diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/client.h b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/client.h
index 5485bbac56772a4035edb6f9d652a00962bebb52..eaf5905a87a3264ba2b5e533dddf71e48e2579f3 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/client.h
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/client.h
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ struct nvkm_client {
 	struct rb_root objroot;
 	struct rb_root dmaroot;
 
-	struct nvkm_handle *root;
-
 	bool super;
 	void *data;
 	int (*ntfy)(const void *, u32, const void *, u32);
@@ -21,9 +19,9 @@ struct nvkm_client {
 	struct nvkm_vm *vm;
 };
 
-bool nvkm_client_insert(struct nvkm_client *, struct nvkm_handle *);
-void nvkm_client_remove(struct nvkm_client *, struct nvkm_handle *);
-struct nvkm_handle *nvkm_client_search(struct nvkm_client *, u64 handle);
+bool nvkm_client_insert(struct nvkm_client *, struct nvkm_object *);
+void nvkm_client_remove(struct nvkm_client *, struct nvkm_object *);
+struct nvkm_object *nvkm_client_search(struct nvkm_client *, u64 object);
 
 int  nvkm_client_new(const char *name, u64 device, const char *cfg,
 		     const char *dbg, struct nvkm_client **);
@@ -31,14 +29,6 @@ void nvkm_client_del(struct nvkm_client **);
 int  nvkm_client_init(struct nvkm_client *);
 int  nvkm_client_fini(struct nvkm_client *, bool suspend);
 
-static inline struct nvkm_client *
-nvkm_client(struct nvkm_object *object)
-{
-	while (object && object->parent)
-		object = object->parent;
-	return container_of(object, struct nvkm_client, object);
-}
-
 int nvkm_client_notify_new(struct nvkm_object *, struct nvkm_event *,
 			   void *data, u32 size);
 int nvkm_client_notify_del(struct nvkm_client *, int index);
@@ -48,12 +38,15 @@ int nvkm_client_notify_put(struct nvkm_client *, int index);
 /* logging for client-facing objects */
 #define nvif_printk(o,l,p,f,a...) do {                                         \
 	struct nvkm_object *_object = (o);                                     \
-	struct nvkm_client *_client = nvkm_client(_object);                    \
+	struct nvkm_client *_client = _object->client;                         \
 	if (_client->debug >= NV_DBG_##l)                                      \
-		printk(KERN_##p "nouveau: %s: "f, _client->name, ##a);         \
+		printk(KERN_##p "nouveau: %s:%08x:%08x: "f, _client->name,     \
+		       _object->handle, _object->oclass, ##a);                 \
 } while(0)
+#define nvif_fatal(o,f,a...) nvif_printk((o), FATAL, CRIT, f, ##a)
 #define nvif_error(o,f,a...) nvif_printk((o), ERROR,  ERR, f, ##a)
 #define nvif_debug(o,f,a...) nvif_printk((o), DEBUG, INFO, f, ##a)
 #define nvif_trace(o,f,a...) nvif_printk((o), TRACE, INFO, f, ##a)
+#define nvif_info(o,f,a...)  nvif_printk((o),  INFO, INFO, f, ##a)
 #define nvif_ioctl(o,f,a...) nvif_trace((o), "ioctl: "f, ##a)
 #endif
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/handle.h b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/handle.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 539278916d23b4823e8ca32fcb799182d8f09bb9..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/handle.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __NVKM_HANDLE_H__
-#define __NVKM_HANDLE_H__
-#include <core/os.h>
-struct nvkm_object;
-
-struct nvkm_handle {
-	struct list_head node;
-
-	struct list_head head;
-	struct list_head tree;
-	u32 name;
-	u32 priv;
-
-	u8  route;
-	u64 token;
-
-	struct nvkm_handle *parent;
-	struct nvkm_object *object;
-
-	struct rb_node rb;
-	u64 handle;
-};
-
-int  nvkm_handle_create(struct nvkm_handle *, u32 handle,
-			struct nvkm_object *, struct nvkm_handle **);
-void nvkm_handle_destroy(struct nvkm_handle *);
-int  nvkm_handle_init(struct nvkm_handle *);
-int  nvkm_handle_fini(struct nvkm_handle *, bool suspend);
-
-struct nvkm_handle *nvkm_handle_get_class(struct nvkm_object *, u16);
-struct nvkm_handle *nvkm_handle_get_vinst(struct nvkm_object *, u64);
-struct nvkm_handle *nvkm_handle_get_cinst(struct nvkm_object *, u32);
-void nvkm_handle_put(struct nvkm_handle *);
-#endif
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/object.h b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/object.h
index b4b822f6155cd192749db7aada1d05e4f1057fac..dcd048b91face4d6993d694f3febc76b8891b3b4 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/object.h
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvkm/core/object.h
@@ -10,12 +10,15 @@ struct nvkm_object {
 	const struct nvkm_object_func *func;
 	struct nvkm_client *client;
 	struct nvkm_engine *engine;
-	u32 oclass;
+	s32 oclass;
 	u32 handle;
-	struct nvkm_object *parent;
-	u32 pclass;
-	atomic_t refcount;
-	atomic_t usecount;
+
+	struct list_head head;
+	struct list_head tree;
+	u8  route;
+	u64 token;
+	u64 object;
+	struct rb_node node;
 };
 
