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kernel_linux
“62c4f0a2d5a188f73a94f2cb8ea0dba3e7cf0a7f”上不存在“arch/sparc/include/asm/system.h”
提交 4dabd1b9 编写于 作者: D Dave Airlie
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Merge branch 'drm-doc' of git://linuxtv.org/pinchartl/fbdev into drm-next 

* 'drm-doc' of git://linuxtv.org/pinchartl/fbdev:
  Documentation: DocBook DRM framework documentation
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Documentation/DocBook/drm.tmpl
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...@@ -6,11 +6,36 @@ ...@@ -6,11 +6,36 @@
<bookinfo> <bookinfo>
<title>Linux DRM Developer's Guide</title> <title>Linux DRM Developer's Guide</title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Jesse</firstname>
<surname>Barnes</surname>
<contrib>Initial version</contrib>
<affiliation>
<orgname>Intel Corporation</orgname>
<address>
<email>jesse.barnes@intel.com</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>Laurent</firstname>
<surname>Pinchart</surname>
<contrib>Driver internals</contrib>
<affiliation>
<orgname>Ideas on board SPRL</orgname>
<address>
<email>laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<copyright> <copyright>
<year>2008-2009</year> <year>2008-2009</year>
<holder> <year>2012</year>
Intel Corporation (Jesse Barnes &lt;jesse.barnes@intel.com&gt;) <holder>Intel Corporation</holder>
</holder> <holder>Laurent Pinchart</holder>
</copyright> </copyright>
<legalnotice> <legalnotice>
...@@ -20,6 +45,17 @@ ...@@ -20,6 +45,17 @@
the kernel source COPYING file. the kernel source COPYING file.
</para> </para>
</legalnotice> </legalnotice>
<revhistory>
<!-- Put document revisions here, newest first. -->
<revision>
<revnumber>1.0</revnumber>
<date>2012-07-13</date>
<authorinitials>LP</authorinitials>
<revremark>Added extensive documentation about driver internals.
</revremark>
</revision>
</revhistory>
</bookinfo> </bookinfo>
<toc></toc> <toc></toc>
...@@ -72,342 +108,361 @@ ...@@ -72,342 +108,361 @@
submission &amp; fencing, suspend/resume support, and DMA submission &amp; fencing, suspend/resume support, and DMA
services. services.
</para> </para>
<para>
The core of every DRM driver is struct drm_driver. Drivers
typically statically initialize a drm_driver structure,
then pass it to drm_init() at load time.
</para>
<!-- Internals: driver init --> <!-- Internals: driver init -->
<sect1> <sect1>
<title>Driver initialization</title> <title>Driver Initialization</title>
<para> <para>
Before calling the DRM initialization routines, the driver must At the core of every DRM driver is a <structname>drm_driver</structname>
first create and fill out a struct drm_driver structure. structure. Drivers typically statically initialize a drm_driver structure,
</para> and then pass it to one of the <function>drm_*_init()</function> functions
<programlisting> to register it with the DRM subsystem.
static struct drm_driver driver = {
/* Don't use MTRRs here; the Xserver or userspace app should
* deal with them for Intel hardware.
*/
.driver_features =
DRIVER_USE_AGP | DRIVER_REQUIRE_AGP |
DRIVER_HAVE_IRQ | DRIVER_IRQ_SHARED | DRIVER_MODESET,
.load = i915_driver_load,
.unload = i915_driver_unload,
.firstopen = i915_driver_firstopen,
.lastclose = i915_driver_lastclose,
.preclose = i915_driver_preclose,
.save = i915_save,
.restore = i915_restore,
.device_is_agp = i915_driver_device_is_agp,
.get_vblank_counter = i915_get_vblank_counter,
.enable_vblank = i915_enable_vblank,
.disable_vblank = i915_disable_vblank,
.irq_preinstall = i915_driver_irq_preinstall,
.irq_postinstall = i915_driver_irq_postinstall,
.irq_uninstall = i915_driver_irq_uninstall,
.irq_handler = i915_driver_irq_handler,
.reclaim_buffers = drm_core_reclaim_buffers,
.get_map_ofs = drm_core_get_map_ofs,
.get_reg_ofs = drm_core_get_reg_ofs,
.fb_probe = intelfb_probe,
.fb_remove = intelfb_remove,
.fb_resize = intelfb_resize,
.master_create = i915_master_create,
.master_destroy = i915_master_destroy,
#if defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_FS)
.debugfs_init = i915_debugfs_init,
.debugfs_cleanup = i915_debugfs_cleanup,
#endif
.gem_init_object = i915_gem_init_object,
.gem_free_object = i915_gem_free_object,
.gem_vm_ops = &amp;i915_gem_vm_ops,
.ioctls = i915_ioctls,
.fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = drm_open,
.release = drm_release,
.ioctl = drm_ioctl,
.mmap = drm_mmap,
.poll = drm_poll,
.fasync = drm_fasync,
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
.compat_ioctl = i915_compat_ioctl,
#endif
.llseek = noop_llseek,
},
.pci_driver = {
.name = DRIVER_NAME,
.id_table = pciidlist,
.probe = probe,
.remove = __devexit_p(drm_cleanup_pci),
},
.name = DRIVER_NAME,
.desc = DRIVER_DESC,
.date = DRIVER_DATE,
.major = DRIVER_MAJOR,
.minor = DRIVER_MINOR,
.patchlevel = DRIVER_PATCHLEVEL,
};
</programlisting>
<para>
In the example above, taken from the i915 DRM driver, the driver
sets several flags indicating what core features it supports;
we go over the individual callbacks in later sections. Since
flags indicate which features your driver supports to the DRM
core, you need to set most of them prior to calling drm_init(). Some,
like DRIVER_MODESET can be set later based on user supplied parameters,
but that's the exception rather than the rule.
</para>
<variablelist>
<title>Driver flags</title>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_USE_AGP</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver uses AGP interface
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_REQUIRE_AGP</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver needs AGP interface to function.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_USE_MTRR</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Driver uses MTRR interface for mapping memory. Deprecated.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_PCI_DMA</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver is capable of PCI DMA. Deprecated.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_SG</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver can perform scatter/gather DMA. Deprecated.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_HAVE_DMA</term>
<listitem><para>Driver supports DMA. Deprecated.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_HAVE_IRQ</term><term>DRIVER_IRQ_SHARED</term>
<listitem>
<para>
DRIVER_HAVE_IRQ indicates whether the driver has an IRQ
handler. DRIVER_IRQ_SHARED indicates whether the device &amp;
handler support shared IRQs (note that this is required of
PCI drivers).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_DMA_QUEUE</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Should be set if the driver queues DMA requests and completes them
asynchronously. Deprecated.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_FB_DMA</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Driver supports DMA to/from the framebuffer. Deprecated.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_MODESET</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Driver supports mode setting interfaces.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
In this specific case, the driver requires AGP and supports
IRQs. DMA, as discussed later, is handled by device-specific ioctls
in this case. It also supports the kernel mode setting APIs, though
unlike in the actual i915 driver source, this example unconditionally
exports KMS capability.
</para> </para>
</sect1> <para>
The <structname>drm_driver</structname> structure contains static
<!-- Internals: driver load --> information that describes the driver and features it supports, and
pointers to methods that the DRM core will call to implement the DRM API.
<sect1> We will first go through the <structname>drm_driver</structname> static
<title>Driver load</title> information fields, and will then describe individual operations in
<para> details as they get used in later sections.
In the previous section, we saw what a typical drm_driver
structure might look like. One of the more important fields in
the structure is the hook for the load function.
</para>
<programlisting>
static struct drm_driver driver = {
...
.load = i915_driver_load,
...
};
</programlisting>
<para>
The load function has many responsibilities: allocating a driver
private structure, specifying supported performance counters,
configuring the device (e.g. mapping registers &amp; command
buffers), initializing the memory manager, and setting up the
initial output configuration.
</para>
<para>
If compatibility is a concern (e.g. with drivers converted over
to the new interfaces from the old ones), care must be taken to
prevent device initialization and control that is incompatible with
currently active userspace drivers. For instance, if user
level mode setting drivers are in use, it would be problematic
to perform output discovery &amp; configuration at load time.
Likewise, if user-level drivers unaware of memory management are
in use, memory management and command buffer setup may need to
be omitted. These requirements are driver-specific, and care
needs to be taken to keep both old and new applications and
libraries working. The i915 driver supports the "modeset"
module parameter to control whether advanced features are
enabled at load time or in legacy fashion.
</para> </para>
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>Driver private &amp; performance counters</title> <title>Driver Information</title>
<para> <sect3>
The driver private hangs off the main drm_device structure and <title>Driver Features</title>
can be used for tracking various device-specific bits of <para>
information, like register offsets, command buffer status, Drivers inform the DRM core about their requirements and supported
register state for suspend/resume, etc. At load time, a features by setting appropriate flags in the
driver may simply allocate one and set drm_device.dev_priv <structfield>driver_features</structfield> field. Since those flags
appropriately; it should be freed and drm_device.dev_priv set influence the DRM core behaviour since registration time, most of them
to NULL when the driver is unloaded. must be set to registering the <structname>drm_driver</structname>
</para> instance.
</para>
<synopsis>u32 driver_features;</synopsis>
<variablelist>
<title>Driver Feature Flags</title>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_USE_AGP</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver uses AGP interface, the DRM core will manage AGP resources.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_REQUIRE_AGP</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver needs AGP interface to function. AGP initialization failure
will become a fatal error.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_USE_MTRR</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver uses MTRR interface for mapping memory, the DRM core will
manage MTRR resources. Deprecated.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_PCI_DMA</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver is capable of PCI DMA, mapping of PCI DMA buffers to
userspace will be enabled. Deprecated.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_SG</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver can perform scatter/gather DMA, allocation and mapping of
scatter/gather buffers will be enabled. Deprecated.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_HAVE_DMA</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver supports DMA, the userspace DMA API will be supported.
Deprecated.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_HAVE_IRQ</term><term>DRIVER_IRQ_SHARED</term>
<listitem><para>
DRIVER_HAVE_IRQ indicates whether the driver has an IRQ handler. The
DRM core will automatically register an interrupt handler when the
flag is set. DRIVER_IRQ_SHARED indicates whether the device &amp;
handler support shared IRQs (note that this is required of PCI
drivers).
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_IRQ_VBL</term>
<listitem><para>Unused. Deprecated.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_DMA_QUEUE</term>
<listitem><para>
Should be set if the driver queues DMA requests and completes them
asynchronously. Deprecated.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_FB_DMA</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver supports DMA to/from the framebuffer, mapping of frambuffer
DMA buffers to userspace will be supported. Deprecated.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_IRQ_VBL2</term>
<listitem><para>Unused. Deprecated.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_GEM</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver use the GEM memory manager.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_MODESET</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver supports mode setting interfaces (KMS).
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRIVER_PRIME</term>
<listitem><para>
Driver implements DRM PRIME buffer sharing.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Major, Minor and Patchlevel</title>
<synopsis>int major;
int minor;
int patchlevel;</synopsis>
<para>
The DRM core identifies driver versions by a major, minor and patch
level triplet. The information is printed to the kernel log at
initialization time and passed to userspace through the
DRM_IOCTL_VERSION ioctl.
</para>
<para>
The major and minor numbers are also used to verify the requested driver
API version passed to DRM_IOCTL_SET_VERSION. When the driver API changes
between minor versions, applications can call DRM_IOCTL_SET_VERSION to
select a specific version of the API. If the requested major isn't equal
to the driver major, or the requested minor is larger than the driver
minor, the DRM_IOCTL_SET_VERSION call will return an error. Otherwise
the driver's set_version() method will be called with the requested
version.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Name, Description and Date</title>
<synopsis>char *name;
char *desc;
char *date;</synopsis>
<para>
The driver name is printed to the kernel log at initialization time,
used for IRQ registration and passed to userspace through
DRM_IOCTL_VERSION.
</para>
<para>
The driver description is a purely informative string passed to
userspace through the DRM_IOCTL_VERSION ioctl and otherwise unused by
the kernel.
