diff --git a/hw/e1000.c b/hw/e1000.c
index ec3a7c4ecc248d7e9c51d948c1f2496713e4ba67..63fee10794d9bd2394a20aec38cba83ea15b567b 100644
--- a/hw/e1000.c
+++ b/hw/e1000.c
@@ -1079,11 +1079,23 @@ static bool is_version_1(void *opaque, int version_id)
     return version_id == 1;
 }
 
+static int e1000_post_load(void *opaque, int version_id)
+{
+    E1000State *s = opaque;
+
+    /* nc.link_down can't be migrated, so infer link_down according
+     * to link status bit in mac_reg[STATUS] */
+    s->nic->nc.link_down = (s->mac_reg[STATUS] & E1000_STATUS_LU) == 0;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static const VMStateDescription vmstate_e1000 = {
     .name = "e1000",
     .version_id = 2,
     .minimum_version_id = 1,
     .minimum_version_id_old = 1,
+    .post_load = e1000_post_load,
     .fields      = (VMStateField []) {
         VMSTATE_PCI_DEVICE(dev, E1000State),
         VMSTATE_UNUSED_TEST(is_version_1, 4), /* was instance id */
diff --git a/hw/rtl8139.c b/hw/rtl8139.c
index b7c82ee027e192713471e0649eca461c42c9c25b..6b28fea96a84c60d2c605668702027d9648352b6 100644
--- a/hw/rtl8139.c
+++ b/hw/rtl8139.c
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ enum IntrStatusBits {
     PCIErr = 0x8000,
     PCSTimeout = 0x4000,
     RxFIFOOver = 0x40,
-    RxUnderrun = 0x20,
+    RxUnderrun = 0x20, /* Packet Underrun / Link Change */
     RxOverflow = 0x10,
     TxErr = 0x08,
     TxOK = 0x04,
@@ -3003,7 +3003,8 @@ static uint32_t rtl8139_io_readb(void *opaque, uint8_t addr)
             break;
 
         case MediaStatus:
-            ret = 0xd0;
+            /* The LinkDown bit of MediaStatus is inverse with link status */
+            ret = 0xd0 | (~s->BasicModeStatus & 0x04);
             DPRINTF("MediaStatus read 0x%x\n", ret);
             break;
 
@@ -3258,6 +3259,10 @@ static int rtl8139_post_load(void *opaque, int version_id)
         s->cplus_enabled = s->CpCmd != 0;
     }
 
+    /* nc.link_down can't be migrated, so infer link_down according
+     * to link status bit in BasicModeStatus */
+    s->nic->nc.link_down = (s->BasicModeStatus & 0x04) == 0;
+
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -3449,12 +3454,27 @@ static void pci_rtl8139_uninit(PCIDevice *dev)
     qemu_del_net_client(&s->nic->nc);
 }
 
+static void rtl8139_set_link_status(NetClientState *nc)
+{
+    RTL8139State *s = DO_UPCAST(NICState, nc, nc)->opaque;
+
+    if (nc->link_down) {
+        s->BasicModeStatus &= ~0x04;
+    } else {
+        s->BasicModeStatus |= 0x04;
+    }
+
+    s->IntrStatus |= RxUnderrun;
+    rtl8139_update_irq(s);
+}
+
 static NetClientInfo net_rtl8139_info = {
     .type = NET_CLIENT_OPTIONS_KIND_NIC,
     .size = sizeof(NICState),
     .can_receive = rtl8139_can_receive,
     .receive = rtl8139_receive,
     .cleanup = rtl8139_cleanup,
+    .link_status_changed = rtl8139_set_link_status,
 };
 
 static int pci_rtl8139_init(PCIDevice *dev)
diff --git a/hw/virtio-net.c b/hw/virtio-net.c
index 247d7bef56c752b3c2cfa02bbf4100ce719b5d24..8342391d9040f3b5e564076443da713f17311ced 100644
--- a/hw/virtio-net.c
+++ b/hw/virtio-net.c
@@ -973,6 +973,11 @@ static int virtio_net_load(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id)
         }
     }
     n->mac_table.first_multi = i;
+
+    /* nc.link_down can't be migrated, so infer link_down according
+     * to link status bit in n->status */
+    n->nic->nc.link_down = (n->status & VIRTIO_NET_S_LINK_UP) == 0;
+
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/net.c b/net.c
index a187a7b3db4ef3e94c833ae8edc0766fb443cbfd..ae4bc0d4319695f328742a3afad2a343abb961ee 100644
--- a/net.c
+++ b/net.c
@@ -21,17 +21,14 @@
  * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
  * THE SOFTWARE.
  */
-#include "net.h"
-
 #include "config-host.h"
 
