diff --git a/make/java/java/FILES_java.gmk b/make/java/java/FILES_java.gmk
index 58c7b13608c37710a488848fb85e60f444d990f0..f9dd26383cefd0294770b7c8b8ef08521bdd2689 100644
--- a/make/java/java/FILES_java.gmk
+++ b/make/java/java/FILES_java.gmk
@@ -250,6 +250,8 @@ JAVA_JAVA_java = \
 	java/util/IdentityHashMap.java \
 	java/util/EnumMap.java \
     java/util/Arrays.java \
+    java/util/TimSort.java \
+    java/util/ComparableTimSort.java \
     java/util/ConcurrentModificationException.java \
     java/util/ServiceLoader.java \
     java/util/ServiceConfigurationError.java \
diff --git a/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.c2b b/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.c2b
index 6cb38028124b2cc13c455b9bc686a86eaad06221..7e0c201b41b9f7d46e3160a3bc6f9d45898b7444 100644
--- a/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.c2b
+++ b/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.c2b
@@ -1 +1,187 @@
-0x15	U+0085
+#
+#  The diff of 01A434B0.TXMAP110 and 34B001A4.RXMAP110
+#
+#  Added: 0x15    U+0085
+#
+0x15    U+0085
+0x42    U+FE7C
+0x46    U+FE80
+0x47    U+FE81
+0x49    U+FE83
+0x4B    U+066C
+0x4B    U+FF0E
+0x4C    U+FF1C
+0x4D    U+FF08
+0x4E    U+FF0B
+0x4F    U+FF5C
+0x50    U+FF06
+0x52    U+FE85
+0x52    U+FE86
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+0x55    U+FE8C
+0x56    U+0625
+0x56    U+FE87
+0x56    U+FE8D
+0x57    U+FE88
+0x58    U+FE8F
+0x58    U+FE90
+0x59    U+FE92
+0x5A    U+FF01
+0x5B    U+FF04
+0x5C    U+066D
+0x5C    U+FF0A
+0x5D    U+FF09
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+0x62    U+FE93
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+0xC1    U+FF21
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+0xCF    U+FEED
+0xCF    U+FEEE
+0xD1    U+FF2A
+0xD2    U+FF2B
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+0xD4    U+FF2D
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+0xD7    U+FF30
+0xD8    U+FF31
+0xD9    U+FF32
+0xDA    U+FEEF
+0xDC    U+FEF1
+0xDE    U+FEF4
+0xE2    U+FF33
+0xE3    U+FF34
+0xE4    U+FF35
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+0xE6    U+FF37
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+0xE9    U+FF3A
+0xF0    U+FF10
+0xF1    U+FF11
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+0xF4    U+FF14
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+0xF8    U+FF18
+0xF9    U+FF19
diff --git a/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.map b/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.map
index d4ce19249b3dd74cf9c3707f2401c1d394eec7cd..f4f78533d272a15879f711cb2dc26e4451efb35c 100644
--- a/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.map
+++ b/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.map
@@ -1,257 +1,253 @@
-#Generated from IBM420.java
-0x00	U+0000
-0x01	U+0001
-0x02	U+0002
-0x03	U+0003
-0x04	U+009c
-0x05	U+0009
-0x06	U+0086
-0x07	U+007f
-0x08	U+0097
-0x09	U+008d
-0x0a	U+008e
-0x0b	U+000b
-0x0c	U+000c
-0x0d	U+000d
-0x0e	U+000e
-0x0f	U+000f
-0x10	U+0010
-0x11	U+0011
-0x12	U+0012
-0x13	U+0013
-0x14	U+009d
-0x15	U+000a
-0x16	U+0008
-0x17	U+0087
-0x18	U+0018
-0x19	U+0019
-0x1a	U+0092
-0x1b	U+008f
-0x1c	U+001c
-0x1d	U+001d
-0x1e	U+001e
-0x1f	U+001f
-0x20	U+0080
-0x21	U+0081
-0x22	U+0082
-0x23	U+0083
-0x24	U+0084
-0x25	U+000a
-0x26	U+0017
-0x27	U+001b
-0x28	U+0088
-0x29	U+0089
-0x2a	U+008a
-0x2b	U+008b
-0x2c	U+008c
-0x2d	U+0005
-0x2e	U+0006
-0x2f	U+0007
-0x30	U+0090
-0x31	U+0091
-0x32	U+0016
-0x33	U+0093
-0x34	U+0094
-0x35	U+0095
-0x36	U+0096
-0x37	U+0004
-0x38	U+0098
-0x39	U+0099
-0x3a	U+009a
-0x3b	U+009b
-0x3c	U+0014
-0x3d	U+0015
-0x3e	U+009e
-0x3f	U+001a
-0x40	U+0020
-0x41	U+00a0
-0x42	U+fe7c
-0x43	U+fe7d
-0x44	U+0640
-0x45	U+f8fc
-0x46	U+fe80
-0x47	U+fe81
-0x48	U+fe82
-0x49	U+fe83
-0x4a	U+00a2
-0x4b	U+002e
-0x4c	U+003c
-0x4d	U+0028
-0x4e	U+002b
-0x4f	U+007c
-0x50	U+0026
-0x51	U+fe84
-0x52	U+fe85
-0x53	U+fffd
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-0x58	U+fe8f
-0x59	U+fe91
-0x5a	U+0021
-0x5b	U+0024
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-0x5d	U+0029
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-0x62	U+fe93
-0x63	U+fe95
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-0x7c	U+0040
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-0x80	U+f8f5
-0x81	U+0061
-0x82	U+0062
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-0xff	U+009f
+#
+#  Frm IBMCDC datatable 01A434B0.TXMAP110
+#
+#  Changed
+#  0x15    U+0085  ->  0x15    U+000a
+#
+0x00    U+0000
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+0xE7    U+0058
+0xE8    U+0059
+0xE9    U+005A
+0xEA    U+0661
+0xEB    U+0662
+0xED    U+0663
+0xEE    U+0664
+0xEF    U+0665
+0xF0    U+0030
+0xF1    U+0031
+0xF2    U+0032
+0xF3    U+0033
+0xF4    U+0034
+0xF5    U+0035
+0xF6    U+0036
+0xF7    U+0037
+0xF8    U+0038
+0xF9    U+0039
+0xFB    U+0666
+0xFC    U+0667
+0xFD    U+0668
+0xFE    U+0669
+0xFF    U+009F
diff --git a/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.nr b/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.nr
index 675451906d4bc28b66cba49593cf9c57a6a6f559..c3d93ee477439e733b8a56fe6c50b5815529b6f8 100644
--- a/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.nr
+++ b/make/tools/CharsetMapping/IBM420.nr
@@ -1 +1 @@
-0x25	U+000a
+0x25    U+000a
diff --git a/make/tools/src/build/tools/charsetmapping/GenerateSBCS.java b/make/tools/src/build/tools/charsetmapping/GenerateSBCS.java
index 5d791d515915695b4695d6193192a67bf3ffb1a6..8a57a6521bce9a439e7ef3729fe5f01b787f2f6a 100644
--- a/make/tools/src/build/tools/charsetmapping/GenerateSBCS.java
+++ b/make/tools/src/build/tools/charsetmapping/GenerateSBCS.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 package build.tools.charsetmapping;
 
 import java.io.*;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Scanner;
 import java.util.Formatter;
@@ -54,33 +55,19 @@ public class GenerateSBCS {
             String pkgName  = fields[4];
             System.out.printf("%s,%s,%s,%b,%s%n", clzName, csName, hisName, isASCII, pkgName);
 
-            StringBuilder b2c = new StringBuilder();
-            int c2bLen = genB2C(
-                new FileInputStream(new File(args[0], clzName+".map")), b2c);
-
-            String b2cNR = null;
-            File nrF = new File(args[0], clzName+".nr");
-            if (nrF.exists()) {
-                b2cNR = genNR(new FileInputStream(nrF));
-            }
-
-            String c2bNR = null;
-            File c2bF = new File(args[0], clzName+".c2b");
-            if (c2bF.exists()) {
-                c2bNR = genC2BNR(new FileInputStream(c2bF));
-            }
-
-            genSBCSClass(args[0], args[1], "SingleByte-X.java",
-                         clzName, csName, hisName, pkgName, isASCII,
-                         b2c.toString(), b2cNR, c2bNR, c2bLen);
+            genClass(args[0], args[1], "SingleByte-X.java",
+                     clzName, csName, hisName, pkgName, isASCII);
         }
     }
 
     private static void toString(char[] sb, int off, int end,
-                                 Formatter out, String closure) {
+                                 Formatter out, String closure,
+                                 boolean comment) {
         while (off < end) {
             out.format("        \"");
             for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
+                if (off == end)
+                    break;
                 char c = sb[off++];
                 switch (c) {
                 case '\b':
@@ -103,101 +90,124 @@ public class GenerateSBCS {
                     out.format("\\u%04X", c & 0xffff);
                 }
             }
-            if (off == end)
-               out.format("\" %s      // 0x%02x - 0x%02x%n", closure, off-8, off-1);
-            else
-               out.format("\" +      // 0x%02x - 0x%02x%n", off-8, off-1);
+            if (comment) {
+                if (off == end)
+                    out.format("\" %s      // 0x%02x - 0x%02x%n",
+                               closure, off-8, off-1);
+                else
+                    out.format("\" +      // 0x%02x - 0x%02x%n",
+                               off-8, off-1);
+            } else {
+                if (off == end)
+                    out.format("\"%s%n", closure);
+                else
+                    out.format("\" +%n");
+            }
         }
     }
 
     static Pattern sbmap = Pattern.compile("0x(\\p{XDigit}++)\\s++U\\+(\\p{XDigit}++)(\\s++#.*)?");
-    private static int genB2C(InputStream in, StringBuilder out)
+
+    private static void genClass(String srcDir, String dstDir,
+                                 String template,
+                                 String clzName,
+                                 String csName,
+                                 String hisName,
+                                 String pkgName,
+                                 boolean isASCII)
         throws Exception
     {
-        char[] sb = new char[0x100];
-        int[] indexC2B = new int[0x100];
+        StringBuilder b2cSB = new StringBuilder();
+        StringBuilder b2cNRSB = new StringBuilder();
+        StringBuilder c2bNRSB = new StringBuilder();
 
-        for (int i = 0; i < sb.length; i++)
-            sb[i] = UNMAPPABLE_DECODING;
+        char[] sb = new char[0x100];
+        char[] c2bIndex = new char[0x100];
+        int    c2bOff = 0;
+        Arrays.fill(sb, UNMAPPABLE_DECODING);
+        Arrays.fill(c2bIndex, UNMAPPABLE_DECODING);
 
-        // parse the b2c mapping table
+        // (1)read in .map to parse all b->c entries
+        FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(
+                                 new File(srcDir, clzName + ".map"));
         Parser p = new Parser(in, sbmap);
         Entry  e = null;
-        int    off = 0;
+
         while ((e = p.next()) != null) {
             sb[e.bs] = (char)e.cp;
-            if (indexC2B[e.cp>>8] == 0) {
-                off += 0x100;
-                indexC2B[e.cp>>8] = 1;
+            if (c2bIndex[e.cp>>8] == UNMAPPABLE_DECODING) {
+                c2bOff += 0x100;
+                c2bIndex[e.cp>>8] = 1;
             }
         }
 
-        Formatter fm = new Formatter(out);
+        Formatter fm = new Formatter(b2cSB);
         fm.format("%n");
 
         // vm -server shows cc[byte + 128] access is much faster than
         // cc[byte&0xff] so we output the upper segment first
-        toString(sb, 0x80, 0x100, fm, "+");
-        toString(sb, 0x00, 0x80,  fm, ";");
-
+        toString(sb, 0x80, 0x100, fm, "+", true);
+        toString(sb, 0x00, 0x80,  fm, ";", true);
         fm.close();
-        return off;
-    }
 
-    // generate non-roundtrip entries from xxx.nr file
-    private static String genNR(InputStream in) throws Exception
-    {
-        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-        Formatter fm = new Formatter(sb);
-        Parser p = new Parser(in, sbmap);
-        Entry  e = null;
-        fm.format("// remove non-roundtrip entries%n");
-        fm.format("        b2cMap = b2cTable.toCharArray();%n");
-        while ((e = p.next()) != null) {
-            fm.format("        b2cMap[%d] = UNMAPPABLE_DECODING;%n",
-                      (e.bs>=0x80)?(e.bs-0x80):(e.bs+0x80));
-        }
-        fm.close();
-        return sb.toString();
-    }
+        // (2)now the .nr file which includes "b->c" non-roundtrip entries
+        File f = new File(srcDir, clzName + ".nr");
+        if (f.exists()) {
+            in = new FileInputStream(f);
+            fm = new Formatter(b2cNRSB);
+            p = new Parser(in, sbmap);
+            e = null;
 
-    // generate c2b only entries from xxx.c2b file
-    private static String genC2BNR(InputStream in) throws Exception
-    {
-        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-        Formatter fm = new Formatter(sb);
-        Parser p = new Parser(in, sbmap);
-        ArrayList<Entry> es = new ArrayList<Entry>();
-        Entry  e = null;
-        while ((e = p.next()) != null) {
-            es.add(e);
+            fm.format("// remove non-roundtrip entries%n");
+            fm.format("        b2cMap = b2cTable.toCharArray();%n");
+            while ((e = p.next()) != null) {
+                fm.format("        b2cMap[%d] = UNMAPPABLE_DECODING;%n",
+                          (e.bs>=0x80)?(e.bs-0x80):(e.bs+0x80));
+            }
+            fm.close();
         }
 
-        fm.format("// non-roundtrip c2b only entries%n");
-        fm.format("        c2bNR = new char[%d];%n", es.size() * 2);
-        int i = 0;
-        for (Entry entry: es) {
-            fm.format("        c2bNR[%d] = 0x%x; c2bNR[%d] = 0x%x;%n",
-                      i++, entry.bs, i++, entry.cp);
+        // (3)finally the .c2b file which includes c->b non-roundtrip entries
+        f = new File(srcDir, clzName + ".c2b");
+        if (f.exists()) {
+            in = new FileInputStream(f);
+            fm = new Formatter(c2bNRSB);
+            p = new Parser(in, sbmap);
+            e = null;
+            ArrayList<Entry> es = new ArrayList<Entry>();
+            while ((e = p.next()) != null) {
+                if (c2bIndex[e.cp>>8] == UNMAPPABLE_DECODING) {
+                    c2bOff += 0x100;
+                    c2bIndex[e.cp>>8] = 1;
+                }
+                es.add(e);
+            }
+            fm.format("// non-roundtrip c2b only entries%n");
+            if (es.size() < 100) {
+                fm.format("        c2bNR = new char[%d];%n", es.size() * 2);
+                int i = 0;
+                for (Entry entry: es) {
+                    fm.format("        c2bNR[%d] = 0x%x; c2bNR[%d] = 0x%x;%n",
+                              i++, entry.bs, i++, entry.cp);
+                }
+            } else {
+                char[] cc = new char[es.size() * 2];
+                int i = 0;
+                for (Entry entry: es) {
+                    cc[i++] = (char)entry.bs;
+                    cc[i++] = (char)entry.cp;
+                }
+                fm.format("        c2bNR = (%n");
+                toString(cc, 0, i,  fm, ").toCharArray();", false);
+            }
+            fm.close();
         }
-        fm.close();
-        return sb.toString();
-    }
 