</para>
<para>
The driver date, formatted as YYYYMMDD, is meant to identify the date of
the latest modification to the driver. However, as most drivers fail to
update it, its value is mostly useless. The DRM core prints it to the
kernel log at initialization time and passes it to userspace through the
DRM_IOCTL_VERSION ioctl.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Driver Load</title>
<para> <para>
The DRM supports several counters which may be used for rough The <methodname>load</methodname> method is the driver and device
performance characterization. Note that the DRM stat counter initialization entry point. The method is responsible for allocating and
system is not often used by applications, and supporting initializing driver private data, specifying supported performance
additional counters is completely optional. counters, performing resource allocation and mapping (e.g. acquiring
clocks, mapping registers or allocating command buffers), initializing
the memory manager (<xref linkend="drm-memory-management"/>), installing
the IRQ handler (<xref linkend="drm-irq-registration"/>), setting up
vertical blanking handling (<xref linkend="drm-vertical-blank"/>), mode
setting (<xref linkend="drm-mode-setting"/>) and initial output
configuration (<xref linkend="drm-kms-init"/>).
</para> </para>
<note><para>
If compatibility is a concern (e.g. with drivers converted over from
User Mode Setting to Kernel Mode Setting), care must be taken to prevent
device initialization and control that is incompatible with currently
active userspace drivers. For instance, if user level mode setting
drivers are in use, it would be problematic to perform output discovery
&amp; configuration at load time. Likewise, if user-level drivers
unaware of memory management are in use, memory management and command
buffer setup may need to be omitted. These requirements are
driver-specific, and care needs to be taken to keep both old and new
applications and libraries working.
</para></note>
<synopsis>int (*load) (struct drm_device *, unsigned long flags);</synopsis>
<para> <para>
These interfaces are deprecated and should not be used. If performance The method takes two arguments, a pointer to the newly created
monitoring is desired, the developer should investigate and <structname>drm_device</structname> and flags. The flags are used to
potentially enhance the kernel perf and tracing infrastructure to export pass the <structfield>driver_data</structfield> field of the device id
GPU related performance information for consumption by performance corresponding to the device passed to <function>drm_*_init()</function>.
monitoring tools and applications. Only PCI devices currently use this, USB and platform DRM drivers have
their <methodname>load</methodname> method called with flags to 0.
</para> </para>
<sect3>
<title>Driver Private &amp; Performance Counters</title>
<para>
The driver private hangs off the main
<structname>drm_device</structname> structure and can be used for
tracking various device-specific bits of information, like register
offsets, command buffer status, register state for suspend/resume, etc.
At load time, a driver may simply allocate one and set
<structname>drm_device</structname>.<structfield>dev_priv</structfield>
appropriately; it should be freed and
<structname>drm_device</structname>.<structfield>dev_priv</structfield>
set to NULL when the driver is unloaded.
</para>
<para>
DRM supports several counters which were used for rough performance
characterization. This stat counter system is deprecated and should not
be used. If performance monitoring is desired, the developer should
investigate and potentially enhance the kernel perf and tracing
infrastructure to export GPU related performance information for
consumption by performance monitoring tools and applications.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="drm-irq-registration">
<title>IRQ Registration</title>
<para>
The DRM core tries to facilitate IRQ handler registration and
unregistration by providing <function>drm_irq_install</function> and
<function>drm_irq_uninstall</function> functions. Those functions only
support a single interrupt per device.
</para>
<!--!Fdrivers/char/drm/drm_irq.c drm_irq_install-->
<para>
Both functions get the device IRQ by calling
<function>drm_dev_to_irq</function>. This inline function will call a
bus-specific operation to retrieve the IRQ number. For platform devices,
<function>platform_get_irq</function>(..., 0) is used to retrieve the
IRQ number.
</para>
<para>
<function>drm_irq_install</function> starts by calling the
<methodname>irq_preinstall</methodname> driver operation. The operation
is optional and must make sure that the interrupt will not get fired by
clearing all pending interrupt flags or disabling the interrupt.
</para>
<para>
The IRQ will then be requested by a call to
<function>request_irq</function>. If the DRIVER_IRQ_SHARED driver
feature flag is set, a shared (IRQF_SHARED) IRQ handler will be
requested.
</para>
<para>
The IRQ handler function must be provided as the mandatory irq_handler
driver operation. It will get passed directly to
<function>request_irq</function> and thus has the same prototype as all
IRQ handlers. It will get called with a pointer to the DRM device as the
second argument.
</para>
<para>
Finally the function calls the optional
<methodname>irq_postinstall</methodname> driver operation. The operation
usually enables interrupts (excluding the vblank interrupt, which is
enabled separately), but drivers may choose to enable/disable interrupts
at a different time.
</para>
<para>
<function>drm_irq_uninstall</function> is similarly used to uninstall an
IRQ handler. It starts by waking up all processes waiting on a vblank
interrupt to make sure they don't hang, and then calls the optional
<methodname>irq_uninstall</methodname> driver operation. The operation
must disable all hardware interrupts. Finally the function frees the IRQ
by calling <function>free_irq</function>.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Memory Manager Initialization</title>
<para>
Every DRM driver requires a memory manager which must be initialized at
load time. DRM currently contains two memory managers, the Translation
Table Manager (TTM) and the Graphics Execution Manager (GEM).
This document describes the use of the GEM memory manager only. See
<xref linkend="drm-memory-management"/> for details.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Miscellaneous Device Configuration</title>
<para>
Another task that may be necessary for PCI devices during configuration
is mapping the video BIOS. On many devices, the VBIOS describes device
configuration, LCD panel timings (if any), and contains flags indicating
device state. Mapping the BIOS can be done using the pci_map_rom() call,
a convenience function that takes care of mapping the actual ROM,
whether it has been shadowed into memory (typically at address 0xc0000)
or exists on the PCI device in the ROM BAR. Note that after the ROM has
been mapped and any necessary information has been extracted, it should
be unmapped; on many devices, the ROM address decoder is shared with
other BARs, so leaving it mapped could cause undesired behaviour like
hangs or memory corruption.
<!--!Fdrivers/pci/rom.c pci_map_rom-->
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1>
<sect2> <!-- Internals: memory management -->
<title>Configuring the device</title>
<para>
Obviously, device configuration is device-specific.
However, there are several common operations: finding a
device's PCI resources, mapping them, and potentially setting
up an IRQ handler.
</para>
<para>
Finding &amp; mapping resources is fairly straightforward. The
DRM wrapper functions, drm_get_resource_start() and
drm_get_resource_len(), may be used to find BARs on the given
drm_device struct. Once those values have been retrieved, the
driver load function can call drm_addmap() to create a new
mapping for the BAR in question. Note that you probably want a
drm_local_map_t in your driver private structure to track any
mappings you create.
<!-- !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_bufs.c drm_get_resource_* -->
<!-- !Finclude/drm/drmP.h drm_local_map_t -->
</para>
<para>
if compatibility with other operating systems isn't a concern
(DRM drivers can run under various BSD variants and OpenSolaris),
native Linux calls may be used for the above, e.g. pci_resource_*
and iomap*/iounmap. See the Linux device driver book for more
info.
</para>
<para>
Once you have a register map, you may use the DRM_READn() and
DRM_WRITEn() macros to access the registers on your device, or
use driver-specific versions to offset into your MMIO space
relative to a driver-specific base pointer (see I915_READ for
an example).
</para>
<para>
If your device supports interrupt generation, you may want to
set up an interrupt handler when the driver is loaded. This
is done using the drm_irq_install() function. If your device
supports vertical blank interrupts, it should call
drm_vblank_init() to initialize the core vblank handling code before
enabling interrupts on your device. This ensures the vblank related
structures are allocated and allows the core to handle vblank events.
</para>
<!--!Fdrivers/char/drm/drm_irq.c drm_irq_install-->
<para>
Once your interrupt handler is registered (it uses your
drm_driver.irq_handler as the actual interrupt handling
function), you can safely enable interrupts on your device,
assuming any other state your interrupt handler uses is also
initialized.
</para>
<para>
Another task that may be necessary during configuration is
mapping the video BIOS. On many devices, the VBIOS describes
device configuration, LCD panel timings (if any), and contains
flags indicating device state. Mapping the BIOS can be done
using the pci_map_rom() call, a convenience function that
takes care of mapping the actual ROM, whether it has been
shadowed into memory (typically at address 0xc0000) or exists
on the PCI device in the ROM BAR. Note that after the ROM
has been mapped and any necessary information has been extracted,
it should be unmapped; on many devices, the ROM address decoder is
shared with other BARs, so leaving it mapped could cause
undesired behavior like hangs or memory corruption.
<!--!Fdrivers/pci/rom.c pci_map_rom-->
</para>
</sect2>
<sect1 id="drm-memory-management">
<title>Memory management</title>
<para>
Modern Linux systems require large amount of graphics memory to store
frame buffers, textures, vertices and other graphics-related data. Given
the very dynamic nature of many of that data, managing graphics memory
efficiently is thus crucial for the graphics stack and plays a central
role in the DRM infrastructure.
</para>
<para>
The DRM core includes two memory managers, namely Translation Table Maps
(TTM) and Graphics Execution Manager (GEM). TTM was the first DRM memory
manager to be developed and tried to be a one-size-fits-them all
solution. It provides a single userspace API to accomodate the need of
all hardware, supporting both Unified Memory Architecture (UMA) devices
and devices with dedicated video RAM (i.e. most discrete video cards).
This resulted in a large, complex piece of code that turned out to be
hard to use for driver development.
</para>
<para>
GEM started as an Intel-sponsored project in reaction to TTM's
complexity. Its design philosophy is completely different: instead of
providing a solution to every graphics memory-related problems, GEM
identified common code between drivers and created a support library to
share it. GEM has simpler initialization and execution requirements than
TTM, but has no video RAM management capabitilies and is thus limited to
UMA devices.
</para>
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>Memory manager initialization</title> <title>The Translation Table Manager (TTM)</title>
<para>
In order to allocate command buffers, cursor memory, scanout
buffers, etc., as well as support the latest features provided
by packages like Mesa and the X.Org X server, your driver
should support a memory manager.
</para>
<para> <para>
If your driver supports memory management (it should!), you TTM design background and information belongs here.
need to set that up at load time as well. How you initialize
it depends on which memory manager you're using: TTM or GEM.
</para> </para>
<sect3> <sect3>
<title>TTM initialization</title> <title>TTM initialization</title>
<para> <warning><para>This section is outdated.</para></warning>
TTM (for Translation Table Manager) manages video memory and <para>
aperture space for graphics devices. TTM supports both UMA devices Drivers wishing to support TTM must fill out a drm_bo_driver
and devices with dedicated video RAM (VRAM), i.e. most discrete structure. The structure contains several fields with function
graphics devices. If your device has dedicated RAM, supporting pointers for initializing the TTM, allocating and freeing memory,
TTM is desirable. TTM also integrates tightly with your waiting for command completion and fence synchronization, and memory
driver-specific buffer execution function. See the radeon migration. See the radeon_ttm.c file for an example of usage.
driver for examples.
</para>
<para>
The core TTM structure is the ttm_bo_driver struct. It contains
several fields with function pointers for initializing the TTM,
allocating and freeing memory, waiting for command completion
and fence synchronization, and memory migration. See the
radeon_ttm.c file for an example of usage.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The ttm_global_reference structure is made up of several fields: The ttm_global_reference structure is made up of several fields:
...@@ -445,82 +500,1081 @@ ...@@ -445,82 +500,1081 @@
count for the TTM, which will call your initialization function. count for the TTM, which will call your initialization function.
</para> </para>
</sect3> </sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="drm-gem">
<title>The Graphics Execution Manager (GEM)</title>
<para>
The GEM design approach has resulted in a memory manager that doesn't
provide full coverage of all (or even all common) use cases in its
userspace or kernel API. GEM exposes a set of standard memory-related
operations to userspace and a set of helper functions to drivers, and let
drivers implement hardware-specific operations with their own private API.
