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<h1>分布式训练<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
<p>本节将介绍如何使用PaddlePaddle在不同的集群框架下完成分布式训练。分布式训练架构如下图所示：</p>
<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../../_images/ps_cn.png"><img alt="../../_images/ps_cn.png" src="../../_images/ps_cn.png" style="width: 500px;" /></a>
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<li>数据分片（Data shard): 用于训练神经网络的数据，被切分成多个部分，每个部分分别给每个trainer使用。</li>
<li>计算节点（Trainer）: 每个trainer启动后读取切分好的一部分数据，开始神经网络的“前馈”和“后馈”计算，并和参数服务器通信。在完成一定量数据的训练后，上传计算得出的梯度（gradients），然后下载优化更新后的神经网络参数（parameters）。</li>
<li>参数服务器（Parameter server）:每个参数服务器只保存整个神经网络所有参数的一部分。参数服务器接收从计算节点上传的梯度，并完成参数优化更新，再将更新后的参数下发到每个计算节点。</li>
</ul>
<p>这样，通过计算节点和参数服务器的分布式协作，可以完成神经网络的SGD方法的训练。PaddlePaddle可以同时支持同步随机梯度下降（SGD）和异步随机梯度下降。</p>
<p>在使用同步SGD训练神经网络时，PaddlePaddle使用同步屏障（barrier），使梯度的提交和参数的更新按照顺序方式执行。在异步SGD中，则并不会等待所有trainer提交梯度才更新参数，这样极大地提高了计算的并行性：参数服务器之间不相互依赖，并行地接收梯度和更新参数，参数服务器也不会等待计算节点全部都提交梯度之后才开始下一步，计算节点之间也不会相互依赖，并行地执行模型的训练。可以看出，虽然异步SGD方式会提高参数更新并行度, 但是并不能保证参数同步更新，在任意时间某一台参数服务器上保存的参数可能比另一台要更新，与同步SGD相比，梯度会有噪声。</p>
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