Merge pull request #106 from xuezhong/add_ELMo

release ELMo

ELMo/LAC_demo/bilm.py

+#   Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import paddle.fluid.layers as layers
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+import numpy as np
+import os
+
+cell_clip = 3.0
+proj_clip = 3.0
+hidden_size = 4096
+vocab_size = 52445
+emb_size = 512
+
+
+def dropout(input):
+    dropout_rate = 0.5
+    return layers.dropout(
+        input,
+        dropout_prob=dropout_rate,
+        dropout_implementation="upscale_in_train",
+        is_test=False)
+
+
+def lstmp_encoder(input_seq, gate_size, h_0, c_0, para_name, proj_size, args):
+    # A lstm encoder implementation with projection.
+    # Linear transformation part for input gate, output gate, forget gate
+    # and cell activation vectors need be done outside of dynamic_lstm.
+    # So the output size is 4 times of gate_size.
+
+    init = None
+    init_b = None
+    input_proj = layers.fc(input=input_seq,
+                           param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                               name=para_name + '_gate_w', initializer=init),
+                           size=gate_size * 4,
+                           act=None,
+                           bias_attr=False)
+    hidden, cell = layers.dynamic_lstmp(
+        input=input_proj,
+        size=gate_size * 4,
+        proj_size=proj_size,
+        h_0=h_0,
+        c_0=c_0,
+        use_peepholes=False,
+        proj_clip=proj_clip,
+        cell_clip=cell_clip,
+        proj_activation="identity",
+        param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(initializer=init),
+        bias_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(initializer=init_b))
+    return hidden, cell, input_proj
+
+
+def encoder_wrapper(x_emb,
+              vocab_size,
+              emb_size,
+              init_hidden=None,
+              init_cell=None,
+              para_name='',
+              args=None):
+    rnn_input = x_emb
+    rnn_outs = []
+    rnn_outs_ori = []
+    cells = []
+    projs = []
+    num_layers = 2
+    for i in range(num_layers):
+        if init_hidden and init_cell:
+            h0 = layers.squeeze(
+                layers.slice(
+                    init_hidden, axes=[0], starts=[i], ends=[i + 1]),
+                axes=[0])
+            c0 = layers.squeeze(
+                layers.slice(
+                    init_cell, axes=[0], starts=[i], ends=[i + 1]),
+                axes=[0])
+        else:
+            h0 = c0 = None
+        rnn_out, cell, input_proj = lstmp_encoder(
+            rnn_input, hidden_size, h0, c0, para_name + 'layer{}'.format(i + 1),
+            emb_size, args)
+        rnn_out_ori = rnn_out
+        if i > 0:
+            rnn_out = rnn_out + rnn_input
+        rnn_out.stop_gradient = True
+        rnn_outs.append(rnn_out)
+        rnn_outs_ori.append(rnn_out_ori)
+    return rnn_outs, rnn_outs_ori
+
+
+def weight_layers(lm_embeddings, name="", l2_coef=0.0):
+    '''
+    Weight the layers of a biLM with trainable scalar weights to
+    compute ELMo representations.
+
+    Input:
+        lm_embeddings(list): representations of 2 layers from biLM.
+        name = a string prefix used for the trainable variable names
+        l2_coef: the l2 regularization coefficient $\lambda$.
+            Pass None or 0.0 for no regularization.
+
+    Output:
+        weighted_lm_layers: weighted embeddings form biLM
+    '''
+
+    n_lm_layers = len(lm_embeddings)
+    W = layers.create_parameter(
+        [n_lm_layers, ],
+        dtype="float32",
+        name=name + "ELMo_w",
+        attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+            name=name + "ELMo_w",
+            initializer=fluid.initializer.Constant(0.0),
+            regularizer=fluid.regularizer.L2Decay(l2_coef)))
+    normed_weights = layers.softmax(W + 1.0 / n_lm_layers)
+    splited_normed_weights = layers.split(normed_weights, n_lm_layers, dim=0)
+
+    # compute the weighted, normalized LM activations
+    pieces = []
+    for w, t in zip(splited_normed_weights, lm_embeddings):
+        pieces.append(t * w)
+    sum_pieces = layers.sums(pieces)
+
+    # scale the weighted sum by gamma
+    gamma = layers.create_parameter(
+        [1],
+        dtype="float32",
+        name=name + "ELMo_gamma",
+        attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+            name=name + "ELMo_gamma",
+            initializer=fluid.initializer.Constant(1.0)))
+    weighted_lm_layers = sum_pieces * gamma
+    return weighted_lm_layers
+
+
+def elmo_encoder(word_ids, elmo_l2_coef):
+
+    x_emb = layers.embedding(
+        input=word_ids,
+        size=[vocab_size, emb_size],
+        dtype='float32',
+        is_sparse=False,
+        param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(name='embedding_para'))
+
+    x_emb_r = fluid.layers.sequence_reverse(x_emb, name=None)
+    fw_hiddens, fw_hiddens_ori = encoder_wrapper(
+        x_emb, vocab_size, emb_size, para_name='fw_', args=None)
+    bw_hiddens, bw_hiddens_ori = encoder_wrapper(
+        x_emb_r, vocab_size, emb_size, para_name='bw_', args=None)
+
+    num_layers = len(fw_hiddens_ori)
+    token_embeddings = layers.concat(input=[x_emb, x_emb], axis=1)
+    token_embeddings.stop_gradient = True
+    concate_embeddings = [token_embeddings]
+    for index in range(num_layers):
+        embedding = layers.concat(
+            input=[fw_hiddens_ori[index], bw_hiddens_ori[index]], axis=1)
+        embedding = dropout(embedding)
+        embedding.stop_gradient = True
+        concate_embeddings.append(embedding)
+    weighted_emb = weight_layers(concate_embeddings, l2_coef=elmo_l2_coef)
+    return weighted_emb
+
+
+def init_pretraining_params(exe, pretraining_params_path, main_program):
+    assert os.path.exists(pretraining_params_path
+                          ), "[%s] cann't be found." % pretraining_params_path
+
+    def if_exist(var):
+        path = os.path.join(pretraining_params_path, var.name)
+        exist = os.path.exists(path)
+        if exist:
+            print('Load model: %s' % path)
+        return exist
+
+    fluid.io.load_vars(
+        exe,
+        pretraining_params_path,
+        main_program=main_program,
+        predicate=if_exist)
+    print("Load pretraining parameters from {}.".format(
+        pretraining_params_path))

ELMo/LAC_demo/conf/q2b.dic

+　	 
+、	,
+。	.
+—	-
+～	~
+‖	|
+…	.
+‘	'
+’	'
+“	"
+”	"
+〔	(
+〕	)
+〈	<
+〉	>
+「	'
+」	'
+『	"
+』	"
+〖	[
+〗	]
+【	[
+】	]
+∶	:
+＄	$
+！	!
+＂	"
+＃	#
+％	%
+＆	&
+＇	'
+（	(
+）	)
+＊	*
+＋	+
+，	,
+－	-
+．	.
+／	/
+０	0
+１	1
+２	2
+３	3
+４	4
+５	5
+６	6
+７	7
+８	8
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+：	:
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+＝	=
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+＠	@
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+Ｍ	m
+Ｎ	n
+Ｏ	o
+Ｐ	p
+Ｑ	q
+Ｒ	r
+Ｓ	s
+Ｔ	t
+Ｕ	u
+Ｖ	v
+Ｗ	w
+Ｘ	x
+Ｙ	y
+Ｚ	z
+［	[
+＼	\
+］	]
+＾	^
+＿	_
+｀	`
+ａ	a
+ｂ	b
+ｃ	c
+ｄ	d
+ｅ	e
+ｆ	f
+ｇ	g
+ｈ	h
+ｉ	i
+ｊ	j
+ｋ	k
+ｌ	l
+ｍ	m
+ｎ	n
+ｏ	o
+ｐ	p
+ｑ	q
+ｒ	r
+ｓ	s
+ｔ	t
+ｕ	u
+ｖ	v
+ｗ	w
+ｘ	x
+ｙ	y
+ｚ	z
+｛	{
+｜	|
+｝	}
+￣	~
+〝	"
+〞	"
+﹐	,
+﹑	,
+﹒	.
+﹔	;
+﹕	:
+﹖	?
+﹗	!
+﹙	(
+﹚	)
+﹛	{
+﹜	{
+﹝	[
+﹞	]
+﹟	#
+﹠	&
+﹡	*
+﹢	+
+﹣	-
+﹤	<
+﹥	>
+﹦	=
+﹨	\
+﹩	$
+﹪	%
+﹫	@
+ 	,
+A	a
+B	b
+C	c
+D	d
+E	e
+F	f
+G	g
+H	h
+I	i
+J	j
+K	k
+L	l
+M	m
+N	n
+O	o
+P	p
+Q	q
+R	r
+S	s
+T	t
+U	u
+V	v
+W	w
+X	x
+Y	y
+Z	z