</para>
<para>
The GEM userspace API is described in the
<ulink url="http://lwn.net/Articles/283798/"><citetitle>GEM - the Graphics
Execution Manager</citetitle></ulink> article on LWN. While slightly
outdated, the document provides a good overview of the GEM API principles.
Buffer allocation and read and write operations, described as part of the
common GEM API, are currently implemented using driver-specific ioctls.
</para>
<para>
GEM is data-agnostic. It manages abstract buffer objects without knowing
what individual buffers contain. APIs that require knowledge of buffer
contents or purpose, such as buffer allocation or synchronization
primitives, are thus outside of the scope of GEM and must be implemented
using driver-specific ioctls.
</para>
<para>
On a fundamental level, GEM involves several operations:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>Memory allocation and freeing</listitem>
<listitem>Command execution</listitem>
<listitem>Aperture management at command execution time</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
Buffer object allocation is relatively straightforward and largely
provided by Linux's shmem layer, which provides memory to back each
object.
</para>
<para>
Device-specific operations, such as command execution, pinning, buffer
read &amp; write, mapping, and domain ownership transfers are left to
driver-specific ioctls.
</para>
<sect3>
<title>GEM Initialization</title>
<para>
Drivers that use GEM must set the DRIVER_GEM bit in the struct
<structname>drm_driver</structname>
<structfield>driver_features</structfield> field. The DRM core will
then automatically initialize the GEM core before calling the
<methodname>load</methodname> operation. Behind the scene, this will
create a DRM Memory Manager object which provides an address space
pool for object allocation.
</para>
<para>
In a KMS configuration, drivers need to allocate and initialize a
command ring buffer following core GEM initialization if required by
the hardware. UMA devices usually have what is called a "stolen"
memory region, which provides space for the initial framebuffer and
large, contiguous memory regions required by the device. This space is
typically not managed by GEM, and must be initialized separately into
its own DRM MM object.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3> <sect3>
<title>GEM initialization</title> <title>GEM Objects Creation</title>
<para> <para>
GEM is an alternative to TTM, designed specifically for UMA GEM splits creation of GEM objects and allocation of the memory that
devices. It has simpler initialization and execution requirements backs them in two distinct operations.
than TTM, but has no VRAM management capability. Core GEM </para>
is initialized by calling drm_mm_init() to create <para>
a GTT DRM MM object, which provides an address space pool for GEM objects are represented by an instance of struct
object allocation. In a KMS configuration, the driver <structname>drm_gem_object</structname>. Drivers usually need to extend
needs to allocate and initialize a command ring buffer following GEM objects with private information and thus create a driver-specific
core GEM initialization. A UMA device usually has what is called a GEM object structure type that embeds an instance of struct
"stolen" memory region, which provides space for the initial <structname>drm_gem_object</structname>.
framebuffer and large, contiguous memory regions required by the </para>
device. This space is not typically managed by GEM, and it must <para>
be initialized separately into its own DRM MM object. To create a GEM object, a driver allocates memory for an instance of its
</para> specific GEM object type and initializes the embedded struct
<para> <structname>drm_gem_object</structname> with a call to
Initialization is driver-specific. In the case of Intel <function>drm_gem_object_init</function>. The function takes a pointer to
integrated graphics chips like 965GM, GEM initialization can the DRM device, a pointer to the GEM object and the buffer object size
be done by calling the internal GEM init function, in bytes.
i915_gem_do_init(). Since the 965GM is a UMA device </para>
(i.e. it doesn't have dedicated VRAM), GEM manages <para>
making regular RAM available for GPU operations. Memory set GEM uses shmem to allocate anonymous pageable memory.
aside by the BIOS (called "stolen" memory by the i915 <function>drm_gem_object_init</function> will create an shmfs file of
driver) is managed by the DRM memrange allocator; the the requested size and store it into the struct
rest of the aperture is managed by GEM. <structname>drm_gem_object</structname> <structfield>filp</structfield>
<programlisting> field. The memory is used as either main storage for the object when the
/* Basic memrange allocator for stolen space (aka vram) */ graphics hardware uses system memory directly or as a backing store
drm_memrange_init(&amp;dev_priv->vram, 0, prealloc_size); otherwise.
/* Let GEM Manage from end of prealloc space to end of aperture */ </para>
i915_gem_do_init(dev, prealloc_size, agp_size); <para>
</programlisting> Drivers are responsible for the actual physical pages allocation by
<!--!Edrivers/char/drm/drm_memrange.c--> calling <function>shmem_read_mapping_page_gfp</function> for each page.
</para> Note that they can decide to allocate pages when initializing the GEM
<para> object, or to delay allocation until the memory is needed (for instance
Once the memory manager has been set up, we may allocate the when a page fault occurs as a result of a userspace memory access or
command buffer. In the i915 case, this is also done with a when the driver needs to start a DMA transfer involving the memory).
GEM function, i915_gem_init_ringbuffer(). </para>
</para> <para>
Anonymous pageable memory allocation is not always desired, for instance
when the hardware requires physically contiguous system memory as is
often the case in embedded devices. Drivers can create GEM objects with
no shmfs backing (called private GEM objects) by initializing them with
a call to <function>drm_gem_private_object_init</function> instead of
<function>drm_gem_object_init</function>. Storage for private GEM
objects must be managed by drivers.
</para>
<para>
Drivers that do not need to extend GEM objects with private information
can call the <function>drm_gem_object_alloc</function> function to
allocate and initialize a struct <structname>drm_gem_object</structname>
instance. The GEM core will call the optional driver
<methodname>gem_init_object</methodname> operation after initializing
the GEM object with <function>drm_gem_object_init</function>.
<synopsis>int (*gem_init_object) (struct drm_gem_object *obj);</synopsis>
</para>
<para>
No alloc-and-init function exists for private GEM objects.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>GEM Objects Lifetime</title>
<para>
All GEM objects are reference-counted by the GEM core. References can be
acquired and release by <function>calling drm_gem_object_reference</function>
and <function>drm_gem_object_unreference</function> respectively. The
caller must hold the <structname>drm_device</structname>
<structfield>struct_mutex</structfield> lock. As a convenience, GEM
provides the <function>drm_gem_object_reference_unlocked</function> and
<function>drm_gem_object_unreference_unlocked</function> functions that
can be called without holding the lock.
</para>
<para>
When the last reference to a GEM object is released the GEM core calls
the <structname>drm_driver</structname>
<methodname>gem_free_object</methodname> operation. That operation is
mandatory for GEM-enabled drivers and must free the GEM object and all
associated resources.
</para>
<para>
<synopsis>void (*gem_free_object) (struct drm_gem_object *obj);</synopsis>
Drivers are responsible for freeing all GEM object resources, including
the resources created by the GEM core. If an mmap offset has been
created for the object (in which case
<structname>drm_gem_object</structname>::<structfield>map_list</structfield>::<structfield>map</structfield>
is not NULL) it must be freed by a call to
<function>drm_gem_free_mmap_offset</function>. The shmfs backing store
must be released by calling <function>drm_gem_object_release</function>
(that function can safely be called if no shmfs backing store has been
created).
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>GEM Objects Naming</title>
<para>
Communication between userspace and the kernel refers to GEM objects
using local handles, global names or, more recently, file descriptors.
All of those are 32-bit integer values; the usual Linux kernel limits
apply to the file descriptors.
</para>
<para>
GEM handles are local to a DRM file. Applications get a handle to a GEM
object through a driver-specific ioctl, and can use that handle to refer
to the GEM object in other standard or driver-specific ioctls. Closing a
DRM file handle frees all its GEM handles and dereferences the
associated GEM objects.
</para>
<para>
To create a handle for a GEM object drivers call
<function>drm_gem_handle_create</function>. The function takes a pointer
to the DRM file and the GEM object and returns a locally unique handle.
When the handle is no longer needed drivers delete it with a call to
<function>drm_gem_handle_delete</function>. Finally the GEM object
associated with a handle can be retrieved by a call to
<function>drm_gem_object_lookup</function>.
</para>
<para>
Handles don't take ownership of GEM objects, they only take a reference
to the object that will be dropped when the handle is destroyed. To
avoid leaking GEM objects, drivers must make sure they drop the
reference(s) they own (such as the initial reference taken at object
creation time) as appropriate, without any special consideration for the
handle. For example, in the particular case of combined GEM object and
handle creation in the implementation of the
<methodname>dumb_create</methodname> operation, drivers must drop the
initial reference to the GEM object before returning the handle.
</para>
<para>
GEM names are similar in purpose to handles but are not local to DRM
files. They can be passed between processes to reference a GEM object
globally. Names can't be used directly to refer to objects in the DRM
API, applications must convert handles to names and names to handles
using the DRM_IOCTL_GEM_FLINK and DRM_IOCTL_GEM_OPEN ioctls
respectively. The conversion is handled by the DRM core without any
driver-specific support.
</para>
<para>
Similar to global names, GEM file descriptors are also used to share GEM
objects across processes. They offer additional security: as file
descriptors must be explictly sent over UNIX domain sockets to be shared
between applications, they can't be guessed like the globally unique GEM
names.
</para>
<para>
Drivers that support GEM file descriptors, also known as the DRM PRIME
API, must set the DRIVER_PRIME bit in the struct
<structname>drm_driver</structname>
<structfield>driver_features</structfield> field, and implement the
<methodname>prime_handle_to_fd</methodname> and
<methodname>prime_fd_to_handle</methodname> operations.
</para>
<para>
<synopsis>int (*prime_handle_to_fd)(struct drm_device *dev,
struct drm_file *file_priv, uint32_t handle,
uint32_t flags, int *prime_fd);
int (*prime_fd_to_handle)(struct drm_device *dev,
struct drm_file *file_priv, int prime_fd,
uint32_t *handle);</synopsis>
Those two operations convert a handle to a PRIME file descriptor and
vice versa. Drivers must use the kernel dma-buf buffer sharing framework
to manage the PRIME file descriptors.
</para>
<para>
While non-GEM drivers must implement the operations themselves, GEM
drivers must use the <function>drm_gem_prime_handle_to_fd</function>
and <function>drm_gem_prime_fd_to_handle</function> helper functions.
Those helpers rely on the driver
<methodname>gem_prime_export</methodname> and
<methodname>gem_prime_import</methodname> operations to create a dma-buf
instance from a GEM object (dma-buf exporter role) and to create a GEM
object from a dma-buf instance (dma-buf importer role).
</para>
<para>
<synopsis>struct dma_buf * (*gem_prime_export)(struct drm_device *dev,
struct drm_gem_object *obj,
int flags);
struct drm_gem_object * (*gem_prime_import)(struct drm_device *dev,
struct dma_buf *dma_buf);</synopsis>
These two operations are mandatory for GEM drivers that support DRM
PRIME.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="drm-gem-objects-mapping">
<title>GEM Objects Mapping</title>
<para>
Because mapping operations are fairly heavyweight GEM favours
read/write-like access to buffers, implemented through driver-specific
ioctls, over mapping buffers to userspace. However, when random access
to the buffer is needed (to perform software rendering for instance),
direct access to the object can be more efficient.
</para>
<para>
The mmap system call can't be used directly to map GEM objects, as they
don't have their own file handle. Two alternative methods currently
co-exist to map GEM objects to userspace. The first method uses a
driver-specific ioctl to perform the mapping operation, calling
<function>do_mmap</function> under the hood. This is often considered
dubious, seems to be discouraged for new GEM-enabled drivers, and will
thus not be described here.
</para>
<para>
The second method uses the mmap system call on the DRM file handle.
<synopsis>void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd,
off_t offset);</synopsis>
DRM identifies the GEM object to be mapped by a fake offset passed
through the mmap offset argument. Prior to being mapped, a GEM object
must thus be associated with a fake offset. To do so, drivers must call
<function>drm_gem_create_mmap_offset</function> on the object. The
function allocates a fake offset range from a pool and stores the
offset divided by PAGE_SIZE in
<literal>obj-&gt;map_list.hash.key</literal>. Care must be taken not to
call <function>drm_gem_create_mmap_offset</function> if a fake offset
has already been allocated for the object. This can be tested by
<literal>obj-&gt;map_list.map</literal> being non-NULL.
