use the standard strnlen idiom for cases where lengths greater than an
imposed limit are going to be rejected immediately anyway.

the plural_rule field of allocated msgcat structures was assumed to be
initially-null but was never initialized. for future-proofing, the
nplurals field which was left uninitialized should also be cleared.

likewise, in the binding structure, the active field could be used
uninitialized by a technicality: the a_store which stores the initial
value of 0 may be implemented as a cas operation, which reads the old
value.

rather than fixing these issues individually, just use calloc for both
allocations. this does result in wasteful clearing of name buffers (up
to NAME_MAX+PATH_MAX) before filling them, but since the size if
bounded and the time is dominated by filesystem operations, it really
doesn't matter; simplicity and future-proofing have more value here.

modified from patch submitted by He X.

this loop was only supposed to deactivate other bindings for the same
text domain name, but due to copy-and-paste error, deactivated all
other bindings.

patch by He X.

commit 78a8ef47 inadvertently removed
the SA_RESTART flag from the sigaction for the internal signal handler
used by __synccall for broadcasting. as a result, programs which did
not use interrupting signals but which used set*id() in a
multithreaded context could wrongly observe EINTR errors they're not
prepared to handle.

x32 has another gratuitous difference to all other archs:
it passes an array of 64bit values to __tls_get_addr().
usually it is an array of size_t.

commit d56460c9 introduced this
regression as part of splitting the tls module list out of the dso
list. the new code added to dlopen's failure path to undo the changes
adding the partially-loaded libraries reset the tls_tail pointer
correctly, but did not clear its link to the next list entry. thus, at
least until the next successful dlopen, the list was not terminated
but ended with an invalid next pointer, which __copy_tls attempted to
follow when a new thread was created.

patch by Mikael Vidstedt.

ISO C and POSIX only specify behavior for base arguments of 0 and
2-36; POSIX mandates an EINVAL error for unsupported bases. it's not
clear that there's a requirement for implementations not to "support"
additional bases as an extension, but "base 1" did not work in any
meaningful way anyway, so it should be considered unsupported and thus
an error.

getopt is only specified to modify optopt on error, and some software
apparently infers an error from optopt!=0.

getopt_long is changed analogously. the resulting behavior differs
slightly from the behavior of the GNU implementation of getopt_long,
which keeps an internal shadow copy of optopt and copies it to the
public one on return, but since the GNU implementation also exhibits
this shadow-copy behavior for plain getopt where is is non-conforming,
I think this can reasonably be considered a bug rather than an
intentional behavior that merits mimicing.

when _GNU_SOURCE is defined, which is always the case when compiling
c++ with gcc, these macros for the the indices in gregset_t are
exposed and likely to clash with applications. by using enum constants
rather than macros defined with integer literals, we can make the
clash slightly less likely to break software. the macros are still
defined in case anything checks for them with #ifdef, but they're
defined to expand to themselves so that non-file-scope (e.g.
namespaced) identifiers by the same names still work.

for the sake of avoiding mistakes, the changes were generated with sed
via the command:

sed -i -e 's/#define  *\(REG_[A-Z_0-9]\{1,\}\)  *\([0-9]\{1,\}\)'\
'/enum { \1 = \2 };\n#define \1 \1/' \
arch/i386/bits/signal.h arch/x86_64/bits/signal.h arch/x32/bits/signal.h

commit 0dc99ac4 added input length
checking to avoid unsafe VLA allocation, but put it in the wrong
place, before the glob_t structure was zeroed out. while POSIX isn't
clear on whether it's permitted to call globfree after glob failed
with GLOB_NOSPACE, making it safe is clearly better than letting
uninitialized pointers get passed to free in non-conforming callers.

while we're fixing this, change strlen check to the idiomatic strnlen
version to avoid unbounded input scanning before returning an error.

commit 583ea835 fixed the case where
tm_year is negative but the resulting year (offset by 1900) was still
positive, which is always the case for time_t values that fit in 32
bits, but not for arbitrary inputs.