-    private static void genSBCSClass(String srcDir,
-                                     String dstDir,
-                                     String template,
-                                     String clzName,
-                                     String csName,
-                                     String hisName,
-                                     String pkgName,
-                                     boolean isASCII,
-                                     String b2c,
-                                     String b2cNR,
-                                     String c2bNR,
-                                     int    c2blen)
-        throws Exception
-    {
+        // (4)it's time to generate the source file
+        String b2c = b2cSB.toString();
+        String b2cNR = b2cNRSB.toString();
+        String c2bNR = c2bNRSB.toString();
+
         Scanner s = new Scanner(new File(srcDir, template));
         PrintStream out = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(
                               new File(dstDir, clzName + ".java")));
@@ -239,16 +249,16 @@ public class GenerateSBCS {
                 line = line.replace("$B2CTABLE$", b2c);
             }
             if (line.indexOf("$C2BLENGTH$") != -1) {
-                line = line.replace("$C2BLENGTH$", "0x" + Integer.toString(c2blen, 16));
+                line = line.replace("$C2BLENGTH$", "0x" + Integer.toString(c2bOff, 16));
             }
             if (line.indexOf("$NONROUNDTRIP_B2C$") != -1) {
-                if (b2cNR == null)
+                if (b2cNR.length() == 0)
                     continue;
                 line = line.replace("$NONROUNDTRIP_B2C$", b2cNR);
             }
 
             if (line.indexOf("$NONROUNDTRIP_C2B$") != -1) {
-                if (c2bNR == null)
+                if (c2bNR.length() == 0)
                     continue;
                 line = line.replace("$NONROUNDTRIP_C2B$", c2bNR);
             }
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel.java b/src/share/classes/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel.java
index cbf402f5933c3551cedb67360ed3dc58e47d957a..1dde1d7a399eb757ed4a165a4f3bb130493ce86a 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel.java
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ public abstract class DatagramChannel
      * invocation of this method will block until the first operation is
      * complete. If this channel's socket is not bound then this method will
      * first cause the socket to be bound to an address that is assigned
-     * automatically, as if by invoking the {@link #bind bind) method with a
+     * automatically, as if by invoking the {@link #bind bind} method with a
      * parameter of {@code null}. </p>
      *
      * @param  src
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/nio/channels/package-info.java b/src/share/classes/java/nio/channels/package-info.java
index 47a1cb5f97928b316961c33070bc1c6abdd0b453..36a408402607648d6f6c60c8ce12c2ee0ae3a47d 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/nio/channels/package-info.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/nio/channels/package-info.java
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@
  *     <td>Reads, writes, maps, and manipulates files</td></tr>
  * <tr><td valign=top><tt>{@link java.nio.channels.FileLock}</tt></td>
  *     <td>A lock on a (region of a) file</td></tr>
- * <tr><td valign=top><tt>{@link java.nio.MappedByteBuffer}/{@link java.nio.MappedBigByteBuffer}&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
- *     <td>A direct byte buffer or big byte buffer mapped to a region of a&nbsp;file</td></tr>
+ * <tr><td valign=top><tt>{@link java.nio.MappedByteBuffer}&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td>
+ *     <td>A direct byte buffer mapped to a region of a&nbsp;file</td></tr>
  * </table></blockquote>
  *
  * <p> The {@link java.nio.channels.FileChannel} class supports the usual
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/DirectoryStream.java b/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/DirectoryStream.java
index 001f22b0723f83e16c9663fded8af0dd409d125a..f0be02172d6a6207d43266ceea457571f6cbfa0c 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/DirectoryStream.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/DirectoryStream.java
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ import java.io.IOException;
  * invoking the {@link #close close} method. Closing the directory stream
  * releases any resources associated with the stream. Once a directory stream
  * is closed, all further method invocations on the iterator throw {@link
- * java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentModificationException} with cause {@link
+ * java.util.ConcurrentModificationException} with cause {@link
  * ClosedDirectoryStreamException}.
  *
  * <p> A directory stream is not required to be <i>asynchronously closeable</i>.
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/Path.java b/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/Path.java
index 113a7c58067ef0c1701e03fa9daa53713884ac68..d9ba6de78354e94878eefd2a055e8eeb7ff835c0 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/Path.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/Path.java
@@ -987,7 +987,7 @@ public abstract class Path
      * exception then it is propogated to the iterator's {@link Iterator#hasNext()
      * hasNext} or {@link Iterator#next() next} method. Where an {@code
      * IOException} is thrown, it is propogated as a {@link
-     * java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentModificationException} with the {@code
+     * java.util.ConcurrentModificationException} with the {@code
      * IOException} as the cause.
      *
      * <p> When an implementation supports operations on entries in the
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/attribute/package-info.java b/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/attribute/package-info.java
index c5301b1f840beb97ef599c1b49b7f3e553e015ca..b2192b89237d0175f6327faf5922f118268d0552 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/attribute/package-info.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/nio/file/attribute/package-info.java
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@
  *   <p><li> The {@link java.nio.file.attribute.UserPrincipalLookupService}
  *   interface defines methods to lookup user or group principals. </li>
  *
- *   <p><li> The {@link java.nio.file.attribute.Attribute} interface
+ *   <p><li> The {@link java.nio.file.attribute.FileAttribute} interface
  *   represents the value of an attribute for cases where the attribute value is
- *   require to be set atomically when creating an object in the file system. </li>
+ *   required to be set atomically when creating an object in the file system. </li>
  *
  * </ul>
  *
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/util/Arrays.java b/src/share/classes/java/util/Arrays.java
index 313c686eb36450d2dfda598947edc50710bc5040..eac5521cd8676d7f2458c8279082246adaeab108 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/util/Arrays.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/util/Arrays.java
@@ -1065,29 +1065,103 @@ public class Arrays {
                 (x[b] > x[c] ? b : x[a] > x[c] ? c : a));
     }
 
-
     /**
-     * Sorts the specified array of objects into ascending order, according to
-     * the {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering}
-     * of its elements.  All elements in the array
-     * must implement the {@link Comparable} interface.  Furthermore, all
-     * elements in the array must be <i>mutually comparable</i> (that is,
-     * <tt>e1.compareTo(e2)</tt> must not throw a <tt>ClassCastException</tt>
-     * for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> in the array).<p>
+     * Old merge sort implementation can be selected (for
+     * compatibility with broken comparators) using a system property.
+     * Cannot be a static boolean in the enclosing class due to
+     * circular dependencies.  To be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    static final class LegacyMergeSort {
+        private static final boolean userRequested =
+            java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
+                new sun.security.action.GetBooleanAction(
+                    "java.util.Arrays.useLegacyMergeSort")).booleanValue();
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * If this platform has an optimizing VM, check whether ComparableTimSort
+     * offers any performance benefit over TimSort in conjunction with a
+     * comparator that returns:
+     *    {@code ((Comparable)first).compareTo(Second)}.
+     * If not, you are better off deleting ComparableTimSort to
+     * eliminate the code duplication.  In other words, the commented
+     * out code below is the preferable implementation for sorting
+     * arrays of Comparables if it offers sufficient performance.
+     */
+
+//    /**
+//     * A comparator that implements the natural ordering of a group of
+//     * mutually comparable elements.  Using this comparator saves us
+//     * from duplicating most of the code in this file (one version for
+//     * Comparables, one for explicit Comparators).
+//     */
+//    private static final Comparator<Object> NATURAL_ORDER =
+//            new Comparator<Object>() {
+//        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+//        public int compare(Object first, Object second) {
+//            return ((Comparable<Object>)first).compareTo(second);
+//        }
+//    };
+//
+//    public static void sort(Object[] a) {
+//        sort(a, 0, a.length, NATURAL_ORDER);
+//    }
+//
+//    public static void sort(Object[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
+//        sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex, NATURAL_ORDER);
+//    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sorts the specified array of objects into ascending order, according
+     * to the {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} of its elements.
+     * All elements in the array must implement the {@link Comparable}
+     * interface.  Furthermore, all elements in the array must be
+     * <i>mutually comparable</i> (that is, {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must
+     * not throw a {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1}
+     * and {@code e2} in the array).
+     *
+     * <p>This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
+     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
+     *
+     * <p>Implementation note: This implementation is a stable, adaptive,
+     * iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than n lg(n) comparisons
+     * when the input array is partially sorted, while offering the
+     * performance of a traditional mergesort when the input array is
+     * randomly ordered.  If the input array is nearly sorted, the
+     * implementation requires approximately n comparisons.  Temporary
+     * storage requirements vary from a small constant for nearly sorted
+     * input arrays to n/2 object references for randomly ordered input
+     * arrays.
      *
-     * This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
-     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.<p>
+     * <p>The implementation takes equal advantage of ascending and
+     * descending order in its input array, and can take advantage of
+     * ascending and descending order in different parts of the the same
+     * input array.  It is well-suited to merging two or more sorted arrays:
+     * simply concatenate the arrays and sort the resulting array.
      *
-     * The sorting algorithm is a modified mergesort (in which the merge is
-     * omitted if the highest element in the low sublist is less than the
-     * lowest element in the high sublist).  This algorithm offers guaranteed
-     * n*log(n) performance.
+     * <p>The implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for Python
+     * (<a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt">
+     * TimSort</a>).  It uses techiques from Peter McIlroy's "Optimistic
+     * Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity", in Proceedings of the
+     * Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp 467-474,
+     * January 1993.
      *
      * @param a the array to be sorted
-     * @throws  ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are not
-     *          <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and integers).
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are not
+     *         <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and integers)
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException (optional) if the natural
+     *         ordering of the array elements is found to violate the
+     *         {@link Comparable} contract
      */
     public static void sort(Object[] a) {
+        if (LegacyMergeSort.userRequested)
+            legacyMergeSort(a);
+        else
+            ComparableTimSort.sort(a);
+    }
+
+    /** To be removed in a future release. */
+    private static void legacyMergeSort(Object[] a) {
         Object[] aux = a.clone();
         mergeSort(aux, a, 0, a.length, 0);
     }
@@ -1097,34 +1171,63 @@ public class Arrays {
      * ascending order, according to the
      * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} of its
      * elements.  The range to be sorted extends from index
-     * <tt>fromIndex</tt>, inclusive, to index <tt>toIndex</tt>, exclusive.
-     * (If <tt>fromIndex==toIndex</tt>, the range to be sorted is empty.)  All
+     * {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index {@code toIndex}, exclusive.
+     * (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.)  All
      * elements in this range must implement the {@link Comparable}
      * interface.  Furthermore, all elements in this range must be <i>mutually
-     * comparable</i> (that is, <tt>e1.compareTo(e2)</tt> must not throw a
-     * <tt>ClassCastException</tt> for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and
-     * <tt>e2</tt> in the array).<p>
+     * comparable</i> (that is, {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must not throw a
+     * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and
+     * {@code e2} in the array).
+     *
+     * <p>This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
+     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
+     *
+     * <p>Implementation note: This implementation is a stable, adaptive,
+     * iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than n lg(n) comparisons
+     * when the input array is partially sorted, while offering the
+     * performance of a traditional mergesort when the input array is
+     * randomly ordered.  If the input array is nearly sorted, the
+     * implementation requires approximately n comparisons.  Temporary
+     * storage requirements vary from a small constant for nearly sorted
+     * input arrays to n/2 object references for randomly ordered input
+     * arrays.
      *
-     * This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
-     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.<p>
+     * <p>The implementation takes equal advantage of ascending and
+     * descending order in its input array, and can take advantage of
+     * ascending and descending order in different parts of the the same
+     * input array.  It is well-suited to merging two or more sorted arrays:
+     * simply concatenate the arrays and sort the resulting array.
      *
-     * The sorting algorithm is a modified mergesort (in which the merge is
-     * omitted if the highest element in the low sublist is less than the
-     * lowest element in the high sublist).  This algorithm offers guaranteed
-     * n*log(n) performance.
+     * <p>The implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for Python
+     * (<a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt">
+     * TimSort</a>).  It uses techiques from Peter McIlroy's "Optimistic
+     * Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity", in Proceedings of the
+     * Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp 467-474,
+     * January 1993.
      *
      * @param a the array to be sorted
      * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
      *        sorted
      * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be sorted
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>fromIndex &gt; toIndex</tt>
-     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if <tt>fromIndex &lt; 0</tt> or
-     *         <tt>toIndex &gt; a.length</tt>
-     * @throws    ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
-     *            not <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and
-     *            integers).
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex} or
+     *         (optional) if the natural ordering of the array elements is
+     *         found to violate the {@link Comparable} contract
+     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
+     *         {@code toIndex > a.length}
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
+     *         not <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and
+     *         integers).
      */
     public static void sort(Object[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
+        if (LegacyMergeSort.userRequested)
+            legacyMergeSort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
+        else
+            ComparableTimSort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
+    }
+
+    /** To be removed in a future release. */
+    private static void legacyMergeSort(Object[] a,
+                                        int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
         rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
         Object[] aux = copyOfRange(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
         mergeSort(aux, a, fromIndex, toIndex, -fromIndex);
@@ -1133,6 +1236,7 @@ public class Arrays {
     /**
      * Tuning parameter: list size at or below which insertion sort will be
      * used in preference to mergesort or quicksort.
+     * To be removed in a future release.
      */
     private static final int INSERTIONSORT_THRESHOLD = 7;
 
@@ -1142,6 +1246,7 @@ public class Arrays {
      * low is the index in dest to start sorting
      * high is the end index in dest to end sorting
      * off is the offset to generate corresponding low, high in src
+     * To be removed in a future release.
      */
     private static void mergeSort(Object[] src,
                                   Object[] dest,
@@ -1197,25 +1302,53 @@ public class Arrays {
      * Sorts the specified array of objects according to the order induced by
      * the specified comparator.  All elements in the array must be
      * <i>mutually comparable</i> by the specified comparator (that is,
-     * <tt>c.compare(e1, e2)</tt> must not throw a <tt>ClassCastException</tt>
-     * for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> in the array).<p>
+     * {@code c.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException}
+     * for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the array).
+     *
+     * <p>This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
+     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
+     *
+     * <p>Implementation note: This implementation is a stable, adaptive,
+     * iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than n lg(n) comparisons
+     * when the input array is partially sorted, while offering the
+     * performance of a traditional mergesort when the input array is
+     * randomly ordered.  If the input array is nearly sorted, the
+     * implementation requires approximately n comparisons.  Temporary
+     * storage requirements vary from a small constant for nearly sorted
+     * input arrays to n/2 object references for randomly ordered input
+     * arrays.
      *
-     * This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
-     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.<p>
+     * <p>The implementation takes equal advantage of ascending and
+     * descending order in its input array, and can take advantage of
+     * ascending and descending order in different parts of the the same
+     * input array.  It is well-suited to merging two or more sorted arrays:
+     * simply concatenate the arrays and sort the resulting array.
      *
-     * The sorting algorithm is a modified mergesort (in which the merge is
-     * omitted if the highest element in the low sublist is less than the
-     * lowest element in the high sublist).  This algorithm offers guaranteed
-     * n*log(n) performance.
+     * <p>The implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for Python
+     * (<a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt">
+     * TimSort</a>).  It uses techiques from Peter McIlroy's "Optimistic
+     * Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity", in Proceedings of the
+     * Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp 467-474,
+     * January 1993.
      *
      * @param a the array to be sorted
      * @param c the comparator to determine the order of the array.  A
-     *        <tt>null</tt> value indicates that the elements'
+     *        {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
      *        {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
-     * @throws  ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
-     *          not <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator.
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
+     *         not <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException (optional) if the comparator is
+     *         found to violate the {@link Comparator} contract
      */
     public static <T> void sort(T[] a, Comparator<? super T> c) {
+        if (LegacyMergeSort.userRequested)
+            legacyMergeSort(a, c);
+        else
+            TimSort.sort(a, c);
+    }
+
+    /** To be removed in a future release. */
+    private static <T> void legacyMergeSort(T[] a, Comparator<? super T> c) {
         T[] aux = a.clone();
         if (c==null)
             mergeSort(aux, a, 0, a.length, 0);
@@ -1226,36 +1359,65 @@ public class Arrays {
     /**
      * Sorts the specified range of the specified array of objects according
      * to the order induced by the specified comparator.  The range to be
-     * sorted extends from index <tt>fromIndex</tt>, inclusive, to index
-     * <tt>toIndex</tt>, exclusive.  (If <tt>fromIndex==toIndex</tt>, the
+     * sorted extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
+     * {@code toIndex}, exclusive.  (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
      * range to be sorted is empty.)  All elements in the range must be
      * <i>mutually comparable</i> by the specified comparator (that is,
-     * <tt>c.compare(e1, e2)</tt> must not throw a <tt>ClassCastException</tt>
-     * for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> in the range).<p>
+     * {@code c.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException}
+     * for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the range).
+     *
+     * <p>This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
+     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
+     *
+     * <p>Implementation note: This implementation is a stable, adaptive,
+     * iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than n lg(n) comparisons
+     * when the input array is partially sorted, while offering the
+     * performance of a traditional mergesort when the input array is
+     * randomly ordered.  If the input array is nearly sorted, the
+     * implementation requires approximately n comparisons.  Temporary
+     * storage requirements vary from a small constant for nearly sorted
+     * input arrays to n/2 object references for randomly ordered input
+     * arrays.
      *
-     * This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
-     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.<p>
+     * <p>The implementation takes equal advantage of ascending and
+     * descending order in its input array, and can take advantage of
+     * ascending and descending order in different parts of the the same
+     * input array.  It is well-suited to merging two or more sorted arrays:
+     * simply concatenate the arrays and sort the resulting array.
      *
-     * The sorting algorithm is a modified mergesort (in which the merge is
-     * omitted if the highest element in the low sublist is less than the
-     * lowest element in the high sublist).  This algorithm offers guaranteed
-     * n*log(n) performance.
+     * <p>The implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for Python
+     * (<a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt">
+     * TimSort</a>).  It uses techiques from Peter McIlroy's "Optimistic
+     * Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity", in Proceedings of the
+     * Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp 467-474,
+     * January 1993.
      *
      * @param a the array to be sorted
      * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
      *        sorted
      * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be sorted
      * @param c the comparator to determine the order of the array.  A
-     *        <tt>null</tt> value indicates that the elements'
+     *        {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
      *        {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
      * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are not
      *         <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator.
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>fromIndex &gt; toIndex</tt>
-     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if <tt>fromIndex &lt; 0</tt> or
-     *         <tt>toIndex &gt; a.length</tt>
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex} or
+     *         (optional) if the comparator is found to violate the
+     *         {@link Comparator} contract
+     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
+     *         {@code toIndex > a.length}
      */
     public static <T> void sort(T[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
                                 Comparator<? super T> c) {
+        if (LegacyMergeSort.userRequested)
+            legacyMergeSort(a, fromIndex, toIndex, c);
+        else
+            TimSort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex, c);
+    }
+
+    /** To be removed in a future release. */
+    private static <T> void legacyMergeSort(T[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
+                                            Comparator<? super T> c) {
         rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
         T[] aux = copyOfRange(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
         if (c==null)
@@ -1270,6 +1432,7 @@ public class Arrays {
      * low is the index in dest to start sorting
      * high is the end index in dest to end sorting
      * off is the offset into src corresponding to low in dest
+     * To be removed in a future release.
      */
     private static void mergeSort(Object[] src,
                                   Object[] dest,
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/util/Collections.java b/src/share/classes/java/util/Collections.java
index caec3ffd11c4216c8f1e012dccb639258f8a34ac..8597888dfa5d59cf00728999b655938e243c1da8 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/util/Collections.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/util/Collections.java
@@ -100,23 +100,42 @@ public class Collections {
 