</para>
<para>
Once allocated, the fake offset value
(<literal>obj-&gt;map_list.hash.key &lt;&lt; PAGE_SHIFT</literal>)
must be passed to the application in a driver-specific way and can then
be used as the mmap offset argument.
</para>
<para>
The GEM core provides a helper method <function>drm_gem_mmap</function>
to handle object mapping. The method can be set directly as the mmap
file operation handler. It will look up the GEM object based on the
offset value and set the VMA operations to the
<structname>drm_driver</structname> <structfield>gem_vm_ops</structfield>
field. Note that <function>drm_gem_mmap</function> doesn't map memory to
userspace, but relies on the driver-provided fault handler to map pages
individually.
</para>
<para>
To use <function>drm_gem_mmap</function>, drivers must fill the struct
<structname>drm_driver</structname> <structfield>gem_vm_ops</structfield>
field with a pointer to VM operations.
</para>
<para>
<synopsis>struct vm_operations_struct *gem_vm_ops
struct vm_operations_struct {
void (*open)(struct vm_area_struct * area);
void (*close)(struct vm_area_struct * area);
int (*fault)(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf);
};</synopsis>
</para>
<para>
The <methodname>open</methodname> and <methodname>close</methodname>
operations must update the GEM object reference count. Drivers can use
the <function>drm_gem_vm_open</function> and
<function>drm_gem_vm_close</function> helper functions directly as open
and close handlers.
</para>
<para>
The fault operation handler is responsible for mapping individual pages
to userspace when a page fault occurs. Depending on the memory
allocation scheme, drivers can allocate pages at fault time, or can
decide to allocate memory for the GEM object at the time the object is
created.
</para>
<para>
Drivers that want to map the GEM object upfront instead of handling page
faults can implement their own mmap file operation handler.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Dumb GEM Objects</title>
<para>
The GEM API doesn't standardize GEM objects creation and leaves it to
driver-specific ioctls. While not an issue for full-fledged graphics
stacks that include device-specific userspace components (in libdrm for
instance), this limit makes DRM-based early boot graphics unnecessarily
complex.
</para>
<para>
Dumb GEM objects partly alleviate the problem by providing a standard
API to create dumb buffers suitable for scanout, which can then be used
to create KMS frame buffers.
</para>
<para>
To support dumb GEM objects drivers must implement the
<methodname>dumb_create</methodname>,
<methodname>dumb_destroy</methodname> and
<methodname>dumb_map_offset</methodname> operations.
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*dumb_create)(struct drm_file *file_priv, struct drm_device *dev,
struct drm_mode_create_dumb *args);</synopsis>
<para>
The <methodname>dumb_create</methodname> operation creates a GEM
object suitable for scanout based on the width, height and depth
from the struct <structname>drm_mode_create_dumb</structname>
argument. It fills the argument's <structfield>handle</structfield>,
<structfield>pitch</structfield> and <structfield>size</structfield>
fields with a handle for the newly created GEM object and its line
pitch and size in bytes.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*dumb_destroy)(struct drm_file *file_priv, struct drm_device *dev,
uint32_t handle);</synopsis>
<para>
The <methodname>dumb_destroy</methodname> operation destroys a dumb
GEM object created by <methodname>dumb_create</methodname>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*dumb_map_offset)(struct drm_file *file_priv, struct drm_device *dev,
uint32_t handle, uint64_t *offset);</synopsis>
<para>
The <methodname>dumb_map_offset</methodname> operation associates an
mmap fake offset with the GEM object given by the handle and returns
it. Drivers must use the
<function>drm_gem_create_mmap_offset</function> function to
associate the fake offset as described in
<xref linkend="drm-gem-objects-mapping"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Memory Coherency</title>
<para>
When mapped to the device or used in a command buffer, backing pages
for an object are flushed to memory and marked write combined so as to
be coherent with the GPU. Likewise, if the CPU accesses an object
after the GPU has finished rendering to the object, then the object
must be made coherent with the CPU's view of memory, usually involving
GPU cache flushing of various kinds. This core CPU&lt;-&gt;GPU
coherency management is provided by a device-specific ioctl, which
evaluates an object's current domain and performs any necessary
flushing or synchronization to put the object into the desired
coherency domain (note that the object may be busy, i.e. an active
render target; in that case, setting the domain blocks the client and
waits for rendering to complete before performing any necessary
flushing operations).
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Command Execution</title>
<para>
Perhaps the most important GEM function for GPU devices is providing a
command execution interface to clients. Client programs construct
command buffers containing references to previously allocated memory
objects, and then submit them to GEM. At that point, GEM takes care to
bind all the objects into the GTT, execute the buffer, and provide
necessary synchronization between clients accessing the same buffers.
This often involves evicting some objects from the GTT and re-binding
others (a fairly expensive operation), and providing relocation
support which hides fixed GTT offsets from clients. Clients must take
care not to submit command buffers that reference more objects than
can fit in the GTT; otherwise, GEM will reject them and no rendering
will occur. Similarly, if several objects in the buffer require fence
registers to be allocated for correct rendering (e.g. 2D blits on
pre-965 chips), care must be taken not to require more fence registers
than are available to the client. Such resource management should be
abstracted from the client in libdrm.
</para>
</sect3> </sect3>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1>
<!-- Internals: mode setting -->
<sect1 id="drm-mode-setting">
<title>Mode Setting</title>
<para>
Drivers must initialize the mode setting core by calling
<function>drm_mode_config_init</function> on the DRM device. The function
initializes the <structname>drm_device</structname>
<structfield>mode_config</structfield> field and never fails. Once done,
mode configuration must be setup by initializing the following fields.
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int min_width, min_height;
int max_width, max_height;</synopsis>
<para>
Minimum and maximum width and height of the frame buffers in pixel
units.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>struct drm_mode_config_funcs *funcs;</synopsis>
<para>Mode setting functions.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>Output configuration</title> <title>Frame Buffer Creation</title>
<synopsis>struct drm_framebuffer *(*fb_create)(struct drm_device *dev,
struct drm_file *file_priv,
struct drm_mode_fb_cmd2 *mode_cmd);</synopsis>
<para> <para>
The final initialization task is output configuration. This involves: Frame buffers are abstract memory objects that provide a source of
<itemizedlist> pixels to scanout to a CRTC. Applications explicitly request the
<listitem> creation of frame buffers through the DRM_IOCTL_MODE_ADDFB(2) ioctls and
Finding and initializing the CRTCs, encoders, and connectors receive an opaque handle that can be passed to the KMS CRTC control,
for the device. plane configuration and page flip functions.
</listitem> </para>
<listitem> <para>
Creating an initial configuration. Frame buffers rely on the underneath memory manager for low-level memory
</listitem> operations. When creating a frame buffer applications pass a memory
<listitem> handle (or a list of memory handles for multi-planar formats) through
Registering a framebuffer console driver. the <parameter>drm_mode_fb_cmd2</parameter> argument. This document
</listitem> assumes that the driver uses GEM, those handles thus reference GEM
</itemizedlist> objects.
</para>
<para>
Drivers must first validate the requested frame buffer parameters passed
through the mode_cmd argument. In particular this is where invalid
sizes, pixel formats or pitches can be caught.
</para>
<para>
If the parameters are deemed valid, drivers then create, initialize and
return an instance of struct <structname>drm_framebuffer</structname>.
If desired the instance can be embedded in a larger driver-specific
structure. The new instance is initialized with a call to
<function>drm_framebuffer_init</function> which takes a pointer to DRM
frame buffer operations (struct
<structname>drm_framebuffer_funcs</structname>). Frame buffer operations are
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*create_handle)(struct drm_framebuffer *fb,
struct drm_file *file_priv, unsigned int *handle);</synopsis>
<para>
Create a handle to the frame buffer underlying memory object. If
the frame buffer uses a multi-plane format, the handle will
reference the memory object associated with the first plane.
</para>
<para>
Drivers call <function>drm_gem_handle_create</function> to create
the handle.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*destroy)(struct drm_framebuffer *framebuffer);</synopsis>
<para>
Destroy the frame buffer object and frees all associated
resources. Drivers must call
<function>drm_framebuffer_cleanup</function> to free resources
allocated by the DRM core for the frame buffer object, and must
make sure to unreference all memory objects associated with the
frame buffer. Handles created by the
<methodname>create_handle</methodname> operation are released by
the DRM core.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*dirty)(struct drm_framebuffer *framebuffer,
struct drm_file *file_priv, unsigned flags, unsigned color,
struct drm_clip_rect *clips, unsigned num_clips);</synopsis>
<para>
This optional operation notifies the driver that a region of the
frame buffer has changed in response to a DRM_IOCTL_MODE_DIRTYFB
ioctl call.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
After initializing the <structname>drm_framebuffer</structname>
instance drivers must fill its <structfield>width</structfield>,
<structfield>height</structfield>, <structfield>pitches</structfield>,
<structfield>offsets</structfield>, <structfield>depth</structfield>,
<structfield>bits_per_pixel</structfield> and
<structfield>pixel_format</structfield> fields from the values passed
through the <parameter>drm_mode_fb_cmd2</parameter> argument. They
should call the <function>drm_helper_mode_fill_fb_struct</function>
helper function to do so.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Output Polling</title>
<synopsis>void (*output_poll_changed)(struct drm_device *dev);</synopsis>
<para>
This operation notifies the driver that the status of one or more
connectors has changed. Drivers that use the fb helper can just call the
<function>drm_fb_helper_hotplug_event</function> function to handle this
operation.
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<!-- Internals: kms initialization and cleanup -->
<sect1 id="drm-kms-init">
<title>KMS Initialization and Cleanup</title>
<para>
A KMS device is abstracted and exposed as a set of planes, CRTCs, encoders
and connectors. KMS drivers must thus create and initialize all those
objects at load time after initializing mode setting.
</para>
<sect2>
<title>CRTCs (struct <structname>drm_crtc</structname>)</title>
<para>
A CRTC is an abstraction representing a part of the chip that contains a
pointer to a scanout buffer. Therefore, the number of CRTCs available
determines how many independent scanout buffers can be active at any
given time. The CRTC structure contains several fields to support this:
a pointer to some video memory (abstracted as a frame buffer object), a
display mode, and an (x, y) offset into the video memory to support
panning or configurations where one piece of video memory spans multiple
CRTCs.
</para> </para>
<sect3> <sect3>
<title>Output discovery and initialization</title> <title>CRTC Initialization</title>
<para> <para>
Several core functions exist to create CRTCs, encoders, and A KMS device must create and register at least one struct
connectors, namely: drm_crtc_init(), drm_connector_init(), and <structname>drm_crtc</structname> instance. The instance is allocated
drm_encoder_init(), along with several "helper" functions to and zeroed by the driver, possibly as part of a larger structure, and
perform common tasks. registered with a call to <function>drm_crtc_init</function> with a
</para> pointer to CRTC functions.
<para> </para>
Connectors should be registered with sysfs once they've been </sect3>
detected and initialized, using the <sect3>
drm_sysfs_connector_add() function. Likewise, when they're <title>CRTC Operations</title>
removed from the system, they should be destroyed with <sect4>
drm_sysfs_connector_remove(). <title>Set Configuration</title>
</para> <synopsis>int (*set_config)(struct drm_mode_set *set);</synopsis>
<programlisting> <para>
<![CDATA[ Apply a new CRTC configuration to the device. The configuration
specifies a CRTC, a frame buffer to scan out from, a (x,y) position in
the frame buffer, a display mode and an array of connectors to drive
with the CRTC if possible.
</para>
<para>
If the frame buffer specified in the configuration is NULL, the driver
must detach all encoders connected to the CRTC and all connectors
attached to those encoders and disable them.
</para>
<para>
This operation is called with the mode config lock held.
</para>
<note><para>
FIXME: How should set_config interact with DPMS? If the CRTC is
suspended, should it be resumed?