based on an earlier patch by Julien Ramseier which was overlooked at
the time the previous fix was applied.

export tcp data delivery rate in tcp_info struct.
see linux commit eb8329e0a04db0061f714f033b4454326ba147f4

for handling file locking on overlayfs.
see linux commit c568d68341be7030f5647def68851e469b21ca11

see linux commit e8c24d3a23a469f1f40d4de24d872ca7023ced0a
and linux Documentation/x86/protection-keys.txt

the static-linked version of __init_tls needs to locate the TLS
initialization image via the ELF program headers, which requires
determining the base address at which the program was loaded. the
existing code attempted to do this by comparing the actual address of
the program headers (obtained via auxv) with the virtual address for
the PT_PHDR record in the program headers. however, the linker seems
to produce a PT_PHDR record only when a program interpreter (dynamic
linker) is used. thus the computation failed and used the default base
address of 0, leading to a crash when trying to access the TLS image
at the wrong address.

the dynamic linker entry point and static-PIE rcrt1.o startup code
compute the base address instead by taking the difference between the
run-time address of _DYNAMIC and the virtual address in the PT_DYNAMIC
record. this patch copies the approach they use, but with a weak
symbolic reference to _DYNAMIC instead of obtaining the address from
the crt_arch.h asm. this works because relocations have already been
performed at the time __init_tls is called.

all assembly is now thumb2-compatible. on existing targets this is at
best a size optimization, but it will also facilitate porting to
thumb2-isa-only arm variants.

three problems are addressed:

- use of pc arithmetic, which was difficult if not impossible to make
  correct in thumb mode on all models, so that relative rather than
  absolute pointers to the backends could be used. this was designed
  back when there was no coherent model for the early stages of the
  dynamic linker before relocations, and is no longer necessary.

- assumption that data (the relative pointers to the backends) can be
  accessed at a constant displacement from the code. this will not be
  possible on future fdpic subarchs (for cortex-m), so move
  responsibility for loading the backend code address to the caller.

- hard-coded arm opcodes using the .word directive. instead, use the
  .arch directive to work around the assembler's refusal to assemble
  instructions not available (or in some cases, available but just
  considered deprecated) in the target isa level. the obscure v6t2
  arch is used for v6 code so as to (1) allow generation of thumb2
  output if -mthumb is active, and (2) avoid warnings/errors for mcr
  barriers that clang would produce if we just set arch to v7-a.

in addition, the __aeabi_read_tp function is moved out of the inner
workings and implemented as an asm wrapper around a C function, so
that asm code does not need to read global data. the asm wrapper
serves to satisfy the ABI calling convention requirements for this
function.

the thumb incompatibilities in the asm are probably only minor and
should be fixable, but for now just use the C version.

sp cannot be used in the ldm/stm register set in thumb mode.

float conversion is slow and big on soft-float targets.

The lookup table increases code size a bit on most hard float targets
(and adds 60byte rodata), performance can be a bit slower because of
position independent data access and cpu internal state dependence
(cache, extra branches), but the overall effect should be minimal
(common, small size allocations should be unaffected).

In BRE, ^ is an anchor at the beginning of an expression, optionally
it may be an anchor at the beginning of a subexpression and must be
treated as a literal otherwise.

Previously musl treated ^ in subexpressions as literal, but at least
glibc and gnu sed treats it as an anchor and that's the more useful
behaviour: it can always be escaped to get back the literal meaning.

Same for $ at the end of a subexpression.

Portable BRE should not rely on this, but there are sed commands in
build scripts which do.