     /**
      * Sorts the specified list into ascending order, according to the
-     * <i>natural ordering</i> of its elements.  All elements in the list must
-     * implement the <tt>Comparable</tt> interface.  Furthermore, all elements
-     * in the list must be <i>mutually comparable</i> (that is,
-     * <tt>e1.compareTo(e2)</tt> must not throw a <tt>ClassCastException</tt>
-     * for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> in the list).<p>
-     *
-     * This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
-     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.<p>
-     *
-     * The specified list must be modifiable, but need not be resizable.<p>
-     *
-     * The sorting algorithm is a modified mergesort (in which the merge is
-     * omitted if the highest element in the low sublist is less than the
-     * lowest element in the high sublist).  This algorithm offers guaranteed
-     * n log(n) performance.
-     *
-     * This implementation dumps the specified list into an array, sorts
+     * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} of its elements.
+     * All elements in the list must implement the {@link Comparable}
+     * interface.  Furthermore, all elements in the list must be
+     * <i>mutually comparable</i> (that is, {@code e1.compareTo(e2)}
+     * must not throw a {@code ClassCastException} for any elements
+     * {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the list).
+     *
+     * <p>This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
+     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
+     *
+     * <p>The specified list must be modifiable, but need not be resizable.
+     *
+     * <p>Implementation note: This implementation is a stable, adaptive,
+     * iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than n lg(n) comparisons
+     * when the input array is partially sorted, while offering the
+     * performance of a traditional mergesort when the input array is
+     * randomly ordered.  If the input array is nearly sorted, the
+     * implementation requires approximately n comparisons.  Temporary
+     * storage requirements vary from a small constant for nearly sorted
+     * input arrays to n/2 object references for randomly ordered input
+     * arrays.
+     *
+     * <p>The implementation takes equal advantage of ascending and
+     * descending order in its input array, and can take advantage of
+     * ascending and descending order in different parts of the the same
+     * input array.  It is well-suited to merging two or more sorted arrays:
+     * simply concatenate the arrays and sort the resulting array.
+     *
+     * <p>The implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for Python
+     * (<a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt">
+     * TimSort</a>).  It uses techiques from Peter McIlroy's "Optimistic
+     * Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity", in Proceedings of the
+     * Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp 467-474,
+     * January 1993.
+     *
+     * <p>This implementation dumps the specified list into an array, sorts
      * the array, and iterates over the list resetting each element
      * from the corresponding position in the array.  This avoids the
      * n<sup>2</sup> log(n) performance that would result from attempting
@@ -126,8 +145,10 @@ public class Collections {
      * @throws ClassCastException if the list contains elements that are not
      *         <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and integers).
      * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list's
-     *         list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> operation.
-     * @see Comparable
+     *         list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException (optional) if the implementation
+     *         detects that the natural ordering of the list elements is
+     *         found to violate the {@link Comparable} contract
      */
     public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> void sort(List<T> list) {
         Object[] a = list.toArray();
@@ -143,19 +164,38 @@ public class Collections {
      * Sorts the specified list according to the order induced by the
      * specified comparator.  All elements in the list must be <i>mutually
      * comparable</i> using the specified comparator (that is,
-     * <tt>c.compare(e1, e2)</tt> must not throw a <tt>ClassCastException</tt>
-     * for any elements <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> in the list).<p>
-     *
-     * This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
-     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.<p>
-     *
-     * The sorting algorithm is a modified mergesort (in which the merge is
-     * omitted if the highest element in the low sublist is less than the
-     * lowest element in the high sublist).  This algorithm offers guaranteed
-     * n log(n) performance.
-     *
-     * The specified list must be modifiable, but need not be resizable.
-     * This implementation dumps the specified list into an array, sorts
+     * {@code c.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException}
+     * for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the list).
+     *
+     * <p>This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
+     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
+     *
+     * <p>The specified list must be modifiable, but need not be resizable.
+     *
+     * <p>Implementation note: This implementation is a stable, adaptive,
+     * iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than n lg(n) comparisons
+     * when the input array is partially sorted, while offering the
+     * performance of a traditional mergesort when the input array is
+     * randomly ordered.  If the input array is nearly sorted, the
+     * implementation requires approximately n comparisons.  Temporary
+     * storage requirements vary from a small constant for nearly sorted
+     * input arrays to n/2 object references for randomly ordered input
+     * arrays.
+     *
+     * <p>The implementation takes equal advantage of ascending and
+     * descending order in its input array, and can take advantage of
+     * ascending and descending order in different parts of the the same
+     * input array.  It is well-suited to merging two or more sorted arrays:
+     * simply concatenate the arrays and sort the resulting array.
+     *
+     * <p>The implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for Python
+     * (<a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt">
+     * TimSort</a>).  It uses techiques from Peter McIlroy's "Optimistic
+     * Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity", in Proceedings of the
+     * Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp 467-474,
+     * January 1993.
+     *
+     * <p>This implementation dumps the specified list into an array, sorts
      * the array, and iterates over the list resetting each element
      * from the corresponding position in the array.  This avoids the
      * n<sup>2</sup> log(n) performance that would result from attempting
@@ -163,13 +203,14 @@ public class Collections {
      *
      * @param  list the list to be sorted.
      * @param  c the comparator to determine the order of the list.  A
-     *        <tt>null</tt> value indicates that the elements' <i>natural
+     *        {@code null} value indicates that the elements' <i>natural
      *        ordering</i> should be used.
      * @throws ClassCastException if the list contains elements that are not
      *         <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator.
      * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the specified list's
-     *         list-iterator does not support the <tt>set</tt> operation.
-     * @see Comparator
+     *         list-iterator does not support the {@code set} operation.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException (optional) if the comparator is
+     *         found to violate the {@link Comparator} contract
      */
     public static <T> void sort(List<T> list, Comparator<? super T> c) {
         Object[] a = list.toArray();
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/util/ComparableTimSort.java b/src/share/classes/java/util/ComparableTimSort.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..750a89bebaa7fe8812159c4da84dd84c7a42c407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/util/ComparableTimSort.java
@@ -0,0 +1,895 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009 Google Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Sun designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+
+/**
+ * This is a near duplicate of {@link TimSort}, modified for use with
+ * arrays of objects that implement {@link Comparable}, instead of using
+ * explicit comparators.
+ *
+ * <p>If you are using an optimizing VM, you may find that ComparableTimSort
+ * offers no performance benefit over TimSort in conjunction with a
+ * comparator that simply returns {@code ((Comparable)first).compareTo(Second)}.
+ * If this is the case, you are better off deleting ComparableTimSort to
+ * eliminate the code duplication.  (See Arrays.java for details.)
+ *
+ * @author Josh Bloch
+ */
+class ComparableTimSort {
+    /**
+     * This is the minimum sized sequence that will be merged.  Shorter
+     * sequences will be lengthened by calling binarySort.  If the entire
+     * array is less than this length, no merges will be performed.
+     *
+     * This constant should be a power of two.  It was 64 in Tim Peter's C
+     * implementation, but 32 was empirically determined to work better in
+     * this implementation.  In the unlikely event that you set this constant
+     * to be a number that's not a power of two, you'll need to change the
+     * {@link #minRunLength} computation.
+     *
+     * If you decrease this constant, you must change the stackLen
+     * computation in the TimSort constructor, or you risk an
+     * ArrayOutOfBounds exception.  See listsort.txt for a discussion
+     * of the minimum stack length required as a function of the length
+     * of the array being sorted and the minimum merge sequence length.
+     */
+    private static final int MIN_MERGE = 32;
+
+    /**
+     * The array being sorted.
+     */
+    private final Object[] a;
+
+    /**
+     * When we get into galloping mode, we stay there until both runs win less
+     * often than MIN_GALLOP consecutive times.
+     */
+    private static final int  MIN_GALLOP = 7;
+
+    /**
+     * This controls when we get *into* galloping mode.  It is initialized
+     * to MIN_GALLOP.  The mergeLo and mergeHi methods nudge it higher for
+     * random data, and lower for highly structured data.
+     */
+    private int minGallop = MIN_GALLOP;
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum initial size of tmp array, which is used for merging.  The array
+     * can grow to accommodate demand.
+     *
+     * Unlike Tim's original C version, we do not allocate this much storage
+     * when sorting smaller arrays.  This change was required for performance.
+     */
+    private static final int INITIAL_TMP_STORAGE_LENGTH = 256;
+
+    /**
+     * Temp storage for merges.
+     */
+    private Object[] tmp;
+
+    /**
+     * A stack of pending runs yet to be merged.  Run i starts at
+     * address base[i] and extends for len[i] elements.  It's always
+     * true (so long as the indices are in bounds) that:
+     *
+     *     runBase[i] + runLen[i] == runBase[i + 1]
+     *
+     * so we could cut the storage for this, but it's a minor amount,
+     * and keeping all the info explicit simplifies the code.
+     */
+    private int stackSize = 0;  // Number of pending runs on stack
+    private final int[] runBase;
+    private final int[] runLen;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a TimSort instance to maintain the state of an ongoing sort.
+     *
+     * @param a the array to be sorted
+     */
+    private ComparableTimSort(Object[] a) {
+        this.a = a;
+
+        // Allocate temp storage (which may be increased later if necessary)
+        int len = a.length;
+        @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "UnnecessaryLocalVariable"})
+        Object[] newArray = new Object[len < 2 * INITIAL_TMP_STORAGE_LENGTH ?
+                                       len >>> 1 : INITIAL_TMP_STORAGE_LENGTH];
+        tmp = newArray;
+
+        /*
+         * Allocate runs-to-be-merged stack (which cannot be expanded).  The
+         * stack length requirements are described in listsort.txt.  The C
+         * version always uses the same stack length (85), but this was
+         * measured to be too expensive when sorting "mid-sized" arrays (e.g.,
+         * 100 elements) in Java.  Therefore, we use smaller (but sufficiently
+         * large) stack lengths for smaller arrays.  The "magic numbers" in the
+         * computation below must be changed if MIN_MERGE is decreased.  See
+         * the MIN_MERGE declaration above for more information.
+         */
+        int stackLen = (len <    120  ?  5 :
+                        len <   1542  ? 10 :
+                        len < 119151  ? 19 : 40);
+        runBase = new int[stackLen];
+        runLen = new int[stackLen];
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The next two methods (which are package private and static) constitute
+     * the entire API of this class.  Each of these methods obeys the contract
+     * of the public method with the same signature in java.util.Arrays.
+     */
+
+    static void sort(Object[] a) {
+          sort(a, 0, a.length);
+    }
+
+    static void sort(Object[] a, int lo, int hi) {
+        rangeCheck(a.length, lo, hi);
+        int nRemaining  = hi - lo;
+        if (nRemaining < 2)
+            return;  // Arrays of size 0 and 1 are always sorted
+
+        // If array is small, do a "mini-TimSort" with no merges
+        if (nRemaining < MIN_MERGE) {
+            int initRunLen = countRunAndMakeAscending(a, lo, hi);
+            binarySort(a, lo, hi, lo + initRunLen);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * March over the array once, left to right, finding natural runs,
+         * extending short natural runs to minRun elements, and merging runs
+         * to maintain stack invariant.
+         */
+        ComparableTimSort ts = new ComparableTimSort(a);
+        int minRun = minRunLength(nRemaining);
+        do {
+            // Identify next run
+            int runLen = countRunAndMakeAscending(a, lo, hi);
+
+            // If run is short, extend to min(minRun, nRemaining)
+            if (runLen < minRun) {
+                int force = nRemaining <= minRun ? nRemaining : minRun;
+                binarySort(a, lo, lo + force, lo + runLen);
+                runLen = force;
+            }
+
+            // Push run onto pending-run stack, and maybe merge
+            ts.pushRun(lo, runLen);
+            ts.mergeCollapse();
+
+            // Advance to find next run
+            lo += runLen;
+            nRemaining -= runLen;
+        } while (nRemaining != 0);
+
+        // Merge all remaining runs to complete sort
+        assert lo == hi;
+        ts.mergeForceCollapse();
+        assert ts.stackSize == 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sorts the specified portion of the specified array using a binary
+     * insertion sort.  This is the best method for sorting small numbers
+     * of elements.  It requires O(n log n) compares, but O(n^2) data
+     * movement (worst case).
+     *
+     * If the initial part of the specified range is already sorted,
+     * this method can take advantage of it: the method assumes that the
+     * elements from index {@code lo}, inclusive, to {@code start},
+     * exclusive are already sorted.
+     *
+     * @param a the array in which a range is to be sorted
+     * @param lo the index of the first element in the range to be sorted
+     * @param hi the index after the last element in the range to be sorted
+     * @param start the index of the first element in the range that is
+     *        not already known to be sorted (@code lo <= start <= hi}
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
+    private static void binarySort(Object[] a, int lo, int hi, int start) {
+        assert lo <= start && start <= hi;
+        if (start == lo)
+            start++;
+        for ( ; start < hi; start++) {
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+            Comparable<Object> pivot = (Comparable) a[start];
+
+            // Set left (and right) to the index where a[start] (pivot) belongs
+            int left = lo;
+            int right = start;
+            assert left <= right;
+            /*
+             * Invariants:
+             *   pivot >= all in [lo, left).
+             *   pivot <  all in [right, start).
+             */
+            while (left < right) {
+                int mid = (left + right) >>> 1;
+                if (pivot.compareTo(a[mid]) < 0)
+                    right = mid;
+                else
+                    left = mid + 1;
+            }
+            assert left == right;
+
+            /*
+             * The invariants still hold: pivot >= all in [lo, left) and
+             * pivot < all in [left, start), so pivot belongs at left.  Note
+             * that if there are elements equal to pivot, left points to the
+             * first slot after them -- that's why this sort is stable.
+             * Slide elements over to make room to make room for pivot.
+             */
+            int n = start - left;  // The number of elements to move
+            // Switch is just an optimization for arraycopy in default case
+            switch(n) {
+                case 2:  a[left + 2] = a[left + 1];
+                case 1:  a[left + 1] = a[left];
+                         break;
+                default: System.arraycopy(a, left, a, left + 1, n);
+            }
+            a[left] = pivot;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of the run beginning at the specified position in
+     * the specified array and reverses the run if it is descending (ensuring
+     * that the run will always be ascending when the method returns).
+     *
+     * A run is the longest ascending sequence with:
+     *
+     *    a[lo] <= a[lo + 1] <= a[lo + 2] <= ...
+     *
+     * or the longest descending sequence with:
+     *
+     *    a[lo] >  a[lo + 1] >  a[lo + 2] >  ...
+     *
+     * For its intended use in a stable mergesort, the strictness of the
+     * definition of "descending" is needed so that the call can safely
+     * reverse a descending sequence without violating stability.
+     *
+     * @param a the array in which a run is to be counted and possibly reversed
+     * @param lo index of the first element in the run
+     * @param hi index after the last element that may be contained in the run.
+              It is required that @code{lo < hi}.
+     * @return  the length of the run beginning at the specified position in
+     *          the specified array
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static int countRunAndMakeAscending(Object[] a, int lo, int hi) {
+        assert lo < hi;
+        int runHi = lo + 1;
+        if (runHi == hi)
+            return 1;
+
+        // Find end of run, and reverse range if descending
+        if (((Comparable) a[runHi++]).compareTo(a[lo]) < 0) { // Descending
+            while(runHi < hi && ((Comparable) a[runHi]).compareTo(a[runHi - 1]) < 0)
+                runHi++;
+            reverseRange(a, lo, runHi);
+        } else {                              // Ascending
+            while (runHi < hi && ((Comparable) a[runHi]).compareTo(a[runHi - 1]) >= 0)
+                runHi++;
+        }
+
+        return runHi - lo;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse the specified range of the specified array.
+     *
+     * @param a the array in which a range is to be reversed
+     * @param lo the index of the first element in the range to be reversed
+     * @param hi the index after the last element in the range to be reversed
+     */
+    private static void reverseRange(Object[] a, int lo, int hi) {
+        hi--;
+        while (lo < hi) {
+            Object t = a[lo];
+            a[lo++] = a[hi];
+            a[hi--] = t;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the minimum acceptable run length for an array of the specified
+     * length. Natural runs shorter than this will be extended with
+     * {@link #binarySort}.
+     *
+     * Roughly speaking, the computation is:
+     *
+     *  If n < MIN_MERGE, return n (it's too small to bother with fancy stuff).
+     *  Else if n is an exact power of 2, return MIN_MERGE/2.
+     *  Else return an int k, MIN_MERGE/2 <= k <= MIN_MERGE, such that n/k
+     *   is close to, but strictly less than, an exact power of 2.
+     *
+     * For the rationale, see listsort.txt.
+     *
+     * @param n the length of the array to be sorted
+     * @return the length of the minimum run to be merged
+     */
+    private static int minRunLength(int n) {
+        assert n >= 0;
+        int r = 0;      // Becomes 1 if any 1 bits are shifted off
+        while (n >= MIN_MERGE) {
+            r |= (n & 1);
+            n >>= 1;
+        }
+        return n + r;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pushes the specified run onto the pending-run stack.
+     *
+     * @param runBase index of the first element in the run
+     * @param runLen  the number of elements in the run
+     */
+    private void pushRun(int runBase, int runLen) {
+        this.runBase[stackSize] = runBase;
+        this.runLen[stackSize] = runLen;
+        stackSize++;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Examines the stack of runs waiting to be merged and merges adjacent runs