ELMo/LAC_demo/data/tag.dic

+a
+a-B
+a-I
+ad
+ad-B
+ad-I
+an
+an-B
+an-I
+c
+d
+d-B
+d-I
+f
+f-B
+f-I
+m
+m-B
+m-I
+n
+n-B
+n-I
+nr
+nr-B
+nr-I
+ns
+ns-B
+ns-I
+nt
+nt-B
+nt-I
+nw
+nw-B
+nw-I
+nz
+nz-B
+nz-I
+p
+q
+r
+r-B
+r-I
+s
+s-B
+s-I
+t
+t-B
+t-I
+u
+v
+v-B
+v-I
+vd
+vd-B
+vd-I
+vn
+vn-B
+vn-I
+w
+xc
\ No newline at end of file

ELMo/LAC_demo/network.py

+"""
+The function lex_net(args) define the lexical analysis network structure
+"""
+import sys
+import os
+import math
+
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+from paddle.fluid.initializer import NormalInitializer
+import paddle.fluid.layers as layers
+from bilm import elmo_encoder
+import ipdb
+
+
+def lex_net(args, word_dict_len, label_dict_len):
+    """
+    define the lexical analysis network structure
+    """
+    word_emb_dim = args.word_emb_dim
+    grnn_hidden_dim = args.grnn_hidden_dim
+    emb_lr = args.emb_learning_rate
+    crf_lr = args.crf_learning_rate
+    bigru_num = args.bigru_num
+    init_bound = 0.1
+    IS_SPARSE = True
+
+    def _bigru_layer(input_feature):
+        """
+        define the bidirectional gru layer
+        """
+        pre_gru = fluid.layers.fc(
+            input=input_feature,
+            size=grnn_hidden_dim * 3,
+            param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                initializer=fluid.initializer.Uniform(
+                    low=-init_bound, high=init_bound),
+                regularizer=fluid.regularizer.L2DecayRegularizer(
+                    regularization_coeff=1e-4)))
+        gru = fluid.layers.dynamic_gru(
+            input=pre_gru,
+            size=grnn_hidden_dim,
+            param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                initializer=fluid.initializer.Uniform(
+                    low=-init_bound, high=init_bound),
+                regularizer=fluid.regularizer.L2DecayRegularizer(
+                    regularization_coeff=1e-4)))
+
+        pre_gru_r = fluid.layers.fc(
+            input=input_feature,
+            size=grnn_hidden_dim * 3,
+            param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                initializer=fluid.initializer.Uniform(
+                    low=-init_bound, high=init_bound),
+                regularizer=fluid.regularizer.L2DecayRegularizer(
+                    regularization_coeff=1e-4)))
+        gru_r = fluid.layers.dynamic_gru(
+            input=pre_gru_r,
+            size=grnn_hidden_dim,
+            is_reverse=True,
+            param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                initializer=fluid.initializer.Uniform(
+                    low=-init_bound, high=init_bound),
+                regularizer=fluid.regularizer.L2DecayRegularizer(
+                    regularization_coeff=1e-4)))
+
+        bi_merge = fluid.layers.concat(input=[gru, gru_r], axis=1)
+        return bi_merge
+
+    def _net_conf(word_ids, target):
+        """
+        Configure the network
+        """
+        word_embedding = fluid.layers.embedding(
+            input=word,
+            size=[word_dict_len, word_emb_dim],
+            dtype='float32',
+            is_sparse=IS_SPARSE,
+            param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                learning_rate=emb_lr,
+                name="word_emb",
+                initializer=fluid.initializer.Uniform(
+                    low=-init_bound, high=init_bound)))
+
+        # add elmo embedding
+        elmo_emb = elmo_encoder(word_ids, args.elmo_l2_coef)
+        input_feature = layers.concat(input=[elmo_emb, word_embedding], axis=1)
+
+        for i in range(bigru_num):
+            bigru_output = _bigru_layer(input_feature)
+            input_feature = bigru_output
+
+        emission = fluid.layers.fc(
+            size=label_dict_len,
+            input=bigru_output,
+            param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                initializer=fluid.initializer.Uniform(
+                    low=-init_bound, high=init_bound),
+                regularizer=fluid.regularizer.L2DecayRegularizer(
+                    regularization_coeff=1e-4)))
+
+        crf_cost = fluid.layers.linear_chain_crf(
+            input=emission,
+            label=target,
+            param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                name='crfw', learning_rate=crf_lr))
+        crf_decode = fluid.layers.crf_decoding(
+            input=emission, param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(name='crfw'))
+        avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(x=crf_cost)
+        return avg_cost, crf_decode
+
+    word = fluid.layers.data(name='word', shape=[1], dtype='int64', lod_level=1)
+
+    target = fluid.layers.data(
+        name="target", shape=[1], dtype='int64', lod_level=1)
+
+    avg_cost, crf_decode = _net_conf(word, target)
+
+    return avg_cost, crf_decode, word, target

ELMo/LAC_demo/reader.py

+#coding: utf-8
+"""
+The file_reader converts raw corpus to input.
+"""
+import os
+import __future__
+import io
+
+
+def file_reader(file_dir,
+                word2id_dict,
+                label2id_dict,
+                word_replace_dict,
+                filename_feature=""):
+    """
+    define the reader to read files in file_dir
+    """
+    word_dict_len = max(map(int, word2id_dict.values())) + 1
+    label_dict_len = max(map(int, label2id_dict.values())) + 1
+
+    def reader():
+        """
+        the data generator
+        """
+        index = 0
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(file_dir):
+            for filename in files:
+                for line in io.open(
+                        os.path.join(root, filename), 'r', encoding='utf8'):
+                    index += 1
+                    bad_line = False
+                    line = line.strip("\n")
+                    if len(line) == 0:
+                        continue
+                    seg_tag = line.rfind("\t")
+                    word_part = line[0:seg_tag].strip().split(' ')
+                    label_part = line[seg_tag + 1:]
+                    word_idx = []
+                    words = word_part
+                    for word in words:
+                        if word in word_replace_dict:
+                            word = word_replace_dict[word]
+                        if word in word2id_dict:
+                            word_idx.append(int(word2id_dict[word]))
+                        else:
+                            word_idx.append(int(word2id_dict["<UNK>"]))
+                    target_idx = []
+                    labels = label_part.strip().split(" ")
+                    for label in labels:
+                        if label in label2id_dict:
+                            target_idx.append(int(label2id_dict[label]))
+                        else:
+                            target_idx.append(int(label2id_dict["O"]))
+                    if len(word_idx) != len(target_idx):
+                        print(line)
+                        continue
+                    yield word_idx, target_idx
+
+    return reader
+
+
+def test_reader(file_dir,
+                word2id_dict,
+                label2id_dict,
+                word_replace_dict,
+                filename_feature=""):
+    """
+    define the reader to read test files in file_dir
+    """
+    word_dict_len = max(map(int, word2id_dict.values())) + 1
+    label_dict_len = max(map(int, label2id_dict.values())) + 1
+
+    def reader():
+        """
+        the data generator
+        """
+        index = 0
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(file_dir):
+            for filename in files:
+                if not filename.startswith(filename_feature):
+                    continue
+                for line in io.open(
+                        os.path.join(root, filename), 'r', encoding='utf8'):
+                    index += 1
+                    bad_line = False
+                    line = line.strip("\n")
+                    if len(line) == 0:
+                        continue
+                    seg_tag = line.rfind("\t")
+                    if seg_tag == -1:
+                        seg_tag = len(line)
+                    word_part = line[0:seg_tag]
+                    label_part = line[seg_tag + 1:]
+                    word_idx = []
+                    words = word_part
+                    for word in words:
+                        if ord(word) < 0x20:
+                            word = ' '
+                        if word in word_replace_dict:
+                            word = word_replace_dict[word]
+                        if word in word2id_dict:
+                            word_idx.append(int(word2id_dict[word]))
+                        else:
+                            word_idx.append(int(word2id_dict["OOV"]))
+                    yield word_idx, words
+
+    return reader
+
+
+def load_reverse_dict(dict_path):
+    """
+    Load a dict. The first column is the key and the second column is the value.
+    """
+    result_dict = {}
+    # TODO 字和词模型
+    for idx, line in enumerate(io.open(dict_path, "r", encoding='utf8')):
+        terms = line.strip("\n")
+        result_dict[terms] = idx
+    return result_dict
+
+
+def load_dict(dict_path):
+    """
+    Load a dict. The first column is the value and the second column is the key.
+    """
+    result_dict = {}
+    for idx, line in enumerate(io.open(dict_path, "r", encoding='utf8')):
+        terms = line.strip("\n")
+        result_dict[idx] = terms
+    return result_dict