 struct nvkm_object_func {
@@ -43,6 +46,8 @@ int nvkm_object_new_(const struct nvkm_object_func *,
 		     struct nvkm_object **);
 int nvkm_object_new(const struct nvkm_oclass *, void *data, u32 size,
 		    struct nvkm_object **);
+void nvkm_object_del(struct nvkm_object **);
+void *nvkm_object_dtor(struct nvkm_object *);
 int nvkm_object_init(struct nvkm_object *);
 int nvkm_object_fini(struct nvkm_object *, bool suspend);
 int nvkm_object_mthd(struct nvkm_object *, u32 mthd, void *data, u32 size);
@@ -72,14 +77,12 @@ struct nvkm_oclass {
 	struct nvkm_sclass base;
 	const void *priv;
 	const void *engn;
-	s32 handle;
+	u32 handle;
+	u8  route;
+	u64 token;
 	u64 object;
 	struct nvkm_client *client;
 	struct nvkm_object *parent;
 	struct nvkm_engine *engine;
 };
-
-void nvkm_object_ref(struct nvkm_object *, struct nvkm_object **);
-int  nvkm_object_inc(struct nvkm_object *);
-int  nvkm_object_dec(struct nvkm_object *, bool suspend);
 #endif
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_abi16.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_abi16.c
index 6634f420ded325534732723573a6485b4cc185a1..40a903b79343e84dfa74218f2156dfa72666105f 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_abi16.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_abi16.c
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ nouveau_abi16_chan_fini(struct nouveau_abi16 *abi16,
 	/* destroy channel object, all children will be killed too */
 	if (chan->chan) {
 		abi16->handles &= ~(1ULL << (chan->chan->user.handle & 0xffff));
+		nouveau_channel_idle(chan->chan);
 		nouveau_channel_del(&chan->chan);
 	}
 
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_chan.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_chan.c
index 4a13bda1475b7eb491c4dca356a8bba858f3d753..8c88c5e5bf0b243444623dcb3a30f80e2aadd4dc 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_chan.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_chan.c
@@ -43,20 +43,26 @@ module_param_named(vram_pushbuf, nouveau_vram_pushbuf, int, 0400);
 int
 nouveau_channel_idle(struct nouveau_channel *chan)
 {
-	struct nouveau_cli *cli = (void *)chan->user.client;
-	struct nouveau_fence *fence = NULL;
-	int ret;
+	if (likely(chan && chan->fence)) {
+		struct nouveau_cli *cli = (void *)chan->user.client;
+		struct nouveau_fence *fence = NULL;
+		int ret;
+
+		ret = nouveau_fence_new(chan, false, &fence);
+		if (!ret) {
+			ret = nouveau_fence_wait(fence, false, false);
+			nouveau_fence_unref(&fence);
+		}
 