+     * until the stack invariants are reestablished:
+     *
+     *     1. runLen[i - 3] > runLen[i - 2] + runLen[i - 1]
+     *     2. runLen[i - 2] > runLen[i - 1]
+     *
+     * This method is called each time a new run is pushed onto the stack,
+     * so the invariants are guaranteed to hold for i < stackSize upon
+     * entry to the method.
+     */
+    private void mergeCollapse() {
+        while (stackSize > 1) {
+            int n = stackSize - 2;
+            if (n > 0 && runLen[n-1] <= runLen[n] + runLen[n+1]) {
+                if (runLen[n - 1] < runLen[n + 1])
+                    n--;
+                mergeAt(n);
+            } else if (runLen[n] <= runLen[n + 1]) {
+                mergeAt(n);
+            } else {
+                break; // Invariant is established
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges all runs on the stack until only one remains.  This method is
+     * called once, to complete the sort.
+     */
+    private void mergeForceCollapse() {
+        while (stackSize > 1) {
+            int n = stackSize - 2;
+            if (n > 0 && runLen[n - 1] < runLen[n + 1])
+                n--;
+            mergeAt(n);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges the two runs at stack indices i and i+1.  Run i must be
+     * the penultimate or antepenultimate run on the stack.  In other words,
+     * i must be equal to stackSize-2 or stackSize-3.
+     *
+     * @param i stack index of the first of the two runs to merge
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private void mergeAt(int i) {
+        assert stackSize >= 2;
+        assert i >= 0;
+        assert i == stackSize - 2 || i == stackSize - 3;
+
+        int base1 = runBase[i];
+        int len1 = runLen[i];
+        int base2 = runBase[i + 1];
+        int len2 = runLen[i + 1];
+        assert len1 > 0 && len2 > 0;
+        assert base1 + len1 == base2;
+
+        /*
+         * Record the length of the combined runs; if i is the 3rd-last
+         * run now, also slide over the last run (which isn't involved
+         * in this merge).  The current run (i+1) goes away in any case.
+         */
+        runLen[i] = len1 + len2;
+        if (i == stackSize - 3) {
+            runBase[i + 1] = runBase[i + 2];
+            runLen[i + 1] = runLen[i + 2];
+        }
+        stackSize--;
+
+        /*
+         * Find where the first element of run2 goes in run1. Prior elements
+         * in run1 can be ignored (because they're already in place).
+         */
+        int k = gallopRight((Comparable<Object>) a[base2], a, base1, len1, 0);
+        assert k >= 0;
+        base1 += k;
+        len1 -= k;
+        if (len1 == 0)
+            return;
+
+        /*
+         * Find where the last element of run1 goes in run2. Subsequent elements
+         * in run2 can be ignored (because they're already in place).
+         */
+        len2 = gallopLeft((Comparable<Object>) a[base1 + len1 - 1], a,
+                base2, len2, len2 - 1);
+        assert len2 >= 0;
+        if (len2 == 0)
+            return;
+
+        // Merge remaining runs, using tmp array with min(len1, len2) elements
+        if (len1 <= len2)
+            mergeLo(base1, len1, base2, len2);
+        else
+            mergeHi(base1, len1, base2, len2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Locates the position at which to insert the specified key into the
+     * specified sorted range; if the range contains an element equal to key,
+     * returns the index of the leftmost equal element.
+     *
+     * @param key the key whose insertion point to search for
+     * @param a the array in which to search
+     * @param base the index of the first element in the range
+     * @param len the length of the range; must be > 0
+     * @param hint the index at which to begin the search, 0 <= hint < n.
+     *     The closer hint is to the result, the faster this method will run.
+     * @return the int k,  0 <= k <= n such that a[b + k - 1] < key <= a[b + k],
+     *    pretending that a[b - 1] is minus infinity and a[b + n] is infinity.
+     *    In other words, key belongs at index b + k; or in other words,
+     *    the first k elements of a should precede key, and the last n - k
+     *    should follow it.
+     */
+    private static int gallopLeft(Comparable<Object> key, Object[] a,
+            int base, int len, int hint) {
+        assert len > 0 && hint >= 0 && hint < len;
+
+        int lastOfs = 0;
+        int ofs = 1;
+        if (key.compareTo(a[base + hint]) > 0) {
+            // Gallop right until a[base+hint+lastOfs] < key <= a[base+hint+ofs]
+            int maxOfs = len - hint;
+            while (ofs < maxOfs && key.compareTo(a[base + hint + ofs]) > 0) {
+                lastOfs = ofs;
+                ofs = (ofs << 1) + 1;
+                if (ofs <= 0)   // int overflow
+                    ofs = maxOfs;
+            }
+            if (ofs > maxOfs)
+                ofs = maxOfs;
+
+            // Make offsets relative to base
+            lastOfs += hint;
+            ofs += hint;
+        } else { // key <= a[base + hint]
+            // Gallop left until a[base+hint-ofs] < key <= a[base+hint-lastOfs]
+            final int maxOfs = hint + 1;
+            while (ofs < maxOfs && key.compareTo(a[base + hint - ofs]) <= 0) {
+                lastOfs = ofs;
+                ofs = (ofs << 1) + 1;
+                if (ofs <= 0)   // int overflow
+                    ofs = maxOfs;
+            }
+            if (ofs > maxOfs)
+                ofs = maxOfs;
+
+            // Make offsets relative to base
+            int tmp = lastOfs;
+            lastOfs = hint - ofs;
+            ofs = hint - tmp;
+        }
+        assert -1 <= lastOfs && lastOfs < ofs && ofs <= len;
+
+        /*
+         * Now a[base+lastOfs] < key <= a[base+ofs], so key belongs somewhere
+         * to the right of lastOfs but no farther right than ofs.  Do a binary
+         * search, with invariant a[base + lastOfs - 1] < key <= a[base + ofs].
+         */
+        lastOfs++;
+        while (lastOfs < ofs) {
+            int m = lastOfs + ((ofs - lastOfs) >>> 1);
+
+            if (key.compareTo(a[base + m]) > 0)
+                lastOfs = m + 1;  // a[base + m] < key
+            else
+                ofs = m;          // key <= a[base + m]
+        }
+        assert lastOfs == ofs;    // so a[base + ofs - 1] < key <= a[base + ofs]
+        return ofs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Like gallopLeft, except that if the range contains an element equal to
+     * key, gallopRight returns the index after the rightmost equal element.
+     *
+     * @param key the key whose insertion point to search for
+     * @param a the array in which to search
+     * @param base the index of the first element in the range
+     * @param len the length of the range; must be > 0
+     * @param hint the index at which to begin the search, 0 <= hint < n.
+     *     The closer hint is to the result, the faster this method will run.
+     * @return the int k,  0 <= k <= n such that a[b + k - 1] <= key < a[b + k]
+     */
+    private static int gallopRight(Comparable<Object> key, Object[] a,
+            int base, int len, int hint) {
+        assert len > 0 && hint >= 0 && hint < len;
+
+        int ofs = 1;
+        int lastOfs = 0;
+        if (key.compareTo(a[base + hint]) < 0) {
+            // Gallop left until a[b+hint - ofs] <= key < a[b+hint - lastOfs]
+            int maxOfs = hint + 1;
+            while (ofs < maxOfs && key.compareTo(a[base + hint - ofs]) < 0) {
+                lastOfs = ofs;
+                ofs = (ofs << 1) + 1;
+                if (ofs <= 0)   // int overflow
+                    ofs = maxOfs;
+            }
+            if (ofs > maxOfs)
+                ofs = maxOfs;
+
+            // Make offsets relative to b
+            int tmp = lastOfs;
+            lastOfs = hint - ofs;
+            ofs = hint - tmp;
+        } else { // a[b + hint] <= key
+            // Gallop right until a[b+hint + lastOfs] <= key < a[b+hint + ofs]
+            int maxOfs = len - hint;
+            while (ofs < maxOfs && key.compareTo(a[base + hint + ofs]) >= 0) {
+                lastOfs = ofs;
+                ofs = (ofs << 1) + 1;
+                if (ofs <= 0)   // int overflow
+                    ofs = maxOfs;
+            }
+            if (ofs > maxOfs)
+                ofs = maxOfs;
+
+            // Make offsets relative to b
+            lastOfs += hint;
+            ofs += hint;
+        }
+        assert -1 <= lastOfs && lastOfs < ofs && ofs <= len;
+
+        /*
+         * Now a[b + lastOfs] <= key < a[b + ofs], so key belongs somewhere to
+         * the right of lastOfs but no farther right than ofs.  Do a binary
+         * search, with invariant a[b + lastOfs - 1] <= key < a[b + ofs].
+         */
+        lastOfs++;
+        while (lastOfs < ofs) {
+            int m = lastOfs + ((ofs - lastOfs) >>> 1);
+
+            if (key.compareTo(a[base + m]) < 0)
+                ofs = m;          // key < a[b + m]
+            else
+                lastOfs = m + 1;  // a[b + m] <= key
+        }
+        assert lastOfs == ofs;    // so a[b + ofs - 1] <= key < a[b + ofs]
+        return ofs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges two adjacent runs in place, in a stable fashion.  The first
+     * element of the first run must be greater than the first element of the
+     * second run (a[base1] > a[base2]), and the last element of the first run
+     * (a[base1 + len1-1]) must be greater than all elements of the second run.
+     *
+     * For performance, this method should be called only when len1 <= len2;
+     * its twin, mergeHi should be called if len1 >= len2.  (Either method
+     * may be called if len1 == len2.)
+     *
+     * @param base1 index of first element in first run to be merged
+     * @param len1  length of first run to be merged (must be > 0)
+     * @param base2 index of first element in second run to be merged
+     *        (must be aBase + aLen)
+     * @param len2  length of second run to be merged (must be > 0)
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private void mergeLo(int base1, int len1, int base2, int len2) {
+        assert len1 > 0 && len2 > 0 && base1 + len1 == base2;
+
+        // Copy first run into temp array
+        Object[] a = this.a; // For performance
+        Object[] tmp = ensureCapacity(len1);
+        System.arraycopy(a, base1, tmp, 0, len1);
+
+        int cursor1 = 0;       // Indexes into tmp array
+        int cursor2 = base2;   // Indexes int a
+        int dest = base1;      // Indexes int a
+
+        // Move first element of second run and deal with degenerate cases
+        a[dest++] = a[cursor2++];
+        if (--len2 == 0) {
+            System.arraycopy(tmp, cursor1, a, dest, len1);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (len1 == 1) {
+            System.arraycopy(a, cursor2, a, dest, len2);
+            a[dest + len2] = tmp[cursor1]; // Last elt of run 1 to end of merge
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int minGallop = this.minGallop;  // Use local variable for performance
+    outer:
+        while (true) {
+            int count1 = 0; // Number of times in a row that first run won
+            int count2 = 0; // Number of times in a row that second run won
+
+            /*
+             * Do the straightforward thing until (if ever) one run starts
+             * winning consistently.
+             */
+            do {
+                assert len1 > 1 && len2 > 0;
+                if (((Comparable) a[cursor2]).compareTo(tmp[cursor1]) < 0) {
+                    a[dest++] = a[cursor2++];
+                    count2++;
+                    count1 = 0;
+                    if (--len2 == 0)
+                        break outer;
+                } else {
+                    a[dest++] = tmp[cursor1++];
+                    count1++;
+                    count2 = 0;
+                    if (--len1 == 1)
+                        break outer;
+                }
+            } while ((count1 | count2) < minGallop);
+
+            /*
+             * One run is winning so consistently that galloping may be a
+             * huge win. So try that, and continue galloping until (if ever)
+             * neither run appears to be winning consistently anymore.
+             */
+            do {
+                assert len1 > 1 && len2 > 0;
+                count1 = gallopRight((Comparable) a[cursor2], tmp, cursor1, len1, 0);
+                if (count1 != 0) {
+                    System.arraycopy(tmp, cursor1, a, dest, count1);
+                    dest += count1;
+                    cursor1 += count1;
+                    len1 -= count1;
+                    if (len1 <= 1)  // len1 == 1 || len1 == 0
+                        break outer;
+                }
+                a[dest++] = a[cursor2++];
+                if (--len2 == 0)
+                    break outer;
+
+                count2 = gallopLeft((Comparable) tmp[cursor1], a, cursor2, len2, 0);
+                if (count2 != 0) {
+                    System.arraycopy(a, cursor2, a, dest, count2);
+                    dest += count2;
+                    cursor2 += count2;
+                    len2 -= count2;
+                    if (len2 == 0)
+                        break outer;
+                }
+                a[dest++] = tmp[cursor1++];
+                if (--len1 == 1)
+                    break outer;
+                minGallop--;
+            } while (count1 >= MIN_GALLOP | count2 >= MIN_GALLOP);
+            if (minGallop < 0)
+                minGallop = 0;
+            minGallop += 2;  // Penalize for leaving gallop mode
+        }  // End of "outer" loop
+        this.minGallop = minGallop < 1 ? 1 : minGallop;  // Write back to field
+
+        if (len1 == 1) {
+            assert len2 > 0;
+            System.arraycopy(a, cursor2, a, dest, len2);
+            a[dest + len2] = tmp[cursor1]; //  Last elt of run 1 to end of merge
+        } else if (len1 == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Comparison method violates its general contract!");
+        } else {
+            assert len2 == 0;
+            assert len1 > 1;
+            System.arraycopy(tmp, cursor1, a, dest, len1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Like mergeLo, except that this method should be called only if
+     * len1 >= len2; mergeLo should be called if len1 <= len2.  (Either method
+     * may be called if len1 == len2.)
+     *
+     * @param base1 index of first element in first run to be merged
+     * @param len1  length of first run to be merged (must be > 0)
+     * @param base2 index of first element in second run to be merged
+     *        (must be aBase + aLen)
+     * @param len2  length of second run to be merged (must be > 0)
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private void mergeHi(int base1, int len1, int base2, int len2) {
+        assert len1 > 0 && len2 > 0 && base1 + len1 == base2;
+
+        // Copy second run into temp array
+        Object[] a = this.a; // For performance
+        Object[] tmp = ensureCapacity(len2);
+        System.arraycopy(a, base2, tmp, 0, len2);
+
+        int cursor1 = base1 + len1 - 1;  // Indexes into a
+        int cursor2 = len2 - 1;          // Indexes into tmp array
+        int dest = base2 + len2 - 1;     // Indexes into a
+
+        // Move last element of first run and deal with degenerate cases
+        a[dest--] = a[cursor1--];
+        if (--len1 == 0) {
+            System.arraycopy(tmp, 0, a, dest - (len2 - 1), len2);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (len2 == 1) {
+            dest -= len1;
+            cursor1 -= len1;
+            System.arraycopy(a, cursor1 + 1, a, dest + 1, len1);
+            a[dest] = tmp[cursor2];
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int minGallop = this.minGallop;  // Use local variable for performance
+    outer:
+        while (true) {
+            int count1 = 0; // Number of times in a row that first run won
+            int count2 = 0; // Number of times in a row that second run won
+
+            /*
+             * Do the straightforward thing until (if ever) one run
+             * appears to win consistently.
+             */
+            do {
+                assert len1 > 0 && len2 > 1;
+                if (((Comparable) tmp[cursor2]).compareTo(a[cursor1]) < 0) {
+                    a[dest--] = a[cursor1--];
+                    count1++;
+                    count2 = 0;
+                    if (--len1 == 0)
+                        break outer;
+                } else {
+                    a[dest--] = tmp[cursor2--];
+                    count2++;
+                    count1 = 0;
+                    if (--len2 == 1)
+                        break outer;
+                }
+            } while ((count1 | count2) < minGallop);
+
+            /*
+             * One run is winning so consistently that galloping may be a
+             * huge win. So try that, and continue galloping until (if ever)
+             * neither run appears to be winning consistently anymore.
+             */
+            do {
+                assert len1 > 0 && len2 > 1;
+                count1 = len1 - gallopRight((Comparable) tmp[cursor2], a, base1, len1, len1 - 1);
+                if (count1 != 0) {
+                    dest -= count1;
+                    cursor1 -= count1;
+                    len1 -= count1;
+                    System.arraycopy(a, cursor1 + 1, a, dest + 1, count1);
+                    if (len1 == 0)
+                        break outer;
+                }
+                a[dest--] = tmp[cursor2--];
+                if (--len2 == 1)
+                    break outer;
+
+                count2 = len2 - gallopLeft((Comparable) a[cursor1], tmp, 0, len2, len2 - 1);
+                if (count2 != 0) {
+                    dest -= count2;
+                    cursor2 -= count2;
+                    len2 -= count2;
+                    System.arraycopy(tmp, cursor2 + 1, a, dest + 1, count2);
+                    if (len2 <= 1)
+                        break outer; // len2 == 1 || len2 == 0
+                }
+                a[dest--] = a[cursor1--];
+                if (--len1 == 0)
+                    break outer;
+                minGallop--;
+            } while (count1 >= MIN_GALLOP | count2 >= MIN_GALLOP);
+            if (minGallop < 0)
+                minGallop = 0;
+            minGallop += 2;  // Penalize for leaving gallop mode
+        }  // End of "outer" loop
+        this.minGallop = minGallop < 1 ? 1 : minGallop;  // Write back to field
+
+        if (len2 == 1) {
+            assert len1 > 0;
+            dest -= len1;
+            cursor1 -= len1;
+            System.arraycopy(a, cursor1 + 1, a, dest + 1, len1);
+            a[dest] = tmp[cursor2];  // Move first elt of run2 to front of merge
+        } else if (len2 == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Comparison method violates its general contract!");
+        } else {
+            assert len1 == 0;
+            assert len2 > 0;
+            System.arraycopy(tmp, 0, a, dest - (len2 - 1), len2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that the external array tmp has at least the specified
+     * number of elements, increasing its size if necessary.  The size
+     * increases exponentially to ensure amortized linear time complexity.
+     *
+     * @param minCapacity the minimum required capacity of the tmp array
+     * @return tmp, whether or not it grew
+     */
+    private Object[]  ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
+        if (tmp.length < minCapacity) {
+            // Compute smallest power of 2 > minCapacity
+            int newSize = minCapacity;
+            newSize |= newSize >> 1;
+            newSize |= newSize >> 2;
+            newSize |= newSize >> 4;
+            newSize |= newSize >> 8;
+            newSize |= newSize >> 16;
+            newSize++;
+
+            if (newSize < 0) // Not bloody likely!
+                newSize = minCapacity;
+            else
+                newSize = Math.min(newSize, a.length >>> 1);
+
+            @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "UnnecessaryLocalVariable"})
+            Object[] newArray = new Object[newSize];
+            tmp = newArray;
+        }
+        return tmp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that fromIndex and toIndex are in range, and throws an
+     * appropriate exception if they aren't.
+     *
+     * @param arrayLen the length of the array
+     * @param fromIndex the index of the first element of the range
+     * @param toIndex the index after the last element of the range
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if fromIndex > toIndex
+     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if fromIndex < 0
+     *         or toIndex > arrayLen
+     */
+    private static void rangeCheck(int arrayLen, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
+        if (fromIndex > toIndex)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
+                       ") > toIndex(" + toIndex+")");
+        if (fromIndex < 0)
+            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(fromIndex);
+        if (toIndex > arrayLen)
+            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(toIndex);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/util/Formatter.java b/src/share/classes/java/util/Formatter.java
index eb49ec9c5dad8f1b1d19c5a9ac9da718ee0b1da8..027e36dcc81702f8de95e22e3c33cc44f06322aa 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/util/Formatter.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/util/Formatter.java
@@ -2818,15 +2818,18 @@ public final class Formatter implements Closeable, Flushable {
         }
 