This changes the meaning of the BREs:

	\(^a\)
	\(a\|^b\)
	\(a$\)
	\(a$\|b\)

POSIX specifies the result to have signed 32-bit range. on 32-bit
archs, the implicit conversion to long achieved the desired range
already, but when long is 64-bit, a cast is needed.

patch by Ed Schouten.

the bz instruction that was wrongly used only admits a small immediate
displacement and cannot be used with external symbols; apparently the
linker fails to diagnose the overflow.

this has been slated for removal for a long time. there is
fundamentally no way to implement stdarg without compiler assistance;
any attempt to do so has serious undefined behavior; its working
depends not just (as a common misconception goes) on ABI, but also on
assumptions about compiler code generation internal to a translation
unit, which is not subject to external ABI constraints.

gdb can only backtrace/unwind across signal handlers if it recognizes
the sa_restorer trampoline. for x86_64, gdb first attempts to
determine the symbol name for the function in which the program
counter resides and match it against "__restore_rt". if no name can be
found (e.g. in the case of a stripped binary), the exact instruction
sequence is matched instead.

when matching the function name, however, gdb's unwind code wrongly
considers the interval [sym,sym+size] rather than [sym,sym+size).
thus, if __restore_rt begins immediately after another function, gdb
wrongly identifies pc as lying within the previous adjacent function.
this patch adds a nop before __restore_rt to preclude that
possibility. it also removes the symbol name __restore and replaces it
with a macro since the stability of whether gdb identifies the
function as __restore_rt or __restore is not clear.

for the no-symbols case, the instruction sequence is changed to use
%rax rather than %eax to match what gdb expects.

based on patch by Szabolcs Nagy, with extended description and
corresponding x32 changes added.

On s390x, the kernel provides AT_SYSINFO_EHDR, but sets it to zero, if the
program being run does not have a program interpreter.  This causes
problems when running the dynamic linker directly.

alpha and s390x gratuitously use 64-bit entries (wasting 2x space and
cache utilization) despite the values always being 32-bit.

based on patch by Bobby Bingham, with changes suggested by Alexander
Monakov to use the public Elf_Symndx type from link.h (and make it
properly variable by arch) rather than adding new internal
infrastructure for handling the type.

commit 31fb174d used
DEFAULT_GUARD_SIZE from pthread_impl.h in a static initializer,
breaking build on archs where its definition, PAGE_SIZE, is not a
constant. instead, just define DEFAULT_GUARD_SIZE as 4096, the minimal
page size on any arch we support. pthread_create rounds up to whole
pages anyway, so defining it to 1 would also work, but a moderately
meaningful value is nicer to programs that use
pthread_attr_getguardsize on default-initialized attribute objects.

based on patch by Timo Teräs:

While generally this is a bad API, it is the only existing API to
affect c++ (std::thread) and c11 (thrd_create) thread stack size.
This patch allows applications only to increate stack and guard
page sizes.

commit 33ce9208 broke pthread_create
in the case where a null attribute pointer is passed; rather than
using the default sizes, sizes of 0 (plus the remainder of one page
after TLS/TCB use) were used.

the linux kernel uapi headers provide their own definitions of the
structures from netinet/in.h, resulting in errors when a program
includes both the standard libc header and one or more of the
networking-related kernel headers that pull in the kernel definitions.

as before, we do not attempt to support the case where kernel headers
are included before the libc ones, since the kernel definitions may
have subtly incorrect types, namespace violations, etc. however, we
can easily support the inclusion of the kernel headers after the libc
ones, since the kernel headers provide a public interface for
suppressing their definitions. this patch adds the necessary macro
definitions for such suppression.

previously, the pthread_attr_t object was always initialized all-zero,
and stack/guard size were represented as differences versus their
defaults. this required lots of confusing offset arithmetic everywhere
they were used. instead, have pthread_attr_init fill in the default
values, and work with absolute sizes everywhere.

the swprintf write callback never reset its buffer pointers, so after
its 256-byte buffer filled up, it would keep repeating those bytes
over and over in the output until the destination buffer filled up. it
also failed to set the error indicator for the stream on EILSEQ,
potentially allowing output to continue after the error.

the overflow check for years+100 did not account for the extra
year computed from the remaining months. instead, perform this
check after obtaining the final number of years.