</para></note>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Page Flipping</title>
<synopsis>int (*page_flip)(struct drm_crtc *crtc, struct drm_framebuffer *fb,
struct drm_pending_vblank_event *event);</synopsis>
<para>
Schedule a page flip to the given frame buffer for the CRTC. This
operation is called with the mode config mutex held.
</para>
<para>
Page flipping is a synchronization mechanism that replaces the frame
buffer being scanned out by the CRTC with a new frame buffer during
vertical blanking, avoiding tearing. When an application requests a page
flip the DRM core verifies that the new frame buffer is large enough to
be scanned out by the CRTC in the currently configured mode and then
calls the CRTC <methodname>page_flip</methodname> operation with a
pointer to the new frame buffer.
</para>
<para>
The <methodname>page_flip</methodname> operation schedules a page flip.
Once any pending rendering targetting the new frame buffer has
completed, the CRTC will be reprogrammed to display that frame buffer
after the next vertical refresh. The operation must return immediately
without waiting for rendering or page flip to complete and must block
any new rendering to the frame buffer until the page flip completes.
</para>
<para>
If a page flip is already pending, the
<methodname>page_flip</methodname> operation must return
-<errorname>EBUSY</errorname>.
</para>
<para>
To synchronize page flip to vertical blanking the driver will likely
need to enable vertical blanking interrupts. It should call
<function>drm_vblank_get</function> for that purpose, and call
<function>drm_vblank_put</function> after the page flip completes.
</para>
<para>
If the application has requested to be notified when page flip completes
the <methodname>page_flip</methodname> operation will be called with a
non-NULL <parameter>event</parameter> argument pointing to a
<structname>drm_pending_vblank_event</structname> instance. Upon page
flip completion the driver must fill the
<parameter>event</parameter>::<structfield>event</structfield>
<structfield>sequence</structfield>, <structfield>tv_sec</structfield>
and <structfield>tv_usec</structfield> fields with the associated
vertical blanking count and timestamp, add the event to the
<parameter>drm_file</parameter> list of events to be signaled, and wake
up any waiting process. This can be performed with
<programlisting><![CDATA[
struct timeval now;
event->event.sequence = drm_vblank_count_and_time(..., &now);
event->event.tv_sec = now.tv_sec;
event->event.tv_usec = now.tv_usec;
spin_lock_irqsave(&dev->event_lock, flags);
list_add_tail(&event->base.link, &event->base.file_priv->event_list);
wake_up_interruptible(&event->base.file_priv->event_wait);
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev->event_lock, flags);
]]></programlisting>
</para>
<note><para>
FIXME: Could drivers that don't need to wait for rendering to complete
just add the event to <literal>dev-&gt;vblank_event_list</literal> and
let the DRM core handle everything, as for "normal" vertical blanking
events?
</para></note>
<para>
While waiting for the page flip to complete, the
<literal>event-&gt;base.link</literal> list head can be used freely by
the driver to store the pending event in a driver-specific list.
</para>
<para>
If the file handle is closed before the event is signaled, drivers must
take care to destroy the event in their
<methodname>preclose</methodname> operation (and, if needed, call
<function>drm_vblank_put</function>).
</para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Miscellaneous</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*gamma_set)(struct drm_crtc *crtc, u16 *r, u16 *g, u16 *b,
uint32_t start, uint32_t size);</synopsis>
<para>
Apply a gamma table to the device. The operation is optional.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*destroy)(struct drm_crtc *crtc);</synopsis>
<para>
Destroy the CRTC when not needed anymore. See
<xref linkend="drm-kms-init"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Planes (struct <structname>drm_plane</structname>)</title>
<para>
A plane represents an image source that can be blended with or overlayed
on top of a CRTC during the scanout process. Planes are associated with
a frame buffer to crop a portion of the image memory (source) and
optionally scale it to a destination size. The result is then blended
with or overlayed on top of a CRTC.
</para>
<sect3>
<title>Plane Initialization</title>
<para>
Planes are optional. To create a plane, a KMS drivers allocates and
zeroes an instances of struct <structname>drm_plane</structname>
(possibly as part of a larger structure) and registers it with a call
to <function>drm_plane_init</function>. The function takes a bitmask
of the CRTCs that can be associated with the plane, a pointer to the
plane functions and a list of format supported formats.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Plane Operations</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*update_plane)(struct drm_plane *plane, struct drm_crtc *crtc,
struct drm_framebuffer *fb, int crtc_x, int crtc_y,
unsigned int crtc_w, unsigned int crtc_h,
uint32_t src_x, uint32_t src_y,
uint32_t src_w, uint32_t src_h);</synopsis>
<para>
Enable and configure the plane to use the given CRTC and frame buffer.
</para>
<para>
The source rectangle in frame buffer memory coordinates is given by
the <parameter>src_x</parameter>, <parameter>src_y</parameter>,
<parameter>src_w</parameter> and <parameter>src_h</parameter>
parameters (as 16.16 fixed point values). Devices that don't support
subpixel plane coordinates can ignore the fractional part.
</para>
<para>
The destination rectangle in CRTC coordinates is given by the
<parameter>crtc_x</parameter>, <parameter>crtc_y</parameter>,
<parameter>crtc_w</parameter> and <parameter>crtc_h</parameter>
parameters (as integer values). Devices scale the source rectangle to
the destination rectangle. If scaling is not supported, and the source
rectangle size doesn't match the destination rectangle size, the
driver must return a -<errorname>EINVAL</errorname> error.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*disable_plane)(struct drm_plane *plane);</synopsis>
<para>
Disable the plane. The DRM core calls this method in response to a
DRM_IOCTL_MODE_SETPLANE ioctl call with the frame buffer ID set to 0.
Disabled planes must not be processed by the CRTC.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*destroy)(struct drm_plane *plane);</synopsis>
<para>
Destroy the plane when not needed anymore. See
<xref linkend="drm-kms-init"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Encoders (struct <structname>drm_encoder</structname>)</title>
<para>
An encoder takes pixel data from a CRTC and converts it to a format
suitable for any attached connectors. On some devices, it may be
possible to have a CRTC send data to more than one encoder. In that
case, both encoders would receive data from the same scanout buffer,
resulting in a "cloned" display configuration across the connectors
attached to each encoder.
</para>
<sect3>
<title>Encoder Initialization</title>
<para>
As for CRTCs, a KMS driver must create, initialize and register at
least one struct <structname>drm_encoder</structname> instance. The
instance is allocated and zeroed by the driver, possibly as part of a
larger structure.
</para>
<para>
Drivers must initialize the struct <structname>drm_encoder</structname>
<structfield>possible_crtcs</structfield> and
<structfield>possible_clones</structfield> fields before registering the
encoder. Both fields are bitmasks of respectively the CRTCs that the
encoder can be connected to, and sibling encoders candidate for cloning.
</para>
<para>
After being initialized, the encoder must be registered with a call to
<function>drm_encoder_init</function>. The function takes a pointer to
the encoder functions and an encoder type. Supported types are
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
DRM_MODE_ENCODER_DAC for VGA and analog on DVI-I/DVI-A
</listitem>
<listitem>
DRM_MODE_ENCODER_TMDS for DVI, HDMI and (embedded) DisplayPort
</listitem>
<listitem>
DRM_MODE_ENCODER_LVDS for display panels
</listitem>
<listitem>
DRM_MODE_ENCODER_TVDAC for TV output (Composite, S-Video, Component,
SCART)
</listitem>
<listitem>
DRM_MODE_ENCODER_VIRTUAL for virtual machine displays
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
Encoders must be attached to a CRTC to be used. DRM drivers leave
encoders unattached at initialization time. Applications (or the fbdev
compatibility layer when implemented) are responsible for attaching the
encoders they want to use to a CRTC.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Encoder Operations</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*destroy)(struct drm_encoder *encoder);</synopsis>
<para>
Called to destroy the encoder when not needed anymore. See
<xref linkend="drm-kms-init"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Connectors (struct <structname>drm_connector</structname>)</title>
<para>
A connector is the final destination for pixel data on a device, and
usually connects directly to an external display device like a monitor
or laptop panel. A connector can only be attached to one encoder at a
time. The connector is also the structure where information about the
attached display is kept, so it contains fields for display data, EDID
data, DPMS &amp; connection status, and information about modes
supported on the attached displays.
</para>
<sect3>
<title>Connector Initialization</title>
<para>
Finally a KMS driver must create, initialize, register and attach at
least one struct <structname>drm_connector</structname> instance. The
instance is created as other KMS objects and initialized by setting the
following fields.
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><structfield>interlace_allowed</structfield></term>
<listitem><para>
Whether the connector can handle interlaced modes.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><structfield>doublescan_allowed</structfield></term>
<listitem><para>
Whether the connector can handle doublescan.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><structfield>display_info
</structfield></term>
<listitem><para>
Display information is filled from EDID information when a display
is detected. For non hot-pluggable displays such as flat panels in
embedded systems, the driver should initialize the
<structfield>display_info</structfield>.<structfield>width_mm</structfield>
and
<structfield>display_info</structfield>.<structfield>height_mm</structfield>
fields with the physical size of the display.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term id="drm-kms-connector-polled"><structfield>polled</structfield></term>
<listitem><para>
Connector polling mode, a combination of
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_HPD</term>
<listitem><para>
The connector generates hotplug events and doesn't need to be
periodically polled. The CONNECT and DISCONNECT flags must not
be set together with the HPD flag.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_CONNECT</term>
<listitem><para>
Periodically poll the connector for connection.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_DISCONNECT</term>
<listitem><para>
Periodically poll the connector for disconnection.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
Set to 0 for connectors that don't support connection status
discovery.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
The connector is then registered with a call to
<function>drm_connector_init</function> with a pointer to the connector
functions and a connector type, and exposed through sysfs with a call to
<function>drm_sysfs_connector_add</function>.
</para>
<para>
Supported connector types are
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_VGA</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_DVII</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_DVID</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_DVIA</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_Composite</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_SVIDEO</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_LVDS</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_Component</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_9PinDIN</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_DisplayPort</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_HDMIA</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_HDMIB</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_TV</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_eDP</listitem>
<listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_VIRTUAL</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
Connectors must be attached to an encoder to be used. For devices that
map connectors to encoders 1:1, the connector should be attached at
initialization time with a call to
<function>drm_mode_connector_attach_encoder</function>. The driver must
also set the <structname>drm_connector</structname>
<structfield>encoder</structfield> field to point to the attached
encoder.
</para>
<para>
Finally, drivers must initialize the connectors state change detection
with a call to <function>drm_kms_helper_poll_init</function>. If at
least one connector is pollable but can't generate hotplug interrupts
(indicated by the DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_CONNECT and
DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_DISCONNECT connector flags), a delayed work will
automatically be queued to periodically poll for changes. Connectors
that can generate hotplug interrupts must be marked with the
DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_HPD flag instead, and their interrupt handler must
call <function>drm_helper_hpd_irq_event</function>. The function will
queue a delayed work to check the state of all connectors, but no
periodic polling will be done.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Connector Operations</title>
<note><para>
Unless otherwise state, all operations are mandatory.
</para></note>
<sect4>
<title>DPMS</title>
<synopsis>void (*dpms)(struct drm_connector *connector, int mode);</synopsis>
<para>
The DPMS operation sets the power state of a connector. The mode
argument is one of
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>DRM_MODE_DPMS_STANDBY</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>DRM_MODE_DPMS_SUSPEND</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
In all but DPMS_ON mode the encoder to which the connector is attached
should put the display in low-power mode by driving its signals
appropriately. If more than one connector is attached to the encoder
care should be taken not to change the power state of other displays as
a side effect. Low-power mode should be propagated to the encoders and
CRTCs when all related connectors are put in low-power mode.
</para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Modes</title>
<synopsis>int (*fill_modes)(struct drm_connector *connector, uint32_t max_width,
uint32_t max_height);</synopsis>
<para>
Fill the mode list with all supported modes for the connector. If the
<parameter>max_width</parameter> and <parameter>max_height</parameter>
arguments are non-zero, the implementation must ignore all modes wider
than <parameter>max_width</parameter> or higher than
<parameter>max_height</parameter>.
