAS here to ensure that the reads aren't cached
+        unsigned int val;
+        do {
+          val = atomicCAS(semaphore, 2u, 2u);
+        }
+        while (val < 2u);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  __syncthreads();
+
+  eigen_assert(gridDim.x == 1 || *semaphore >= 2u);
+
+  typename Self::CoeffReturnType accum = reducer.initialize();
+  Index max_iter = numext::mini<Index>(num_coeffs - first_index, NumPerThread*BlockSize);
+  for (Index i = 0; i < max_iter; i+=BlockSize) {
+    const Index index = first_index + i;
+    eigen_assert(index < num_coeffs);
+    typename Self::CoeffReturnType val = input.m_impl.coeff(index);
+    reducer.reduce(val, &accum);
+  }
+
+#pragma unroll
+  for (int offset = warpSize/2; offset > 0; offset /= 2) {
+  #if defined(EIGEN_HIPCC)
+    // use std::is_floating_point to determine the type of reduced_val 
+    // This is needed because when Type == double, hipcc will give a "call to __shfl_down is ambguous" error 
+    // and list the float and int versions of __shfl_down as the candidate functions. 
+    if (std::is_floating_point<typename Self::CoeffReturnType>::value) {
+      reducer.reduce(__shfl_down(static_cast<float>(accum), offset, warpSize), &accum);
+    } else {
+      reducer.reduce(__shfl_down(static_cast<int>(accum), offset, warpSize), &accum);
+    }
+  #elif defined(EIGEN_CUDA_SDK_VER) && EIGEN_CUDA_SDK_VER < 90000
+    reducer.reduce(__shfl_down(accum, offset, warpSize), &accum);
+  #else
+    reducer.reduce(__shfl_down_sync(0xFFFFFFFF, accum, offset, warpSize), &accum);
+  #endif
+  }
+
+  if ((threadIdx.x & (warpSize - 1)) == 0) {
+    atomicReduce(output, accum, reducer);
+  }
+
+  if (gridDim.x > 1 && threadIdx.x == 0) {
+    // Let the last block reset the semaphore
+    atomicInc(semaphore, gridDim.x + 1);
+#if defined(EIGEN_HIPCC)
+    __threadfence_system();
+#endif
+  }
+#else // EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300
+  gpu_assert(0 && "Shouldn't be called on unsupported device");
+#endif // EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300
+}
+
+
+#ifdef EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+template <typename Self,
+          typename Reducer, typename Index>
+__global__ void ReductionInitFullReduxKernelHalfFloat(Reducer reducer, const Self input, Index num_coeffs,
+                                                      packet_traits<Eigen::half>::type* scratch) {
+  eigen_assert(blockDim.x == 1);
+  eigen_assert(gridDim.x == 1);
+  typedef packet_traits<Eigen::half>::type packet_type;
+  Index packet_remainder =
+      num_coeffs % Index(unpacket_traits<packet_type>::size);
+  if (packet_remainder != 0) {
+    half2* h2scratch = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(scratch);
+    for (Index i = num_coeffs - packet_remainder; i + 2 <= num_coeffs; i += 2) {
+      *h2scratch =
+          __halves2half2(input.m_impl.coeff(i), input.m_impl.coeff(i + 1));
+      h2scratch++;
+    }
+    if ((num_coeffs & 1) != 0) {
+      half lastCoeff = input.m_impl.coeff(num_coeffs - 1);
+      *h2scratch = __halves2half2(lastCoeff, reducer.initialize());
+    }
+  } else {
+    *scratch = reducer.template initializePacket<packet_type>();
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Self,
+          typename Reducer, typename Index>
+__global__ void ReductionInitKernelHalfFloat(Reducer reducer, const Self input, Index num_coeffs, half* output) {
+  const Index thread_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
+  const Index num_threads = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
+  typedef typename packet_traits<Eigen::half>::type PacketType;
+
+  const Index num_packets =
+      num_coeffs / Index(unpacket_traits<PacketType>::size);
+  PacketType* p_output = reinterpret_cast<PacketType*>(output);
+  for (Index i = thread_id; i < num_packets; i += num_threads) {
+    p_output[i] = reducer.template initializePacket<PacketType>();
+  }
+  Index packet_remainder =
+      num_coeffs % Index(unpacket_traits<PacketType>::size);
+  if (thread_id < packet_remainder) {
+    output[num_coeffs - packet_remainder + thread_id] = reducer.initialize();
+  }
+}
+
+template <int BlockSize, int NumPerThread, typename Self,
+          typename Reducer, typename Index>
+__global__ void FullReductionKernelHalfFloat(Reducer reducer, const Self input, Index num_coeffs,
+                                    half* output, packet_traits<Eigen::half>::type* scratch) {
+  typedef typename packet_traits<Eigen::half>::type PacketType;
+  const int packet_width = unpacket_traits<PacketType>::size;
