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    <li>PyDataProvider2的使用</li>
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  <div class="section" id="pydataprovider2">
<span id="api-pydataprovider2"></span><h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">PyDataProvider2的使用</a><a class="headerlink" href="#pydataprovider2" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<p>PyDataProvider2是PaddlePaddle使用Python提供数据的推荐接口。该接口使用多线程读取数据,并提供了简单的Cache功能;同时可以使用户只关注如何从文件中读取每一条数据,而不用关心数据如何传输,如何存储等等。</p>
<div class="contents topic" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pydataprovider2" id="id11">PyDataProvider2的使用</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mnist" id="id12">MNIST的使用场景</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1" id="id13">样例数据</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dataprovider" id="id14">dataprovider的使用</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2" id="id15">网络配置中的调用</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id3" id="id16">小结</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id4" id="id17">时序模型的使用场景</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id5" id="id18">样例数据</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id6" id="id19">dataprovider的使用</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id7" id="id20">网络配置中的调用</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reference" id="id21">参考(Reference)</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#provider" id="id22">&#64;provider</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-types" id="id23">input_types</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#init-hook" id="id24">init_hook</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cache" id="id25">cache</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id8" id="id26">注意事项</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id9" id="id27">可能的内存泄露问题</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id10" id="id28">内存不够用的情况</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="mnist">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">MNIST的使用场景</a><a class="headerlink" href="#mnist" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>我们以MNIST手写识别为例,来说明PyDataProvider2的简单使用场景。</p>
<div class="section" id="id1">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">样例数据</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>MNIST是一个包含有70,000张灰度图片的数字分类数据集。样例数据 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mnist_train.txt</span></code> 如下:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span 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<span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.070588</span> <span class="mf">0.886275</span> <span class="mf">0.992157</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.192157</span> <span class="mf">0.070588</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.670588</span> <span class="mf">0.992157</span> <span class="mf">0.992157</span> <span 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class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>其中每行数据代表一张图片,行内使用 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">;</span></code> 分成两部分。第一部分是图片的标签,为0-9中的一个数字;第二部分是28*28的图片像素灰度值。 对应的 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">train.list</span></code> 即为这个数据文件的名字:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">mnist_train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="dataprovider">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">dataprovider的使用</a><a class="headerlink" href="#dataprovider" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paddle.trainer.PyDataProvider2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>


<span class="c1"># Define a py data provider</span>
<span class="nd">@provider</span><span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">input_types</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;pixel&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">dense_vector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">28</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">),</span>
                 <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">integer_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)})</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span>  <span class="c1"># settings is not used currently.</span>
    <span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># open one of training file</span>

    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>  <span class="c1"># read each line</span>
        <span class="n">label</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pixel</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="c1"># get features and label</span>
        <span class="n">pixels_str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pixel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="n">pixels_float</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">each_pixel_str</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">pixels_str</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">pixels_float</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">each_pixel_str</span><span class="p">))</span>

        <span class="c1"># give data to paddle.</span>
        <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;pixel&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">pixels_float</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">)}</span>

    <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># close file</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">首先,引入PaddlePaddle的PyDataProvider2包。</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">其次,定义一个Python的 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.learnpython.org/en/Decorators">Decorator</a> <a class="reference internal" href="#provider">&#64;provider</a> 。用于将下一行的数据输入函数标记成一个PyDataProvider2,同时设置它的input_types属性。</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a>:设置这个PyDataProvider2返回什么样的数据。本例根据网络配置中 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">data_layer</span></code> 的名字,显式指定返回的是一个28*28维的稠密浮点数向量和一个[0-9]的10维整数标签。</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_layer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;pixel&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">784</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_layer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">注意:如果用户不显示指定返回数据的对应关系,那么PaddlePaddle会根据layer的声明顺序,来确定对应关系。但这个关系可能不正确,所以推荐使用显式指定的方式来设置input_types。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p class="first">最后,实现数据输入函数(如本例的 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">process</span></code> 函数)。</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>该函数的功能是:打开文本文件,读取每一行,将行中的数据转换成与input_types一致的格式,然后返回给PaddlePaddle进程。注意,<ul>
<li>返回的顺序需要和input_types中定义的顺序一致。</li>
<li>返回时,必须使用Python关键词 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></code> ,相关概念是 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></li>
<li>一次yield调用,返回一条完整的样本。如果想为一个数据文件返回多条样本,只需要在函数中调用多次yield即可(本例中使用for循环进行多次调用)。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>该函数具有两个参数:<ul>
<li>settings:在本例中没有使用,具体可以参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#init-hook">init_hook</a> 中的说明。</li>
<li>filename:为 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">train.list</span></code><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test.list</span></code> 中的一行,即若干数据文件路径的某一个。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id2">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">网络配置中的调用</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>在网络配置里,只需要一行代码就可以调用这个PyDataProvider2,如,</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paddle.trainer_config_helpers</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>

