QEMU Driver Threading: The Rules ================================= This document describes how thread safety is ensured throughout the QEMU driver. The criteria for this model are: - Objects must never be exclusively locked for any prolonged time - Code which sleeps must be able to time out after suitable period - Must be safe against dispatch of asynchronous events from monitor Basic locking primitives ------------------------ There are a number of locks on various objects * virQEMUDriverPtr The qemu_conf.h file has inline comments describing the locking needs for each field. Any field marked immutable, self-locking can be accessed without the driver lock. For other fields there are typically helper APIs in qemu_conf.c that provide serialized access to the data. No code outside qemu_conf.c should ever acquire this lock * virDomainObjPtr Will be locked after calling any of the virDomainFindBy{ID,Name,UUID} methods. However, preferred method is qemuDomObjFromDomain() that uses virDomainFindByUUIDRef() which also increases the reference counter and finds the domain in the domain list without blocking all other lookups. When the domain is locked and the reference increased, the preferred way of decrementing the reference counter and unlocking the domain is using the qemuDomObjEndAPI() function. Lock must be held when changing/reading any variable in the virDomainObjPtr If the lock needs to be dropped & then re-acquired for a short period of time, the reference count must be incremented first using virDomainObjRef(). There is no need to increase the reference count if qemuDomObjFromDomain() was used for looking up the domain. In this case there is one reference already added by that function. This lock must not be held for anything which sleeps/waits (i.e. monitor commands). * qemuMonitorPrivatePtr: Job conditions Since virDomainObjPtr lock must not be held during sleeps, the job conditions provide additional protection for code making updates. Qemu driver uses two kinds of job conditions: asynchronous and normal. Asynchronous job condition is used for long running jobs (such as migration) that consist of several monitor commands and it is desirable to allow calling a limited set of other monitor commands while such job is running. This allows clients to, e.g., query statistical data, cancel the job, or change parameters of the job. Normal job condition is used by all other jobs to get exclusive access to the monitor and also by every monitor command issued by an asynchronous job. When acquiring normal job condition, the job must specify what kind of action it is about to take and this is checked against the allowed set of jobs in case an asynchronous job is running. If the job is incompatible with current asynchronous job, it needs to wait until the asynchronous job ends and try to acquire the job again. Immediately after acquiring the virDomainObjPtr lock, any method which intends to update state must acquire either asynchronous or normal job condition. The virDomainObjPtr lock is released while blocking on these condition variables. Once the job condition is acquired, a method can safely release the virDomainObjPtr lock whenever it hits a piece of code which may sleep/wait, and re-acquire it after the sleep/wait. Whenever an asynchronous job wants to talk to the monitor, it needs to acquire nested job (a special kind of normal job) to obtain exclusive access to the monitor. Since the virDomainObjPtr lock was dropped while waiting for the job condition, it is possible that the domain is no longer active when the condition is finally obtained. The monitor lock is only safe to grab after verifying that the domain is still active. * qemuMonitorPtr: Mutex Lock to be used when invoking any monitor command to ensure safety wrt any asynchronous events that may be dispatched from the monitor. It should be acquired before running a command. The job condition *MUST* be held before acquiring the monitor lock The virDomainObjPtr lock *MUST* be held before acquiring the monitor lock. The virDomainObjPtr lock *MUST* then be released when invoking the monitor command. Helper methods -------------- To lock the virDomainObjPtr virObjectLock() - Acquires the virDomainObjPtr lock virObjectUnlock() - Releases the virDomainObjPtr lock To acquire the normal job condition qemuDomainObjBeginJob() - Waits