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    <li>Interaction between C++ and Python</li>
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  <div class="section" id="interaction-between-c-and-python">
<span id="interaction-between-c-and-python"></span><h1>Interaction between C++ and Python<a class="headerlink" href="#interaction-between-c-and-python" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Users employ API in Python to describe their own network, however, the network construction actually happens in C++. so Protobuf is introduced to send the message between Python and C++.</p>
<p>The Interaction between Python and C++ can be simplified as two steps:</p>
<ol class="simple">
<li>C++ tells Python how many Ops there are, and what parameter do users need to offer to initialize a new Op. Python then builds API for each Op at compile time.</li>
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<li>Users invoke APIs built by Python and provide necessary parameters. These parameters will be sent to C++ for finishing the Op construction task.</li>
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</ol>
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<div class="section" id="message-from-c-to-python">
<span id="message-from-c-to-python"></span><h2>Message from C++ to Python<a class="headerlink" href="#message-from-c-to-python" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
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<p>We define a Protobuf message class <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpProto</span></code> to hold message needed in the first step. What should an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpProto</span></code> contain? This question is equivalent to “What message do we need to offer, to build a Python API which is legal and user oriented and can use to describe a whole Op.”</p>
<p>Following message are necessary:</p>
<ol class="simple">
<li>Op&#8217;s name, and its simple comment.</li>
<li>Input and output variable number; each variable&#8217;s name, type, and comment.</li>
<li>Op&#8217;s attributes; each attribute includes name, type, comment, <strong>default value</strong> and <strong>value range</strong>.</li>
</ol>
<p>So <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpProto</span></code> can be defined as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-proto"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">enum</span> <span class="n">AttrType</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="na">INT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="na">FLOAT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="na">STRING</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="na">INTS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="na">FLOATS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="na">STRINGS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="kd">message</span> <span class="nc">AttrValue</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">AttrType</span> <span class="na">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">optional</span> <span class="n">int</span> <span class="na">iv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">optional</span> <span class="kt">float</span> <span class="na">fv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">optional</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">sv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">repeated</span> <span class="n">int</span> <span class="na">ivs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">repeated</span> <span class="kt">float</span> <span class="na">fvs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">repeated</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">svs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="kd">message</span> <span class="nc">AttrProto</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">required</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">required</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">comment</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">required</span> <span class="n">AttrType</span> <span class="na">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="kd">message</span> <span class="nc">VarProto</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">required</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">required</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">comment</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
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    <span class="k">required</span> <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="na">is_tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="kd">message</span> <span class="nc">OpProto</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">repeated</span> <span class="n">VarProto</span> <span class="na">inputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">repeated</span> <span class="n">VarProto</span> <span class="na">outputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">repeated</span> <span class="n">AttrProto</span> <span class="na">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">required</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">required</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">comment</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To generate Python code automatically:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>def create_python_ops_creatation_functions():
    op_protos = paddle.framework.OpRegistry.get_all_op_proto()
    for type_name in op_protos:
        op_proto = op_protos[type_name]
        def __impl__(**kwargs):  # User must use key word args in Paddle API
            inputs = [kwargs.get(ipt.name, &quot;&quot;) for ipt in op_proto.inputs]
            outputs = [kwargs.get(opt.name, &quot;&quot;) for opt in op_proto.outputs]
            attrs = [cast_to_op_attr(attr, kwargs.get(attr.name, None)) for attr in op_proto.attrs]
            opdesc = （input, outputs, type_name, attrs）
            return paddle.framework.OpRegistry.CreateOp(opdesc)
        __impl__.__doc__ = create_doc_string(op_proto)
        globals()[type_name] = __impl__

create_python_ops_creatation_functions()
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="message-from-python-to-c">
<span id="message-from-python-to-c"></span><h2>Message from Python to C++<a class="headerlink" href="#message-from-python-to-c" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To hold message needed in the above second step, we define Protobuf message class <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpDesc</span></code>. It is used to hold user-specified parameters in Op describing.</p>
<div class="highlight-proto"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">message</span> <span class="nc">OpDesc</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">required</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>   
    <span class="k">repeated</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">inputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">repeated</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="na">outputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="n">map</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">AttrValue</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="na">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="opproto-register">
<span id="opproto-register"></span><h1>OpProto Register<a class="headerlink" href="#opproto-register" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Every Op has its own <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpProto</span></code>. For using convenience, we need to register them and record all their messages. For each <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Op</span></code> class, we define a corresponding <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpMaker</span></code> class, in whose constructor we implement the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpProto</span></code>&#8216;s building process. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpMaker</span></code>&#8216;s constructor will be invoked by another function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpRegistry::RegisterOp()</span></code>.</p>
<div class="highlight-cpp"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">OpProtoMaker</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span><span class="o">:</span>
    <span class="n">OpProtoMaker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OpProto</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">proto_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="k">protected</span><span class="o">:</span>
    <span class="n">OpProto</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">proto_</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">AddInput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">desc</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{...}</span>
    <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">AddAttr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">desc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TypeId</span> <span class="n">type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{...}</span>
    <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">AddComment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">comment</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">OpRegistry</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span><span class="o">:</span>
    <span class="k">using</span> <span class="n">OpCreator</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">OperatorBase</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OpDesc</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">desc</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
    