+  eigen_assert(NumPerThread % packet_width == 0);
+  const Index first_index =
+      blockIdx.x * BlockSize * NumPerThread + packet_width * threadIdx.x;
+
+  // Initialize the output value if it wasn't initialized by the ReductionInitKernel
+
+  if (gridDim.x == 1) {
+    if (first_index == 0) {
+      int rem = num_coeffs % packet_width;
+      if (rem != 0) {
+        half2* p_scratch = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(scratch);
+        *scratch = reducer.template initializePacket<PacketType>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < rem / 2; i++) {
+          *p_scratch = __halves2half2(
+              input.m_impl.coeff(num_coeffs - packet_width + 2 * i),
+              input.m_impl.coeff(num_coeffs - packet_width + 2 * i + 1));
+          p_scratch++;
+        }
+        if ((num_coeffs & 1) != 0) {
+          half last = input.m_impl.coeff(num_coeffs - 1);
+          *p_scratch = __halves2half2(last, reducer.initialize());
+        }
+      } else {
+        *scratch = reducer.template initializePacket<PacketType>();
+      }
+    }
+    __syncthreads();
+  }
+
+  PacketType accum = reducer.template initializePacket<PacketType>();
+  const Index max_iter =
+      numext::mini<Index>((num_coeffs - first_index) / packet_width,
+                          NumPerThread * BlockSize / packet_width);
+  for (Index i = 0; i < max_iter; i += BlockSize) {
+    const Index index = first_index + packet_width * i;
+    eigen_assert(index + packet_width < num_coeffs);
+    PacketType val = input.m_impl.template packet<Unaligned>(index);
+    reducer.reducePacket(val, &accum);
+  }
+
+#pragma unroll
+  for (int offset = warpSize/2; offset > 0; offset /= 2) {
+  #if defined(EIGEN_HIPCC)
+    PacketType r1;
+    half2* hr = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r1);
+    half2* hacc = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&accum);
+    for (int i = 0; i < packet_width / 2; i++) {
+      // FIXME : remove this workaround once we have native half/half2 support for __shfl_down
+      union { int i; half2 h; } wka_in, wka_out;
+      wka_in.h = hacc[i];
+      wka_out.i = __shfl_down(wka_in.i, offset, warpSize);
+      hr[i] = wka_out.h;
+    }
+    reducer.reducePacket(r1, &accum);
+  #elif defined(EIGEN_CUDA_SDK_VER) && EIGEN_CUDA_SDK_VER < 90000
+    PacketType r1;
+    half2* hr = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r1);
+    half2* hacc = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&accum);
+    for (int i = 0; i < packet_width / 2; i++) {
+      hr[i] = __shfl_down(hacc[i], offset, warpSize);
+    }
+    reducer.reducePacket(r1, &accum);
+  #else
+    PacketType r1;
+    half2* hr = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r1);
+    half2* hacc = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&accum);
+    for (int i = 0; i < packet_width / 2; i++) {
+      hr[i] = __shfl_down_sync(0xFFFFFFFF, hacc[i], (unsigned)offset, warpSize);
+    }
+    reducer.reducePacket(r1, &accum);
+
+  #endif
+  }
+
+  if ((threadIdx.x & (warpSize - 1)) == 0) {
+    atomicReduce(scratch, accum, reducer);
+  }
+
+  __syncthreads();
+  half2* rv1 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(scratch);
+  if (packet_width > 2) {
+    reducer.reducePacket(rv1[2], rv1);
+    reducer.reducePacket(rv1[3], rv1 + 1);
+    reducer.reducePacket(rv1[1], rv1);
+  }
+  if (gridDim.x == 1) {
+    if (first_index == 0) {
+      half tmp = __low2half(*rv1);
+      reducer.reduce(__high2half(*rv1), &tmp);
+      *output = tmp;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Op>
+__global__ void ReductionCleanupKernelHalfFloat(Op reducer, half* output, packet_traits<Eigen::half>::type* scratch) {
+  eigen_assert(threadIdx.x == 1);
+  half2* pscratch = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(scratch);
+  half tmp = __float2half(0.f);
+  typedef packet_traits<Eigen::half>::type packet_type;
+  for (int i = 0; i < unpacket_traits<packet_type>::size; i += 2) {
+    reducer.reduce(__low2half(*pscratch), &tmp);
+    reducer.reduce(__high2half(*pscratch), &tmp);
+    pscratch++;
+  }
+  *output = tmp;
+}
+
+#endif // EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+
+template <typename Self, typename Op, typename OutputType, bool PacketAccess, typename Enabled = void>
+struct FullReductionLauncher {
+  static void run(const Self&, Op&, const GpuDevice&, OutputType*, typename Self::Index) {
+    gpu_assert(false && "Should only be called on doubles, floats and half floats");
+  }
+};
+