-	ret = nouveau_fence_new(chan, false, &fence);
-	if (!ret) {
-		ret = nouveau_fence_wait(fence, false, false);
-		nouveau_fence_unref(&fence);
+		if (ret) {
+			NV_PRINTK(err, cli, "failed to idle channel "
+					    "0x%08x [%s]\n",
+				  chan->user.handle,
+				  nvxx_client(&cli->base)->name);
+			return ret;
+		}
 	}
-
-	if (ret)
-		NV_PRINTK(err, cli, "failed to idle channel 0x%08x [%s]\n",
-			  chan->user.handle, nvxx_client(&cli->base)->name);
-	return ret;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void
@@ -64,10 +70,8 @@ nouveau_channel_del(struct nouveau_channel **pchan)
 {
 	struct nouveau_channel *chan = *pchan;
 	if (chan) {
-		if (chan->fence) {
-			nouveau_channel_idle(chan);
+		if (chan->fence)
 			nouveau_fence(chan->drm)->context_del(chan);
-		}
 		nvif_object_fini(&chan->nvsw);
 		nvif_object_fini(&chan->gart);
 		nvif_object_fini(&chan->vram);
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_drm.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_drm.c
index d04d08cc546dd3a54ff540f01a98f2be00be55ad..14a13486c27feee372d6306121d95093c2c48b62 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_drm.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_drm.c
@@ -139,13 +139,17 @@ nouveau_cli_destroy(struct nouveau_cli *cli)
 static void
 nouveau_accel_fini(struct nouveau_drm *drm)
 {
-	nvif_notify_fini(&drm->flip);
-	nouveau_channel_del(&drm->channel);
+	nouveau_channel_idle(drm->channel);
 	nvif_object_fini(&drm->ntfy);
 	nvkm_gpuobj_del(&drm->notify);
+	nvif_notify_fini(&drm->flip);
 	nvif_object_fini(&drm->nvsw);
-	nouveau_channel_del(&drm->cechan);
+	nouveau_channel_del(&drm->channel);
+
+	nouveau_channel_idle(drm->cechan);
 	nvif_object_fini(&drm->ttm.copy);
+	nouveau_channel_del(&drm->cechan);
+
 	if (drm->fence)
 		nouveau_fence(drm)->dtor(drm);
 }
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/Kbuild b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/Kbuild
index 09044cf0d9ff36e7207d6ebbb75ed7b1406c0ab8..7f66963f305ceb3942aef15846403cae903ba945 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/Kbuild
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/Kbuild
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ nvkm-y += nvkm/core/engine.o
 nvkm-y += nvkm/core/enum.o
 nvkm-y += nvkm/core/event.o
 nvkm-y += nvkm/core/gpuobj.o
-nvkm-y += nvkm/core/handle.o
 nvkm-y += nvkm/core/ioctl.o
 nvkm-y += nvkm/core/memory.o
 nvkm-y += nvkm/core/mm.o
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/client.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/client.c
index ab98f8c45950fdaad0f7ab3cef0574ace268431b..297e1e953fa6c7a8da535272339fae15967afbd8 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/client.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/client.c
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
  */
 #include <core/client.h>
 #include <core/device.h>
-#include <core/handle.h>
 #include <core/notify.h>
 #include <core/option.h>
 
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ int
 nvkm_client_notify_new(struct nvkm_object *object,
 		       struct nvkm_event *event, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_client *client = nvkm_client(object);
+	struct nvkm_client *client = object->client;
 	struct nvkm_client_notify *notify;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_notify_req_v0 v0;
@@ -207,47 +206,47 @@ nvkm_client_object_func = {
 };
 
 void
-nvkm_client_remove(struct nvkm_client *client, struct nvkm_handle *object)
+nvkm_client_remove(struct nvkm_client *client, struct nvkm_object *object)
 {
-	if (!RB_EMPTY_NODE(&object->rb))
-		rb_erase(&object->rb, &client->objroot);
+	if (!RB_EMPTY_NODE(&object->node))
+		rb_erase(&object->node, &client->objroot);
 }
 
 bool
-nvkm_client_insert(struct nvkm_client *client, struct nvkm_handle *object)
+nvkm_client_insert(struct nvkm_client *client, struct nvkm_object *object)
 {
 	struct rb_node **ptr = &client->objroot.rb_node;
 	struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
 
 	while (*ptr) {
-		struct nvkm_handle *this =
-			container_of(*ptr, typeof(*this), rb);
+		struct nvkm_object *this =
+			container_of(*ptr, typeof(*this), node);
 		parent = *ptr;
-		if (object->handle < this->handle)
+		if (object->object < this->object)
 			ptr = &parent->rb_left;
 		else
-		if (object->handle > this->handle)
+		if (object->object > this->object)
 			ptr = &parent->rb_right;
 		else
 			return false;
 	}
 
-	rb_link_node(&object->rb, parent, ptr);
-	rb_insert_color(&object->rb, &client->objroot);
+	rb_link_node(&object->node, parent, ptr);
+	rb_insert_color(&object->node, &client->objroot);
 	return true;
 }
 
-struct nvkm_handle *
+struct nvkm_object *
 nvkm_client_search(struct nvkm_client *client, u64 handle)
 {
 	struct rb_node *node = client->objroot.rb_node;
 	while (node) {
-		struct nvkm_handle *object =
-			container_of(node, typeof(*object), rb);
-		if (handle < object->handle)
+		struct nvkm_object *object =
+			container_of(node, typeof(*object), node);
+		if (handle < object->object)
 			node = node->rb_left;
 		else
-		if (handle > object->handle)
+		if (handle > object->object)
 			node = node->rb_right;
 		else
 			return object;
@@ -260,26 +259,17 @@ nvkm_client_fini(struct nvkm_client *client, bool suspend)
 {
 	struct nvkm_object *object = &client->object;
 	const char *name[2] = { "fini", "suspend" };
-	int ret, i;
-	nvif_trace(object, "%s running\n", name[suspend]);
-	nvif_trace(object, "%s notify\n", name[suspend]);
+	int i;
+	nvif_debug(object, "%s notify\n", name[suspend]);
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(client->notify); i++)
 		nvkm_client_notify_put(client, i);
-	nvif_trace(object, "%s object\n", name[suspend]);
-	ret = nvkm_handle_fini(client->root, suspend);
-	nvif_trace(object, "%s completed with %d\n", name[suspend], ret);
-	return ret;
+	return nvkm_object_fini(&client->object, suspend);
 }
 