    <span class="k">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">typename</span> <span class="n">OpType</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">typename</span> <span class="n">OpMaker</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
    <span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="n">RegisterOp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="n">gCreators_</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[](</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">OpDesc</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">desc</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">OpType</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">desc</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="p">};</span>
        <span class="n">OpProto</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">opProto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gProtos_</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">];</span>
        <span class="n">OpMaker</span><span class="p">()(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">opProto</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>

    <span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">map</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OpCreator</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">gCreators_</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">map</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OpProto</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">gProtos_</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="k">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">typename</span> <span class="n">OpType</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">typename</span> <span class="n">OpMaker</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">OpRegister</span> <span class="p">{</span>
  <span class="k">public</span><span class="o">:</span>
    <span class="n">OpRegister</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="n">OpRegistry</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">RegisterOp</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">OpType</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OpMaker</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="cp">#define REGISTER_OP(op_class, op_maker_class, type_name)         \</span>
<span class="cp">    class op_class##Register {                                   \</span>
<span class="cp">      private:                                                   \</span>
<span class="cp">        const static OpRegister&lt;#op_class, #op_maker_class&gt; reg; \</span>
<span class="cp">    };                                                           \</span>
<span class="cp">    const Register op_class##Register::reg(#type_name);</span>
    
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CosineOp</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// ...</span>
<span class="p">}</span>

<span class="k">struct</span> <span class="nl">CosineOpProtoMaker</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">OpProtoMaker</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">CosineOpProtoMaker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OpProto</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">OpProtoMaker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="n">AddInput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;input&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;input of cosine op&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
T
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352 
        <span class="n">AddAttr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;scale&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;scale of cosine op&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">float</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">Default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">GreaterThan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">);</span>
T
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353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 
        <span class="n">AddType</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;cos&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="n">AddComment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;This is cos op&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>

<span class="n">REGISTER_OP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CosineOp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">CosineOpProtoMaker</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cos</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">REGISTER_OP(CosineOp,</span> <span class="pre">CosineOpProtoMaker,</span> <span class="pre">cos)</span></code>, we register not only <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CosineOp</span></code> but also <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CosineOpProto</span></code>. As fields of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CosineOpProto</span></code>, the default value and value range of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scale</span></code> are also registered here.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="python-api">
<span id="python-api"></span><h1>Python API<a class="headerlink" href="#python-api" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Python  APIs are divided into two types, high-level API and low-level API.</p>
<div class="section" id="high-level-api">
<span id="high-level-api"></span><h2>High-Level API<a class="headerlink" href="#high-level-api" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>High-level API is called by users directly, so it should keep its style consistent with existing V2 APIs.</p>
<p>Here is a sample about how a define a fc layer:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">hd</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fc_layer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">56</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">with_bias</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;sigmoid&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hd</span></code> is the output of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fc_layer</span></code> and it&#8217;s a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">variable</span></code>. It can be further sent into other layers as input.</p>
<p>The definition of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fc_layer()</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fc_layer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">with_bias</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">activation</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">attr_map</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">}</span>
    <span class="n">check_attrs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">attr_map</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">w</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;w&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">with_bias</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
    <span class="n">fc_output</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;fc_output&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="n">fc_op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">w</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fc_output</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr_map</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">act_output</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;sigmod_output&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">activation</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sigmod&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">sigmod_op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fc_output</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">act_output</span><span class="p">);</span>
    <span class="k">elif</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="c1"># ...</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">act_output</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="low-leval-api">
<span id="low-leval-api"></span><h2>Low Leval API<a class="headerlink" href="#low-leval-api" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In above sample, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fc_op</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sigmod_op</span></code> are low-level API. They build <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpDesc</span></code> and invoke corresponding C++ code.</p>
<p><em>TODO</em></p>
</div>
</div>


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