-#include "net/tap.h"
-#include "net/socket.h"
-#include "net/dump.h"
-#include "net/slirp.h"
-#include "net/vde.h"
+#include "net.h"
+#include "net/clients.h"
 #include "net/hub.h"
+#include "net/slirp.h"
 #include "net/util.h"
+
 #include "monitor.h"
 #include "qemu-common.h"
 #include "qemu_socket.h"
diff --git a/net/socket.h b/net/clients.h
similarity index 62%
rename from net/socket.h
rename to net/clients.h
index 3f8a0924592386b5eed5b69c7e4f91efd0b2d1ce..c58cc6087ceb89b9392c4c4dbef8200255b86663 100644
--- a/net/socket.h
+++ b/net/clients.h
@@ -21,13 +21,35 @@
  * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
  * THE SOFTWARE.
  */
-#ifndef QEMU_NET_SOCKET_H
-#define QEMU_NET_SOCKET_H
+#ifndef QEMU_NET_CLIENTS_H
+#define QEMU_NET_CLIENTS_H
 
 #include "net.h"
 #include "qapi-types.h"
 
+int net_init_dump(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
+                  NetClientState *peer);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
+int net_init_slirp(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
+                   NetClientState *peer);
+#endif
+
+int net_init_hubport(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
+                     NetClientState *peer);
+
 int net_init_socket(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
                     NetClientState *peer);
 
-#endif /* QEMU_NET_SOCKET_H */
+int net_init_tap(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
+                 NetClientState *peer);
+
+int net_init_bridge(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
+                    NetClientState *peer);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
+int net_init_vde(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
+                 NetClientState *peer);
+#endif
+
+#endif /* QEMU_NET_CLIENTS_H */
diff --git a/net/dump.c b/net/dump.c
index 004231d48186625b21aa35a223cd354c01746d9d..e0a5d74644e39e716390c436613f711b775f543b 100644
--- a/net/dump.c
+++ b/net/dump.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  * THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include "dump.h"
+#include "clients.h"
 #include "qemu-common.h"
 #include "qemu-error.h"
 #include "qemu-log.h"
diff --git a/net/dump.h b/net/dump.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 33f152b460ced96877c32d1b0a8c7fb01e89360f..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/net/dump.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * QEMU System Emulator
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
- * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
- * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
- * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
- * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
- * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
- * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
- * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
- * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
- * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
- * THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-#ifndef QEMU_NET_DUMP_H
-#define QEMU_NET_DUMP_H
-
-#include "net.h"
-#include "qapi-types.h"
-
-int net_init_dump(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
-                  NetClientState *peer);
-
-#endif /* QEMU_NET_DUMP_H */
diff --git a/net/hub.c b/net/hub.c
index 650a8b4a40188cf60b994f06e8de2980a9b6c3f3..be413012bb72aedab5d08feadeb3d778355ad802 100644
--- a/net/hub.c
+++ b/net/hub.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include "monitor.h"
 #include "net.h"
+#include "clients.h"
 #include "hub.h"
 #include "iov.h"
 
diff --git a/net/hub.h b/net/hub.h
index 26a1ade1f9e599635fb8bdfd3fa46f695168a60e..4cbfdb128b63272739d2472840c7c2d5fa3c2024 100644
--- a/net/hub.h
+++ b/net/hub.h
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 
 #include "qemu-common.h"
 
-int net_init_hubport(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
-                     NetClientState *peer);
 NetClientState *net_hub_add_port(int hub_id, const char *name);
 NetClientState *net_hub_find_client_by_name(int hub_id, const char *name);
 void net_hub_info(Monitor *mon);
diff --git a/net/slirp.c b/net/slirp.c
index 8db66ea53906112769dedfd36b80bbdbfcff0d80..bf86a446c3fc418b3eed7ad4e5f1b247599e03b8 100644
--- a/net/slirp.c
+++ b/net/slirp.c
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #endif
 #include "net.h"
-#include "net/hub.h"
+#include "clients.h"
+#include "hub.h"
 #include "monitor.h"
 #include "qemu_socket.h"
 #include "slirp/libslirp.h"
diff --git a/net/slirp.h b/net/slirp.h
index 5f685c4fb11ab418bca5f761592982ebf4f49d8c..2ca09b65b7f4573ab19f1ac277e44b0cf0709eec 100644
--- a/net/slirp.h
+++ b/net/slirp.h
@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
 