 int
 nvkm_client_init(struct nvkm_client *client)
 {
-	struct nvkm_object *object = &client->object;
-	int ret;
-	nvif_trace(object, "init running\n");
-	ret = nvkm_handle_init(client->root);
-	nvif_trace(object, "init completed with %d\n", ret);
-	return ret;
+	return nvkm_object_init(&client->object);
 }
 
 void
@@ -291,7 +281,7 @@ nvkm_client_del(struct nvkm_client **pclient)
 		nvkm_client_fini(client, false);
 		for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(client->notify); i++)
 			nvkm_client_notify_del(client, i);
-		nvkm_handle_destroy(client->root);
+		nvkm_object_dtor(&client->object);
 		kfree(*pclient);
 		*pclient = NULL;
 	}
@@ -303,7 +293,6 @@ nvkm_client_new(const char *name, u64 device, const char *cfg,
 {
 	struct nvkm_oclass oclass = {};
 	struct nvkm_client *client;
-	int ret;
 
 	if (!(client = *pclient = kzalloc(sizeof(*client), GFP_KERNEL)))
 		return -ENOMEM;
@@ -315,9 +304,5 @@ nvkm_client_new(const char *name, u64 device, const char *cfg,
 	client->debug = nvkm_dbgopt(dbg, "CLIENT");
 	client->objroot = RB_ROOT;
 	client->dmaroot = RB_ROOT;
-
-	ret = nvkm_handle_create(NULL, ~0, &client->object, &client->root);
-	if (ret)
-		nvkm_client_del(pclient);
-	return ret;
+	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/handle.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/handle.c
deleted file mode 100644
index d185cae0fbba3ca8dea5ea1c35bc470971d8d8fd..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/handle.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2012 Red Hat Inc.
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
- * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
- * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
- * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
- * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
- * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
- * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
- * THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER(S) OR AUTHOR(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
- * OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
- * ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
- * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
- *
- * Authors: Ben Skeggs
- */
-#include <core/handle.h>
-#include <core/client.h>
-
-#define hprintk(h,l,f,a...) do {                                               \
-	struct nvkm_handle *p = (h)->parent; u32 n = p ? p->name : ~0;         \
-	nvif_printk((h)->object, l, INFO, "0x%08x:0x%08x "f, n, (h)->name, ##a);\
-} while(0)
-
-int
-nvkm_handle_init(struct nvkm_handle *handle)
-{
-	struct nvkm_handle *item;
-	int ret;
-
-	hprintk(handle, TRACE, "init running\n");
-	ret = nvkm_object_inc(handle->object);
-	if (ret)
-		return ret;
-
-	hprintk(handle, TRACE, "init children\n");
-	list_for_each_entry(item, &handle->tree, head) {
-		ret = nvkm_handle_init(item);
-		if (ret)
-			goto fail;
-	}
-
-	hprintk(handle, TRACE, "init completed\n");
-	return 0;
-fail:
-	hprintk(handle, ERROR, "init failed with %d\n", ret);
-	list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse(item, &handle->tree, head) {
-		nvkm_handle_fini(item, false);
-	}
-
-	nvkm_object_dec(handle->object, false);
-	return ret;
-}
-
-int
-nvkm_handle_fini(struct nvkm_handle *handle, bool suspend)
-{
-	static char *name[2] = { "fini", "suspend" };
-	struct nvkm_handle *item;
-	int ret;
-
-	hprintk(handle, TRACE, "%s children\n", name[suspend]);
-	list_for_each_entry(item, &handle->tree, head) {
-		ret = nvkm_handle_fini(item, suspend);
-		if (ret && suspend)
-			goto fail;
-	}
-
-	hprintk(handle, TRACE, "%s running\n", name[suspend]);
-	if (handle->object) {
-		ret = nvkm_object_dec(handle->object, suspend);
-		if (ret && suspend)
-			goto fail;
-	}
-
-	hprintk(handle, TRACE, "%s completed\n", name[suspend]);
-	return 0;
-fail:
-	hprintk(handle, ERROR, "%s failed with %d\n", name[suspend], ret);
-	list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse(item, &handle->tree, head) {
-		int rret = nvkm_handle_init(item);
-		if (rret)
-			hprintk(handle, FATAL, "failed to restart, %d\n", rret);
-	}
-
-	return ret;
-}
-
-int
-nvkm_handle_create(struct nvkm_handle *parent, u32 _handle,
-		   struct nvkm_object *object, struct nvkm_handle **phandle)
-{
-	struct nvkm_handle *handle;
-
-	handle = kzalloc(sizeof(*handle), GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!handle)
-		return -ENOMEM;
-
-	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&handle->head);
-	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&handle->tree);
-	handle->name = _handle;
-	handle->priv = ~0;
-	RB_CLEAR_NODE(&handle->rb);
-	handle->parent = parent;
-	nvkm_object_ref(object, &handle->object);
-
-	if (parent)
-		list_add(&handle->head, &handle->parent->tree);
-
-	hprintk(handle, TRACE, "created\n");
-	*phandle = handle;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-void
-nvkm_handle_destroy(struct nvkm_handle *handle)
-{
-	struct nvkm_client *client = nvkm_client(handle->object);
-	struct nvkm_handle *item, *temp;
-
-	hprintk(handle, TRACE, "destroy running\n");
-	list_for_each_entry_safe(item, temp, &handle->tree, head) {
-		nvkm_handle_destroy(item);
-	}
-
-	nvkm_client_remove(client, handle);
-	list_del(&handle->head);
-
-	hprintk(handle, TRACE, "destroy completed\n");
-	nvkm_object_ref(NULL, &handle->object);
-	kfree(handle);
-}
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/ioctl.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/ioctl.c
index d9bb0394d83ff81ecf6e6a96c99365d198cf2de1..d87d6ab03cc7f1a5a67a854752de132aed64a181 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/ioctl.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/ioctl.c
@@ -24,15 +24,13 @@
 #include <core/ioctl.h>
 #include <core/client.h>
 #include <core/engine.h>
-#include <core/handle.h>
 