<span class="n">define_py_data_sources2</span><span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">train_list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;train.list&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">test_list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;mnist_provider&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;process&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>训练数据是 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">train.list</span></code> ,没有测试数据,调用的PyDataProvider2是 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mnist_provider</span></code> 模块中的 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">process</span></code> 函数。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id3">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">小结</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>至此,简单的PyDataProvider2样例就说明完毕了。对用户来说,仅需要知道如何从 <strong>一个文件</strong> 中读取 <strong>一条样本</strong> ,就可以将数据传送给PaddlePaddle了。而PaddlePaddle则会帮用户做以下工作:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>将数据组合成Batch进行训练</li>
<li>对训练数据进行Shuffle</li>
<li>多线程的数据读取</li>
<li>缓存训练数据到内存(可选)</li>
<li>CPU-&gt;GPU双缓存</li>
</ul>
<p>是不是很简单呢?</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id4">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">时序模型的使用场景</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<div class="section" id="id5">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">样例数据</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>时序模型是指数据的某一维度是一个序列形式,即包含时间步信息。所谓时间步信息,不一定和时间有关系,只是说明数据的顺序是重要的。例如,文本信息就是一个序列数据。</p>
<p>本例采用英文情感分类的数据,即将一段英文文本数据,分类成正面情绪和负面情绪两类(用0和1表示)。样例数据 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentimental_train.txt</span></code> 如下:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">0</span>       <span class="n">I</span> <span class="n">saw</span> <span class="n">this</span> <span class="n">movie</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">AFI</span> <span class="n">Dallas</span> <span class="n">festival</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">It</span> <span class="nb">all</span> <span class="n">takes</span> <span class="n">place</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">lake</span> <span class="n">house</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="n">looks</span> <span class="n">wonderful</span> <span class="o">.</span>
<span class="mi">1</span>       <span class="n">This</span> <span class="n">documentary</span> <span class="n">makes</span> <span class="n">you</span> <span class="n">travel</span> <span class="nb">all</span> <span class="n">around</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">globe</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">It</span> <span class="n">contains</span> <span class="n">rare</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">stunning</span> <span class="n">sequels</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">the</span> <span class="n">wilderness</span> <span class="o">.</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id6">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">dataprovider的使用</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>相对MNIST而言,这个dataprovider较复杂,主要原因是增加了初始化机制 <a class="reference internal" href="#init-hook">init_hook</a>。本例的 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_init</span></code> 函数就是根据该机制配置的,它会在dataprovider创建的时候执行。</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>其中 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">input_types</span></code> 和在 <a class="reference internal" href="#provider">&#64;provider</a> 中配置的效果一致。本例中的输入特征是词ID的序列,因此使用 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">integer_value_sequence</span></code> 类型来设置。</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dictionary</span></code> 存入settings对象,在 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">process</span></code> 函数中使用。 dictionary是从网络配置中传入的dict对象,即一个将单词字符串映射到单词ID的字典。</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paddle.trainer.PyDataProvider2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>


<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">on_init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="c1"># on_init will invoke when data provider is initialized. The dictionary</span>
    <span class="c1"># is passed from trainer_config, and is a dict object with type</span>
    <span class="c1"># (word string =&gt; word id).</span>

    <span class="c1"># set input types in runtime. It will do the same thing as</span>
    <span class="c1"># @provider(input_types) will do, but it is set dynamically during runtime.</span>
    <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">input_types</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="c1"># The text is a sequence of integer values, and each value is a word id.</span>
        <span class="c1"># The whole sequence is the sentences that we want to predict its</span>
        <span class="c1"># sentimental.</span>
        <span class="s1">&#39;data&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">integer_value_sequence</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">)),</span>  <span class="c1"># text input</span>
        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">integer_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># label positive/negative</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>

    <span class="c1"># save dictionary as settings.dictionary. </span>
    <span class="c1"># It will be used in process method.</span>
    <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dictionary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span>