-int net_init_slirp(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
-                   NetClientState *peer);
-
 void net_slirp_hostfwd_add(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict);
 void net_slirp_hostfwd_remove(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict);
 
diff --git a/net/socket.c b/net/socket.c
index f3d78782642f266118e4c841ab26bd36d2f64b5c..b75d567695c50fe1c8226131ffe651d4f11116bb 100644
--- a/net/socket.c
+++ b/net/socket.c
@@ -21,11 +21,10 @@
  * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
  * THE SOFTWARE.
  */
-#include "net/socket.h"
-
 #include "config-host.h"
 
 #include "net.h"
+#include "clients.h"
 #include "monitor.h"
 #include "qemu-char.h"
 #include "qemu-common.h"
diff --git a/net/tap-win32.c b/net/tap-win32.c
index c0ea954ca144f7f8cb67a6cb268fd2339a7dfa5f..f1801e22d27959fe6b94561b25d269db4dbc79e8 100644
--- a/net/tap-win32.c
+++ b/net/tap-win32.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
  *  distribution); if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
-#include "net/tap.h"
+#include "tap.h"
 
 #include "qemu-common.h"
 #include "net.h"
diff --git a/net/tap.c b/net/tap.c
index a88ae8f61ae83b3058f878a68fa9cab119932298..df89caaac6b8817e110a1bfcde58aa0db5f39e4f 100644
--- a/net/tap.c
+++ b/net/tap.c
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
  * THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#include "net/tap.h"
+#include "tap.h"
 
 #include "config-host.h"
 
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <net/if.h>
 
 #include "net.h"
+#include "clients.h"
 #include "monitor.h"
 #include "sysemu.h"
 #include "qemu-char.h"
diff --git a/net/tap.h b/net/tap.h
index 0fb018c4b7c3854343b71470532c9c94230738fe..d44d83ae73f468e89891b21a96c4d711d54c9612 100644
--- a/net/tap.h
+++ b/net/tap.h
@@ -32,9 +32,6 @@
 #define DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT "/etc/qemu-ifup"
 #define DEFAULT_NETWORK_DOWN_SCRIPT "/etc/qemu-ifdown"
 
-int net_init_tap(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
-                 NetClientState *peer);
-
 int tap_open(char *ifname, int ifname_size, int *vnet_hdr, int vnet_hdr_required);
 
 ssize_t tap_read_packet(int tapfd, uint8_t *buf, int maxlen);
@@ -58,7 +55,4 @@ int tap_get_fd(NetClientState *nc);
 struct vhost_net;
 struct vhost_net *tap_get_vhost_net(NetClientState *nc);
 
-int net_init_bridge(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
-                    NetClientState *peer);
-
 #endif /* QEMU_NET_TAP_H */
diff --git a/net/vde.c b/net/vde.c
index b91a6c799bd557421b8b106541e6c2b87d04cb17..275bda92c31fba8ebf6abded41ceeb9d0ceea216 100644
--- a/net/vde.c
+++ b/net/vde.c
@@ -21,13 +21,12 @@
  * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
  * THE SOFTWARE.
  */
-#include "net/vde.h"
-
 #include "config-host.h"
 
 #include <libvdeplug.h>
 
 #include "net.h"
+#include "clients.h"
 #include "qemu-char.h"
 #include "qemu-common.h"
 #include "qemu-option.h"
diff --git a/net/vde.h b/net/vde.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ce6698937fb5ca5c6dd49703ec7ec731321bbe8..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/net/vde.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * QEMU System Emulator
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
- * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
- * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
- * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
- * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
- * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
- * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
- * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
- * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
- * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
- * THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-#ifndef QEMU_NET_VDE_H
-#define QEMU_NET_VDE_H
-
-#include "qemu-common.h"
-#include "qapi-types.h"
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
-
-int net_init_vde(const NetClientOptions *opts, const char *name,
-                 NetClientState *peer);
-
-#endif /* CONFIG_VDE */
-
-#endif /* QEMU_NET_VDE_H */