ELMo/LAC_demo/run.sh

+export FLAGS_fraction_of_gpu_memory_to_use=0.5
+export FLAGS_eager_delete_tensor_gb=0.0 
+export FLAGS_fast_eager_deletion_mode=1
+export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0
+
+python train.py \
+--traindata_dir data/train \
+--model_save_dir model \
+--use_gpu 1 \
+--corpus_type_list train \
+--corpus_proportion_list 1 \
+--num_iterations 200000 \
+--pretrain_elmo_model_path ${ELMo_MODEL_PATH} \
+--testdata_dir data/dev $@ \

ELMo/LAC_demo/train.py

+"""
+This file is used to train the model.
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+import math
+import time
+import random
+import argparse
+
+import numpy as np
+import paddle
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+
+import reader
+from network import lex_net
+from bilm import init_pretraining_params
+
+
+def parse_args():
+    """
+    Parsing the input parameters.
+    """
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser("Training for lexical analyzer.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--traindata_dir",
+        type=str,
+        default="data/train_data",
+        help="The folder where the training data is located.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--testdata_dir",
+        type=str,
+        default="data/test_data",
+        help="The folder where the training data is located.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--model_save_dir",
+        type=str,
+        default="./models",
+        help="The model will be saved in this path.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--save_model_per_batchs",
+        type=int,
+        default=1000,
+        help="Save the model once per xxxx batch of training")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--eval_window",
+        type=int,
+        default=20,
+        help="Training will be suspended when the evaluation indicators on the validation set" \
+             " no longer increase. The eval_window specifies the scope of the evaluation.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--batch_size",
+        type=int,
+        default=32,
+        help="The number of sequences contained in a mini-batch, or the maximum" \
+             "number of tokens (include paddings) contained in a mini-batch.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--corpus_type_list",
+        type=str,
+        default=["human", "feed", "query", "title", "news"],
+        nargs='+',
+        help="The pattern list of different types of corpus used in training.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--corpus_proportion_list",
+        type=float,
+        default=[0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
+        nargs='+',
+        help="The proportion list of different types of corpus used in training."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--use_gpu",
+        type=int,
+        default=False,
+        help="Whether or not to use GPU. 0-->CPU 1-->GPU")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--traindata_shuffle_buffer",
+        type=int,
+        default=200000,
+        help="The buffer size used in shuffle the training data.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--word_emb_dim",
+        type=int,
+        default=128,
+        help="The dimension in which a word is embedded.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--grnn_hidden_dim",
+        type=int,
+        default=256,
+        help="The number of hidden nodes in the GRNN layer.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--bigru_num",
+        type=int,
+        default=2,
+        help="The number of bi_gru layers in the network.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--base_learning_rate",
+        type=float,
+        default=1e-3,
+        help="The basic learning rate that affects the entire network.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--emb_learning_rate",
+        type=float,
+        default=5,
+        help="The real learning rate of the embedding layer will be" \
+        " (emb_learning_rate * base_learning_rate)."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--crf_learning_rate",
+        type=float,
+        default=0.2,
+        help="The real learning rate of the embedding layer will be" \
+             " (crf_learning_rate * base_learning_rate)."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--word_dict_path",
+        type=str,
+        default="../data/vocabulary_min5k.txt",
+        help="The path of the word dictionary.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--label_dict_path",
+        type=str,
+        default="data/tag.dic",
+        help="The path of the label dictionary.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--word_rep_dict_path",
+        type=str,
+        default="conf/q2b.dic",
+        help="The path of the word replacement Dictionary.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num_iterations",
+        type=int,
+        default=40000,
+        help="The maximum number of iterations. If set to 0 (default), do not limit the number."
+    )
+
+    #add elmo args
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--elmo_l2_coef",
+        type=float,
+        default=0.001,
+        help="Weight decay. (default: %(default)f)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--elmo_dict_dir",
+        default='data/vocabulary_min5k.txt',
+        help="If set, load elmo dict.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--pretrain_elmo_model_path',
+        default="data/baike_elmo_checkpoint",
+        help="If set, load elmo checkpoint.")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if len(args.corpus_proportion_list) != len(args.corpus_type_list):
+        sys.stderr.write(
+            "The length of corpus_proportion_list should be equal to the length of corpus_type_list.\n"
+        )
+        exit(-1)
+    return args
+
+
+def print_arguments(args):
+    print('-----------  Configuration Arguments -----------')
+    for arg, value in sorted(vars(args).items()):
+        print('%s: %s' % (arg, value))
+    print('------------------------------------------------')
+
+
+def to_lodtensor(data, place):
+    """
+    Convert data in list into lodtensor.
+    """
+    seq_lens = [len(seq) for seq in data]
+    cur_len = 0
+    lod = [cur_len]
+    for l in seq_lens:
+        cur_len += l
+        lod.append(cur_len)
+    flattened_data = np.concatenate(data, axis=0).astype("int64")
+    flattened_data = flattened_data.reshape([len(flattened_data), 1])
+    res = fluid.LoDTensor()
+    res.set(flattened_data, place)
+    res.set_lod([lod])
+    return res
+
+
+def test(exe, chunk_evaluator, save_dirname, test_data, place):
+    """
+    Test the network in training.
+    """