 #include <nvif/unpack.h>
 #include <nvif/ioctl.h>
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_nop(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_nop(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_nop_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -48,9 +46,8 @@ nvkm_ioctl_nop(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_sclass(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_sclass(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_sclass_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -81,13 +78,12 @@ nvkm_ioctl_sclass(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_new(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_new(struct nvkm_object *parent, void *data, u32 size)
 {
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_new_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
-	struct nvkm_client *client = handle->object->client;
-	struct nvkm_object *parent = handle->object;
+	struct nvkm_client *client = parent->client;
 	struct nvkm_object *object = NULL;
 	struct nvkm_oclass oclass;
 	int ret, i = 0;
@@ -124,38 +120,30 @@ nvkm_ioctl_new(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 	}
 
 	ret = oclass.ctor(&oclass, data, size, &object);
-	if (ret)
-		goto fail_object;
-
-	ret = nvkm_object_inc(object);
-	if (ret)
-		goto fail_object;
-
-	ret = nvkm_handle_create(handle, args->v0.handle, object, &handle);
-	if (ret)
-		goto fail_handle;
-
-	ret = nvkm_handle_init(handle);
-	handle->route = args->v0.route;
-	handle->token = args->v0.token;
-	if (ret)
-		nvkm_handle_destroy(handle);
-
-	handle->handle = args->v0.object;
-	nvkm_client_insert(client, handle);
-	client->data = object;
-fail_handle:
-	nvkm_object_dec(object, false);
-fail_object:
-	nvkm_object_ref(NULL, &object);
 	nvkm_engine_unref(&oclass.engine);
+	if (ret == 0) {
+		ret = nvkm_object_init(object);
+		if (ret == 0) {
+			list_add(&object->head, &parent->tree);
+			object->route = args->v0.route;
+			object->token = args->v0.token;
+			object->object = args->v0.object;
+			if (nvkm_client_insert(client, object)) {
+				client->data = object;
+				return 0;
+			}
+			ret = -EEXIST;
+		}
+		nvkm_object_fini(object, false);
+	}
+
+	nvkm_object_del(&object);
 	return ret;
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_del(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_del(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_del none;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -164,17 +152,16 @@ nvkm_ioctl_del(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 	nvif_ioctl(object, "delete size %d\n", size);
 	if (nvif_unvers(args->none)) {
 		nvif_ioctl(object, "delete\n");
-		nvkm_handle_fini(handle, false);
-		nvkm_handle_destroy(handle);
+		nvkm_object_fini(object, false);
+		nvkm_object_del(&object);
 	}
 