<span class="nd">@provider</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">init_hook</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">on_init</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>  <span class="c1"># read each line of file</span>
        <span class="n">label</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># get label and sentence</span>
        <span class="n">words</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentence</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># get words</span>

        <span class="c1"># convert word string to word id</span>
        <span class="c1"># the word not in dictionary will be ignored.</span>
        <span class="n">word_ids</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>

        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">each_word</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">words</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">each_word</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="n">word_ids</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">each_word</span><span class="p">])</span>

        <span class="c1"># give data to paddle.</span>
        <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">word_ids</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id7">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">网络配置中的调用</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id7" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>调用这个PyDataProvider2的方法,基本上和MNIST样例一致,除了</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>在配置中需要读取外部字典。</li>
<li>在声明DataProvider的时候传入dictionary作为参数。</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paddle.trainer_config_helpers</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>

<span class="n">dictionary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="o">...</span>  <span class="c1">#  read dictionary from outside</span>

<span class="n">define_py_data_sources2</span><span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">train_list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;train.list&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">test_list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;sentimental_provider&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;process&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="c1"># above codes same as mnist sample.</span>
<span class="hll">    <span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span>  <span class="c1"># pass to provider.</span>
</span><span class="hll">        <span class="s1">&#39;dictionary&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span>
</span><span class="hll">    <span class="p">})</span>
</span></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="reference">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">参考(Reference)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#reference" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<div class="section" id="provider">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22">&#64;provider</a><a class="headerlink" href="#provider" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#64;provider</span></code> 是一个Python的 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.learnpython.org/en/Decorators">Decorator</a> ,可以将某一个函数标记成一个PyDataProvider2。如果不了解 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.learnpython.org/en/Decorators">Decorator</a> 是什么也没关系,只需知道这是一个标记属性的方法就可以了。它包含的属性参数如下:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>input_types:数据输入格式。具体的格式说明,请参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a></li>
<li>should_shuffle:是不是要对数据做Shuffle。训练时默认shuffle,测试时默认不shuffle。</li>
<li>min_pool_size:设置内存中最小暂存的数据条数,也是PaddlePaddle所能够保证的shuffle粒度。如果为-1,则会预先读取全部数据到内存中。</li>
<li>pool_size: 设置内存中暂存的数据条数。如果为-1(默认),则不在乎内存暂存多少条数据。如果设置,则推荐大于训练时batch size的值,并且在内存足够的情况下越大越好。</li>
<li>can_over_batch_size:是否允许暂存略微多余pool_size的数据。由于这样做可以避免很多死锁问题,一般推荐设置成True。</li>
<li>calc_batch_size:可以传入一个函数,用于自定义每条数据的batch size(默认为1)。</li>
<li>cache: 数据缓存的策略,具体请参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#cache">cache</a></li>
<li>init_hook:初始化时调用的函数,具体请参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#init-hook">init_hook</a></li>
<li>check:如果为true,会根据input_types检查数据的合法性。</li>
<li>check_fail_continue:如果为true,那么当check出数据不合法时,会扔到这条数据,继续训练或预测。(对check=false的情况,没有作用)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="input-types">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23">input_types</a><a class="headerlink" href="#input-types" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>PaddlePaddle的数据包括四种主要类型,和三种序列模式。</p>
<p>四种数据类型:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>dense_vector:稠密的浮点数向量。</li>
<li>sparse_binary_vector:稀疏的01向量,即大部分值为0,但有值的地方必须为1。</li>
<li>sparse_float_vector:稀疏的向量,即大部分值为0,但有值的部分可以是任何浮点数。</li>
<li>integer:整数标签。</li>
</ul>
<p>三种序列模式:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>SequenceType.NO_SEQUENCE:不是一条序列</li>
<li>SequenceType.SEQUENCE:是一条时间序列</li>
<li>SequenceType.SUB_SEQUENCE: 是一条时间序列,且序列的每一个元素还是一个时间序列。</li>
</ul>
<p>不同的数据类型和序列模式返回的格式不同,列表如下:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="17%" />
<col width="17%" />
<col width="28%" />
<col width="38%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">&#160;</th>
<th class="head">NO_SEQUENCE</th>
<th class="head">SEQUENCE</th>
<th class="head">SUB_SEQUENCE</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>dense_vector</td>
<td>[f, f, ...]</td>
<td>[[f, ...], [f, ...], ...]</td>