+    inference_scope = fluid.core.Scope()
+    with fluid.scope_guard(inference_scope):
+        [inference_program, feed_target_names,
+         fetch_targets] = fluid.io.load_inference_model(save_dirname, exe)
+        chunk_evaluator.reset()
+        for data in test_data():
+            word = to_lodtensor(list(map(lambda x: x[0], data)), place)
+            target = to_lodtensor(list(map(lambda x: x[1], data)), place)
+            result_list = exe.run(inference_program,
+                                  feed={"word": word,
+                                        "target": target},
+                                  fetch_list=fetch_targets)
+            number_infer = np.array(result_list[0])
+            number_label = np.array(result_list[1])
+            number_correct = np.array(result_list[2])
+            chunk_evaluator.update(
+                int(number_infer[0]),
+                int(number_label[0]), int(number_correct[0]))
+    return chunk_evaluator.eval()
+
+
+def train(args):
+    """
+    Train the network.
+    """
+    if not os.path.exists(args.model_save_dir):
+        os.mkdir(args.model_save_dir)
+
+    word2id_dict = reader.load_reverse_dict(args.word_dict_path)
+    label2id_dict = reader.load_reverse_dict(args.label_dict_path)
+    word_rep_dict = reader.load_dict(args.word_rep_dict_path)
+    word_dict_len = max(map(int, word2id_dict.values())) + 1
+    label_dict_len = max(map(int, label2id_dict.values())) + 1
+
+    avg_cost, crf_decode, word, target = lex_net(args, word_dict_len,
+                                                 label_dict_len)
+    adam_optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=args.base_learning_rate)
+    adam_optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+
+    (precision, recall, f1_score, num_infer_chunks, num_label_chunks,
+     num_correct_chunks) = fluid.layers.chunk_eval(
+         input=crf_decode,
+         label=target,
+         chunk_scheme="IOB",
+         num_chunk_types=int(math.ceil((label_dict_len - 1) / 2.0)))
+    chunk_evaluator = fluid.metrics.ChunkEvaluator()
+    chunk_evaluator.reset()
+
+    train_reader_list = []
+    corpus_num = len(args.corpus_type_list)
+    for i in range(corpus_num):
+        train_reader = paddle.batch(
+            paddle.reader.shuffle(
+                reader.file_reader(args.traindata_dir, word2id_dict,
+                                   label2id_dict, word_rep_dict,
+                                   args.corpus_type_list[i]),
+                buf_size=args.traindata_shuffle_buffer),
+            batch_size=int(args.batch_size * args.corpus_proportion_list[i]))
+        train_reader_list.append(train_reader)
+    test_reader = paddle.batch(
+        reader.file_reader(args.testdata_dir, word2id_dict, label2id_dict,
+                           word_rep_dict),
+        batch_size=args.batch_size)
+    train_reader_itr_list = []
+    for train_reader in train_reader_list:
+        cur_reader_itr = train_reader()
+        train_reader_itr_list.append(cur_reader_itr)
+
+    place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) if args.use_gpu else fluid.CPUPlace()
+    feeder = fluid.DataFeeder(feed_list=[word, target], place=place)
+    exe = fluid.Executor(place)
+    exe.run(fluid.default_startup_program())
+
+    # load pretrained ELMo model
+    init_pretraining_params(exe, args.pretrain_elmo_model_path,
+                            fluid.default_main_program())
+
+    batch_id = 0
+    start_time = time.time()
+    eval_list = []
+    iter = 0
+    while True:
+        full_batch = []
+        cur_batch = []
+        for i in range(corpus_num):
+            reader_itr = train_reader_itr_list[i]
+            try:
+                cur_batch = next(reader_itr)
+            except StopIteration:
+                print(args.corpus_type_list[i] +
+                      " corpus finish a pass of training")
+                new_reader = train_reader_list[i]
+                train_reader_itr_list[i] = new_reader()
+                cur_batch = next(train_reader_itr_list[i])
+            full_batch += cur_batch
+        random.shuffle(full_batch)
+
+        cost_var, nums_infer, nums_label, nums_correct = exe.run(
+            fluid.default_main_program(),
+            fetch_list=[
+                avg_cost, num_infer_chunks, num_label_chunks, num_correct_chunks
+            ],
+            feed=feeder.feed(full_batch))
+        print("batch_id:" + str(batch_id) + ", avg_cost:" + str(cost_var[0]))
+        chunk_evaluator.update(nums_infer, nums_label, nums_correct)
+        batch_id += 1
+
+        if (batch_id % args.save_model_per_batchs == 1):
+            save_exe = fluid.Executor(place)
+            save_dirname = os.path.join(args.model_save_dir,
+                                        "params_batch_%d" % batch_id)
+
+            temp_save_model = os.path.join(args.model_save_dir,
+                                           "temp_model_for_test")
+            fluid.io.save_inference_model(
+                temp_save_model, ['word', 'target'],
+                [num_infer_chunks, num_label_chunks, num_correct_chunks],
+                save_exe)
+
+            precision, recall, f1_score = chunk_evaluator.eval()
+            print("[train] batch_id:" + str(batch_id) + ", precision:" + str(
+                precision) + ", recall:" + str(recall) + ", f1:" + str(
+                    f1_score))
+            chunk_evaluator.reset()
+            p, r, f1 = test(exe, chunk_evaluator, temp_save_model, test_reader,
+                            place)
+            chunk_evaluator.reset()
+            print("[test] batch_id:" + str(batch_id) + ", precision:" + str(p) +
+                  ", recall:" + str(r) + ", f1:" + str(f1))
+            end_time = time.time()
+            print("cur_batch_id:" + str(batch_id) + ", last " + str(
+                args.save_model_per_batchs) + " batchs, time_cost:" + str(
+                    end_time - start_time))
+            start_time = time.time()
+
+            if len(eval_list) < 2 * args.eval_window:
+                eval_list.append(f1)
+            else:
+                eval_list.pop(0)
+                eval_list.append(f1)
+                last_avg_f1 = sum(eval_list[
+                    0:args.eval_window]) / args.eval_window
+                cur_avg_f1 = sum(eval_list[args.eval_window:2 *
+                                           args.eval_window]) / args.eval_window
+                if cur_avg_f1 <= last_avg_f1:
+                    return
+                else:
+                    print("keep training!")
+        iter += 1
+        if (iter == args.num_iterations):
+            return
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    args = parse_args()
+    print_arguments(args)
+    train(args)