 	return ret;
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_mthd(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_mthd(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_mthd_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -192,9 +179,8 @@ nvkm_ioctl_mthd(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_rd(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_rd(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_rd_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -232,9 +218,8 @@ nvkm_ioctl_rd(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_wr(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_wr(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_wr_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -261,9 +246,8 @@ nvkm_ioctl_wr(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_map(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_map(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_map_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -280,9 +264,8 @@ nvkm_ioctl_map(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_unmap(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_unmap(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_unmap none;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -297,9 +280,8 @@ nvkm_ioctl_unmap(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_new(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_new(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_ntfy_new_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -324,10 +306,9 @@ nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_new(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_del(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_del(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_client *client = nvkm_client(handle->object);
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
+	struct nvkm_client *client = object->client;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_ntfy_del_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -344,10 +325,9 @@ nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_del(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_get(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_get(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_client *client = nvkm_client(handle->object);
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
+	struct nvkm_client *client = object->client;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_ntfy_get_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -364,10 +344,9 @@ nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_get(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 }
 
 static int
-nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_put(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
+nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_put(struct nvkm_object *object, void *data, u32 size)
 {
-	struct nvkm_client *client = nvkm_client(handle->object);
-	struct nvkm_object *object = handle->object;
+	struct nvkm_client *client = object->client;
 	union {
 		struct nvif_ioctl_ntfy_put_v0 v0;
 	} *args = data;
@@ -385,7 +364,7 @@ nvkm_ioctl_ntfy_put(struct nvkm_handle *handle, void *data, u32 size)
 
 static struct {
 	int version;
-	int (*func)(struct nvkm_handle *, void *, u32);
+	int (*func)(struct nvkm_object *, void *, u32);
 }
 nvkm_ioctl_v0[] = {
 	{ 0x00, nvkm_ioctl_nop },
@@ -407,13 +386,13 @@ static int
 nvkm_ioctl_path(struct nvkm_client *client, u64 handle, u32 type,
 		void *data, u32 size, u8 owner, u8 *route, u64 *token)
 {
-	struct nvkm_handle *object;
+	struct nvkm_object *object;
 	int ret;
 
 	if (handle)
 		object = nvkm_client_search(client, handle);
 	else
-		object = client->root;
+		object = &client->object;
 	if (unlikely(!object)) {
 		nvif_ioctl(&client->object, "object not found\n");
 		return -ENOENT;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/object.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/object.c
index 8976526b1c8fc536de05617c02329c6657f74056..67aa7223dcd786fbf1b4a15cb6d8d0119f823d33 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/object.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/object.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
  * Authors: Ben Skeggs
  */
 #include <core/object.h>
+#include <core/client.h>
 #include <core/engine.h>
 
 int
@@ -109,28 +110,112 @@ nvkm_object_bind(struct nvkm_object *object, struct nvkm_gpuobj *gpuobj,
 int
 nvkm_object_fini(struct nvkm_object *object, bool suspend)
 {
-	if (object->func->fini)
-		return object->func->fini(object, suspend);
+	const char *action = suspend ? "suspend" : "fini";
+	struct nvkm_object *child;
+	s64 time;
+	int ret;
+
+	nvif_debug(object, "%s children...\n", action);
+	time = ktime_to_us(ktime_get());
+	list_for_each_entry(child, &object->tree, head) {
+		ret = nvkm_object_fini(child, suspend);
+		if (ret && suspend)
+			goto fail_child;
+	}
+
+	nvif_debug(object, "%s running...\n", action);
+	if (object->func->fini) {
+		ret = object->func->fini(object, suspend);
+		if (ret) {
+			nvif_error(object, "%s failed with %d\n", action, ret);
+			if (suspend)
+				goto fail;
+		}
+	}
+
+	time = ktime_to_us(ktime_get()) - time;
+	nvif_debug(object, "%s completed in %lldus\n", action, time);
 	return 0;
+
+fail:
+	if (object->func->init) {
+		int rret = object->func->init(object);
+		if (rret)
+			nvif_fatal(object, "failed to restart, %d\n", rret);
+	}
+fail_child:
+	list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse(child, &object->tree, head) {
+		nvkm_object_init(child);
+	}
+	return ret;
 }
 
 int
 nvkm_object_init(struct nvkm_object *object)
 {
-	if (object->func->init)
-		return object->func->init(object);
+	struct nvkm_object *child;
+	s64 time;
+	int ret;
+
+	nvif_debug(object, "init running...\n");
+	time = ktime_to_us(ktime_get());
+	if (object->func->init) {
+		ret = object->func->init(object);
+		if (ret)
+			goto fail;
+	}
+
+	nvif_debug(object, "init children...\n");
+	list_for_each_entry(child, &object->tree, head) {
+		ret = nvkm_object_init(child);
+		if (ret)
+			goto fail_child;
+	}
+
+	time = ktime_to_us(ktime_get()) - time;
+	nvif_debug(object, "init completed in %lldus\n", time);
 	return 0;
+
+fail_child:
+	list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse(child, &object->tree, head)
+		nvkm_object_fini(child, false);
+fail:
+	nvif_error(object, "init failed with %d\n", ret);
+	if (object->func->fini)
+		object->func->fini(object, false);
+	return ret;
 }
 