+// Specialization for float and double
+template <typename Self, typename Op, typename OutputType, bool PacketAccess>
+struct FullReductionLauncher<
+    Self, Op, OutputType, PacketAccess,
+    typename internal::enable_if<
+      internal::is_same<float, OutputType>::value ||
+      internal::is_same<double, OutputType>::value,
+    void>::type> {
+  static void run(const Self& self, Op& reducer, const GpuDevice& device, OutputType* output, typename Self::Index num_coeffs) {
+
+    typedef typename Self::Index Index;
+    const int block_size = 256;
+    const int num_per_thread = 128;
+    const int num_blocks = divup<int>(num_coeffs, block_size * num_per_thread);
+
+    unsigned int* semaphore = NULL;
+    if (num_blocks > 1) {
+      semaphore = device.semaphore();
+    }
+
+    LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((FullReductionKernel<block_size, num_per_thread, Self, Op, Index>),
+                       num_blocks, block_size, 0, device, reducer, self, num_coeffs, output, semaphore);
+  }
+};
+
+#ifdef EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+template <typename Self, typename Op>
+struct FullReductionLauncher<Self, Op, Eigen::half, false> {
+  static void run(const Self&, Op&, const GpuDevice&, half*, typename Self::Index) {
+    gpu_assert(false && "Should not be called since there is no packet accessor");
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Self, typename Op>
+struct FullReductionLauncher<Self, Op, Eigen::half, true> {
+  static void run(const Self& self, Op& reducer, const GpuDevice& device, half* output, typename Self::Index num_coeffs) {
+    typedef typename Self::Index Index;
+    typedef typename packet_traits<Eigen::half>::type PacketType;
+
+    const int block_size = 256;
+    const int num_per_thread = 128;
+    const int num_blocks = divup<int>(num_coeffs, block_size * num_per_thread);
+    PacketType* scratch = static_cast<PacketType*>(device.scratchpad());
+    // half2* scratch = static_cast<half2*>(device.scratchpad());
+
+    if (num_blocks > 1) {
+      // We initialize the output and the scrathpad outside the reduction kernel when we can't be sure that there
+      // won't be a race conditions between multiple thread blocks.
+      LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((ReductionInitFullReduxKernelHalfFloat<Self, Op, Index>),
+                         1, 1, 0, device, reducer, self, num_coeffs, scratch);
+    }
+
+    LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((FullReductionKernelHalfFloat<block_size, num_per_thread, Self, Op, Index>),
+                       num_blocks, block_size, 0, device, reducer, self, num_coeffs, output, scratch);
+
+    if (num_blocks > 1) {
+      LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((ReductionCleanupKernelHalfFloat<Op>),
+                         1, 1, 0, device, reducer, output, scratch);
+    }
+  }
+};
+#endif // EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+
+
+template <typename Self, typename Op, bool Vectorizable>
+struct FullReducer<Self, Op, GpuDevice, Vectorizable> {
+  // Unfortunately nvidia doesn't support well exotic types such as complex,
+  // so reduce the scope of the optimized version of the code to the simple cases
+  // of doubles, floats and half floats
+#ifdef EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+  static const bool HasOptimizedImplementation = !Self::ReducerTraits::IsStateful &&
+      (internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, float>::value ||
+       internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, double>::value ||
+       (internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, Eigen::half>::value && reducer_traits<Op, GpuDevice>::PacketAccess));
+#else // EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+  static const bool HasOptimizedImplementation = !Self::ReducerTraits::IsStateful &&
+                                                (internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, float>::value ||
+                                                 internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, double>::value);
+#endif // EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+
+  template <typename OutputType>
+  static void run(const Self& self, Op& reducer, const GpuDevice& device, OutputType* output) {
+    gpu_assert(HasOptimizedImplementation && "Should only be called on doubles, floats or half floats");
+    const Index num_coeffs = array_prod(self.m_impl.dimensions());
+    // Don't crash when we're called with an input tensor of size 0.