         private void printString(Object arg, Locale l) throws IOException {
-            if (arg == null) {
-                print("null");
-            } else if (arg instanceof Formattable) {
+            if (arg instanceof Formattable) {
                 Formatter fmt = formatter;
                 if (formatter.locale() != l)
                     fmt = new Formatter(formatter.out(), l);
                 ((Formattable)arg).formatTo(fmt, f.valueOf(), width, precision);
             } else {
-                print(arg.toString());
+                if (f.contains(Flags.ALTERNATE))
+                    failMismatch(Flags.ALTERNATE, 's');
+                if (arg == null)
+                    print("null");
+                else
+                    print(arg.toString());
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/util/TimSort.java b/src/share/classes/java/util/TimSort.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d4e710a49921eb98df02db182346602da5a6c11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/util/TimSort.java
@@ -0,0 +1,928 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009 Google Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Sun designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+
+/**
+ * A stable, adaptive, iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than
+ * n lg(n) comparisons when running on partially sorted arrays, while
+ * offering performance comparable to a traditional mergesort when run
+ * on random arrays.  Like all proper mergesorts, this sort is stable and
+ * runs O(n log n) time (worst case).  In the worst case, this sort requires
+ * temporary storage space for n/2 object references; in the best case,
+ * it requires only a small constant amount of space.
+ *
+ * This implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for
+ * Python, which is described in detail here:
+ *
+ *   http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt
+ *
+ * Tim's C code may be found here:
+ *
+ *   http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listobject.c
+ *
+ * The underlying techniques are described in this paper (and may have
+ * even earlier origins):
+ *
+ *  "Optimistic Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity"
+ *  Peter McIlroy
+ *  SODA (Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms),
+ *  pp 467-474, Austin, Texas, 25-27 January 1993.
+ *
+ * While the API to this class consists solely of static methods, it is
+ * (privately) instantiable; a TimSort instance holds the state of an ongoing
+ * sort, assuming the input array is large enough to warrant the full-blown
+ * TimSort. Small arrays are sorted in place, using a binary insertion sort.
+ *
+ * @author Josh Bloch
+ */
+class TimSort<T> {
+    /**
+     * This is the minimum sized sequence that will be merged.  Shorter
+     * sequences will be lengthened by calling binarySort.  If the entire
+     * array is less than this length, no merges will be performed.
+     *
+     * This constant should be a power of two.  It was 64 in Tim Peter's C
+     * implementation, but 32 was empirically determined to work better in
+     * this implementation.  In the unlikely event that you set this constant
+     * to be a number that's not a power of two, you'll need to change the
+     * {@link #minRunLength} computation.
+     *
+     * If you decrease this constant, you must change the stackLen
+     * computation in the TimSort constructor, or you risk an
+     * ArrayOutOfBounds exception.  See listsort.txt for a discussion
+     * of the minimum stack length required as a function of the length
+     * of the array being sorted and the minimum merge sequence length.
+     */
+    private static final int MIN_MERGE = 32;
+
+    /**
+     * The array being sorted.
+     */
+    private final T[] a;
+
+    /**
+     * The comparator for this sort.
+     */
+    private final Comparator<? super T> c;
+
+    /**
+     * When we get into galloping mode, we stay there until both runs win less
+     * often than MIN_GALLOP consecutive times.
+     */
+    private static final int  MIN_GALLOP = 7;
+
+    /**
+     * This controls when we get *into* galloping mode.  It is initialized
+     * to MIN_GALLOP.  The mergeLo and mergeHi methods nudge it higher for
+     * random data, and lower for highly structured data.
+     */
+    private int minGallop = MIN_GALLOP;
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum initial size of tmp array, which is used for merging.  The array
+     * can grow to accommodate demand.
+     *
+     * Unlike Tim's original C version, we do not allocate this much storage
+     * when sorting smaller arrays.  This change was required for performance.
+     */
+    private static final int INITIAL_TMP_STORAGE_LENGTH = 256;
+
+    /**
+     * Temp storage for merges.
+     */
+    private T[] tmp; // Actual runtime type will be Object[], regardless of T
+
+    /**
+     * A stack of pending runs yet to be merged.  Run i starts at
+     * address base[i] and extends for len[i] elements.  It's always
+     * true (so long as the indices are in bounds) that:
+     *
+     *     runBase[i] + runLen[i] == runBase[i + 1]
+     *
+     * so we could cut the storage for this, but it's a minor amount,
+     * and keeping all the info explicit simplifies the code.
+     */
+    private int stackSize = 0;  // Number of pending runs on stack
+    private final int[] runBase;
+    private final int[] runLen;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a TimSort instance to maintain the state of an ongoing sort.
+     *
+     * @param a the array to be sorted
+     * @param c the comparator to determine the order of the sort
+     */
+    private TimSort(T[] a, Comparator<? super T> c) {
+        this.a = a;
+        this.c = c;
+
+        // Allocate temp storage (which may be increased later if necessary)
+        int len = a.length;
+        @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "UnnecessaryLocalVariable"})
+        T[] newArray = (T[]) new Object[len < 2 * INITIAL_TMP_STORAGE_LENGTH ?
+                                        len >>> 1 : INITIAL_TMP_STORAGE_LENGTH];
+        tmp = newArray;
+
+        /*
+         * Allocate runs-to-be-merged stack (which cannot be expanded).  The
+         * stack length requirements are described in listsort.txt.  The C
+         * version always uses the same stack length (85), but this was
+         * measured to be too expensive when sorting "mid-sized" arrays (e.g.,
+         * 100 elements) in Java.  Therefore, we use smaller (but sufficiently
+         * large) stack lengths for smaller arrays.  The "magic numbers" in the
+         * computation below must be changed if MIN_MERGE is decreased.  See
+         * the MIN_MERGE declaration above for more information.
+         */
+        int stackLen = (len <    120  ?  5 :
+                        len <   1542  ? 10 :
+                        len < 119151  ? 19 : 40);
+        runBase = new int[stackLen];
+        runLen = new int[stackLen];
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The next two methods (which are package private and static) constitute
+     * the entire API of this class.  Each of these methods obeys the contract
+     * of the public method with the same signature in java.util.Arrays.
+     */
+
+    static <T> void sort(T[] a, Comparator<? super T> c) {
+        sort(a, 0, a.length, c);
+    }
+
+    static <T> void sort(T[] a, int lo, int hi, Comparator<? super T> c) {
+        if (c == null) {
+            Arrays.sort(a, lo, hi);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        rangeCheck(a.length, lo, hi);
+        int nRemaining  = hi - lo;
+        if (nRemaining < 2)
+            return;  // Arrays of size 0 and 1 are always sorted
+
+        // If array is small, do a "mini-TimSort" with no merges
+        if (nRemaining < MIN_MERGE) {
+            int initRunLen = countRunAndMakeAscending(a, lo, hi, c);
+            binarySort(a, lo, hi, lo + initRunLen, c);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * March over the array once, left to right, finding natural runs,
+         * extending short natural runs to minRun elements, and merging runs
+         * to maintain stack invariant.
+         */
+        TimSort<T> ts = new TimSort<T>(a, c);
+        int minRun = minRunLength(nRemaining);
+        do {
+            // Identify next run
+            int runLen = countRunAndMakeAscending(a, lo, hi, c);
+
+            // If run is short, extend to min(minRun, nRemaining)
+            if (runLen < minRun) {
+                int force = nRemaining <= minRun ? nRemaining : minRun;
+                binarySort(a, lo, lo + force, lo + runLen, c);
+                runLen = force;
+            }
+
+            // Push run onto pending-run stack, and maybe merge
+            ts.pushRun(lo, runLen);
+            ts.mergeCollapse();
+
+            // Advance to find next run
+            lo += runLen;
+            nRemaining -= runLen;
+        } while (nRemaining != 0);
+
+        // Merge all remaining runs to complete sort
+        assert lo == hi;
+        ts.mergeForceCollapse();
+        assert ts.stackSize == 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sorts the specified portion of the specified array using a binary
+     * insertion sort.  This is the best method for sorting small numbers
+     * of elements.  It requires O(n log n) compares, but O(n^2) data
+     * movement (worst case).
+     *
+     * If the initial part of the specified range is already sorted,
+     * this method can take advantage of it: the method assumes that the
+     * elements from index {@code lo}, inclusive, to {@code start},
+     * exclusive are already sorted.
+     *
+     * @param a the array in which a range is to be sorted
+     * @param lo the index of the first element in the range to be sorted
+     * @param hi the index after the last element in the range to be sorted
+     * @param start the index of the first element in the range that is
+     *        not already known to be sorted (@code lo <= start <= hi}
+     * @param c comparator to used for the sort
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
+    private static <T> void binarySort(T[] a, int lo, int hi, int start,
+                                       Comparator<? super T> c) {
+        assert lo <= start && start <= hi;
+        if (start == lo)
+            start++;
+        for ( ; start < hi; start++) {
+            T pivot = a[start];
+
+            // Set left (and right) to the index where a[start] (pivot) belongs
+            int left = lo;
+            int right = start;
+            assert left <= right;
+            /*
+             * Invariants:
+             *   pivot >= all in [lo, left).
+             *   pivot <  all in [right, start).
+             */
+            while (left < right) {
+                int mid = (left + right) >>> 1;
+                if (c.compare(pivot, a[mid]) < 0)
+                    right = mid;
+                else
+                    left = mid + 1;
+            }
+            assert left == right;
+
+            /*
+             * The invariants still hold: pivot >= all in [lo, left) and
+             * pivot < all in [left, start), so pivot belongs at left.  Note
+             * that if there are elements equal to pivot, left points to the
+             * first slot after them -- that's why this sort is stable.
+             * Slide elements over to make room to make room for pivot.
+             */
+            int n = start - left;  // The number of elements to move
+            // Switch is just an optimization for arraycopy in default case
+            switch(n) {
+                case 2:  a[left + 2] = a[left + 1];
+                case 1:  a[left + 1] = a[left];
+                         break;
+                default: System.arraycopy(a, left, a, left + 1, n);
+            }
+            a[left] = pivot;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of the run beginning at the specified position in
+     * the specified array and reverses the run if it is descending (ensuring
+     * that the run will always be ascending when the method returns).
+     *
+     * A run is the longest ascending sequence with:
+     *
+     *    a[lo] <= a[lo + 1] <= a[lo + 2] <= ...
+     *
+     * or the longest descending sequence with:
+     *
+     *    a[lo] >  a[lo + 1] >  a[lo + 2] >  ...
+     *
+     * For its intended use in a stable mergesort, the strictness of the
+     * definition of "descending" is needed so that the call can safely
+     * reverse a descending sequence without violating stability.
+     *
+     * @param a the array in which a run is to be counted and possibly reversed
+     * @param lo index of the first element in the run
+     * @param hi index after the last element that may be contained in the run.
+              It is required that @code{lo < hi}.
+     * @param c the comparator to used for the sort
+     * @return  the length of the run beginning at the specified position in
+     *          the specified array
+     */
+    private static <T> int countRunAndMakeAscending(T[] a, int lo, int hi,
+                                                    Comparator<? super T> c) {
+        assert lo < hi;
+        int runHi = lo + 1;
+        if (runHi == hi)
+            return 1;
+
+        // Find end of run, and reverse range if descending
+        if (c.compare(a[runHi++], a[lo]) < 0) { // Descending
+            while(runHi < hi && c.compare(a[runHi], a[runHi - 1]) < 0)
+                runHi++;
+            reverseRange(a, lo, runHi);
+        } else {                              // Ascending
+            while (runHi < hi && c.compare(a[runHi], a[runHi - 1]) >= 0)
+                runHi++;
+        }
+
+        return runHi - lo;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse the specified range of the specified array.
+     *
+     * @param a the array in which a range is to be reversed
+     * @param lo the index of the first element in the range to be reversed
+     * @param hi the index after the last element in the range to be reversed
+     */
+    private static void reverseRange(Object[] a, int lo, int hi) {
+        hi--;
+        while (lo < hi) {
+            Object t = a[lo];
+            a[lo++] = a[hi];
+            a[hi--] = t;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the minimum acceptable run length for an array of the specified
+     * length. Natural runs shorter than this will be extended with
+     * {@link #binarySort}.
+     *
+     * Roughly speaking, the computation is:
+     *
+     *  If n < MIN_MERGE, return n (it's too small to bother with fancy stuff).
+     *  Else if n is an exact power of 2, return MIN_MERGE/2.
+     *  Else return an int k, MIN_MERGE/2 <= k <= MIN_MERGE, such that n/k
+     *   is close to, but strictly less than, an exact power of 2.
+     *
+     * For the rationale, see listsort.txt.
+     *
+     * @param n the length of the array to be sorted
+     * @return the length of the minimum run to be merged
+     */
+    private static int minRunLength(int n) {
+        assert n >= 0;
+        int r = 0;      // Becomes 1 if any 1 bits are shifted off
+        while (n >= MIN_MERGE) {
+            r |= (n & 1);
+            n >>= 1;
+        }
+        return n + r;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pushes the specified run onto the pending-run stack.
+     *
+     * @param runBase index of the first element in the run
+     * @param runLen  the number of elements in the run
+     */
+    private void pushRun(int runBase, int runLen) {
+        this.runBase[stackSize] = runBase;
+        this.runLen[stackSize] = runLen;
+        stackSize++;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Examines the stack of runs waiting to be merged and merges adjacent runs
+     * until the stack invariants are reestablished:
+     *
+     *     1. runLen[i - 3] > runLen[i - 2] + runLen[i - 1]
+     *     2. runLen[i - 2] > runLen[i - 1]
+     *
+     * This method is called each time a new run is pushed onto the stack,
+     * so the invariants are guaranteed to hold for i < stackSize upon
+     * entry to the method.
+     */
+    private void mergeCollapse() {
+        while (stackSize > 1) {
+            int n = stackSize - 2;
+            if (n > 0 && runLen[n-1] <= runLen[n] + runLen[n+1]) {
+                if (runLen[n - 1] < runLen[n + 1])
+                    n--;
+                mergeAt(n);
+            } else if (runLen[n] <= runLen[n + 1]) {
+                mergeAt(n);
+            } else {
+                break; // Invariant is established
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges all runs on the stack until only one remains.  This method is
+     * called once, to complete the sort.
+     */
+    private void mergeForceCollapse() {
+        while (stackSize > 1) {
+            int n = stackSize - 2;
+            if (n > 0 && runLen[n - 1] < runLen[n + 1])
+                n--;
+            mergeAt(n);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges the two runs at stack indices i and i+1.  Run i must be
+     * the penultimate or antepenultimate run on the stack.  In other words,
+     * i must be equal to stackSize-2 or stackSize-3.
+     *
+     * @param i stack index of the first of the two runs to merge
+     */
+    private void mergeAt(int i) {
+        assert stackSize >= 2;
+        assert i >= 0;
+        assert i == stackSize - 2 || i == stackSize - 3;
+
+        int base1 = runBase[i];
+        int len1 = runLen[i];
+        int base2 = runBase[i + 1];
+        int len2 = runLen[i + 1];
+        assert len1 > 0 && len2 > 0;
+        assert base1 + len1 == base2;
+
+        /*
+         * Record the length of the combined runs; if i is the 3rd-last
+         * run now, also slide over the last run (which isn't involved
+         * in this merge).  The current run (i+1) goes away in any case.
+         */
+        runLen[i] = len1 + len2;
+        if (i == stackSize - 3) {
+            runBase[i + 1] = runBase[i + 2];
+            runLen[i + 1] = runLen[i + 2];
+        }
+        stackSize--;
+
+        /*
+         * Find where the first element of run2 goes in run1. Prior elements
+         * in run1 can be ignored (because they're already in place).
+         */
+        int k = gallopRight(a[base2], a, base1, len1, 0, c);
+        assert k >= 0;
+        base1 += k;
+        len1 -= k;
+        if (len1 == 0)
+            return;
+
+        /*
+         * Find where the last element of run1 goes in run2. Subsequent elements
+         * in run2 can be ignored (because they're already in place).
+         */
+        len2 = gallopLeft(a[base1 + len1 - 1], a, base2, len2, len2 - 1, c);
+        assert len2 >= 0;
+        if (len2 == 0)
+            return;
+