-static void
+void *
+nvkm_object_dtor(struct nvkm_object *object)
+{
+	struct nvkm_object *child, *ctemp;
+	void *data = object;
+	s64 time;
+
+	nvif_debug(object, "destroy children...\n");
+	time = ktime_to_us(ktime_get());
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(child, ctemp, &object->tree, head) {
+		nvkm_object_del(&child);
+	}
+
+	nvif_debug(object, "destroy running...\n");
+	if (object->func->dtor)
+		data = object->func->dtor(object);
+	nvkm_engine_unref(&object->engine);
+	time = ktime_to_us(ktime_get()) - time;
+	nvif_debug(object, "destroy completed in %lldus...\n", time);
+	return data;
+}
+
+void
 nvkm_object_del(struct nvkm_object **pobject)
 {
 	struct nvkm_object *object = *pobject;
-
 	if (object && !WARN_ON(!object->func)) {
-		if (object->func->dtor)
-			*pobject = object->func->dtor(object);
-		nvkm_engine_unref(&object->engine);
+		*pobject = nvkm_object_dtor(object);
+		nvkm_client_remove(object->client, object);
+		list_del(&object->head);
 		kfree(*pobject);
 		*pobject = NULL;
 	}
@@ -145,9 +230,10 @@ nvkm_object_ctor(const struct nvkm_object_func *func,
 	object->engine = nvkm_engine_ref(oclass->engine);
 	object->oclass = oclass->base.oclass;
 	object->handle = oclass->handle;
-	object->parent = oclass->parent;
-	atomic_set(&object->refcount, 1);
-	atomic_set(&object->usecount, 0);
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&object->head);
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&object->tree);
+	RB_CLEAR_NODE(&object->node);
+	WARN_ON(oclass->engine && !object->engine);
 }
 
 int
@@ -176,106 +262,3 @@ nvkm_object_new(const struct nvkm_oclass *oclass, void *data, u32 size,
 		oclass->base.func ? oclass->base.func : &nvkm_object_func;
 	return nvkm_object_new_(func, oclass, data, size, pobject);
 }
-
-void
-nvkm_object_ref(struct nvkm_object *obj, struct nvkm_object **ref)
-{
-	if (obj) {
-		atomic_inc(&obj->refcount);
-	}
-
-	if (*ref) {
-		int dead = atomic_dec_and_test(&(*ref)->refcount);
-		if (dead)
-			nvkm_object_del(ref);
-	}
-
-	*ref = obj;
-}
-
-int
-nvkm_object_inc(struct nvkm_object *object)
-{
-	int ref = atomic_add_return(1, &object->usecount);
-	int ret;
-
-	if (ref != 1)
-		return 0;
-
-	if (object->parent) {
-		ret = nvkm_object_inc(object->parent);
-		if (ret)
-			goto fail_parent;
-	}
-
-	ret = nvkm_object_init(object);
-	atomic_set(&object->usecount, 1);
-	if (ret)
-		goto fail_self;
-
-	return 0;
-
-fail_self:
-	if (object->parent)
-		 nvkm_object_dec(object->parent, false);
-fail_parent:
-	atomic_dec(&object->usecount);
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static int
-nvkm_object_decf(struct nvkm_object *object)
-{
-	nvkm_object_fini(object, false);
-	atomic_set(&object->usecount, 0);
-
-	if (object->parent)
-		nvkm_object_dec(object->parent, false);
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-nvkm_object_decs(struct nvkm_object *object)
-{
-	int ret;
-
-	ret = nvkm_object_fini(object, true);
-	atomic_set(&object->usecount, 0);
-	if (ret)
-		return ret;
-
-	if (object->parent) {
-		ret = nvkm_object_dec(object->parent, true);
-		if (ret)
-			goto fail_parent;
-	}
-
-	return 0;
-
-fail_parent:
-	nvkm_object_init(object);
-
-	return ret;
-}
-
-int
-nvkm_object_dec(struct nvkm_object *object, bool suspend)
-{
-	int ref = atomic_add_return(-1, &object->usecount);
-	int ret;
-
-	if (ref == 0) {
-		if (suspend)
-			ret = nvkm_object_decs(object);
-		else
-			ret = nvkm_object_decf(object);
-
-		if (ret) {
-			atomic_inc(&object->usecount);
-			return ret;
-		}
-	}
-
-	return 0;
-}
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/oproxy.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/oproxy.c
index f32aa0dc425bb2a6f0c29007289df6fbf88fe298..e31a0479add0d6930dcf932da30f4402b3350df8 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/oproxy.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/core/oproxy.c
@@ -109,9 +109,11 @@ nvkm_oproxy_fini(struct nvkm_object *object, bool suspend)
 			return ret;
 	}
 