</para>
<para>
The connector must also fill in this operation its
<structfield>display_info</structfield>
<structfield>width_mm</structfield> and
<structfield>height_mm</structfield> fields with the connected display
physical size in millimeters. The fields should be set to 0 if the value
isn't known or is not applicable (for instance for projector devices).
</para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Connection Status</title>
<para>
The connection status is updated through polling or hotplug events when
supported (see <xref linkend="drm-kms-connector-polled"/>). The status
value is reported to userspace through ioctls and must not be used
inside the driver, as it only gets initialized by a call to
<function>drm_mode_getconnector</function> from userspace.
</para>
<synopsis>enum drm_connector_status (*detect)(struct drm_connector *connector,
bool force);</synopsis>
<para>
Check to see if anything is attached to the connector. The
<parameter>force</parameter> parameter is set to false whilst polling or
to true when checking the connector due to user request.
<parameter>force</parameter> can be used by the driver to avoid
expensive, destructive operations during automated probing.
</para>
<para>
Return connector_status_connected if something is connected to the
connector, connector_status_disconnected if nothing is connected and
connector_status_unknown if the connection state isn't known.
</para>
<para>
Drivers should only return connector_status_connected if the connection
status has really been probed as connected. Connectors that can't detect
the connection status, or failed connection status probes, should return
connector_status_unknown.
</para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Miscellaneous</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*destroy)(struct drm_connector *connector);</synopsis>
<para>
Destroy the connector when not needed anymore. See
<xref linkend="drm-kms-init"/>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect4>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Cleanup</title>
<para>
The DRM core manages its objects' lifetime. When an object is not needed
anymore the core calls its destroy function, which must clean up and
free every resource allocated for the object. Every
<function>drm_*_init</function> call must be matched with a
corresponding <function>drm_*_cleanup</function> call to cleanup CRTCs
(<function>drm_crtc_cleanup</function>), planes
(<function>drm_plane_cleanup</function>), encoders
(<function>drm_encoder_cleanup</function>) and connectors
(<function>drm_connector_cleanup</function>). Furthermore, connectors
that have been added to sysfs must be removed by a call to
<function>drm_sysfs_connector_remove</function> before calling
<function>drm_connector_cleanup</function>.
</para>
<para>
Connectors state change detection must be cleanup up with a call to
<function>drm_kms_helper_poll_fini</function>.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Output discovery and initialization example</title>
<programlisting><![CDATA[
void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev) void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev)
{ {
struct drm_connector *connector; struct drm_connector *connector;
...@@ -556,252 +1610,741 @@ void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev) ...@@ -556,252 +1610,741 @@ void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev)
drm_connector_helper_add(connector, &intel_crt_connector_helper_funcs); drm_connector_helper_add(connector, &intel_crt_connector_helper_funcs);
drm_sysfs_connector_add(connector); drm_sysfs_connector_add(connector);
} }]]></programlisting>
]]> <para>
</programlisting> In the example above (taken from the i915 driver), a CRTC, connector and
<para> encoder combination is created. A device-specific i2c bus is also
In the example above (again, taken from the i915 driver), a created for fetching EDID data and performing monitor detection. Once
CRT connector and encoder combination is created. A device-specific the process is complete, the new connector is registered with sysfs to
i2c bus is also created for fetching EDID data and make its properties available to applications.
performing monitor detection. Once the process is complete, </para>
the new connector is registered with sysfs to make its
properties available to applications.
</para>
<sect4>
<title>Helper functions and core functions</title>
<para>
Since many PC-class graphics devices have similar display output
designs, the DRM provides a set of helper functions to make
output management easier. The core helper routines handle
encoder re-routing and the disabling of unused functions following
mode setting. Using the helpers is optional, but recommended for
devices with PC-style architectures (i.e. a set of display planes
for feeding pixels to encoders which are in turn routed to
connectors). Devices with more complex requirements needing
finer grained management may opt to use the core callbacks
directly.
</para>
<para>
[Insert typical diagram here.] [Insert OMAP style config here.]
</para>
</sect4>
<para>
Each encoder object needs to provide:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
A DPMS (basically on/off) function.
</listitem>
<listitem>
A mode-fixup function (for converting requested modes into
native hardware timings).
</listitem>
<listitem>
Functions (prepare, set, and commit) for use by the core DRM
helper functions.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
Connector helpers need to provide functions (mode-fetch, validity,
and encoder-matching) for returning an ideal encoder for a given
connector. The core connector functions include a DPMS callback,
save/restore routines (deprecated), detection, mode probing,
property handling, and cleanup functions.
</para>
<!--!Edrivers/char/drm/drm_crtc.h-->
<!--!Edrivers/char/drm/drm_crtc.c-->
<!--!Edrivers/char/drm/drm_crtc_helper.c-->
</sect3>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1> </sect1>
<!-- Internals: vblank handling --> <!-- Internals: mid-layer helper functions -->
<sect1> <sect1>
<title>VBlank event handling</title> <title>Mid-layer Helper Functions</title>
<para> <para>
The DRM core exposes two vertical blank related ioctls: The CRTC, encoder and connector functions provided by the drivers
<variablelist> implement the DRM API. They're called by the DRM core and ioctl handlers
<varlistentry> to handle device state changes and configuration request. As implementing
<term>DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK</term> those functions often requires logic not specific to drivers, mid-layer
<listitem> helper functions are available to avoid duplicating boilerplate code.
<para> </para>
This takes a struct drm_wait_vblank structure as its argument, <para>
and it is used to block or request a signal when a specified The DRM core contains one mid-layer implementation. The mid-layer provides
vblank event occurs. implementations of several CRTC, encoder and connector functions (called
</para> from the top of the mid-layer) that pre-process requests and call
</listitem> lower-level functions provided by the driver (at the bottom of the
</varlistentry> mid-layer). For instance, the
<varlistentry> <function>drm_crtc_helper_set_config</function> function can be used to
<term>DRM_IOCTL_MODESET_CTL</term> fill the struct <structname>drm_crtc_funcs</structname>
<listitem> <structfield>set_config</structfield> field. When called, it will split
<para> the <methodname>set_config</methodname> operation in smaller, simpler
This should be called by application level drivers before and operations and call the driver to handle them.
after mode setting, since on many devices the vertical blank
counter is reset at that time. Internally, the DRM snapshots
the last vblank count when the ioctl is called with the
_DRM_PRE_MODESET command, so that the counter won't go backwards
(which is dealt with when _DRM_POST_MODESET is used).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<!--!Edrivers/char/drm/drm_irq.c-->
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
To support the functions above, the DRM core provides several To use the mid-layer, drivers call <function>drm_crtc_helper_add</function>,
helper functions for tracking vertical blank counters, and <function>drm_encoder_helper_add</function> and
requires drivers to provide several callbacks: <function>drm_connector_helper_add</function> functions to install their
get_vblank_counter(), enable_vblank() and disable_vblank(). The mid-layer bottom operations handlers, and fill the
core uses get_vblank_counter() to keep the counter accurate <structname>drm_crtc_funcs</structname>,
across interrupt disable periods. It should return the current <structname>drm_encoder_funcs</structname> and
vertical blank event count, which is often tracked in a device <structname>drm_connector_funcs</structname> structures with pointers to
register. The enable and disable vblank callbacks should enable the mid-layer top API functions. Installing the mid-layer bottom operation
and disable vertical blank interrupts, respectively. In the handlers is best done right after registering the corresponding KMS object.
absence of DRM clients waiting on vblank events, the core DRM
code uses the disable_vblank() function to disable
interrupts, which saves power. They are re-enabled again when
a client calls the vblank wait ioctl above.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
A device that doesn't provide a count register may simply use an The mid-layer is not split between CRTC, encoder and connector operations.
internal atomic counter incremented on every vertical blank To use it, a driver must provide bottom functions for all of the three KMS
interrupt (and then treat the enable_vblank() and disable_vblank() entities.
callbacks as no-ops).
</para> </para>
<sect2>
<title>Helper Functions</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int drm_crtc_helper_set_config(struct drm_mode_set *set);</synopsis>
<para>
The <function>drm_crtc_helper_set_config</function> helper function
is a CRTC <methodname>set_config</methodname> implementation. It
first tries to locate the best encoder for each connector by calling
the connector <methodname>best_encoder</methodname> helper
operation.
</para>
<para>
After locating the appropriate encoders, the helper function will
call the <methodname>mode_fixup</methodname> encoder and CRTC helper
operations to adjust the requested mode, or reject it completely in
which case an error will be returned to the application. If the new
configuration after mode adjustment is identical to the current
configuration the helper function will return without performing any
other operation.
</para>
<para>
If the adjusted mode is identical to the current mode but changes to
the frame buffer need to be applied, the
<function>drm_crtc_helper_set_config</function> function will call
the CRTC <methodname>mode_set_base</methodname> helper operation. If
the adjusted mode differs from the current mode, or if the
<methodname>mode_set_base</methodname> helper operation is not
provided, the helper function performs a full mode set sequence by
calling the <methodname>prepare</methodname>,
<methodname>mode_set</methodname> and
<methodname>commit</methodname> CRTC and encoder helper operations,
in that order.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void drm_helper_connector_dpms(struct drm_connector *connector, int mode);</synopsis>
<para>
The <function>drm_helper_connector_dpms</function> helper function
is a connector <methodname>dpms</methodname> implementation that
tracks power state of connectors. To use the function, drivers must
provide <methodname>dpms</methodname> helper operations for CRTCs
and encoders to apply the DPMS state to the device.
</para>
<para>
The mid-layer doesn't track the power state of CRTCs and encoders.
The <methodname>dpms</methodname> helper operations can thus be
called with a mode identical to the currently active mode.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int drm_helper_probe_single_connector_modes(struct drm_connector *connector,
uint32_t maxX, uint32_t maxY);</synopsis>
<para>
The <function>drm_helper_probe_single_connector_modes</function> helper
function is a connector <methodname>fill_modes</methodname>
implementation that updates the connection status for the connector
and then retrieves a list of modes by calling the connector
<methodname>get_modes</methodname> helper operation.
</para>
<para>
The function filters out modes larger than
<parameter>max_width</parameter> and <parameter>max_height</parameter>
if specified. It then calls the connector
<methodname>mode_valid</methodname> helper operation for each mode in
the probed list to check whether the mode is valid for the connector.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>CRTC Helper Operations</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem id="drm-helper-crtc-mode-fixup">
<synopsis>bool (*mode_fixup)(struct drm_crtc *crtc,
const struct drm_display_mode *mode,
struct drm_display_mode *adjusted_mode);</synopsis>
<para>
Let CRTCs adjust the requested mode or reject it completely. This
operation returns true if the mode is accepted (possibly after being
adjusted) or false if it is rejected.
</para>
<para>
The <methodname>mode_fixup</methodname> operation should reject the
mode if it can't reasonably use it. The definition of "reasonable"
is currently fuzzy in this context. One possible behaviour would be
to set the adjusted mode to the panel timings when a fixed-mode
panel is used with hardware capable of scaling. Another behaviour
would be to accept any input mode and adjust it to the closest mode
supported by the hardware (FIXME: This needs to be clarified).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*mode_set_base)(struct drm_crtc *crtc, int x, int y,
struct drm_framebuffer *old_fb)</synopsis>
<para>
Move the CRTC on the current frame buffer (stored in
<literal>crtc-&gt;fb</literal>) to position (x,y). Any of the frame
buffer, x position or y position may have been modified.
</para>
<para>
This helper operation is optional. If not provided, the
<function>drm_crtc_helper_set_config</function> function will fall
back to the <methodname>mode_set</methodname> helper operation.
</para>
<note><para>
FIXME: Why are x and y passed as arguments, as they can be accessed
through <literal>crtc-&gt;x</literal> and
<literal>crtc-&gt;y</literal>?