+        // Merge remaining runs, using tmp array with min(len1, len2) elements
+        if (len1 <= len2)
+            mergeLo(base1, len1, base2, len2);
+        else
+            mergeHi(base1, len1, base2, len2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Locates the position at which to insert the specified key into the
+     * specified sorted range; if the range contains an element equal to key,
+     * returns the index of the leftmost equal element.
+     *
+     * @param key the key whose insertion point to search for
+     * @param a the array in which to search
+     * @param base the index of the first element in the range
+     * @param len the length of the range; must be > 0
+     * @param hint the index at which to begin the search, 0 <= hint < n.
+     *     The closer hint is to the result, the faster this method will run.
+     * @param c the comparator used to order the range, and to search
+     * @return the int k,  0 <= k <= n such that a[b + k - 1] < key <= a[b + k],
+     *    pretending that a[b - 1] is minus infinity and a[b + n] is infinity.
+     *    In other words, key belongs at index b + k; or in other words,
+     *    the first k elements of a should precede key, and the last n - k
+     *    should follow it.
+     */
+    private static <T> int gallopLeft(T key, T[] a, int base, int len, int hint,
+                                      Comparator<? super T> c) {
+        assert len > 0 && hint >= 0 && hint < len;
+        int lastOfs = 0;
+        int ofs = 1;
+        if (c.compare(key, a[base + hint]) > 0) {
+            // Gallop right until a[base+hint+lastOfs] < key <= a[base+hint+ofs]
+            int maxOfs = len - hint;
+            while (ofs < maxOfs && c.compare(key, a[base + hint + ofs]) > 0) {
+                lastOfs = ofs;
+                ofs = (ofs << 1) + 1;
+                if (ofs <= 0)   // int overflow
+                    ofs = maxOfs;
+            }
+            if (ofs > maxOfs)
+                ofs = maxOfs;
+
+            // Make offsets relative to base
+            lastOfs += hint;
+            ofs += hint;
+        } else { // key <= a[base + hint]
+            // Gallop left until a[base+hint-ofs] < key <= a[base+hint-lastOfs]
+            final int maxOfs = hint + 1;
+            while (ofs < maxOfs && c.compare(key, a[base + hint - ofs]) <= 0) {
+                lastOfs = ofs;
+                ofs = (ofs << 1) + 1;
+                if (ofs <= 0)   // int overflow
+                    ofs = maxOfs;
+            }
+            if (ofs > maxOfs)
+                ofs = maxOfs;
+
+            // Make offsets relative to base
+            int tmp = lastOfs;
+            lastOfs = hint - ofs;
+            ofs = hint - tmp;
+        }
+        assert -1 <= lastOfs && lastOfs < ofs && ofs <= len;
+
+        /*
+         * Now a[base+lastOfs] < key <= a[base+ofs], so key belongs somewhere
+         * to the right of lastOfs but no farther right than ofs.  Do a binary
+         * search, with invariant a[base + lastOfs - 1] < key <= a[base + ofs].
+         */
+        lastOfs++;
+        while (lastOfs < ofs) {
+            int m = lastOfs + ((ofs - lastOfs) >>> 1);
+
+            if (c.compare(key, a[base + m]) > 0)
+                lastOfs = m + 1;  // a[base + m] < key
+            else
+                ofs = m;          // key <= a[base + m]
+        }
+        assert lastOfs == ofs;    // so a[base + ofs - 1] < key <= a[base + ofs]
+        return ofs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Like gallopLeft, except that if the range contains an element equal to
+     * key, gallopRight returns the index after the rightmost equal element.
+     *
+     * @param key the key whose insertion point to search for
+     * @param a the array in which to search
+     * @param base the index of the first element in the range
+     * @param len the length of the range; must be > 0
+     * @param hint the index at which to begin the search, 0 <= hint < n.
+     *     The closer hint is to the result, the faster this method will run.
+     * @param c the comparator used to order the range, and to search
+     * @return the int k,  0 <= k <= n such that a[b + k - 1] <= key < a[b + k]
+     */
+    private static <T> int gallopRight(T key, T[] a, int base, int len,
+                                       int hint, Comparator<? super T> c) {
+        assert len > 0 && hint >= 0 && hint < len;
+
+        int ofs = 1;
+        int lastOfs = 0;
+        if (c.compare(key, a[base + hint]) < 0) {
+            // Gallop left until a[b+hint - ofs] <= key < a[b+hint - lastOfs]
+            int maxOfs = hint + 1;
+            while (ofs < maxOfs && c.compare(key, a[base + hint - ofs]) < 0) {
+                lastOfs = ofs;
+                ofs = (ofs << 1) + 1;
+                if (ofs <= 0)   // int overflow
+                    ofs = maxOfs;
+            }
+            if (ofs > maxOfs)
+                ofs = maxOfs;
+
+            // Make offsets relative to b
+            int tmp = lastOfs;
+            lastOfs = hint - ofs;
+            ofs = hint - tmp;
+        } else { // a[b + hint] <= key
+            // Gallop right until a[b+hint + lastOfs] <= key < a[b+hint + ofs]
+            int maxOfs = len - hint;
+            while (ofs < maxOfs && c.compare(key, a[base + hint + ofs]) >= 0) {
+                lastOfs = ofs;
+                ofs = (ofs << 1) + 1;
+                if (ofs <= 0)   // int overflow
+                    ofs = maxOfs;
+            }
+            if (ofs > maxOfs)
+                ofs = maxOfs;
+
+            // Make offsets relative to b
+            lastOfs += hint;
+            ofs += hint;
+        }
+        assert -1 <= lastOfs && lastOfs < ofs && ofs <= len;
+
+        /*
+         * Now a[b + lastOfs] <= key < a[b + ofs], so key belongs somewhere to
+         * the right of lastOfs but no farther right than ofs.  Do a binary
+         * search, with invariant a[b + lastOfs - 1] <= key < a[b + ofs].
+         */
+        lastOfs++;
+        while (lastOfs < ofs) {
+            int m = lastOfs + ((ofs - lastOfs) >>> 1);
+
+            if (c.compare(key, a[base + m]) < 0)
+                ofs = m;          // key < a[b + m]
+            else
+                lastOfs = m + 1;  // a[b + m] <= key
+        }
+        assert lastOfs == ofs;    // so a[b + ofs - 1] <= key < a[b + ofs]
+        return ofs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges two adjacent runs in place, in a stable fashion.  The first
+     * element of the first run must be greater than the first element of the
+     * second run (a[base1] > a[base2]), and the last element of the first run
+     * (a[base1 + len1-1]) must be greater than all elements of the second run.
+     *
+     * For performance, this method should be called only when len1 <= len2;
+     * its twin, mergeHi should be called if len1 >= len2.  (Either method
+     * may be called if len1 == len2.)
+     *
+     * @param base1 index of first element in first run to be merged
+     * @param len1  length of first run to be merged (must be > 0)
+     * @param base2 index of first element in second run to be merged
+     *        (must be aBase + aLen)
+     * @param len2  length of second run to be merged (must be > 0)
+     */
+    private void mergeLo(int base1, int len1, int base2, int len2) {
+        assert len1 > 0 && len2 > 0 && base1 + len1 == base2;
+
+        // Copy first run into temp array
+        T[] a = this.a; // For performance
+        T[] tmp = ensureCapacity(len1);
+        System.arraycopy(a, base1, tmp, 0, len1);
+
+        int cursor1 = 0;       // Indexes into tmp array
+        int cursor2 = base2;   // Indexes int a
+        int dest = base1;      // Indexes int a
+
+        // Move first element of second run and deal with degenerate cases
+        a[dest++] = a[cursor2++];
+        if (--len2 == 0) {
+            System.arraycopy(tmp, cursor1, a, dest, len1);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (len1 == 1) {
+            System.arraycopy(a, cursor2, a, dest, len2);
+            a[dest + len2] = tmp[cursor1]; // Last elt of run 1 to end of merge
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Comparator<? super T> c = this.c;  // Use local variable for performance
+        int minGallop = this.minGallop;    //  "    "       "     "      "
+    outer:
+        while (true) {
+            int count1 = 0; // Number of times in a row that first run won
+            int count2 = 0; // Number of times in a row that second run won
+
+            /*
+             * Do the straightforward thing until (if ever) one run starts
+             * winning consistently.
+             */
+            do {
+                assert len1 > 1 && len2 > 0;
+                if (c.compare(a[cursor2], tmp[cursor1]) < 0) {
+                    a[dest++] = a[cursor2++];
+                    count2++;
+                    count1 = 0;
+                    if (--len2 == 0)
+                        break outer;
+                } else {
+                    a[dest++] = tmp[cursor1++];
+                    count1++;
+                    count2 = 0;
+                    if (--len1 == 1)
+                        break outer;
+                }
+            } while ((count1 | count2) < minGallop);
+
+            /*
+             * One run is winning so consistently that galloping may be a
+             * huge win. So try that, and continue galloping until (if ever)
+             * neither run appears to be winning consistently anymore.
+             */
+            do {
+                assert len1 > 1 && len2 > 0;
+                count1 = gallopRight(a[cursor2], tmp, cursor1, len1, 0, c);
+                if (count1 != 0) {
+                    System.arraycopy(tmp, cursor1, a, dest, count1);
+                    dest += count1;
+                    cursor1 += count1;
+                    len1 -= count1;
+                    if (len1 <= 1) // len1 == 1 || len1 == 0
+                        break outer;
+                }
+                a[dest++] = a[cursor2++];
+                if (--len2 == 0)
+                    break outer;
+
+                count2 = gallopLeft(tmp[cursor1], a, cursor2, len2, 0, c);
+                if (count2 != 0) {
+                    System.arraycopy(a, cursor2, a, dest, count2);
+                    dest += count2;
+                    cursor2 += count2;
+                    len2 -= count2;
+                    if (len2 == 0)
+                        break outer;
+                }
+                a[dest++] = tmp[cursor1++];
+                if (--len1 == 1)
+                    break outer;
+                minGallop--;
+            } while (count1 >= MIN_GALLOP | count2 >= MIN_GALLOP);
+            if (minGallop < 0)
+                minGallop = 0;
+            minGallop += 2;  // Penalize for leaving gallop mode
+        }  // End of "outer" loop
+        this.minGallop = minGallop < 1 ? 1 : minGallop;  // Write back to field
+
+        if (len1 == 1) {
+            assert len2 > 0;
+            System.arraycopy(a, cursor2, a, dest, len2);
+            a[dest + len2] = tmp[cursor1]; //  Last elt of run 1 to end of merge
+        } else if (len1 == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Comparison method violates its general contract!");
+        } else {
+            assert len2 == 0;
+            assert len1 > 1;
+            System.arraycopy(tmp, cursor1, a, dest, len1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Like mergeLo, except that this method should be called only if
+     * len1 >= len2; mergeLo should be called if len1 <= len2.  (Either method
+     * may be called if len1 == len2.)
+     *
+     * @param base1 index of first element in first run to be merged
+     * @param len1  length of first run to be merged (must be > 0)
+     * @param base2 index of first element in second run to be merged
+     *        (must be aBase + aLen)
+     * @param len2  length of second run to be merged (must be > 0)
+     */
+    private void mergeHi(int base1, int len1, int base2, int len2) {
+        assert len1 > 0 && len2 > 0 && base1 + len1 == base2;
+
+        // Copy second run into temp array
+        T[] a = this.a; // For performance
+        T[] tmp = ensureCapacity(len2);
+        System.arraycopy(a, base2, tmp, 0, len2);
+
+        int cursor1 = base1 + len1 - 1;  // Indexes into a
+        int cursor2 = len2 - 1;          // Indexes into tmp array
+        int dest = base2 + len2 - 1;     // Indexes into a
+
+        // Move last element of first run and deal with degenerate cases
+        a[dest--] = a[cursor1--];
+        if (--len1 == 0) {
+            System.arraycopy(tmp, 0, a, dest - (len2 - 1), len2);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (len2 == 1) {
+            dest -= len1;
+            cursor1 -= len1;
+            System.arraycopy(a, cursor1 + 1, a, dest + 1, len1);
+            a[dest] = tmp[cursor2];
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Comparator<? super T> c = this.c;  // Use local variable for performance
+        int minGallop = this.minGallop;    //  "    "       "     "      "
+    outer:
+        while (true) {
+            int count1 = 0; // Number of times in a row that first run won
+            int count2 = 0; // Number of times in a row that second run won
+
+            /*
+             * Do the straightforward thing until (if ever) one run
+             * appears to win consistently.
+             */
+            do {
+                assert len1 > 0 && len2 > 1;
+                if (c.compare(tmp[cursor2], a[cursor1]) < 0) {
+                    a[dest--] = a[cursor1--];
+                    count1++;
+                    count2 = 0;
+                    if (--len1 == 0)
+                        break outer;
+                } else {
+                    a[dest--] = tmp[cursor2--];
+                    count2++;
+                    count1 = 0;
+                    if (--len2 == 1)
+                        break outer;
+                }
+            } while ((count1 | count2) < minGallop);
+
+            /*
+             * One run is winning so consistently that galloping may be a
+             * huge win. So try that, and continue galloping until (if ever)
+             * neither run appears to be winning consistently anymore.
+             */
+            do {
+                assert len1 > 0 && len2 > 1;
+                count1 = len1 - gallopRight(tmp[cursor2], a, base1, len1, len1 - 1, c);
+                if (count1 != 0) {
+                    dest -= count1;
+                    cursor1 -= count1;
+                    len1 -= count1;
+                    System.arraycopy(a, cursor1 + 1, a, dest + 1, count1);
+                    if (len1 == 0)
+                        break outer;
+                }
+                a[dest--] = tmp[cursor2--];
+                if (--len2 == 1)
+                    break outer;
+
+                count2 = len2 - gallopLeft(a[cursor1], tmp, 0, len2, len2 - 1, c);
+                if (count2 != 0) {
+                    dest -= count2;
+                    cursor2 -= count2;
+                    len2 -= count2;
+                    System.arraycopy(tmp, cursor2 + 1, a, dest + 1, count2);
+                    if (len2 <= 1)  // len2 == 1 || len2 == 0
+                        break outer;
+                }
+                a[dest--] = a[cursor1--];
+                if (--len1 == 0)
+                    break outer;
+                minGallop--;
+            } while (count1 >= MIN_GALLOP | count2 >= MIN_GALLOP);
+            if (minGallop < 0)
+                minGallop = 0;
+            minGallop += 2;  // Penalize for leaving gallop mode
+        }  // End of "outer" loop
+        this.minGallop = minGallop < 1 ? 1 : minGallop;  // Write back to field
+
+        if (len2 == 1) {
+            assert len1 > 0;
+            dest -= len1;
+            cursor1 -= len1;
+            System.arraycopy(a, cursor1 + 1, a, dest + 1, len1);
+            a[dest] = tmp[cursor2];  // Move first elt of run2 to front of merge
+        } else if (len2 == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Comparison method violates its general contract!");
+        } else {
+            assert len1 == 0;
+            assert len2 > 0;
+            System.arraycopy(tmp, 0, a, dest - (len2 - 1), len2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that the external array tmp has at least the specified
+     * number of elements, increasing its size if necessary.  The size
+     * increases exponentially to ensure amortized linear time complexity.
+     *
+     * @param minCapacity the minimum required capacity of the tmp array
+     * @return tmp, whether or not it grew
+     */
+    private T[] ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
+        if (tmp.length < minCapacity) {
+            // Compute smallest power of 2 > minCapacity
+            int newSize = minCapacity;
+            newSize |= newSize >> 1;
+            newSize |= newSize >> 2;
+            newSize |= newSize >> 4;
+            newSize |= newSize >> 8;
+            newSize |= newSize >> 16;
+            newSize++;
+
+            if (newSize < 0) // Not bloody likely!
+                newSize = minCapacity;
+            else
+                newSize = Math.min(newSize, a.length >>> 1);
+
+            @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "UnnecessaryLocalVariable"})
+            T[] newArray = (T[]) new Object[newSize];
+            tmp = newArray;
+        }
+        return tmp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that fromIndex and toIndex are in range, and throws an
+     * appropriate exception if they aren't.
+     *
+     * @param arrayLen the length of the array
+     * @param fromIndex the index of the first element of the range
+     * @param toIndex the index after the last element of the range
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if fromIndex > toIndex
+     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if fromIndex < 0
+     *         or toIndex > arrayLen
+     */
+    private static void rangeCheck(int arrayLen, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
+        if (fromIndex > toIndex)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
+                       ") > toIndex(" + toIndex+")");
+        if (fromIndex < 0)
+            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(fromIndex);
+        if (toIndex > arrayLen)
+            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(toIndex);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedQueue.java b/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedQueue.java
index fafbcc01704c682b8abd5c2bd7e993c77a0eb95b..5e31adea247d3685b0ff46f13e85c7ee7c78990b 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedQueue.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedQueue.java
@@ -34,9 +34,13 @@
  */
 