ELMo/README.md

+# ELMo
+
+### 介绍
+
+ELMo(Embeddings from Language Models) 是重要的通用语义表示模型之一，以双向 LSTM  为网路基本组件，以 Language Model 为训练目标，通过预训练得到通用的语义表示，将通用的语义表示作为 Feature 迁移到下游 NLP 任务中，会显著提升下游任务的模型性能。本项目是 ELMo 在 Paddle Fluid 上的开源实现, 基于百科类数据训练并发布了预训练模型。
+
+
+### 发布要点:
+1） 基于百科类数据训练的 [ELMo 中文预训练模型](https://dureader.gz.bcebos.com/elmo/baike_elmo_checkpoint.tar.gz);
+
+2） 完整支持 ELMo 模型训练及表示迁移, 包括:
+
+- 支持 ELMo 多卡训练，训练速度比主流实现快约1倍
+- 以 LAC 任务为示例提供 ELMo 语义表示迁移到下游 NLP 任务的示例
+
+3）我们在阅读理解任务和 LAC 任务上评估了 ELMo 预训练模型带给下游任务的性能提升:
+- LAC 加入 ELMo 后 F1 可以提升 **1.1%**
+- 阅读理解任务加入 ELMo 后 Rouge-L 提升 **1%**
+
+| Task | 评估指标 | Baseline | +ELMo |
+| :------| :------: | :------: |:------: |
+| [LAC](https://github.com/baidu/lac) | F1 | 87.3% | **88.4%** |
+| [阅读理解](github.com/PaddlePaddle/models/tree/develop/PaddleNLP/machine_reading_comprehension) | Rouge-L | 39.4% | **40.4%** |
+
+**Note**:
+
+- LAC 任务是基于 20w 训练数据训练的词模型
+- 阅读理解任务是基于 [DuReader](https://github.com/baidu/DuReader) 数据集训练的词模型
+
+### 安装
+
+本项目依赖于 Paddle Fluid **1.4.0**，请参考[安装指南](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/#quick-start)进行安装。
+
+### 预训练
+
+#### 数据预处理
+
+将文档按照句号、问号、感叹切分成句子，然后对句子进行切词。预处理后的数据文件中每行为一个分词后的句子。我们给出了示例训练数据 [`data/train`](data/train) 和测试数据 [`data/dev`](data/dev)，数据示例如下：
+
+```
+本 书 介绍 了 中国 经济 发展 的 内外 平衡 问题 、 亚洲 金融 危机 十 周年 回顾 与 反思 、 实践 中 的 城乡 统筹 发展 、 未来 十 年 中国 需要 研究 的 重大 课题 、 科学 发展 与 新型 工业 化 等 方面 。
+吴 敬 琏 曾经 提出 中国 股市 “ 赌场 论 ” ， 主张 维护 市场 规则 ， 保护 草根 阶层 生计 ， 被 誉 为 “ 中国 经济 学界 良心 ” ， 是 媒体 和 公众 眼中 的 学术 明星
+```
+
+#### 模型训练
+
+利用提供的示例训练数据和测试数据，我们来说明如何进行单机多卡预训练。关于预训练的启动方式，可以查看脚本 `run.sh` ，该脚本已经默认以示例数据作为输入。在开始预训练之前，需要把 CUDA、cuDNN、NCCL2 等动态库路径加入到环境变量 `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` 之中，然后按如下方式即可开始单机多卡预训练
+
+```shell
+export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
+sh run.sh
+```
+
+训练过程中，默认每间隔 10000 steps 将模型参数写入到 checkpoints 路径下，可以通过 `--save_interval ${N}` 自定义保存模型的间隔 steps。
+
+### ELMo 预训练模型如何迁移到下游 NLP 任务
+
+我们在 [bilm.py](./LAC_demo/bilm.py) 中提供了 `elmo_encoder` 接口获取 ELMo 预训练模型的语义表示, 便于用户将 ELMo 语义表示快速迁移到下游任务;以 [LAC](https://github.com/baidu/lac) 任务为示例, 将 ELMo 预训练模型的语义表示迁移到 LAC 任务的主要步骤如下：
+
+1） 搭建 LAC 网络结构，并加载 ELMo 预训练模型参数; 我们在 [bilm.py](./LAC_demo/bilm.py) 中提供了加载预训练模型的接口函数 init_pretraining_params
+
+```
+#step1: create_lac_model()
+
+#step2: load pretrained ELMo model
+from bilm import init_pretraining_params
+init_pretraining_params(exe, args.pretrain_elmo_model_path,
+                        fluid.default_main_program())
+```
+
+2） 基于 [ELMo 字典](data/vocabulary_min5k.txt) 将输入数据转化为 word_ids，利用 elmo_encoder 接口获取 ELMo embedding
+
+```
+from bilm import elmo_encoder
+elmo_embedding = elmo_encoder(word_ids)
+```
+
+3） ELMo embedding 与 LAC 原有 word_embedding 拼接得到最终的 embedding
+```
+word_embedding=fluid.layers.concat(input=[elmo_embedding, word_embedding], axis=1)
+```
+
+### 参考论文
+[Deep contextualized word representations](https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.05365)
+
+
+### Contributors
+本项目由百度深度学习技术平台部 PaddlePaddle 团队([@xuezhong](https://github.com/xuezhong) [@JesseyXujin](https://github.com/JesseyXujin))和百度自然语言处理部语义计算团队([@nbcc](https://github.com/nbcc) [@tianxin1860](https://github.com/tianxin1860))合作完成。

ELMo/args.py

+#   Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import argparse
+
+
+def parse_args():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--load_dir",
+        type=str,
+        default="",
+        help="Specify the path to load trained models.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--load_pretraining_params",
+        type=str,
+        default="",
+        help="Specify the path to load pretrained model parameters, NOT including moment and learning_rate"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--batch_size",
+        type=int,
+        default=128,
+        help="The sequence number of a mini-batch data. (default: %(default)d)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--embed_size",
+        type=int,
+        default=512,
+        help="The dimension of embedding table. (default: %(default)d)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--hidden_size",
+        type=int,
+        default=4096,
+        help="The size of rnn hidden unit. (default: %(default)d)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num_layers",
+        type=int,
+        default=2,
+        help="The size of rnn layers. (default: %(default)d)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num_steps",
+        type=int,
+        default=20,
+        help="The size of sequence len. (default: %(default)d)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--all_train_tokens",
+        type=int,
+        default=35479,
+        help="The size of all training tokens")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--data_path", type=str, help="all the data for train,valid,test")
+    parser.add_argument("--vocab_path", type=str, help="vocab file path")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--use_gpu', type=bool, default=False, help='whether using gpu')
+    parser.add_argument('--enable_ce', action='store_true')
+    parser.add_argument('--test_nccl', action='store_true')
+    parser.add_argument('--optim', default='adagrad', help='optimizer type')
+    parser.add_argument('--sample_softmax', action='store_true')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--learning_rate",
+        type=float,
+        default=0.2,
+        help="Learning rate used to train the model. (default: %(default)f)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--log_interval",
+        type=int,
+        default=100,
+        help="log the train loss every n batches."
+        "(default: %(default)d)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--save_interval",
+        type=int,
+        default=10000,
+        help="log the train loss every n batches."
+        "(default: %(default)d)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--dev_interval",
+        type=int,
+        default=10000,
+        help="cal dev loss every n batches."
+        "(default: %(default)d)")
+    parser.add_argument('--dropout', type=float, default=0.1)
+    parser.add_argument('--max_grad_norm', type=float, default=10.0)
+    parser.add_argument('--proj_clip', type=float, default=3.0)
+    parser.add_argument('--cell_clip', type=float, default=3.0)
+    parser.add_argument('--max_epoch', type=float, default=10)
+    parser.add_argument('--local', type=bool, default=False)
+    parser.add_argument('--shuffle', type=bool, default=False)
+    parser.add_argument('--use_custom_samples', type=bool, default=False)
+    parser.add_argument('--para_save_dir', type=str, default='checkpoints')
+    parser.add_argument('--train_path', type=str, default='')
+    parser.add_argument('--test_path', type=str, default='')
+    parser.add_argument('--update_method', type=str, default='nccl2')
+    parser.add_argument('--random_seed', type=int, default=0)
+    parser.add_argument('--n_negative_samples_batch', type=int, default=8000)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    return args