-	ret = nvkm_object_fini(oproxy->object, suspend);
-	if (ret && suspend)
-		return ret;
+	if (oproxy->object->func->fini) {
+		ret = oproxy->object->func->fini(oproxy->object, suspend);
+		if (ret && suspend)
+			return ret;
+	}
 
 	if (oproxy->func->fini[1]) {
 		ret = oproxy->func->fini[1](oproxy, suspend);
@@ -134,9 +136,11 @@ nvkm_oproxy_init(struct nvkm_object *object)
 			return ret;
 	}
 
-	ret = nvkm_object_init(oproxy->object);
-	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+	if (oproxy->object->func->init) {
+		ret = oproxy->object->func->init(oproxy->object);
+		if (ret)
+			return ret;
+	}
 
 	if (oproxy->func->init[1]) {
 		ret = oproxy->func->init[1](oproxy);
@@ -153,7 +157,7 @@ nvkm_oproxy_dtor(struct nvkm_object *object)
 	struct nvkm_oproxy *oproxy = nvkm_oproxy(object);
 	if (oproxy->func->dtor[0])
 		oproxy->func->dtor[0](oproxy);
-	nvkm_object_ref(NULL, &oproxy->object);
+	nvkm_object_del(&oproxy->object);
 	if (oproxy->func->dtor[1])
 		oproxy->func->dtor[1](oproxy);
 	return oproxy;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/disp/dmacnv50.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/disp/dmacnv50.c
index b05c04a209beaf0a5ee222c541bb4338cb16cdb0..9c6645a357b93a3c063c49d31b0b6d8564b79e2d 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/disp/dmacnv50.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/disp/dmacnv50.c
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include "rootnv50.h"
 
 #include <core/client.h>
-#include <core/handle.h>
 #include <core/oproxy.h>
 #include <core/ramht.h>
 #include <subdev/fb.h>
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/chan.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/chan.c
index a56e56eed57bb375581f1fa82dd45949c1fc5030..9921482fc162487ffc514e55cf47542d7e9e0a7d 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/chan.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/chan.c
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ nvkm_fifo_chan_child_del(struct nvkm_oproxy *base)
 	if (!--engn->refcount) {
 		if (chan->func->engine_dtor)
 			chan->func->engine_dtor(chan, engine);
-		nvkm_object_ref(NULL, &engn->object);
+		nvkm_object_del(&engn->object);
 		if (chan->vm)
 			atomic_dec(&chan->vm->engref[engine->subdev.index]);
 	}
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/gf100.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/gf100.c
index 172f243011137f6ebc8caa0e7c039d657b08a3f9..ff6fcbda615b07be29f8b6d7fd14e57332bc6228 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/gf100.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/gf100.c
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 #include <core/client.h>
 #include <core/enum.h>
 #include <core/gpuobj.h>
-#include <core/handle.h>
 #include <subdev/bar.h>
 #include <engine/sw.h>
 
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/gk104.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/gk104.c
index fc0ff2d37d0694fc35229c8000dc244860de959e..98970a0b7a66867b0c804c87bbadd3810f8a2af1 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/gk104.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/gk104.c
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 #include <core/client.h>
 #include <core/enum.h>
 #include <core/gpuobj.h>
-#include <core/handle.h>
 #include <subdev/bar.h>
 #include <engine/sw.h>
 
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/nv04.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/nv04.c
index e6f04e87139a2866e8eed66c836b55c94548f1b4..ad707ff176cc757d0aa46a7114dbbeec3d1c30c9 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/nv04.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/fifo/nv04.c
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include "regsnv04.h"
 
 #include <core/client.h>
-#include <core/handle.h>
 #include <core/ramht.h>
 #include <subdev/instmem.h>
 #include <subdev/timer.h>
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/sw/nv50.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/sw/nv50.c
index ef36ba18bff8356e956297622945b15e85a06382..a381196af69de6c679fe58785b998c8271113915 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/sw/nv50.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvkm/engine/sw/nv50.c
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include "nv50.h"
 
 #include <core/gpuobj.h>
-#include <core/handle.h>
 #include <engine/disp.h>
 #include <engine/fifo/chan.h>
 #include <subdev/bar.h>