+    if (num_coeffs == 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    FullReductionLauncher<Self, Op, OutputType, reducer_traits<Op, GpuDevice>::PacketAccess>::run(self, reducer, device, output, num_coeffs);
+  }
+};
+
+
+template <int NumPerThread, typename Self,
+          typename Reducer, typename Index>
+__global__ void InnerReductionKernel(Reducer reducer, const Self input, Index num_coeffs_to_reduce, Index num_preserved_coeffs,
+                                         typename Self::CoeffReturnType* output) {
+#if (defined(EIGEN_HIP_DEVICE_COMPILE) && defined(__HIP_ARCH_HAS_WARP_SHUFFLE__)) || (EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300)
+  typedef typename Self::CoeffReturnType Type;
+  eigen_assert(blockDim.y == 1);
+  eigen_assert(blockDim.z == 1);
+  eigen_assert(gridDim.y == 1);
+  eigen_assert(gridDim.z == 1);
+
+  const int unroll_times = 16;
+  eigen_assert(NumPerThread % unroll_times == 0);
+
+  const Index input_col_blocks = divup<Index>(num_coeffs_to_reduce, blockDim.x * NumPerThread);
+  const Index num_input_blocks = input_col_blocks * num_preserved_coeffs;
+
+  const Index num_threads = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
+  const Index thread_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
+
+  // Initialize the output values if they weren't initialized by the ReductionInitKernel
+  if (gridDim.x == 1) {
+    for (Index i = thread_id; i < num_preserved_coeffs; i += num_threads) {
+      output[i] = reducer.initialize();
+    }
+    __syncthreads();
+  }
+
+  for (Index i = blockIdx.x; i < num_input_blocks; i += gridDim.x) {
+    const Index row = i / input_col_blocks;
+
+    if (row < num_preserved_coeffs) {
+      const Index col_block = i % input_col_blocks;
+      const Index col_begin = col_block * blockDim.x * NumPerThread + threadIdx.x;
+
+      Type reduced_val = reducer.initialize();
+
+      for (Index j = 0; j < NumPerThread; j += unroll_times) {
+        const Index last_col = col_begin + blockDim.x * (j + unroll_times - 1);
+        if (last_col >= num_coeffs_to_reduce) {
+          for (Index col = col_begin + blockDim.x * j; col < num_coeffs_to_reduce; col += blockDim.x) {
+            const Type val = input.m_impl.coeff(row * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col);
+            reducer.reduce(val, &reduced_val);
+          }
+          break;
+        } else {
+          // Faster version of the loop with no branches after unrolling.
+#pragma unroll
+          for (int k = 0; k < unroll_times; ++k) {
+            const Index col = col_begin + blockDim.x * (j + k);
+            reducer.reduce(input.m_impl.coeff(row * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col), &reduced_val);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+#pragma unroll
+      for (int offset = warpSize/2; offset > 0; offset /= 2) {
+      #if defined(EIGEN_HIPCC)
+        // use std::is_floating_point to determine the type of reduced_val 
+       // This is needed because when Type == double, hipcc will give a "call to __shfl_down is ambguous" error 
+       // and list the float and int versions of __shfl_down as the candidate functions. 
+        if (std::is_floating_point<Type>::value) {
+          reducer.reduce(__shfl_down(static_cast<float>(reduced_val), offset), &reduced_val);
+        } else {
+          reducer.reduce(__shfl_down(static_cast<int>(reduced_val), offset), &reduced_val);
+        }
+      #elif defined(EIGEN_CUDA_SDK_VER) && EIGEN_CUDA_SDK_VER < 90000
+        reducer.reduce(__shfl_down(reduced_val, offset), &reduced_val);
+      #else
+        reducer.reduce(__shfl_down_sync(0xFFFFFFFF, reduced_val, offset), &reduced_val);
+      #endif
+      }
+
+      if ((threadIdx.x & (warpSize - 1)) == 0) {
+        atomicReduce(&(output[row]), reduced_val, reducer);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#else // EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300
+  gpu_assert(0 && "Shouldn't be called on unsupported device");
+#endif // EIGEN_CUDA_ARCH >= 300
+}
+
+#ifdef EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+
+template <int NumPerThread, typename Self,
+          typename Reducer, typename Index>
+__global__ void InnerReductionKernelHalfFloat(Reducer reducer, const Self input, Index num_coeffs_to_reduce, Index num_preserved_coeffs,
+                                              half* output) {
+  eigen_assert(blockDim.y == 1);
+  eigen_assert(blockDim.z == 1);
+  eigen_assert(gridDim.y == 1);
+  eigen_assert(gridDim.z == 1);
+
+  typedef typename packet_traits<Eigen::half>::type PacketType;
+  const int packet_width = unpacket_traits<PacketType>::size;
+  const int unroll_times = 16 / packet_width;
+  eigen_assert(NumPerThread % unroll_times == 0);
+  eigen_assert(unroll_times % 2 == 0);
+
+  const Index input_col_blocks = divup<Index>(num_coeffs_to_reduce, blockDim.x * NumPerThread * 2);