ELMo/data.py

+# originally based on https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/lm_1b
+import glob
+import random
+
+import numpy as np
+import io
+import six
+
+
+class Vocabulary(object):
+    '''
+    A token vocabulary.  Holds a map from token to ids and provides
+    a method for encoding text to a sequence of ids.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, validate_file=False):
+        '''
+        filename = the vocabulary file.  It is a flat text file with one
+            (normalized) token per line.  In addition, the file should also
+            contain the special tokens <S>, </S>, <UNK> (case sensitive).
+        '''
+        self._id_to_word = []
+        self._word_to_id = {}
+        self._unk = -1
+        self._bos = -1
+        self._eos = -1
+
+        with io.open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            idx = 0
+            for line in f:
+                word_name = line.strip()
+                if word_name == '<S>':
+                    self._bos = idx
+                elif word_name == '</S>':
+                    self._eos = idx
+                elif word_name == '<UNK>':
+                    self._unk = idx
+                if word_name == '!!!MAXTERMID':
+                    continue
+
+                self._id_to_word.append(word_name)
+                self._word_to_id[word_name] = idx
+                idx += 1
+
+        # check to ensure file has special tokens
+        if validate_file:
+            if self._bos == -1 or self._eos == -1 or self._unk == -1:
+                raise ValueError("Ensure the vocabulary file has "
+                                 "<S>, </S>, <UNK> tokens")
+
+    @property
+    def bos(self):
+        return self._bos
+
+    @property
+    def eos(self):
+        return self._eos
+
+    @property
+    def unk(self):
+        return self._unk
+
+    @property
+    def size(self):
+        return len(self._id_to_word)
+
+    def word_to_id(self, word):
+        if word in self._word_to_id:
+            return self._word_to_id[word]
+        return self.unk
+
+    def id_to_word(self, cur_id):
+        return self._id_to_word[cur_id]
+
+    def decode(self, cur_ids):
+        """Convert a list of ids to a sentence, with space inserted."""
+        return ' '.join([self.id_to_word(cur_id) for cur_id in cur_ids])
+
+    def encode(self, sentence, reverse=False, split=True):
+        """Convert a sentence to a list of ids, with special tokens added.
+        Sentence is a single string with tokens separated by whitespace.
+
+        If reverse, then the sentence is assumed to be reversed, and
+            this method will swap the BOS/EOS tokens appropriately."""
+
+        if split:
+            word_ids = [
+                self.word_to_id(cur_word) for cur_word in sentence.split()
+            ]
+        else:
+            word_ids = [self.word_to_id(cur_word) for cur_word in sentence]
+
+        if reverse:
+            return np.array([self.eos] + word_ids + [self.bos], dtype=np.int32)
+        else:
+            return np.array([self.bos] + word_ids + [self.eos], dtype=np.int32)
+
+
+class UnicodeCharsVocabulary(Vocabulary):
+    """Vocabulary containing character-level and word level information.
+
+    Has a word vocabulary that is used to lookup word ids and
+    a character id that is used to map words to arrays of character ids.
+
+    The character ids are defined by ord(c) for c in word.encode('utf-8')
+    This limits the total number of possible char ids to 256.
+    To this we add 5 additional special ids: begin sentence, end sentence,
+        begin word, end word and padding.
+
+    WARNING: for prediction, we add +1 to the output ids from this
+    class to create a special padding id (=0).  As a result, we suggest
+    you use the `Batcher`, `TokenBatcher`, and `LMDataset` classes instead
+    of this lower level class.  If you are using this lower level class,
+    then be sure to add the +1 appropriately, otherwise embeddings computed
+    from the pre-trained model will be useless.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, max_word_length, **kwargs):
+        super(UnicodeCharsVocabulary, self).__init__(filename, **kwargs)
+        self._max_word_length = max_word_length
+
+        # char ids 0-255 come from utf-8 encoding bytes
+        # assign 256-300 to special chars
+        self.bos_char = 256  # <begin sentence>
+        self.eos_char = 257  # <end sentence>
+        self.bow_char = 258  # <begin word>
+        self.eow_char = 259  # <end word>
+        self.pad_char = 260  # <padding>
+
+        num_words = len(self._id_to_word)
+
+        self._word_char_ids = np.zeros(
+            [num_words, max_word_length], dtype=np.int32)
+
+        # the charcter representation of the begin/end of sentence characters
+        def _make_bos_eos(c):
+            r = np.zeros([self.max_word_length], dtype=np.int32)
+            r[:] = self.pad_char
+            r[0] = self.bow_char
+            r[1] = c
+            r[2] = self.eow_char
+            return r
+
+        self.bos_chars = _make_bos_eos(self.bos_char)
+        self.eos_chars = _make_bos_eos(self.eos_char)
+
+        for i, word in enumerate(self._id_to_word):
+            self._word_char_ids[i] = self._convert_word_to_char_ids(word)
+
+        self._word_char_ids[self.bos] = self.bos_chars
+        self._word_char_ids[self.eos] = self.eos_chars
+
+    @property
+    def word_char_ids(self):
+        return self._word_char_ids
+
+    @property
+    def max_word_length(self):
+        return self._max_word_length
+
+    def _convert_word_to_char_ids(self, word):
+        code = np.zeros([self.max_word_length], dtype=np.int32)
+        code[:] = self.pad_char
+
+        word_encoded = word.encode('utf-8',
+                                   'ignore')[:(self.max_word_length - 2)]
+        code[0] = self.bow_char
+        for k, chr_id in enumerate(word_encoded, start=1):
+            code[k] = ord(chr_id)
+        code[k + 1] = self.eow_char
+
+        return code
+
+    def word_to_char_ids(self, word):
+        if word in self._word_to_id:
+            return self._word_char_ids[self._word_to_id[word]]
+        else:
+            return self._convert_word_to_char_ids(word)
+
+    def encode_chars(self, sentence, reverse=False, split=True):
+        '''
+        Encode the sentence as a white space delimited string of tokens.
+        '''
+        if split:
+            chars_ids = [
+                self.word_to_char_ids(cur_word) for cur_word in sentence.split()
+            ]
+        else:
+            chars_ids = [
+                self.word_to_char_ids(cur_word) for cur_word in sentence
+            ]
+        if reverse:
+            return np.vstack([self.eos_chars] + chars_ids + [self.bos_chars])
+        else:
+            return np.vstack([self.bos_chars] + chars_ids + [self.eos_chars])
+
+
+class Batcher(object):
+    ''' 
+    Batch sentences of tokenized text into character id matrices.
+    '''
+
+    # def __init__(self, lm_vocab_file: str, max_token_length: int):
+    def __init__(self, lm_vocab_file, max_token_length):
+        '''
+        lm_vocab_file = the language model vocabulary file (one line per
+            token)
+        max_token_length = the maximum number of characters in each token
+        '''
+        max_token_length = int(max_token_length)
+        self._lm_vocab = UnicodeCharsVocabulary(lm_vocab_file, max_token_length)
+        self._max_token_length = max_token_length
+
+    # def batch_sentences(self, sentences: List[List[str]]):
+    def batch_sentences(self, sentences):
+        '''
+        Batch the sentences as character ids
+        Each sentence is a list of tokens without <s> or </s>, e.g.
+        [['The', 'first', 'sentence', '.'], ['Second', '.']]
+        '''
+        n_sentences = len(sentences)
+        max_length = max(len(sentence) for sentence in sentences) + 2
+
+        X_char_ids = np.zeros(
+            (n_sentences, max_length, self._max_token_length), dtype=np.int64)
+
+        for k, sent in enumerate(sentences):
+            length = len(sent) + 2
+            char_ids_without_mask = self._lm_vocab.encode_chars(
+                sent, split=False)
+            # add one so that 0 is the mask value
+            X_char_ids[k, :length, :] = char_ids_without_mask + 1
+
+        return X_char_ids
+
+
+class TokenBatcher(object):
+    ''' 
+    Batch sentences of tokenized text into token id matrices.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, lm_vocab_file):
+        # def __init__(self, lm_vocab_file: str):
+        '''