</para></note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*prepare)(struct drm_crtc *crtc);</synopsis>
<para>
Prepare the CRTC for mode setting. This operation is called after
validating the requested mode. Drivers use it to perform
device-specific operations required before setting the new mode.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*mode_set)(struct drm_crtc *crtc, struct drm_display_mode *mode,
struct drm_display_mode *adjusted_mode, int x, int y,
struct drm_framebuffer *old_fb);</synopsis>
<para>
Set a new mode, position and frame buffer. Depending on the device
requirements, the mode can be stored internally by the driver and
applied in the <methodname>commit</methodname> operation, or
programmed to the hardware immediately.
</para>
<para>
The <methodname>mode_set</methodname> operation returns 0 on success
or a negative error code if an error occurs.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*commit)(struct drm_crtc *crtc);</synopsis>
<para>
Commit a mode. This operation is called after setting the new mode.
Upon return the device must use the new mode and be fully
operational.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Encoder Helper Operations</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>bool (*mode_fixup)(struct drm_encoder *encoder,
const struct drm_display_mode *mode,
struct drm_display_mode *adjusted_mode);</synopsis>
<note><para>
FIXME: The mode argument be const, but the i915 driver modifies
mode-&gt;clock in <function>intel_dp_mode_fixup</function>.
</para></note>
<para>
Let encoders adjust the requested mode or reject it completely. This
operation returns true if the mode is accepted (possibly after being
adjusted) or false if it is rejected. See the
<link linkend="drm-helper-crtc-mode-fixup">mode_fixup CRTC helper
operation</link> for an explanation of the allowed adjustments.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*prepare)(struct drm_encoder *encoder);</synopsis>
<para>
Prepare the encoder for mode setting. This operation is called after
validating the requested mode. Drivers use it to perform
device-specific operations required before setting the new mode.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*mode_set)(struct drm_encoder *encoder,
struct drm_display_mode *mode,
struct drm_display_mode *adjusted_mode);</synopsis>
<para>
Set a new mode. Depending on the device requirements, the mode can
be stored internally by the driver and applied in the
<methodname>commit</methodname> operation, or programmed to the
hardware immediately.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>void (*commit)(struct drm_encoder *encoder);</synopsis>
<para>
Commit a mode. This operation is called after setting the new mode.
Upon return the device must use the new mode and be fully
operational.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Connector Helper Operations</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>struct drm_encoder *(*best_encoder)(struct drm_connector *connector);</synopsis>
<para>
Return a pointer to the best encoder for the connecter. Device that
map connectors to encoders 1:1 simply return the pointer to the
associated encoder. This operation is mandatory.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*get_modes)(struct drm_connector *connector);</synopsis>
<para>
Fill the connector's <structfield>probed_modes</structfield> list
by parsing EDID data with <function>drm_add_edid_modes</function> or
calling <function>drm_mode_probed_add</function> directly for every
supported mode and return the number of modes it has detected. This
operation is mandatory.
</para>
<para>
When adding modes manually the driver creates each mode with a call to
<function>drm_mode_create</function> and must fill the following fields.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>__u32 type;</synopsis>
<para>
Mode type bitmask, a combination of
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_BUILTIN</term>
<listitem><para>not used?</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_CLOCK_C</term>
<listitem><para>not used?</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_CRTC_C</term>
<listitem><para>not used?</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
DRM_MODE_TYPE_PREFERRED - The preferred mode for the connector
</term>
<listitem>
<para>not used?</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_DEFAULT</term>
<listitem><para>not used?</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_USERDEF</term>
<listitem><para>not used?</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_DRIVER</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The mode has been created by the driver (as opposed to
to user-created modes).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
Drivers must set the DRM_MODE_TYPE_DRIVER bit for all modes they
create, and set the DRM_MODE_TYPE_PREFERRED bit for the preferred
mode.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>__u32 clock;</synopsis>
<para>Pixel clock frequency in kHz unit</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>__u16 hdisplay, hsync_start, hsync_end, htotal;
__u16 vdisplay, vsync_start, vsync_end, vtotal;</synopsis>
<para>Horizontal and vertical timing information</para>
<screen><![CDATA[
Active Front Sync Back
Region Porch Porch
<-----------------------><----------------><-------------><-------------->
//////////////////////|
////////////////////// |
////////////////////// |.................. ................
_______________
<----- [hv]display ----->
<------------- [hv]sync_start ------------>
<--------------------- [hv]sync_end --------------------->
<-------------------------------- [hv]total ----------------------------->
]]></screen>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>__u16 hskew;
__u16 vscan;</synopsis>
<para>Unknown</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>__u32 flags;</synopsis>
<para>
Mode flags, a combination of
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_PHSYNC</term>
<listitem><para>
Horizontal sync is active high
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_NHSYNC</term>
<listitem><para>
Horizontal sync is active low
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_PVSYNC</term>
<listitem><para>
Vertical sync is active high
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_NVSYNC</term>
<listitem><para>
Vertical sync is active low
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_INTERLACE</term>
<listitem><para>
Mode is interlaced
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_DBLSCAN</term>
<listitem><para>
Mode uses doublescan
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_CSYNC</term>
<listitem><para>
Mode uses composite sync
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_PCSYNC</term>
<listitem><para>
Composite sync is active high
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_NCSYNC</term>
<listitem><para>
Composite sync is active low
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_HSKEW</term>
<listitem><para>
hskew provided (not used?)
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_BCAST</term>
<listitem><para>
not used?
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_PIXMUX</term>
<listitem><para>
not used?
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_DBLCLK</term>
<listitem><para>
not used?
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_CLKDIV2</term>
<listitem><para>
?
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
<para>
Note that modes marked with the INTERLACE or DBLSCAN flags will be
filtered out by
<function>drm_helper_probe_single_connector_modes</function> if
the connector's <structfield>interlace_allowed</structfield> or
<structfield>doublescan_allowed</structfield> field is set to 0.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>char name[DRM_DISPLAY_MODE_LEN];</synopsis>
<para>
Mode name. The driver must call
<function>drm_mode_set_name</function> to fill the mode name from
<structfield>hdisplay</structfield>,
<structfield>vdisplay</structfield> and interlace flag after
filling the corresponding fields.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
The <structfield>vrefresh</structfield> value is computed by
<function>drm_helper_probe_single_connector_modes</function>.
</para>
<para>
When parsing EDID data, <function>drm_add_edid_modes</function> fill the
connector <structfield>display_info</structfield>
<structfield>width_mm</structfield> and
<structfield>height_mm</structfield> fields. When creating modes
manually the <methodname>get_modes</methodname> helper operation must
set the <structfield>display_info</structfield>
<structfield>width_mm</structfield> and
<structfield>height_mm</structfield> fields if they haven't been set
already (for instance at initilization time when a fixed-size panel is
attached to the connector). The mode <structfield>width_mm</structfield>
and <structfield>height_mm</structfield> fields are only used internally
during EDID parsing and should not be set when creating modes manually.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*mode_valid)(struct drm_connector *connector,
struct drm_display_mode *mode);</synopsis>
<para>
Verify whether a mode is valid for the connector. Return MODE_OK for
supported modes and one of the enum drm_mode_status values (MODE_*)
for unsupported modes. This operation is mandatory.
</para>
<para>
As the mode rejection reason is currently not used beside for
immediately removing the unsupported mode, an implementation can
return MODE_BAD regardless of the exact reason why the mode is not
valid.
</para>
<note><para>
Note that the <methodname>mode_valid</methodname> helper operation is
only called for modes detected by the device, and
<emphasis>not</emphasis> for modes set by the user through the CRTC
<methodname>set_config</methodname> operation.
</para></note>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1> </sect1>
<sect1> <!-- Internals: vertical blanking -->
<title>Memory management</title>
<sect1 id="drm-vertical-blank">
<title>Vertical Blanking</title>
<para>
Vertical blanking plays a major role in graphics rendering. To achieve
tear-free display, users must synchronize page flips and/or rendering to
vertical blanking. The DRM API offers ioctls to perform page flips
synchronized to vertical blanking and wait for vertical blanking.
</para>
<para>
The DRM core handles most of the vertical blanking management logic, which
involves filtering out spurious interrupts, keeping race-free blanking
counters, coping with counter wrap-around and resets and keeping use
counts. It relies on the driver to generate vertical blanking interrupts
and optionally provide a hardware vertical blanking counter. Drivers must
implement the following operations.
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<synopsis>int (*enable_vblank) (struct drm_device *dev, int crtc);
void (*disable_vblank) (struct drm_device *dev, int crtc);</synopsis>
<para>
Enable or disable vertical blanking interrupts for the given CRTC.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<synopsis>u32 (*get_vblank_counter) (struct drm_device *dev, int crtc);</synopsis>
<para>
Retrieve the value of the vertical blanking counter for the given
CRTC. If the hardware maintains a vertical blanking counter its value
should be returned. Otherwise drivers can use the
<function>drm_vblank_count</function> helper function to handle this
operation.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para> <para>
The memory manager lies at the heart of many DRM operations; it Drivers must initialize the vertical blanking handling core with a call to
is required to support advanced client features like OpenGL <function>drm_vblank_init</function> in their
pbuffers. The DRM currently contains two memory managers: TTM <methodname>load</methodname> operation. The function will set the struct
and GEM. <structname>drm_device</structname>
<structfield>vblank_disable_allowed</structfield> field to 0. This will
keep vertical blanking interrupts enabled permanently until the first mode
set operation, where <structfield>vblank_disable_allowed</structfield> is
set to 1. The reason behind this is not clear. Drivers can set the field
to 1 after <function>calling drm_vblank_init</function> to make vertical
blanking interrupts dynamically managed from the beginning.
</para> </para>
<para>
Vertical blanking interrupts can be enabled by the DRM core or by drivers
themselves (for instance to handle page flipping operations). The DRM core
maintains a vertical blanking use count to ensure that the interrupts are
not disabled while a user still needs them. To increment the use count,
drivers call <function>drm_vblank_get</function>. Upon return vertical
blanking interrupts are guaranteed to be enabled.
</para>
<para>
To decrement the use count drivers call
<function>drm_vblank_put</function>. Only when the use count drops to zero
will the DRM core disable the vertical blanking interrupts after a delay
by scheduling a timer. The delay is accessible through the vblankoffdelay
module parameter or the <varname>drm_vblank_offdelay</varname> global
variable and expressed in milliseconds. Its default value is 5000 ms.
</para>
<para>
When a vertical blanking interrupt occurs drivers only need to call the
<function>drm_handle_vblank</function> function to account for the
interrupt.
</para>
<para>
Resources allocated by <function>drm_vblank_init</function> must be freed
with a call to <function>drm_vblank_cleanup</function> in the driver
<methodname>unload</methodname> operation handler.
</para>
</sect1>
<!-- Internals: open/close, file operations and ioctls -->
<sect1>
<title>Open/Close, File Operations and IOCTLs</title>
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>The Translation Table Manager (TTM)</title> <title>Open and Close</title>
<synopsis>int (*firstopen) (struct drm_device *);
void (*lastclose) (struct drm_device *);
int (*open) (struct drm_device *, struct drm_file *);
void (*preclose) (struct drm_device *, struct drm_file *);
void (*postclose) (struct drm_device *, struct drm_file *);</synopsis>
<abstract>Open and close handlers. None of those methods are mandatory.
</abstract>
<para> <para>
TTM was developed by Tungsten Graphics, primarily by Thomas The <methodname>firstopen</methodname> method is called by the DRM core
Hellström, and is intended to be a flexible, high performance when an application opens a device that has no other opened file handle.
graphics memory manager. Similarly the <methodname>lastclose</methodname> method is called when
the last application holding a file handle opened on the device closes
it. Both methods are mostly used for UMS (User Mode Setting) drivers to
acquire and release device resources which should be done in the
<methodname>load</methodname> and <methodname>unload</methodname>
methods for KMS drivers.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
Drivers wishing to support TTM must fill out a drm_bo_driver Note that the <methodname>lastclose</methodname> method is also called
structure. at module unload time or, for hot-pluggable devices, when the device is
unplugged. The <methodname>firstopen</methodname> and
<methodname>lastclose</methodname> calls can thus be unbalanced.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
TTM design background and information belongs here. The <methodname>open</methodname> method is called every time the device
is opened by an application. Drivers can allocate per-file private data
in this method and store them in the struct
<structname>drm_file</structname> <structfield>driver_priv</structfield>
field. Note that the <methodname>open</methodname> method is called
before <methodname>firstopen</methodname>.