+  const Index num_input_blocks = divup<Index>(input_col_blocks * num_preserved_coeffs, 2);
+
+  const Index num_threads = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
+  const Index thread_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
+
+  // Initialize the output values if they weren't initialized by the ReductionInitKernel
+  if (gridDim.x == 1) {
+    Index i = packet_width * thread_id;
+    for (; i + packet_width <= num_preserved_coeffs;
+         i += packet_width * num_threads) {
+      PacketType* poutput = reinterpret_cast<PacketType*>(output + i);
+      *poutput = reducer.template initializePacket<PacketType>();
+    }
+    if (i < num_preserved_coeffs) {
+      output[i] = reducer.initialize();
+    }
+    __syncthreads();
+  }
+
+  for (Index i = blockIdx.x; i < num_input_blocks; i += gridDim.x) {
+    const Index row = 2 * (i / input_col_blocks);  // everybody takes 2 rows
+
+    if (row + 1 < num_preserved_coeffs) {
+      const Index col_block = i % input_col_blocks;
+      const Index col_begin =
+          packet_width * (col_block * blockDim.x * NumPerThread + threadIdx.x);
+
+      PacketType reduced_val1 = reducer.template initializePacket<PacketType>();
+      PacketType reduced_val2 = reducer.template initializePacket<PacketType>();
+
+      for (Index j = 0; j < NumPerThread; j += unroll_times) {
+        const Index last_col =
+            col_begin + blockDim.x * (j + unroll_times - 1) * packet_width;
+        if (last_col >= num_coeffs_to_reduce) {
+          Index col = col_begin + blockDim.x * j;
+          for (; col + packet_width <= num_coeffs_to_reduce;
+               col += blockDim.x) {
+            const PacketType val1 = input.m_impl.template packet<Unaligned>(
+                row * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col);
+            reducer.reducePacket(val1, &reduced_val1);
+            const PacketType val2 = input.m_impl.template packet<Unaligned>(
+                (row + 1) * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col);
+            reducer.reducePacket(val2, &reduced_val2);
+          }
+          if (col < num_coeffs_to_reduce) {
+            PacketType r1 = reducer.template initializePacket<PacketType>();
+            PacketType r2 = reducer.template initializePacket<PacketType>();
+            half2* hr1 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r1);
+            half2* hr2 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r2);
+            while (col + 1 < num_coeffs_to_reduce) {
+              *hr1 = __halves2half2(
+                  input.m_impl.coeff(row * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col),
+                  input.m_impl.coeff(row * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col + 1));
+              *hr2 = __halves2half2(
+                  input.m_impl.coeff((row + 1) * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col),
+                  input.m_impl.coeff((row + 1) * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col +
+                                     1));
+              hr1++;
+              hr2++;
+              col += 2;
+            }
+            if (col < num_coeffs_to_reduce) {
+              // Peel;
+              const half last1 =
+                  input.m_impl.coeff(row * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col);
+              *hr1 = __halves2half2(last1, reducer.initialize());
+              const half last2 =
+                  input.m_impl.coeff((row + 1) * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col);
+              *hr2 = __halves2half2(last2, reducer.initialize());
+            }
+            reducer.reducePacket(r1, &reduced_val1);
+            reducer.reducePacket(r2, &reduced_val2);
+          }
+          break;
+        } else {
+          // Faster version of the loop with no branches after unrolling.
+#pragma unroll
+          for (int k = 0; k < unroll_times; ++k) {
+            const Index col = col_begin + blockDim.x * (j + k) * packet_width;
+            reducer.reducePacket(input.m_impl.template packet<Unaligned>(
+                                     row * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col),
+                                 &reduced_val1);
+            reducer.reducePacket(input.m_impl.template packet<Unaligned>(
+                                     (row + 1) * num_coeffs_to_reduce + col),
+                                 &reduced_val2);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+#pragma unroll
+      for (int offset = warpSize/2; offset > 0; offset /= 2) {
+      #if defined(EIGEN_HIPCC)
+        PacketType r1;
+        PacketType r2;
+        half2* hr1 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r1);
+        half2* hr2 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r2);