+        lm_vocab_file = the language model vocabulary file (one line per
+            token)
+        '''
+        self._lm_vocab = Vocabulary(lm_vocab_file)
+
+    # def batch_sentences(self, sentences: List[List[str]]):
+    def batch_sentences(self, sentences):
+        '''
+        Batch the sentences as character ids
+        Each sentence is a list of tokens without <s> or </s>, e.g.
+        [['The', 'first', 'sentence', '.'], ['Second', '.']]
+        '''
+        n_sentences = len(sentences)
+        max_length = max(len(sentence) for sentence in sentences) + 2
+
+        X_ids = np.zeros((n_sentences, max_length), dtype=np.int64)
+
+        for k, sent in enumerate(sentences):
+            length = len(sent) + 2
+            ids_without_mask = self._lm_vocab.encode(sent, split=False)
+            # add one so that 0 is the mask value
+            X_ids[k, :length] = ids_without_mask + 1
+
+        return X_ids
+
+
+##### for training
+def _get_batch(generator, batch_size, num_steps, max_word_length):
+    """Read batches of input."""
+    cur_stream = [None] * batch_size
+
+    no_more_data = False
+    while True:
+        inputs = np.zeros([batch_size, num_steps], np.int32)
+        if max_word_length is not None:
+            char_inputs = np.zeros([batch_size, num_steps, max_word_length],
+                                   np.int32)
+        else:
+            char_inputs = None
+        targets = np.zeros([batch_size, num_steps], np.int32)
+
+        for i in range(batch_size):
+            cur_pos = 0
+
+            while cur_pos < num_steps:
+                if cur_stream[i] is None or len(cur_stream[i][0]) <= 1:
+                    try:
+                        cur_stream[i] = list(next(generator))
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        # No more data, exhaust current streams and quit
+                        no_more_data = True
+                        break
+
+                how_many = min(len(cur_stream[i][0]) - 1, num_steps - cur_pos)
+                next_pos = cur_pos + how_many
+
+                inputs[i, cur_pos:next_pos] = cur_stream[i][0][:how_many]
+                if max_word_length is not None:
+                    char_inputs[i, cur_pos:next_pos] = cur_stream[i][
+                        1][:how_many]
+                targets[i, cur_pos:next_pos] = cur_stream[i][0][1:how_many + 1]
+
+                cur_pos = next_pos
+
+                cur_stream[i][0] = cur_stream[i][0][how_many:]
+                if max_word_length is not None:
+                    cur_stream[i][1] = cur_stream[i][1][how_many:]
+
+        if no_more_data:
+            # There is no more data.  Note: this will not return data
+            # for the incomplete batch
+            break
+
+        X = {
+            'token_ids': inputs,
+            'tokens_characters': char_inputs,
+            'next_token_id': targets
+        }
+
+        yield X
+
+
+class LMDataset(object):
+    """
+    Hold a language model dataset.
+
+    A dataset is a list of tokenized files.  Each file contains one sentence
+        per line.  Each sentence is pre-tokenized and white space joined.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 filepattern,
+                 vocab,
+                 reverse=False,
+                 test=False,
+                 shuffle_on_load=False):
+        '''
+        filepattern = a glob string that specifies the list of files.
+        vocab = an instance of Vocabulary or UnicodeCharsVocabulary
+        reverse = if True, then iterate over tokens in each sentence in reverse
+        test = if True, then iterate through all data once then stop.
+            Otherwise, iterate forever.
+        shuffle_on_load = if True, then shuffle the sentences after loading.
+        '''
+        self._vocab = vocab
+        self._all_shards = glob.glob(filepattern)
+        print('Found %d shards at %s' % (len(self._all_shards), filepattern))
+        if test:
+            self._all_shards = list(np.random.choice(self._all_shards, size=4))
+            print('sampled %d shards at %s' %
+                  (len(self._all_shards), filepattern))
+        self._shards_to_choose = []
+
+        self._reverse = reverse
+        self._test = test
+        self._shuffle_on_load = shuffle_on_load
+        self._use_char_inputs = hasattr(vocab, 'encode_chars')
+
+        self._ids = self._load_random_shard()
+
+    def _choose_random_shard(self):
+        if len(self._shards_to_choose) == 0:
+            self._shards_to_choose = list(self._all_shards)
+            random.shuffle(self._shards_to_choose)
+        shard_name = self._shards_to_choose.pop()
+        return shard_name
+
+    def _load_random_shard(self):
+        """Randomly select a file and read it."""
+        if self._test:
+            if len(self._all_shards) == 0:
+                # we've loaded all the data
+                # this will propogate up to the generator in get_batch
+                # and stop iterating
+                raise StopIteration
+            else:
+                shard_name = self._all_shards.pop()
+        else:
+            # just pick a random shard
+            shard_name = self._choose_random_shard()
+
+        ids = self._load_shard(shard_name)
+        self._i = 0
+        self._nids = len(ids)
+        return ids
+
+    def _load_shard(self, shard_name):
+        """Read one file and convert to ids.
+
+        Args:
+            shard_name: file path.
+
+        Returns:
+            list of (id, char_id) tuples.
+        """
+        print('Loading data from: %s' % shard_name)
+        with io.open(shard_name, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            sentences_raw = f.readlines()
+
+        if self._reverse:
+            sentences = []
+            for sentence in sentences_raw:
+                splitted = sentence.split()
+                splitted.reverse()
+                sentences.append(' '.join(splitted))
+        else:
+            sentences = sentences_raw
+
+        if self._shuffle_on_load:
+            print('shuffle sentences')
+            random.shuffle(sentences)
+
+        ids = [
+            self.vocab.encode(sentence, self._reverse) for sentence in sentences
+        ]
+        if self._use_char_inputs:
+            chars_ids = [
+                self.vocab.encode_chars(sentence, self._reverse)
+                for sentence in sentences
+            ]
+        else:
+            chars_ids = [None] * len(ids)
+
+        print('Loaded %d sentences.' % len(ids))
+        print('Finished loading')
+        return list(zip(ids, chars_ids))
+
+    def get_sentence(self):
+        while True:
+            if self._i == self._nids:
+                self._ids = self._load_random_shard()
+            ret = self._ids[self._i]
+            self._i += 1
+            yield ret
+
+    @property
+    def max_word_length(self):
+        if self._use_char_inputs:
+            return self._vocab.max_word_length
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def iter_batches(self, batch_size, num_steps):
+        for X in _get_batch(self.get_sentence(), batch_size, num_steps,
+                            self.max_word_length):
+
+            # token_ids = (batch_size, num_steps)
+            # char_inputs = (batch_size, num_steps, 50) of character ids
+            # targets = word ID of next word (batch_size, num_steps)
+            yield X
+
+    @property
+    def vocab(self):
+        return self._vocab
+
+
+class BidirectionalLMDataset(object):
+    def __init__(self, filepattern, vocab, test=False, shuffle_on_load=False):
+        '''
+        bidirectional version of LMDataset
+        '''
+        self._data_forward = LMDataset(
+            filepattern,
+            vocab,
+            reverse=False,
+            test=test,
+            shuffle_on_load=shuffle_on_load)
+        self._data_reverse = LMDataset(
+            filepattern,
+            vocab,
+            reverse=True,
+            test=test,
+            shuffle_on_load=shuffle_on_load)
+
+    def iter_batches(self, batch_size, num_steps):
+        max_word_length = self._data_forward.max_word_length
+
+        for X, Xr in six.moves.zip(
+                _get_batch(self._data_forward.get_sentence(), batch_size,
+                           num_steps, max_word_length),
+                _get_batch(self._data_reverse.get_sentence(), batch_size,
+                           num_steps, max_word_length)):
+
+            for k, v in Xr.items():
+                X[k + '_reverse'] = v
+
+            yield X
+
+
+class InvalidNumberOfCharacters(Exception):
+    pass