<td>[[[f, ...], ...], [[f, ...], ...],...]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>sparse_binary_vector</td>
<td>[i, i, ...]</td>
<td>[[i, ...], [i, ...], ...]</td>
<td>[[[i, ...], ...], [[i, ...], ...],...]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>sparse_float_vector</td>
<td>[(i,f), (i,f), ...]</td>
<td>[[(i,f), ...], [(i,f), ...], ...]</td>
<td>[[[(i,f), ...], ...], [[(i,f), ...], ...],...]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>integer_value</td>
<td>i</td>
<td>[i, i, ...]</td>
<td>[[i, ...], [i, ...], ...]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>其中,f代表一个浮点数,i代表一个整数。</p>
<p>注意:对sparse_binary_vector和sparse_float_vector,PaddlePaddle存的是有值位置的索引。例如,</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>对一个5维非序列的稀疏01向量 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[0,</span> <span class="pre">1,</span> <span class="pre">1,</span> <span class="pre">0,</span> <span class="pre">0]</span></code> ,类型是sparse_binary_vector,返回的是 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[1,</span> <span class="pre">2]</span></code></li>
<li>对一个5维非序列的稀疏浮点向量 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[0,</span> <span class="pre">0.5,</span> <span class="pre">0.7,</span> <span class="pre">0,</span> <span class="pre">0]</span></code> ,类型是sparse_float_vector,返回的是 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[(1,</span> <span class="pre">0.5),</span> <span class="pre">(2,</span> <span class="pre">0.7)]</span></code></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="init-hook">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24">init_hook</a><a class="headerlink" href="#init-hook" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>init_hook可以传入一个函数。该函数在初始化的时候会被调用,其参数如下:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt>第一个参数是settings对象,它和数据传入函数的第一个参数(如本例中 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">process</span></code> 函数的 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings</span></code> 参数)必须一致。该对象具有以下两个属性:</dt>
<dd><ul class="first last">
<li>settings.input_types:数据输入格式,具体请参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a></li>
<li>settings.logger:一个logging对象。</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt>其他参数使用 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></code> (key word arguments)传入,包括以下两种:</dt>
<dd><ul class="first last">
<li>PaddlePaddle定义的参数: 1)is_train:bool型参数,表示用于训练或预测;2)file_list:所有文件列表。</li>
<li>用户定义的参数:使用args在网络配置中设置。</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
</ul>
<p>注意:PaddlePaddle保留添加参数的权力,因此init_hook尽量使用 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> 来接受不使用的函数以保证兼容性。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="cache">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25">cache</a><a class="headerlink" href="#cache" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>PyDataProvider2提供了两种简单的Cache策略:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>CacheType.NO_CACHE:不缓存任何数据,每次都会从python端读取数据</li>
<li>CacheType.CACHE_PASS_IN_MEM:第一个pass会从python端读取数据,剩下的pass会直接从内存里
读取数据。</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id8">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26">注意事项</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id8" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<div class="section" id="id9">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">可能的内存泄露问题</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id9" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>PaddlePaddle将train.list中的每一行都传递给process函数,从而生成多个generator。当训练数据非常多时,就会生成非常多的generator。</p>
<p>虽然每个generator在没有调用的时候,是几乎不占内存的;但当调用过一次后,generator便会存下当前的上下文(Context),而这个Context可能会非常大。并且,generator至少需要调用两次才会知道是否停止。所以,即使process函数里面只有一个yield,也需要两次随机选择到相同generator的时候,才会释放该段内存。</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">():</span>
    <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="mi">0</span>

<span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># 创建generator</span>
<span class="n">tmp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># 调用一次,返回0</span>
<span class="n">tmp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># 调用第二次的时候,才会Stop Iteration</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>由于顺序调用这些generator不会出现上述问题,因此有两种解决方案:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><strong>最佳推荐</strong>:将样本的地址放入另一个文本文件,train.list写入那个文本文件的地址。即不要将每一个样本都放入train.list。</li>
<li>在generator的上下文中尽量留下非常少的变量引用,例如</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">real_process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fn</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="c1"># ... read from fn</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">result</span>   <span class="c1"># 当函数返回的时候,python可以解除掉内部变量的引用。</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fn</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">real_process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fn</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>注意:这个问题是PyDataProvider读数据时候的逻辑问题,很难整体修正。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id10">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28">内存不够用的情况</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id10" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>PyDataProvider2会尽可能多的使用内存。因此,对于内存较小的机器,推荐使用 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pool_size</span></code> 变量来设置内存中暂存的数据条。具体请参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#provider">&#64;provider</a> 中的说明。</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>


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