+        half2* rv1 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&reduced_val1);
+        half2* rv2 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&reduced_val2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < packet_width / 2; i++) {
+	  // FIXME : remove this workaround once we have native half/half2 support for __shfl_down
+	  union { int i; half2 h; } wka_in1, wka_out1;
+	  wka_in1.h = rv1[i];
+	  wka_out1.i = __shfl_down(wka_in1.i, offset, warpSize);
+	  hr1[i] = wka_out1.h;
+
+	  union { int i; half2 h; } wka_in2, wka_out2;
+	  wka_in2.h = rv2[i];
+	  wka_out2.i = __shfl_down(wka_in2.i, offset, warpSize);
+	  hr2[i] = wka_out2.h;
+        }
+        reducer.reducePacket(r1, &reduced_val1);
+        reducer.reducePacket(r2, &reduced_val2);
+      #elif defined(EIGEN_CUDA_SDK_VER) && EIGEN_CUDA_SDK_VER < 90000
+        PacketType r1;
+        PacketType r2;
+        half2* hr1 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r1);
+        half2* hr2 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r2);
+        half2* rv1 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&reduced_val1);
+        half2* rv2 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&reduced_val2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < packet_width / 2; i++) {
+          hr1[i] = __shfl_down(rv1[i], offset, warpSize);
+          hr2[i] = __shfl_down(rv2[i], offset, warpSize);
+        }
+        reducer.reducePacket(r1, &reduced_val1);
+        reducer.reducePacket(r2, &reduced_val2);
+      #else
+        PacketType r1;
+        PacketType r2;
+        half2* hr1 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r1);
+        half2* hr2 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&r2);
+        half2* rr1 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&reduced_val1);
+        half2* rr2 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&reduced_val2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < packet_width / 2; i++) {
+          hr1[i] =
+              __shfl_down_sync(0xFFFFFFFF, rr1[i], (unsigned)offset, warpSize);
+          hr2[i] =
+              __shfl_down_sync(0xFFFFFFFF, rr2[i], (unsigned)offset, warpSize);
+        }
+        reducer.reducePacket(r1, &reduced_val1);
+        reducer.reducePacket(r2, &reduced_val2);
+
+      #endif
+      }
+      half2* rv1 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&reduced_val1);
+      half2* rv2 = reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&reduced_val2);
+      half2 val;
+      if (packet_width > 2) {
+        reducer.reducePacket(rv1[2], rv1);
+        reducer.reducePacket(rv1[3], rv1 + 1);
+        reducer.reducePacket(rv1[1], rv1);
+        reducer.reducePacket(rv2[2], rv2);
+        reducer.reducePacket(rv2[3], rv2 + 1);
+        reducer.reducePacket(rv2[1], rv2);
+      }
+      half val1 = __low2half(*rv1);
+      reducer.reduce(__high2half(*rv1), &val1);
+      half val2 = __low2half(*rv2);
+      reducer.reduce(__high2half(*rv2), &val2);
+      val = __halves2half2(val1, val2);
+      if ((threadIdx.x & (warpSize - 1)) == 0) {
+        half* loc = output + row;
+        atomicReduce((half2*)loc, val, reducer);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+
+template <typename Self, typename Op, typename OutputType, bool PacketAccess, typename Enabled = void>
+struct InnerReductionLauncher {
+  static EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC bool run(const Self&, Op&, const GpuDevice&, OutputType*, typename Self::Index, typename Self::Index) {
+    gpu_assert(false && "Should only be called to reduce doubles, floats and half floats on a gpu device");
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+// Specialization for float and double
+template <typename Self, typename Op, typename OutputType, bool PacketAccess>
+struct InnerReductionLauncher<
+  Self, Op, OutputType, PacketAccess,
+  typename internal::enable_if<
+    internal::is_same<float, OutputType>::value ||
+    internal::is_same<double, OutputType>::value,
+  void>::type> {
+  static bool run(const Self& self, Op& reducer, const GpuDevice& device, OutputType* output, typename Self::Index num_coeffs_to_reduce, typename Self::Index num_preserved_vals) {
+    typedef typename Self::Index Index;
+
+    const Index num_coeffs = num_coeffs_to_reduce * num_preserved_vals;
+    const int block_size = 256;
+    const int num_per_thread = 128;
+    const int dyn_blocks = divup<int>(num_coeffs, block_size * num_per_thread);
+    const int max_blocks = device.getNumGpuMultiProcessors() *
+                           device.maxGpuThreadsPerMultiProcessor() / block_size;
+    const int num_blocks = numext::mini<int>(max_blocks, dyn_blocks);
+
+    if (num_blocks > 1) {
+      // We initialize the outputs outside the reduction kernel when we can't be sure that there
+      // won't be a race conditions between multiple thread blocks.