</para>
<para>
The close operation is split into <methodname>preclose</methodname> and
<methodname>postclose</methodname> methods. Drivers must stop and
cleanup all per-file operations in the <methodname>preclose</methodname>
method. For instance pending vertical blanking and page flip events must
be cancelled. No per-file operation is allowed on the file handle after
returning from the <methodname>preclose</methodname> method.
</para>
<para>
Finally the <methodname>postclose</methodname> method is called as the
last step of the close operation, right before calling the
<methodname>lastclose</methodname> method if no other open file handle
exists for the device. Drivers that have allocated per-file private data
in the <methodname>open</methodname> method should free it here.
</para>
<para>
The <methodname>lastclose</methodname> method should restore CRTC and
plane properties to default value, so that a subsequent open of the
device will not inherit state from the previous user.
</para> </para>
</sect2> </sect2>
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>The Graphics Execution Manager (GEM)</title> <title>File Operations</title>
<synopsis>const struct file_operations *fops</synopsis>
<abstract>File operations for the DRM device node.</abstract>
<para> <para>
GEM is an Intel project, authored by Eric Anholt and Keith Drivers must define the file operations structure that forms the DRM
Packard. It provides simpler interfaces than TTM, and is well userspace API entry point, even though most of those operations are
suited for UMA devices. implemented in the DRM core. The <methodname>open</methodname>,
<methodname>release</methodname> and <methodname>ioctl</methodname>
operations are handled by
<programlisting>
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = drm_open,
.release = drm_release,
.unlocked_ioctl = drm_ioctl,
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
.compat_ioctl = drm_compat_ioctl,
#endif
</programlisting>
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
GEM-enabled drivers must provide gem_init_object() and Drivers that implement private ioctls that requires 32/64bit
gem_free_object() callbacks to support the core memory compatibility support must provide their own
allocation routines. They should also provide several driver-specific <methodname>compat_ioctl</methodname> handler that processes private
ioctls to support command execution, pinning, buffer ioctls and calls <function>drm_compat_ioctl</function> for core ioctls.
read &amp; write, mapping, and domain ownership transfers.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
On a fundamental level, GEM involves several operations: The <methodname>read</methodname> and <methodname>poll</methodname>
<itemizedlist> operations provide support for reading DRM events and polling them. They
<listitem>Memory allocation and freeing</listitem> are implemented by
<listitem>Command execution</listitem> <programlisting>
<listitem>Aperture management at command execution time</listitem> .poll = drm_poll,
</itemizedlist> .read = drm_read,
Buffer object allocation is relatively .fasync = drm_fasync,
straightforward and largely provided by Linux's shmem layer, which .llseek = no_llseek,
provides memory to back each object. When mapped into the GTT </programlisting>
or used in a command buffer, the backing pages for an object are </para>
flushed to memory and marked write combined so as to be coherent <para>
with the GPU. Likewise, if the CPU accesses an object after the GPU The memory mapping implementation varies depending on how the driver
has finished rendering to the object, then the object must be made manages memory. Pre-GEM drivers will use <function>drm_mmap</function>,
coherent with the CPU's view while GEM-aware drivers will use <function>drm_gem_mmap</function>. See
of memory, usually involving GPU cache flushing of various kinds. <xref linkend="drm-gem"/>.
This core CPU&lt;-&gt;GPU coherency management is provided by a <programlisting>
device-specific ioctl, which evaluates an object's current domain and .mmap = drm_gem_mmap,
performs any necessary flushing or synchronization to put the object </programlisting>
into the desired coherency domain (note that the object may be busy, </para>
i.e. an active render target; in that case, setting the domain <para>
blocks the client and waits for rendering to complete before No other file operation is supported by the DRM API.
performing any necessary flushing operations). </para>
</para> </sect2>
<para> <sect2>
Perhaps the most important GEM function is providing a command <title>IOCTLs</title>
execution interface to clients. Client programs construct command <synopsis>struct drm_ioctl_desc *ioctls;
buffers containing references to previously allocated memory objects, int num_ioctls;</synopsis>
and then submit them to GEM. At that point, GEM takes care to bind <abstract>Driver-specific ioctls descriptors table.</abstract>
all the objects into the GTT, execute the buffer, and provide <para>
necessary synchronization between clients accessing the same buffers. Driver-specific ioctls numbers start at DRM_COMMAND_BASE. The ioctls
This often involves evicting some objects from the GTT and re-binding descriptors table is indexed by the ioctl number offset from the base
others (a fairly expensive operation), and providing relocation value. Drivers can use the DRM_IOCTL_DEF_DRV() macro to initialize the
support which hides fixed GTT offsets from clients. Clients must table entries.
take care not to submit command buffers that reference more objects </para>
than can fit in the GTT; otherwise, GEM will reject them and no rendering <para>
will occur. Similarly, if several objects in the buffer require <programlisting>DRM_IOCTL_DEF_DRV(ioctl, func, flags)</programlisting>
fence registers to be allocated for correct rendering (e.g. 2D blits <para>
on pre-965 chips), care must be taken not to require more fence <parameter>ioctl</parameter> is the ioctl name. Drivers must define
registers than are available to the client. Such resource management the DRM_##ioctl and DRM_IOCTL_##ioctl macros to the ioctl number
should be abstracted from the client in libdrm. offset from DRM_COMMAND_BASE and the ioctl number respectively. The
first macro is private to the device while the second must be exposed
to userspace in a public header.
</para>
<para>
<parameter>func</parameter> is a pointer to the ioctl handler function
compatible with the <type>drm_ioctl_t</type> type.
<programlisting>typedef int drm_ioctl_t(struct drm_device *dev, void *data,
struct drm_file *file_priv);</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
<parameter>flags</parameter> is a bitmask combination of the following
values. It restricts how the ioctl is allowed to be called.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
DRM_AUTH - Only authenticated callers allowed
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
DRM_MASTER - The ioctl can only be called on the master file
handle
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
DRM_ROOT_ONLY - Only callers with the SYSADMIN capability allowed
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
DRM_CONTROL_ALLOW - The ioctl can only be called on a control
device
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
DRM_UNLOCKED - The ioctl handler will be called without locking
the DRM global mutex
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</para> </para>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1>
<!-- Output management -->
<sect1>
<title>Output management</title>
<para>
At the core of the DRM output management code is a set of
structures representing CRTCs, encoders, and connectors.
</para>
<para>
A CRTC is an abstraction representing a part of the chip that
contains a pointer to a scanout buffer. Therefore, the number
of CRTCs available determines how many independent scanout
buffers can be active at any given time. The CRTC structure
contains several fields to support this: a pointer to some video
memory, a display mode, and an (x, y) offset into the video
memory to support panning or configurations where one piece of
video memory spans multiple CRTCs.
</para>
<para>
An encoder takes pixel data from a CRTC and converts it to a
format suitable for any attached connectors. On some devices,
it may be possible to have a CRTC send data to more than one
encoder. In that case, both encoders would receive data from
the same scanout buffer, resulting in a "cloned" display
configuration across the connectors attached to each encoder.
</para>
<para>
A connector is the final destination for pixel data on a device,
and usually connects directly to an external display device like
a monitor or laptop panel. A connector can only be attached to
one encoder at a time. The connector is also the structure
where information about the attached display is kept, so it
contains fields for display data, EDID data, DPMS &amp;
connection status, and information about modes supported on the
attached displays.
</para>
<!--!Edrivers/char/drm/drm_crtc.c-->
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Framebuffer management</title>
<para>
Clients need to provide a framebuffer object which provides a source
of pixels for a CRTC to deliver to the encoder(s) and ultimately the
connector(s). A framebuffer is fundamentally a driver-specific memory
object, made into an opaque handle by the DRM's addfb() function.
Once a framebuffer has been created this way, it may be passed to the
KMS mode setting routines for use in a completed configuration.
</para>
</sect1> </sect1>
<sect1> <sect1>
...@@ -812,15 +2355,24 @@ void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev) ...@@ -812,15 +2355,24 @@ void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev)
</para> </para>
</sect1> </sect1>
<!-- Internals: suspend/resume -->
<sect1> <sect1>
<title>Suspend/resume</title> <title>Suspend/Resume</title>
<para>
The DRM core provides some suspend/resume code, but drivers wanting full
suspend/resume support should provide save() and restore() functions.
These are called at suspend, hibernate, or resume time, and should perform
any state save or restore required by your device across suspend or
hibernate states.
</para>
<synopsis>int (*suspend) (struct drm_device *, pm_message_t state);
int (*resume) (struct drm_device *);</synopsis>
<para> <para>
The DRM core provides some suspend/resume code, but drivers Those are legacy suspend and resume methods. New driver should use the
wanting full suspend/resume support should provide save() and power management interface provided by their bus type (usually through
restore() functions. These are called at suspend, the struct <structname>device_driver</structname> dev_pm_ops) and set
hibernate, or resume time, and should perform any state save or these methods to NULL.
restore required by your device across suspend or hibernate
states.
</para> </para>
</sect1> </sect1>
...@@ -833,6 +2385,35 @@ void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev) ...@@ -833,6 +2385,35 @@ void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev)
</sect1> </sect1>
</chapter> </chapter>
<!-- TODO
- Add a glossary
- Document the struct_mutex catch-all lock
- Document connector properties
- Why is the load method optional?
- What are drivers supposed to set the initial display state to, and how?
Connector's DPMS states are not initialized and are thus equal to
DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON. The fbcon compatibility layer calls
drm_helper_disable_unused_functions(), which disables unused encoders and
CRTCs, but doesn't touch the connectors' DPMS state, and
drm_helper_connector_dpms() in reaction to fbdev blanking events. Do drivers
that don't implement (or just don't use) fbcon compatibility need to call
those functions themselves?
- KMS drivers must call drm_vblank_pre_modeset() and drm_vblank_post_modeset()
around mode setting. Should this be done in the DRM core?
- vblank_disable_allowed is set to 1 in the first drm_vblank_post_modeset()
call and never set back to 0. It seems to be safe to permanently set it to 1
in drm_vblank_init() for KMS driver, and it might be safe for UMS drivers as
well. This should be investigated.
- crtc and connector .save and .restore operations are only used internally in
drivers, should they be removed from the core?
- encoder mid-layer .save and .restore operations are only used internally in
drivers, should they be removed from the core?
- encoder mid-layer .detect operation is only used internally in drivers,
should it be removed from the core?
-->
<!-- External interfaces --> <!-- External interfaces -->
<chapter id="drmExternals"> <chapter id="drmExternals">
...@@ -853,6 +2434,42 @@ void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev) ...@@ -853,6 +2434,42 @@ void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev)
Cover generic ioctls and sysfs layout here. We only need high-level Cover generic ioctls and sysfs layout here. We only need high-level
info, since man pages should cover the rest. info, since man pages should cover the rest.
</para> </para>
<!-- External: vblank handling -->
<sect1>
<title>VBlank event handling</title>
<para>
The DRM core exposes two vertical blank related ioctls:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This takes a struct drm_wait_vblank structure as its argument,
and it is used to block or request a signal when a specified
vblank event occurs.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DRM_IOCTL_MODESET_CTL</term>
<listitem>
<para>
This should be called by application level drivers before and
after mode setting, since on many devices the vertical blank
counter is reset at that time. Internally, the DRM snapshots
the last vblank count when the ioctl is called with the
_DRM_PRE_MODESET command, so that the counter won't go backwards
(which is dealt with when _DRM_POST_MODESET is used).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<!--!Edrivers/char/drm/drm_irq.c-->
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter> </chapter>
<!-- API reference --> <!-- API reference -->
......
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