 package java.util.concurrent;
-import java.util.*;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
 
+import java.util.AbstractQueue;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.Queue;
 
 /**
  * An unbounded thread-safe {@linkplain Queue queue} based on linked nodes.
@@ -47,9 +51,9 @@ import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
  * queue the shortest time. New elements
  * are inserted at the tail of the queue, and the queue retrieval
  * operations obtain elements at the head of the queue.
- * A <tt>ConcurrentLinkedQueue</tt> is an appropriate choice when
+ * A {@code ConcurrentLinkedQueue} is an appropriate choice when
  * many threads will share access to a common collection.
- * This queue does not permit <tt>null</tt> elements.
+ * This queue does not permit {@code null} elements.
  *
  * <p>This implementation employs an efficient &quot;wait-free&quot;
  * algorithm based on one described in <a
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
  * Fast, and Practical Non-Blocking and Blocking Concurrent Queue
  * Algorithms</a> by Maged M. Michael and Michael L. Scott.
  *
- * <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, the <tt>size</tt> method
+ * <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, the {@code size} method
  * is <em>NOT</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the
  * asynchronous nature of these queues, determining the current number
  * of elements requires a traversal of the elements.
@@ -87,104 +91,158 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 196745693267521676L;
 
     /*
-     * This is a straight adaptation of Michael & Scott algorithm.
-     * For explanation, read the paper.  The only (minor) algorithmic
-     * difference is that this version supports lazy deletion of
-     * internal nodes (method remove(Object)) -- remove CAS'es item
-     * fields to null. The normal queue operations unlink but then
-     * pass over nodes with null item fields. Similarly, iteration
-     * methods ignore those with nulls.
+     * This is a modification of the Michael & Scott algorithm,
+     * adapted for a garbage-collected environment, with support for
+     * interior node deletion (to support remove(Object)).  For
+     * explanation, read the paper.
      *
-     * Also note that like most non-blocking algorithms in this
-     * package, this implementation relies on the fact that in garbage
+     * Note that like most non-blocking algorithms in this package,
+     * this implementation relies on the fact that in garbage
      * collected systems, there is no possibility of ABA problems due
      * to recycled nodes, so there is no need to use "counted
      * pointers" or related techniques seen in versions used in
      * non-GC'ed settings.
+     *
+     * The fundamental invariants are:
+     * - There is exactly one (last) Node with a null next reference,
+     *   which is CASed when enqueueing.  This last Node can be
+     *   reached in O(1) time from tail, but tail is merely an
+     *   optimization - it can always be reached in O(N) time from
+     *   head as well.
+     * - The elements contained in the queue are the non-null items in
+     *   Nodes that are reachable from head.  CASing the item
+     *   reference of a Node to null atomically removes it from the
+     *   queue.  Reachability of all elements from head must remain
+     *   true even in the case of concurrent modifications that cause
+     *   head to advance.  A dequeued Node may remain in use
+     *   indefinitely due to creation of an Iterator or simply a
+     *   poll() that has lost its time slice.
+     *
+     * The above might appear to imply that all Nodes are GC-reachable
+     * from a predecessor dequeued Node.  That would cause two problems:
+     * - allow a rogue Iterator to cause unbounded memory retention
+     * - cause cross-generational linking of old Nodes to new Nodes if
+     *   a Node was tenured while live, which generational GCs have a
+     *   hard time dealing with, causing repeated major collections.
+     * However, only non-deleted Nodes need to be reachable from
+     * dequeued Nodes, and reachability does not necessarily have to
+     * be of the kind understood by the GC.  We use the trick of
+     * linking a Node that has just been dequeued to itself.  Such a
+     * self-link implicitly means to advance to head.
+     *
+     * Both head and tail are permitted to lag.  In fact, failing to
+     * update them every time one could is a significant optimization
+     * (fewer CASes). This is controlled by local "hops" variables
+     * that only trigger helping-CASes after experiencing multiple
+     * lags.
+     *
+     * Since head and tail are updated concurrently and independently,
+     * it is possible for tail to lag behind head (why not)?
+     *
+     * CASing a Node's item reference to null atomically removes the
+     * element from the queue.  Iterators skip over Nodes with null
+     * items.  Prior implementations of this class had a race between
+     * poll() and remove(Object) where the same element would appear
+     * to be successfully removed by two concurrent operations.  The
+     * method remove(Object) also lazily unlinks deleted Nodes, but
+     * this is merely an optimization.
+     *
+     * When constructing a Node (before enqueuing it) we avoid paying
+     * for a volatile write to item by using lazySet instead of a
+     * normal write.  This allows the cost of enqueue to be
+     * "one-and-a-half" CASes.
+     *
+     * Both head and tail may or may not point to a Node with a
+     * non-null item.  If the queue is empty, all items must of course
+     * be null.  Upon creation, both head and tail refer to a dummy
+     * Node with null item.  Both head and tail are only updated using
+     * CAS, so they never regress, although again this is merely an
+     * optimization.
      */
 
     private static class Node<E> {
         private volatile E item;
         private volatile Node<E> next;
 
-        private static final
-            AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<Node, Node>
-            nextUpdater =
-            AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater
-            (Node.class, Node.class, "next");
-        private static final
-            AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<Node, Object>
-            itemUpdater =
-            AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater
-            (Node.class, Object.class, "item");
-
-        Node(E x) { item = x; }
-
-        Node(E x, Node<E> n) { item = x; next = n; }
+        Node(E item) {
+            // Piggyback on imminent casNext()
+            lazySetItem(item);
+        }
 
         E getItem() {
             return item;
         }
 
         boolean casItem(E cmp, E val) {
-            return itemUpdater.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
+            return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, itemOffset, cmp, val);
         }
 
         void setItem(E val) {
-            itemUpdater.set(this, val);
+            item = val;
         }
 
-        Node<E> getNext() {
-            return next;
+        void lazySetItem(E val) {
+            UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(this, itemOffset, val);
         }
 
-        boolean casNext(Node<E> cmp, Node<E> val) {
-            return nextUpdater.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
+        void lazySetNext(Node<E> val) {
+            UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(this, nextOffset, val);
         }
 
-        void setNext(Node<E> val) {
-            nextUpdater.set(this, val);
+        Node<E> getNext() {
+            return next;
         }
 
-    }
+        boolean casNext(Node<E> cmp, Node<E> val) {
+            return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, nextOffset, cmp, val);
+        }
 
-    private static final
-        AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<ConcurrentLinkedQueue, Node>
-        tailUpdater =
-        AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater
-        (ConcurrentLinkedQueue.class, Node.class, "tail");
-    private static final
-        AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<ConcurrentLinkedQueue, Node>
-        headUpdater =
-        AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater
-        (ConcurrentLinkedQueue.class,  Node.class, "head");
+        // Unsafe mechanics
 
-    private boolean casTail(Node<E> cmp, Node<E> val) {
-        return tailUpdater.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
+        private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE =
+            sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
+        private static final long nextOffset =
+            objectFieldOffset(UNSAFE, "next", Node.class);
+        private static final long itemOffset =
+            objectFieldOffset(UNSAFE, "item", Node.class);
     }
 
-    private boolean casHead(Node<E> cmp, Node<E> val) {
-        return headUpdater.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
-    }
-
-
     /**
-     * Pointer to header node, initialized to a dummy node.  The first
-     * actual node is at head.getNext().
+     * A node from which the first live (non-deleted) node (if any)
+     * can be reached in O(1) time.
+     * Invariants:
+     * - all live nodes are reachable from head via succ()
+     * - head != null
+     * - (tmp = head).next != tmp || tmp != head
+     * Non-invariants:
+     * - head.item may or may not be null.
+     * - it is permitted for tail to lag behind head, that is, for tail
+     *   to not be reachable from head!
      */
-    private transient volatile Node<E> head = new Node<E>(null, null);
+    private transient volatile Node<E> head = new Node<E>(null);
 
-    /** Pointer to last node on list **/
+    /**
+     * A node from which the last node on list (that is, the unique
+     * node with node.next == null) can be reached in O(1) time.
+     * Invariants:
+     * - the last node is always reachable from tail via succ()
+     * - tail != null
+     * Non-invariants:
+     * - tail.item may or may not be null.
+     * - it is permitted for tail to lag behind head, that is, for tail
+     *   to not be reachable from head!
+     * - tail.next may or may not be self-pointing to tail.
+     */
     private transient volatile Node<E> tail = head;
 
 
     /**
-     * Creates a <tt>ConcurrentLinkedQueue</tt> that is initially empty.
+     * Creates a {@code ConcurrentLinkedQueue} that is initially empty.
      */
     public ConcurrentLinkedQueue() {}
 
     /**
-     * Creates a <tt>ConcurrentLinkedQueue</tt>
+     * Creates a {@code ConcurrentLinkedQueue}
      * initially containing the elements of the given collection,
      * added in traversal order of the collection's iterator.
      * @param c the collection of elements to initially contain
@@ -201,115 +259,143 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     /**
      * Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue.
      *
-     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
+     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
      */
     public boolean add(E e) {
         return offer(e);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * We don't bother to update head or tail pointers if fewer than
+     * HOPS links from "true" location.  We assume that volatile
+     * writes are significantly more expensive than volatile reads.
+     */
+    private static final int HOPS = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * Try to CAS head to p. If successful, repoint old head to itself
+     * as sentinel for succ(), below.
+     */
+    final void updateHead(Node<E> h, Node<E> p) {
+        if (h != p && casHead(h, p))
+            h.lazySetNext(h);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the successor of p, or the head node if p.next has been
+     * linked to self, which will only be true if traversing with a
+     * stale pointer that is now off the list.
+     */
+    final Node<E> succ(Node<E> p) {
+        Node<E> next = p.getNext();
+        return (p == next) ? head : next;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue.
      *
-     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Queue#offer})
+     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Queue#offer})
      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
      */
     public boolean offer(E e) {
         if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
-        Node<E> n = new Node<E>(e, null);
+        Node<E> n = new Node<E>(e);
+        retry:
         for (;;) {
             Node<E> t = tail;
-            Node<E> s = t.getNext();
-            if (t == tail) {
-                if (s == null) {
-                    if (t.casNext(s, n)) {
-                        casTail(t, n);
-                        return true;
-                    }
+            Node<E> p = t;
+            for (int hops = 0; ; hops++) {
+                Node<E> next = succ(p);
+                if (next != null) {
+                    if (hops > HOPS && t != tail)
+                        continue retry;
+                    p = next;
+                } else if (p.casNext(null, n)) {
+                    if (hops >= HOPS)
+                        casTail(t, n);  // Failure is OK.
+                    return true;
                 } else {
-                    casTail(t, s);
+                    p = succ(p);
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
     public E poll() {
-        for (;;) {
-            Node<E> h = head;
-            Node<E> t = tail;
-            Node<E> first = h.getNext();
-            if (h == head) {
-                if (h == t) {
-                    if (first == null)
-                        return null;
-                    else
-                        casTail(t, first);
-                } else if (casHead(h, first)) {
-                    E item = first.getItem();
-                    if (item != null) {
-                        first.setItem(null);
-                        return item;
-                    }
-                    // else skip over deleted item, continue loop,
+        Node<E> h = head;
+        Node<E> p = h;
+        for (int hops = 0; ; hops++) {
+            E item = p.getItem();
+
+            if (item != null && p.casItem(item, null)) {
+                if (hops >= HOPS) {
+                    Node<E> q = p.getNext();
+                    updateHead(h, (q != null) ? q : p);
                 }
+                return item;
+            }
+            Node<E> next = succ(p);
+            if (next == null) {
+                updateHead(h, p);
+                break;
             }
+            p = next;
         }
+        return null;
     }
 
-    public E peek() { // same as poll except don't remove item
+    public E peek() {
+        Node<E> h = head;
+        Node<E> p = h;
+        E item;
         for (;;) {
-            Node<E> h = head;
-            Node<E> t = tail;
-            Node<E> first = h.getNext();
-            if (h == head) {
-                if (h == t) {
-                    if (first == null)
-                        return null;
-                    else
-                        casTail(t, first);
-                } else {
-                    E item = first.getItem();
-                    if (item != null)
-                        return item;
-                    else // remove deleted node and continue
-                        casHead(h, first);
-                }
+            item = p.getItem();
+            if (item != null)
+                break;
+            Node<E> next = succ(p);
+            if (next == null) {
+                break;
             }
+            p = next;
         }
+        updateHead(h, p);
+        return item;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns the first actual (non-header) node on list.  This is yet
-     * another variant of poll/peek; here returning out the first
-     * node, not element (so we cannot collapse with peek() without
-     * introducing race.)
+     * Returns the first live (non-deleted) node on list, or null if none.
+     * This is yet another variant of poll/peek; here returning the
+     * first node, not element.  We could make peek() a wrapper around
+     * first(), but that would cost an extra volatile read of item,
+     * and the need to add a retry loop to deal with the possibility
+     * of losing a race to a concurrent poll().
      */
     Node<E> first() {
+        Node<E> h = head;
+        Node<E> p = h;
+        Node<E> result;
         for (;;) {
-            Node<E> h = head;
-            Node<E> t = tail;
-            Node<E> first = h.getNext();
-            if (h == head) {
-                if (h == t) {
-                    if (first == null)
-                        return null;
-                    else
-                        casTail(t, first);
-                } else {
-                    if (first.getItem() != null)
-                        return first;
-                    else // remove deleted node and continue
-                        casHead(h, first);
-                }
+            E item = p.getItem();
+            if (item != null) {
+                result = p;
+                break;
+            }
+            Node<E> next = succ(p);
+            if (next == null) {
+                result = null;
+                break;
             }
+            p = next;
         }
+        updateHead(h, p);
+        return result;
     }
 
-
     /**
-     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this queue contains no elements.
+     * Returns {@code true} if this queue contains no elements.
      *
-     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this queue contains no elements
+     * @return {@code true} if this queue contains no elements
      */
     public boolean isEmpty() {
         return first() == null;
@@ -317,8 +403,8 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
 
     /**
      * Returns the number of elements in this queue.  If this queue
-     * contains more than <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt> elements, returns
-     * <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt>.
+     * contains more than {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE} elements, returns
+     * {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE}.
      *
      * <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, this method is
      * <em>NOT</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the
@@ -329,7 +415,7 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      */
     public int size() {
         int count = 0;
-        for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = p.getNext()) {
+        for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = succ(p)) {
             if (p.getItem() != null) {
                 // Collections.size() spec says to max out
                 if (++count == Integer.MAX_VALUE)
@@ -340,16 +426,16 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this queue contains the specified element.
-     * More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this queue contains
-     * at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that <tt>o.equals(e)</tt>.
+     * Returns {@code true} if this queue contains the specified element.
+     * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this queue contains
+     * at least one element {@code e} such that {@code o.equals(e)}.
      *
      * @param o object to be checked for containment in this queue
-     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this queue contains the specified element
+     * @return {@code true} if this queue contains the specified element
      */
     public boolean contains(Object o) {
         if (o == null) return false;
-        for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = p.getNext()) {
+        for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = succ(p)) {
             E item = p.getItem();
             if (item != null &&
                 o.equals(item))
@@ -360,23 +446,29 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
 
     /**
      * Removes a single instance of the specified element from this queue,
-     * if it is present.  More formally, removes an element <tt>e</tt> such
-     * that <tt>o.equals(e)</tt>, if this queue contains one or more such
+     * if it is present.  More formally, removes an element {@code e} such
+     * that {@code o.equals(e)}, if this queue contains one or more such
      * elements.
-     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this queue contained the specified element
+     * Returns {@code true} if this queue contained the specified element
      * (or equivalently, if this queue changed as a result of the call).
      *
      * @param o element to be removed from this queue, if present
-     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this queue changed as a result of the call
+     * @return {@code true} if this queue changed as a result of the call
      */
     public boolean remove(Object o) {
         if (o == null) return false;
-        for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = p.getNext()) {
+        Node<E> pred = null;
+        for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = succ(p)) {
             E item = p.getItem();
             if (item != null &&
                 o.equals(item) &&
-                p.casItem(item, null))
+                p.casItem(item, null)) {
+                Node<E> next = succ(p);
+                if (pred != null && next != null)
+                    pred.casNext(p, next);
                 return true;
+            }
+            pred = p;
         }
         return false;
     }
@@ -397,7 +489,7 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     public Object[] toArray() {
         // Use ArrayList to deal with resizing.
         ArrayList<E> al = new ArrayList<E>();
-        for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = p.getNext()) {
+        for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = succ(p)) {
             E item = p.getItem();
             if (item != null)
                 al.add(item);
@@ -415,22 +507,22 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      * <p>If this queue fits in the specified array with room to spare
      * (i.e., the array has more elements than this queue), the element in
      * the array immediately following the end of the queue is set to
-     * <tt>null</tt>.
+     * {@code null}.
      *
      * <p>Like the {@link #toArray()} method, this method acts as bridge between
      * array-based and collection-based APIs.  Further, this method allows
      * precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may,
      * under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.
      *
-     * <p>Suppose <tt>x</tt> is a queue known to contain only strings.
+     * <p>Suppose {@code x} is a queue known to contain only strings.
      * The following code can be used to dump the queue into a newly
-     * allocated array of <tt>String</tt>:
+     * allocated array of {@code String}:
      *
      * <pre>
      *     String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);</pre>
      *
-     * Note that <tt>toArray(new Object[0])</tt> is identical in function to
-     * <tt>toArray()</tt>.
+     * Note that {@code toArray(new Object[0])} is identical in function to
+     * {@code toArray()}.
      *
      * @param a the array into which the elements of the queue are to
      *          be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
@@ -441,11 +533,12 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      *         this queue
      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
         // try to use sent-in array
         int k = 0;
         Node<E> p;
-        for (p = first(); p != null && k < a.length; p = p.getNext()) {
+        for (p = first(); p != null && k < a.length; p = succ(p)) {
             E item = p.getItem();
             if (item != null)
                 a[k++] = (T)item;
@@ -458,7 +551,7 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
 