+      const int dyn_blocks = divup<int>(num_preserved_vals, 1024);
+      const int max_blocks = device.getNumGpuMultiProcessors() *
+                           device.maxGpuThreadsPerMultiProcessor() / 1024;
+      const int num_blocks = numext::mini<int>(max_blocks, dyn_blocks);
+      LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((ReductionInitKernel<OutputType, Index>),
+                         num_blocks, 1024, 0, device, reducer.initialize(),
+                         num_preserved_vals, output);
+    }
+
+    LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((InnerReductionKernel<num_per_thread, Self, Op, Index>),
+                       num_blocks, block_size, 0, device, reducer, self, num_coeffs_to_reduce, num_preserved_vals, output);
+
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+#ifdef EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+template <typename Self, typename Op>
+struct InnerReductionLauncher<Self, Op, Eigen::half, false> {
+  static bool run(const Self&, Op&, const GpuDevice&, half*, typename Self::Index, typename Self::Index) {
+    gpu_assert(false && "Should not be called since there is no packet accessor");
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Self, typename Op>
+struct InnerReductionLauncher<Self, Op, Eigen::half, true> {
+  static bool run(const Self& self, Op& reducer, const GpuDevice& device, half* output, typename Self::Index num_coeffs_to_reduce, typename Self::Index num_preserved_vals) {
+    typedef typename Self::Index Index;
+
+    if (num_preserved_vals % 2 != 0) {
+      // Not supported yet, revert to the slower code path
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    const Index num_coeffs = num_coeffs_to_reduce * num_preserved_vals;
+    const int block_size = /*256*/128;
+    const int num_per_thread = /*128*/64;
+    const int dyn_blocks = divup<int>(num_coeffs, block_size * num_per_thread);
+    const int max_blocks = device.getNumGpuMultiProcessors() *
+                           device.maxGpuThreadsPerMultiProcessor() / block_size;
+    const int num_blocks = numext::mini<int>(max_blocks, dyn_blocks);
+
+    if (num_blocks > 1) {
+      // We initialize the outputs outside the reduction kernel when we can't be sure that there
+      // won't be a race conditions between multiple thread blocks.
+      LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((ReductionInitKernelHalfFloat<Self, Op, Index>),
+                         1, 1, 0, device, reducer, self, num_preserved_vals, output);
+    }
+
+    LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((InnerReductionKernelHalfFloat<num_per_thread, Self, Op, Index>),
+                       num_blocks, block_size, 0, device, reducer, self, num_coeffs_to_reduce, num_preserved_vals, output);
+
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+#endif // EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+
+
+template <typename Self, typename Op>
+struct InnerReducer<Self, Op, GpuDevice> {
+  // Unfortunately nvidia doesn't support well exotic types such as complex,
+  // so reduce the scope of the optimized version of the code to the simple case
+  // of floats and half floats.
+#ifdef EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+  static const bool HasOptimizedImplementation = !Self::ReducerTraits::IsStateful &&
+      (internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, float>::value ||
+       internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, double>::value ||
+       (internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, Eigen::half>::value && reducer_traits<Op, GpuDevice>::PacketAccess));
+#else // EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+  static const bool HasOptimizedImplementation = !Self::ReducerTraits::IsStateful &&
+                                                 (internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, float>::value ||
+                                                  internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, double>::value);
+#endif // EIGEN_HAS_GPU_FP16
+
+  template <typename OutputType>
+  static bool run(const Self& self, Op& reducer, const GpuDevice& device, OutputType* output, typename Self::Index num_coeffs_to_reduce, typename Self::Index num_preserved_vals) {
+    gpu_assert(HasOptimizedImplementation && "Should only be called on doubles, floats or half floats");
+    const Index num_coeffs = array_prod(self.m_impl.dimensions());
+    // Don't crash when we're called with an input tensor of size 0.
+    if (num_coeffs == 0) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    // It's faster to use the usual code.
+    if (num_coeffs_to_reduce <= 128) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return InnerReductionLauncher<Self, Op, OutputType, reducer_traits<Op, GpuDevice>::PacketAccess>::run(self, reducer, device, output, num_coeffs_to_reduce, num_preserved_vals);
+  }
+};
+
+template <int NumPerThread, typename Self,
+          typename Reducer, typename Index>
+__global__ void OuterReductionKernel(Reducer reducer, const Self input, Index num_coeffs_to_reduce, Index num_preserved_coeffs,
+                                     typename Self::CoeffReturnType* output) {
+  const Index num_threads = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
+  const Index thread_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
+  // Initialize the output values if they weren't initialized by the ReductionInitKernel
+  if (gridDim.x == 1) {
+    for (Index i = thread_id; i < num_preserved_coeffs; i += num_threads) {
+      output[i] = reducer.initialize();
+    }
+    __syncthreads();
+  }
+
+  // Do the reduction.
+  const Index max_iter = num_preserved_coeffs * divup<Index>(num_coeffs_to_reduce, NumPerThread);
+  for (Index i = thread_id; i < max_iter; i += num_threads) {
+    const Index input_col = i % num_preserved_coeffs;
+    const Index input_row = (i / num_preserved_coeffs) * NumPerThread;
+    typename Self::CoeffReturnType reduced_val = reducer.initialize();
+    const Index max_row = numext::mini(input_row + NumPerThread, num_coeffs_to_reduce);
+    for (Index j = input_row; j < max_row; j++) {
+      typename Self::CoeffReturnType val = input.m_impl.coeff(j * num_preserved_coeffs + input_col);
+      reducer.reduce(val, &reduced_val);
+    }
+    atomicReduce(&(output[input_col]), reduced_val, reducer);
+  }
+}
+
+
+template <typename Self, typename Op>
+struct OuterReducer<Self, Op, GpuDevice> {
+  // Unfortunately nvidia doesn't support well exotic types such as complex,
+  // so reduce the scope of the optimized version of the code to the simple case
+  // of floats.
