this header evolved to facilitate the extremely lazy practice of
omitting explicit includes of the necessary headers in individual
stdio source files; not only was this sloppy, but it also increased
build time.

now, stdio_impl.h is only including the headers it needs for its own
use; any further headers needed by source files are included directly
where needed.

saving the return address from the delay slot is not valid -- by the
time the instruction executes, the return address has already been
replaced.

checking for EINVAL should be sufficient, but qemu user emulation
returns EPROTONOSUPPORT in some of the failure cases, and it seems
conceivable that other kernels doing linux-emulation could make the
same mistake. since DNS lookups and other important code might break
if the fallback does not get invoked, be extra careful and check for
either error.

note that it's important NOT to perform the fallback code on other
errors such as resource-exhaustion cases, since the fallback is not
atomic and will lead to file-descriptor leaks in multi-threaded
programs that use exec. the fallback code is only "safe" to run when
the initial failure is caused by the application's choice of
arguments, not the system state.

some of these were coming from stdio functions locking files without
unlocking them. I believe it's useful for this to throw a warning, so
I added a new macro that's self-documenting that the file will never
be unlocked to avoid the warning in the few places where it's wrong.

patches by Alex Caudill (npx). the dynamic-linked version is almost
identical to the final submitted patch; I just added a couple missing
lines for saving the phdr address when the dynamic linker is invoked
directly to run a program, and removed a couple to avoid introducing
another unnecessary type. the static-linked version is based on npx's
draft. it could use some improvements which are contingent on the
startup code saving some additional information for later use.

ideally, system would also be cancellable while running the external
command, but I cannot find any way to make that work without either
leaking zombie processes or introducing behavior that is far outside
what the standard specifies. glibc handles cancellation by killing the
child process with SIGKILL, but this could be unsafe in that it could
leave the data being manipulated by the command in an inconsistent
state.

for conformance, two functions should not have the same address. a
conforming program could use the addresses of getc and fgetc in ways
that assume they are distinct. normally i would just use a wrapper,
but these functions are so small and performance-critical that an
extra layer of function call could make the one that's a wrapper
nearly twice as slow, so I'm just duplicating the code instead.

-lpcc only works if -nostdlib is not passed, so it's useless. instead,
use -print-file-name to look up the full pathname for libpcc.a, and
check whether that succeeds before trying to link with the result.

also, silence pcc's junk printed on stdout during tests.

in old versions of pcc, the directory containing libpcc.a was not in
the library path, and other options like -print-file-name may have
been needed to locate it. however, -print-file-name itself seems to
have been added around the same time that the directory was added to
the search path, and moreover, I see no evidence that older versions
of pcc are capable of building a working musl shared library. thus, it
seems reasonable to just test whether -lpcc is accepted.

on x86 and some other archs, functions which make function calls which
might go through a PLT incur a significant overhead cost loading the
GOT register prior to making the call. this load is utterly useless in
musl, since all calls are bound at library-creation time using
-Bsymbolic-functions, but the compiler has no way of knowing this, and
attempts to set the default visibility to protected have failed due to
bugs in GCC and binutils.

this commit simply manually assigns hidden/protected visibility, as
appropriate, to a few internal-use-only functions which have many
callers, or which have callers that are hot paths like getc/putc. it
shaves about 5k off the i386 libc.so with -Os. many of the
improvements are in syscall wrappers, where the benefit is just size
and performance improvement is unmeasurable noise amid the syscall
overhead. however, stdio may be measurably faster.

if in the future there are toolchains that can do the same thing
globally without introducing linking bugs, it might be worth
considering removing these workarounds.

pcc wrongly passes any option beginning with -m to the linker, and
will break at link time if these options were added to CFLAGS. testing
linking lets us catch this at configure time and skip them.

these functions must behave as if they obtain the lock via flockfile
to satisfy POSIX requirements. since another thread can provably hold
the lock when they are called, they must wait to obtain the lock
before they can return, even if the correct return value could be
obtained without locking. in the case of fclose and freopen, failure
to do so could cause correct (albeit obscure) programs to crash or
otherwise misbehave; in the case of feof, ferror, and fwide, failure
to obtain the lock could sometimes return incorrect results. in any
case, having these functions proceed and return while another thread
held the lock was wrong.

1. don't open /dev/null just as a basis to copy flags; use shared
__fmodeflags function to get the right file flags for the mode.

2. handle the case (probably invalid, but whatever) case where the
original stream's file descriptor was closed; previously, the logic
re-closed it.

3. accept the "e" mode flag for close-on-exec; update dup3 to fallback
to using dup2 so we can simply call __dup3 instead of putting fallback
logic in freopen itself.

gcc seems to be generating identical or near-identical code for both
versions, but the newer code is more expressive of what it's doing.

the W* namespace is not reserved, so the nonstandard ones must be
moved under extension features. also WNOHANG and WUNTRACED were
missing.

the behavior of putenv is left undefined if the argument does not
contain an equal sign, but traditional implementations behave this way
and gnulib replaces putenv if it doesn't do this.

this will prevent gnulib from wrapping our strtod to handle this
useless feature.

signal mask was not being restored after fork, but instead blocked again.

this was broken during the early dynamic-linked TLS commits, which
rearranged some of the code for handling new relocation types.

__release_ptc() is only valid in the parent; if it's performed in the
child, the lock will be unlocked early then double-unlocked later,
corrupting the lock state.

with this commit, based on testing with patches to qemu which are not
yet upstream,

this is necessary to allow $CC with arguments in it

since it did not set the return-value register, the caller could
wrongly interpret this as failure.

these macros are supported by more compilers