ELMo/lm_model.py

+#   Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import paddle.fluid.layers as layers
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+import numpy as np
+
+
+def dropout(input, test_mode, args):
+    if args.dropout and (not test_mode):
+        return layers.dropout(
+            input,
+            dropout_prob=args.dropout,
+            dropout_implementation="upscale_in_train",
+            seed=args.random_seed,
+            is_test=False)
+    else:
+        return input
+
+
+def lstmp_encoder(input_seq, gate_size, h_0, c_0, para_name, proj_size,
+                  test_mode, args):
+    # A lstm encoder implementation with projection.
+    # Linear transformation part for input gate, output gate, forget gate
+    # and cell activation vectors need be done outside of dynamic_lstm.
+    # So the output size is 4 times of gate_size.
+
+    input_seq = dropout(input_seq, test_mode, args)
+    input_proj = layers.fc(input=input_seq,
+                           param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                               name=para_name + '_gate_w', initializer=None),
+                           size=gate_size * 4,
+                           act=None,
+                           bias_attr=False)
+    hidden, cell = layers.dynamic_lstmp(
+        input=input_proj,
+        size=gate_size * 4,
+        proj_size=proj_size,
+        h_0=h_0,
+        c_0=c_0,
+        use_peepholes=False,
+        proj_clip=args.proj_clip,
+        cell_clip=args.cell_clip,
+        proj_activation="identity",
+        param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(initializer=None),
+        bias_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(initializer=None))
+
+    return hidden, cell, input_proj
+
+
+def encoder(x,
+            y,
+            vocab_size,
+            emb_size,
+            init_hidden=None,
+            init_cell=None,
+            para_name='',
+            custom_samples=None,
+            custom_probabilities=None,
+            test_mode=False,
+            args=None):
+    x_emb = layers.embedding(
+        input=x,
+        size=[vocab_size, emb_size],
+        dtype='float32',
+        is_sparse=False,
+        param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(name='embedding_para'))
+    rnn_input = x_emb
+    rnn_outs = []
+    rnn_outs_ori = []
+    cells = []
+    projs = []
+    for i in range(args.num_layers):
+        rnn_input = dropout(rnn_input, test_mode, args)
+        if init_hidden and init_cell:
+            h0 = layers.squeeze(
+                layers.slice(
+                    init_hidden, axes=[0], starts=[i], ends=[i + 1]),
+                axes=[0])
+            c0 = layers.squeeze(
+                layers.slice(
+                    init_cell, axes=[0], starts=[i], ends=[i + 1]),
+                axes=[0])
+        else:
+            h0 = c0 = None
+        rnn_out, cell, input_proj = lstmp_encoder(
+            rnn_input, args.hidden_size, h0, c0,
+            para_name + 'layer{}'.format(i + 1), emb_size, test_mode, args)
+        rnn_out_ori = rnn_out
+        if i > 0:
+            rnn_out = rnn_out + rnn_input
+        rnn_out = dropout(rnn_out, test_mode, args)
+        cell = dropout(cell, test_mode, args)
+        rnn_outs.append(rnn_out)
+        rnn_outs_ori.append(rnn_out_ori)
+        rnn_input = rnn_out
+        cells.append(cell)
+        projs.append(input_proj)
+
+    softmax_weight = layers.create_parameter(
+        [vocab_size, emb_size], dtype="float32", name="softmax_weight")
+    softmax_bias = layers.create_parameter(
+        [vocab_size], dtype="float32", name='softmax_bias')
+    projection = layers.matmul(rnn_outs[-1], softmax_weight, transpose_y=True)
+    projection = layers.elementwise_add(projection, softmax_bias)
+
+    projection = layers.reshape(projection, shape=[-1, vocab_size])
+
+    if args.sample_softmax and (not test_mode):
+        loss = layers.sampled_softmax_with_cross_entropy(
+            logits=projection,
+            label=y,
+            num_samples=args.n_negative_samples_batch,
+            seed=args.random_seed)
+    else:
+        label = layers.one_hot(input=y, depth=vocab_size)
+        loss = layers.softmax_with_cross_entropy(
+            logits=projection, label=label, soft_label=True)
+    return [x_emb, projection, loss], rnn_outs, rnn_outs_ori, cells, projs
+
+
+class LanguageModel(object):
+    def __init__(self, args, vocab_size, test_mode):
+        self.args = args
+        self.vocab_size = vocab_size
+        self.test_mode = test_mode
+
+    def build(self):
+        args = self.args
+        emb_size = args.embed_size
+        proj_size = args.embed_size
+        hidden_size = args.hidden_size
+        batch_size = args.batch_size
+        num_layers = args.num_layers
+        num_steps = args.num_steps
+
+        lstm_outputs = []
+
+        x_f = layers.data(name="x", shape=[1], dtype='int64', lod_level=1)
+        y_f = layers.data(name="y", shape=[1], dtype='int64', lod_level=1)
+
+        x_b = layers.data(name="x_r", shape=[1], dtype='int64', lod_level=1)
+        y_b = layers.data(name="y_r", shape=[1], dtype='int64', lod_level=1)
+
+        init_hiddens_ = layers.data(
+            name="init_hiddens", shape=[1], dtype='float32')
+        init_cells_ = layers.data(name="init_cells", shape=[1], dtype='float32')
+
+        init_hiddens = layers.reshape(
+            init_hiddens_, shape=[2 * num_layers, -1, proj_size])
+        init_cells = layers.reshape(
+            init_cells_, shape=[2 * num_layers, -1, hidden_size])
+
+        init_hidden = layers.slice(
+            init_hiddens, axes=[0], starts=[0], ends=[num_layers])
+        init_cell = layers.slice(
+            init_cells, axes=[0], starts=[0], ends=[num_layers])
+        init_hidden_r = layers.slice(
+            init_hiddens, axes=[0], starts=[num_layers], ends=[2 * num_layers])
+        init_cell_r = layers.slice(
+            init_cells, axes=[0], starts=[num_layers], ends=[2 * num_layers])
+
+        if args.use_custom_samples:
+            custom_samples = layers.data(
+                name="custom_samples",
+                shape=[args.n_negative_samples_batch + 1],
+                dtype='int64',
+                lod_level=1)
+            custom_samples_r = layers.data(
+                name="custom_samples_r",
+                shape=[args.n_negative_samples_batch + 1],
+                dtype='int64',
+                lod_level=1)
+            custom_probabilities = layers.data(
+                name="custom_probabilities",
+                shape=[args.n_negative_samples_batch + 1],
+                dtype='float32',
+                lod_level=1)
+        else:
+            custom_samples = None
+            custom_samples_r = None
+            custom_probabilities = None
+
+        forward, fw_hiddens, fw_hiddens_ori, fw_cells, fw_projs = encoder(
+            x_f,
+            y_f,
+            self.vocab_size,
+            emb_size,
+            init_hidden,
+            init_cell,
+            para_name='fw_',
+            custom_samples=custom_samples,
+            custom_probabilities=custom_probabilities,
+            test_mode=self.test_mode,
+            args=args)
+        backward, bw_hiddens, bw_hiddens_ori, bw_cells, bw_projs = encoder(
+            x_b,
+            y_b,
+            self.vocab_size,
+            emb_size,
+            init_hidden_r,
+            init_cell_r,
+            para_name='bw_',
+            custom_samples=custom_samples_r,
+            custom_probabilities=custom_probabilities,
+            test_mode=self.test_mode,
+            args=args)
+
+        losses = layers.concat([forward[-1], backward[-1]])
+        self.loss = layers.reduce_mean(losses)
+        self.loss.persistable = True
+        self.grad_vars = [x_f, y_f, x_b, y_b, self.loss]
+        self.grad_vars_name = ['x', 'y', 'x_r', 'y_r', 'final_loss']
+        fw_vars_name = ['x_emb', 'proj', 'loss'] + [
+            'init_hidden', 'init_cell'
+        ] + ['rnn_out', 'rnn_out2', 'cell', 'cell2', 'xproj', 'xproj2']
+        bw_vars_name = ['x_emb_r', 'proj_r', 'loss_r'] + [
+            'init_hidden_r', 'init_cell_r'
+        ] + [
+            'rnn_out_r', 'rnn_out2_r', 'cell_r', 'cell2_r', 'xproj_r',
+            'xproj2_r'
+        ]
+        fw_vars = forward + [init_hidden, init_cell
+                             ] + fw_hiddens + fw_cells + fw_projs
+        bw_vars = backward + [init_hidden_r, init_cell_r
+                              ] + bw_hiddens + bw_cells + bw_projs
+        for i in range(len(fw_vars_name)):
+            self.grad_vars.append(fw_vars[i])
+            self.grad_vars.append(bw_vars[i])
+            self.grad_vars_name.append(fw_vars_name[i])
+            self.grad_vars_name.append(bw_vars_name[i])
+        if args.use_custom_samples:
+            self.feed_order = [
+                'x', 'y', 'x_r', 'y_r', 'custom_samples', 'custom_samples_r',
+                'custom_probabilities'
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.feed_order = ['x', 'y', 'x_r', 'y_r']
+        self.last_hidden = [
+            fluid.layers.sequence_last_step(input=x)
+            for x in fw_hiddens_ori + bw_hiddens_ori
+        ]
+        self.last_cell = [
+            fluid.layers.sequence_last_step(input=x)
+            for x in fw_cells + bw_cells
+        ]
+        self.last_hidden = layers.concat(self.last_hidden, axis=0)
+        self.last_hidden.persistable = True
+        self.last_cell = layers.concat(self.last_cell, axis=0)
+        self.last_cell.persistable = True

ELMo/run.sh

+export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 
+python  train.py \
+--train_path='data/train/sentence_file_*'  \
+--test_path='data/dev/sentence_file_*'  \
+--vocab_path data/vocabulary_min5k.txt \
+--learning_rate 0.2 \
+--use_gpu True \
+--all_train_tokens 35479 \
+--local True $@

README.md

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 - [BERT](./BERT): Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers
 - [ERNIE](./ERNIE): Enhanced Representation from kNowledge IntEgration
+- [ELMo](./ELMo): Embeddings from Language Models
 
 
 And more is on the way.