+  static const bool HasOptimizedImplementation = !Self::ReducerTraits::IsStateful &&
+                                                 (internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, float>::value ||
+                                                  internal::is_same<typename Self::CoeffReturnType, double>::value);
+  template <typename Device, typename OutputType>
+  static
+    #if !defined(EIGEN_HIPCC)
+    // FIXME :  leaving this EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC in, results in the following runtime error
+    //          (in the cxx11_tensor_reduction_gpu test)
+    //
+    // terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::runtime_error'
+    //   what():  No device code available for function: _ZN5Eigen8internal20OuterReductionKernelIL...
+    //
+    // don't know why this happens (and why is it a runtime error instead of a compile time error)
+    //
+    // this will be fixed by HIP PR#457
+    EIGEN_DEVICE_FUNC
+    #endif
+    bool run(const Self&, Op&, const Device&, OutputType*, typename Self::Index, typename Self::Index) {
+    gpu_assert(false && "Should only be called to reduce doubles or floats on a gpu device");
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  static bool run(const Self& self, Op& reducer, const GpuDevice& device, float* output, typename Self::Index num_coeffs_to_reduce, typename Self::Index num_preserved_vals) {
+    typedef typename Self::Index Index;
+
+    // It's faster to use the usual code.
+    if (num_coeffs_to_reduce <= 32) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    const Index num_coeffs = num_coeffs_to_reduce * num_preserved_vals;
+    const int block_size = 256;
+    const int num_per_thread = 16;
+    const int dyn_blocks = divup<int>(num_coeffs, block_size * num_per_thread);
+    const int max_blocks = device.getNumGpuMultiProcessors() *
+                           device.maxGpuThreadsPerMultiProcessor() / block_size;
+    const int num_blocks = numext::mini<int>(max_blocks, dyn_blocks);
+
+    if (num_blocks > 1) {
+      // We initialize the outputs in the reduction kernel itself when we don't have to worry
+      // about race conditions between multiple thread blocks.
+      const int dyn_blocks = divup<int>(num_preserved_vals, 1024);
+      const int max_blocks = device.getNumGpuMultiProcessors() *
+                             device.maxGpuThreadsPerMultiProcessor() / 1024;
+      const int num_blocks = numext::mini<int>(max_blocks, dyn_blocks);
+      LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((ReductionInitKernel<float, Index>),
+                         num_blocks, 1024, 0, device, reducer.initialize(),
+                         num_preserved_vals, output);
+    }
+
+    LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((OuterReductionKernel<num_per_thread, Self, Op, Index>),
+                       num_blocks, block_size, 0, device, reducer, self, num_coeffs_to_reduce, num_preserved_vals, output);
+
+    return false;
+  }
+  static bool run(const Self& self, Op& reducer, const GpuDevice& device, double* output, typename Self::Index num_coeffs_to_reduce, typename Self::Index num_preserved_vals) {
+    typedef typename Self::Index Index;
+
+    if (num_coeffs_to_reduce <= 32) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    const Index num_coeffs = num_coeffs_to_reduce * num_preserved_vals;
+    const int block_size = 256;
+    const int num_per_thread = 16;
+    const int dyn_blocks = divup<int>(num_coeffs, block_size * num_per_thread);
+    const int max_blocks = device.getNumGpuMultiProcessors() *
+                           device.maxGpuThreadsPerMultiProcessor() / block_size;
+    const int num_blocks = numext::mini<int>(max_blocks, dyn_blocks);
+
+    if (num_blocks > 1) {
+      const int dyn_blocks = divup<int>(num_preserved_vals, 1024);
+      const int max_blocks = device.getNumGpuMultiProcessors() *
+                             device.maxGpuThreadsPerMultiProcessor() / 1024;
+      const int num_blocks = numext::mini<int>(max_blocks, dyn_blocks);
+      LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((ReductionInitKernel<double, Index>),
+                         num_blocks, 1024, 0, device, reducer.initialize(),
+                         num_preserved_vals, output);
+    }
+
+    LAUNCH_GPU_KERNEL((OuterReductionKernel<num_per_thread, Self, Op, Index>),
+                       num_blocks, block_size, 0, device, reducer, self, num_coeffs_to_reduce, num_preserved_vals, output);
+
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+#endif // defined(EIGEN_USE_GPU) && defined(EIGEN_GPUCC)
+
+} // end namespace internal
+} // end namespace Eigen
+
+#endif // EIGEN_CXX11_TENSOR_TENSOR_REDUCTION_GPU_H
+// clang-format on
-- 
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