until the job is compatible with current async job or no async job is running - Waits for job.cond condition 'job.active != 0' using virDomainObjPtr mutex - Rechecks if the job is still compatible and repeats waiting if it isn't - Sets job.active to the job type qemuDomainObjEndJob() - Sets job.active to 0 - Signals on job.cond condition To acquire the asynchronous job condition qemuDomainObjBeginAsyncJob() - Waits until no async job is running - Waits for job.cond condition 'job.active != 0' using virDomainObjPtr mutex - Rechecks if any async job was started while waiting on job.cond and repeats waiting in that case - Sets job.asyncJob to the asynchronous job type qemuDomainObjEndAsyncJob() - Sets job.asyncJob to 0 - Broadcasts on job.asyncCond condition To acquire the QEMU monitor lock qemuDomainObjEnterMonitor() - Acquires the qemuMonitorObjPtr lock - Releases the virDomainObjPtr lock qemuDomainObjExitMonitor() - Releases the qemuMonitorObjPtr lock - Acquires the virDomainObjPtr lock These functions must not be used by an asynchronous job. Note that the virDomainObj is unlocked during the time in monitor and it can be changed, e.g. if QEMU dies, qemuProcessStop may free the live domain definition and put the persistent definition back in vm->def. The callers should check the return value of ExitMonitor to see if the domain is still alive. To acquire the QEMU monitor lock as part of an asynchronous job qemuDomainObjEnterMonitorAsync() - Validates that the right async job is still running - Acquires the qemuMonitorObjPtr lock - Releases the virDomainObjPtr lock - Validates that the VM is still active qemuDomainObjExitMonitor() - Releases the qemuMonitorObjPtr lock - Acquires the virDomainObjPtr lock These functions are for use inside an asynchronous job; the caller must check for a return of -1 (VM not running, so nothing to exit). Helper functions may also call this with QEMU_ASYNC_JOB_NONE when used from a sync job (such as when first starting a domain). To keep a domain alive while waiting on a remote command qemuDomainObjEnterRemote() - Releases the virDomainObjPtr lock qemuDomainObjExitRemote() - Acquires the virDomainObjPtr lock Design patterns --------------- * Accessing something directly to do with a virDomainObjPtr virDomainObjPtr obj; obj = qemuDomObjFromDomain(dom); ...do work... qemuDomObjEndAPI(&obj); * Updating something directly to do with a virDomainObjPtr virDomainObjPtr obj; obj = qemuDomObjFromDomain(dom); qemuDomainObjBeginJob(obj, QEMU_JOB_TYPE); ...do work... qemuDomainObjEndJob(obj); qemuDomObjEndAPI(&obj); * Invoking a monitor command on a virDomainObjPtr virDomainObjPtr obj; qemuDomainObjPrivatePtr priv; obj = qemuDomObjFromDomain(dom); qemuDomainObjBeginJob(obj, QEMU_JOB_TYPE); ...do prep work... if (virDomainObjIsActive(vm)) { qemuDomainObjEnterMonitor(obj); qemuMonitorXXXX(priv->mon); qemuDomainObjExitMonitor(obj); } ...do final work... qemuDomainObjEndJob(obj); qemuDomObjEndAPI(&obj); * Running asynchronous job virDomainObjPtr obj; qemuDomainObjPrivatePtr priv; obj = qemuDomObjFromDomain(dom); qemuDomainObjBeginAsyncJob(obj, QEMU_ASYNC_JOB_TYPE); qemuDomainObjSetAsyncJobMask(obj, allowedJobs); ...do prep work... if (qemuDomainObjEnterMonitorAsync(driver, obj, QEMU_ASYNC_JOB_TYPE) < 0) { /* domain died in the meantime */ goto error; } ...start qemu job... qemuDomainObjExitMonitor(driver, obj); while (!finished) { if (qemuDomainObjEnterMonitorAsync(driver, obj, QEMU_ASYNC_JOB_TYPE) < 0) { /* domain died in the meantime */ goto error; } ...monitor job progress... qemuDomainObjExitMonitor(driver, obj); virObjectUnlock(obj); sleep(aWhile); virObjectLock(obj); } ...do final work... qemuDomainObjEndAsyncJob(obj); qemuDomObjEndAPI(&obj); * Coordinating with a remote server for migration virDomainObjPtr obj; qemuDomainObjPrivatePtr priv; obj = qemuDomObjFromDomain(dom); qemuDomainObjBeginAsyncJob(obj, QEMU_ASYNC_JOB_TYPE); ...do prep work... if (virDomainObjIsActive(vm)) { qemuDomainObjEnterRemote(obj); ...communicate with remote... qemuDomainObjExitRemote(obj); /* domain may have been stopped while we were talking to remote */ if (!virDomainObjIsActive(vm)) { qemuReportError(VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, "%s", _("guest unexpectedly quit")); } } ...do final work... qemuDomainObjEndAsyncJob(obj); qemuDomObjEndAPI(&obj);