         // If won't fit, use ArrayList version
         ArrayList<E> al = new ArrayList<E>();
-        for (Node<E> q = first(); q != null; q = q.getNext()) {
+        for (Node<E> q = first(); q != null; q = succ(q)) {
             E item = q.getItem();
             if (item != null)
                 al.add(item);
@@ -469,7 +562,8 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     /**
      * Returns an iterator over the elements in this queue in proper sequence.
      * The returned iterator is a "weakly consistent" iterator that
-     * will never throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException},
+     * will never throw {@link java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
+     * ConcurrentModificationException},
      * and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
      * construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
      * reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
@@ -511,7 +605,15 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
             lastRet = nextNode;
             E x = nextItem;
 
-            Node<E> p = (nextNode == null)? first() : nextNode.getNext();
+            Node<E> pred, p;
+            if (nextNode == null) {
+                p = first();
+                pred = null;
+            } else {
+                pred = nextNode;
+                p = succ(nextNode);
+            }
+
             for (;;) {
                 if (p == null) {
                     nextNode = null;
@@ -523,8 +625,13 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
                     nextNode = p;
                     nextItem = item;
                     return x;
-                } else // skip over nulls
-                    p = p.getNext();
+                } else {
+                    // skip over nulls
+                    Node<E> next = succ(p);
+                    if (pred != null && next != null)
+                        pred.casNext(p, next);
+                    p = next;
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -549,7 +656,7 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     /**
      * Save the state to a stream (that is, serialize it).
      *
-     * @serialData All of the elements (each an <tt>E</tt>) in
+     * @serialData All of the elements (each an {@code E}) in
      * the proper order, followed by a null
      * @param s the stream
      */
@@ -560,7 +667,7 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         s.defaultWriteObject();
 
         // Write out all elements in the proper order.
-        for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = p.getNext()) {
+        for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = succ(p)) {
             Object item = p.getItem();
             if (item != null)
                 s.writeObject(item);
@@ -579,10 +686,11 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
         // Read in capacity, and any hidden stuff
         s.defaultReadObject();
-        head = new Node<E>(null, null);
+        head = new Node<E>(null);
         tail = head;
         // Read in all elements and place in queue
         for (;;) {
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
             E item = (E)s.readObject();
             if (item == null)
                 break;
@@ -591,4 +699,35 @@ public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         }
     }
 
+    // Unsafe mechanics
+
+    private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
+    private static final long headOffset =
+        objectFieldOffset(UNSAFE, "head", ConcurrentLinkedQueue.class);
+    private static final long tailOffset =
+        objectFieldOffset(UNSAFE, "tail", ConcurrentLinkedQueue.class);
+
+    private boolean casTail(Node<E> cmp, Node<E> val) {
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, tailOffset, cmp, val);
+    }
+
+    private boolean casHead(Node<E> cmp, Node<E> val) {
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, headOffset, cmp, val);
+    }
+
+    private void lazySetHead(Node<E> val) {
+        UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(this, headOffset, val);
+    }
+
+    static long objectFieldOffset(sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE,
+                                  String field, Class<?> klazz) {
+        try {
+            return UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(klazz.getDeclaredField(field));
+        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+            // Convert Exception to corresponding Error
+            NoSuchFieldError error = new NoSuchFieldError(field);
+            error.initCause(e);
+            throw error;
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingDeque.java b/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingDeque.java
index 48fc8717a42193ed75e45dd7335906307eaa6e7c..dd34d0dc6b72af2f4e523a4bf50ddbb03363f60a 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingDeque.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingDeque.java
@@ -34,8 +34,13 @@
  */
 
 package java.util.concurrent;
-import java.util.*;
-import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
+
+import java.util.AbstractQueue;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 
 /**
  * An optionally-bounded {@linkplain BlockingDeque blocking deque} based on
@@ -73,6 +78,20 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     /*
      * Implemented as a simple doubly-linked list protected by a
      * single lock and using conditions to manage blocking.
+     *
+     * To implement weakly consistent iterators, it appears we need to
+     * keep all Nodes GC-reachable from a predecessor dequeued Node.
+     * That would cause two problems:
+     * - allow a rogue Iterator to cause unbounded memory retention
+     * - cause cross-generational linking of old Nodes to new Nodes if
+     *   a Node was tenured while live, which generational GCs have a
+     *   hard time dealing with, causing repeated major collections.
+     * However, only non-deleted Nodes need to be reachable from
+     * dequeued Nodes, and reachability does not necessarily have to
+     * be of the kind understood by the GC.  We use the trick of
+     * linking a Node that has just been dequeued to itself.  Such a
+     * self-link implicitly means to jump to "first" (for next links)
+     * or "last" (for prev links).
      */
 
     /*
@@ -86,9 +105,27 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
 
     /** Doubly-linked list node class */
     static final class Node<E> {
+        /**
+         * The item, or null if this node has been removed.
+         */
         E item;
+
+        /**
+         * One of:
+         * - the real predecessor Node
+         * - this Node, meaning the predecessor is tail
+         * - null, meaning there is no predecessor
+         */
         Node<E> prev;
+
+        /**
+         * One of:
+         * - the real successor Node
+         * - this Node, meaning the successor is head
+         * - null, meaning there is no successor
+         */
         Node<E> next;
+
         Node(E x, Node<E> p, Node<E> n) {
             item = x;
             prev = p;
@@ -96,23 +133,37 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
         }
     }
 
-    /** Pointer to first node */
-    private transient Node<E> first;
-    /** Pointer to last node */
-    private transient Node<E> last;
+    /**
+     * Pointer to first node.
+     * Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||
+     *            (first.prev == null && first.item != null)
+     */
+    transient Node<E> first;
+
+    /**
+     * Pointer to last node.
+     * Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||
+     *            (last.next == null && last.item != null)
+     */
+    transient Node<E> last;
+
     /** Number of items in the deque */
     private transient int count;
+
     /** Maximum number of items in the deque */
     private final int capacity;
+
     /** Main lock guarding all access */
-    private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+    final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
     /** Condition for waiting takes */
     private final Condition notEmpty = lock.newCondition();
+
     /** Condition for waiting puts */
     private final Condition notFull = lock.newCondition();
 
     /**
-     * Creates a <tt>LinkedBlockingDeque</tt> with a capacity of
+     * Creates a {@code LinkedBlockingDeque} with a capacity of
      * {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}.
      */
     public LinkedBlockingDeque() {
@@ -120,10 +171,10 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     }
 
     /**
-     * Creates a <tt>LinkedBlockingDeque</tt> with the given (fixed) capacity.
+     * Creates a {@code LinkedBlockingDeque} with the given (fixed) capacity.
      *
      * @param capacity the capacity of this deque
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>capacity</tt> is less than 1
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code capacity} is less than 1
      */
     public LinkedBlockingDeque(int capacity) {
         if (capacity <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
@@ -131,7 +182,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     }
 
     /**
-     * Creates a <tt>LinkedBlockingDeque</tt> with a capacity of
+     * Creates a {@code LinkedBlockingDeque} with a capacity of
      * {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}, initially containing the elements of
      * the given collection, added in traversal order of the
      * collection's iterator.
@@ -142,8 +193,18 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      */
     public LinkedBlockingDeque(Collection<? extends E> c) {
         this(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
-        for (E e : c)
-            add(e);
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
+        lock.lock(); // Never contended, but necessary for visibility
+        try {
+            for (E e : c) {
+                if (e == null)
+                    throw new NullPointerException();
+                if (!linkLast(e))
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Deque full");
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
     }
 
 
@@ -153,9 +214,9 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      * Links e as first element, or returns false if full.
      */
     private boolean linkFirst(E e) {
+        // assert lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
         if (count >= capacity)
             return false;
-        ++count;
         Node<E> f = first;
         Node<E> x = new Node<E>(e, null, f);
         first = x;
@@ -163,6 +224,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
             last = x;
         else
             f.prev = x;
+        ++count;
         notEmpty.signal();
         return true;
     }
@@ -171,9 +233,9 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      * Links e as last element, or returns false if full.
      */
     private boolean linkLast(E e) {
+        // assert lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
         if (count >= capacity)
             return false;
-        ++count;
         Node<E> l = last;
         Node<E> x = new Node<E>(e, l, null);
         last = x;
@@ -181,6 +243,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
             first = x;
         else
             l.next = x;
+        ++count;
         notEmpty.signal();
         return true;
     }
@@ -189,10 +252,14 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      * Removes and returns first element, or null if empty.
      */
     private E unlinkFirst() {
+        // assert lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
         Node<E> f = first;
         if (f == null)
             return null;
         Node<E> n = f.next;
+        E item = f.item;
+        f.item = null;
+        f.next = f; // help GC
         first = n;
         if (n == null)
             last = null;
@@ -200,17 +267,21 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
             n.prev = null;
         --count;
         notFull.signal();
-        return f.item;
+        return item;
     }
 
     /**
      * Removes and returns last element, or null if empty.
      */
     private E unlinkLast() {
+        // assert lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
         Node<E> l = last;
         if (l == null)
             return null;
         Node<E> p = l.prev;
+        E item = l.item;
+        l.item = null;
+        l.prev = l; // help GC
         last = p;
         if (p == null)
             first = null;
@@ -218,31 +289,29 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
             p.next = null;
         --count;
         notFull.signal();
-        return l.item;
+        return item;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Unlink e
+     * Unlinks x.
      */
-    private void unlink(Node<E> x) {
+    void unlink(Node<E> x) {
+        // assert lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
         Node<E> p = x.prev;
         Node<E> n = x.next;
         if (p == null) {
-            if (n == null)
-                first = last = null;
-            else {
-                n.prev = null;
-                first = n;
-            }
+            unlinkFirst();
         } else if (n == null) {
-            p.next = null;
-            last = p;
+            unlinkLast();
         } else {
             p.next = n;
             n.prev = p;
+            x.item = null;
+            // Don't mess with x's links.  They may still be in use by
+            // an iterator.
+            --count;
+            notFull.signal();
         }
-        --count;
-        notFull.signalAll();
     }
 
     // BlockingDeque methods
@@ -270,6 +339,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      */
     public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
         if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             return linkFirst(e);
@@ -283,6 +353,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      */
     public boolean offerLast(E e) {
         if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             return linkLast(e);
@@ -297,6 +368,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      */
     public void putFirst(E e) throws InterruptedException {
         if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             while (!linkFirst(e))
@@ -312,6 +384,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      */
     public void putLast(E e) throws InterruptedException {
         if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             while (!linkLast(e))
@@ -329,15 +402,15 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
         throws InterruptedException {
         if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
         long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lockInterruptibly();
         try {
-            for (;;) {
-                if (linkFirst(e))
-                    return true;
+            while (!linkFirst(e)) {
                 if (nanos <= 0)
                     return false;
                 nanos = notFull.awaitNanos(nanos);
             }
+            return true;
         } finally {
             lock.unlock();
         }
@@ -351,15 +424,15 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
         throws InterruptedException {
         if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
         long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lockInterruptibly();
         try {
-            for (;;) {
-                if (linkLast(e))
-                    return true;
+            while (!linkLast(e)) {
                 if (nanos <= 0)
                     return false;
                 nanos = notFull.awaitNanos(nanos);
             }
+            return true;
         } finally {
             lock.unlock();
         }
@@ -384,6 +457,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     }
 
     public E pollFirst() {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             return unlinkFirst();
@@ -393,6 +467,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     }
 
     public E pollLast() {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             return unlinkLast();
@@ -402,6 +477,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     }
 
     public E takeFirst() throws InterruptedException {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             E x;
@@ -414,6 +490,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     }
 
     public E takeLast() throws InterruptedException {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             E x;
@@ -428,16 +505,16 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     public E pollFirst(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
         throws InterruptedException {
         long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lockInterruptibly();
         try {
-            for (;;) {
-                E x = unlinkFirst();
-                if (x != null)
-                    return x;
+            E x;
+            while ( (x = unlinkFirst()) == null) {
                 if (nanos <= 0)
                     return null;
                 nanos = notEmpty.awaitNanos(nanos);
             }
+            return x;
         } finally {
             lock.unlock();
         }
@@ -446,16 +523,16 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     public E pollLast(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
         throws InterruptedException {
         long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lockInterruptibly();
         try {
-            for (;;) {
-                E x = unlinkLast();
-                if (x != null)
-                    return x;
+            E x;
+            while ( (x = unlinkLast()) == null) {
                 if (nanos <= 0)
                     return null;
                 nanos = notEmpty.awaitNanos(nanos);
             }
+            return x;
         } finally {
             lock.unlock();
         }
@@ -480,6 +557,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     }
 
     public E peekFirst() {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             return (first == null) ? null : first.item;
@@ -489,6 +567,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     }
 
     public E peekLast() {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             return (last == null) ? null : last.item;
@@ -499,6 +578,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
 
     public boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o) {
         if (o == null) return false;
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             for (Node<E> p = first; p != null; p = p.next) {
@@ -515,6 +595,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
 
     public boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o) {
         if (o == null) return false;
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             for (Node<E> p = last; p != null; p = p.prev) {
@@ -619,14 +700,15 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      * Returns the number of additional elements that this deque can ideally
      * (in the absence of memory or resource constraints) accept without
      * blocking. This is always equal to the initial capacity of this deque
-     * less the current <tt>size</tt> of this deque.
+     * less the current {@code size} of this deque.
      *
      * <p>Note that you <em>cannot</em> always tell if an attempt to insert
-     * an element will succeed by inspecting <tt>remainingCapacity</tt>
+     * an element will succeed by inspecting {@code remainingCapacity}
      * because it may be the case that another thread is about to
      * insert or remove an element.
      */
     public int remainingCapacity() {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             return capacity - count;
@@ -642,22 +724,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException      {@inheritDoc}
      */
     public int drainTo(Collection<? super E> c) {
-        if (c == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        if (c == this)
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-        lock.lock();
-        try {
-            for (Node<E> p = first; p != null; p = p.next)
-                c.add(p.item);
-            int n = count;
-            count = 0;
-            first = last = null;
-            notFull.signalAll();
-            return n;
-        } finally {
-            lock.unlock();
-        }
+        return drainTo(c, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -671,19 +738,14 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
             throw new NullPointerException();
         if (c == this)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
-            int n = 0;
-            while (n < maxElements && first != null) {
-                c.add(first.item);
-                first.prev = null;
-                first = first.next;
-                --count;
-                ++n;
+            int n = Math.min(maxElements, count);
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                c.add(first.item);   // In this order, in case add() throws.
+                unlinkFirst();
             }
-            if (first == null)
-                last = null;
-            notFull.signalAll();
             return n;
         } finally {
             lock.unlock();
@@ -712,16 +774,16 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     /**
      * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this deque.
      * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
-     * More formally, removes the first element <tt>e</tt> such that
-     * <tt>o.equals(e)</tt> (if such an element exists).
-     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this deque contained the specified element
+     * More formally, removes the first element {@code e} such that
+     * {@code o.equals(e)} (if such an element exists).
+     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
      * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
      *
      * <p>This method is equivalent to
      * {@link #removeFirstOccurrence(Object) removeFirstOccurrence}.
      *
      * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
-     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this deque changed as a result of the call
+     * @return {@code true} if this deque changed as a result of the call
      */
     public boolean remove(Object o) {
         return removeFirstOccurrence(o);
@@ -733,6 +795,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      * @return the number of elements in this deque
      */
     public int size() {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             return count;
@@ -742,15 +805,16 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this deque contains the specified element.
-     * More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this deque contains
-     * at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that <tt>o.equals(e)</tt>.
+     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contains the specified element.
+     * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this deque contains
+     * at least one element {@code e} such that {@code o.equals(e)}.
      *
      * @param o object to be checked for containment in this deque
-     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this deque contains the specified element
+     * @return {@code true} if this deque contains the specified element
      */
     public boolean contains(Object o) {
         if (o == null) return false;
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             for (Node<E> p = first; p != null; p = p.next)
@@ -762,24 +826,46 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Variant of removeFirstOccurrence needed by iterator.remove.
-     * Searches for the node, not its contents.
+    /*
+     * TODO: Add support for more efficient bulk operations.
+     *
+     * We don't want to acquire the lock for every iteration, but we
+     * also want other threads a chance to interact with the
+     * collection, especially when count is close to capacity.
      */
-    boolean removeNode(Node<E> e) {
-        lock.lock();
-        try {
-            for (Node<E> p = first; p != null; p = p.next) {
-                if (p == e) {
-                    unlink(p);
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-            return false;
-        } finally {
-            lock.unlock();
-        }
-    }
+
+//     /**
+//      * Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this
+//      * queue.  Attempts to addAll of a queue to itself result in
+//      * {@code IllegalArgumentException}. Further, the behavior of
+//      * this operation is undefined if the specified collection is
+//      * modified while the operation is in progress.
+//      *
+//      * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this queue
+//      * @return {@code true} if this queue changed as a result of the call
+//      * @throws ClassCastException            {@inheritDoc}
+//      * @throws NullPointerException          {@inheritDoc}
+//      * @throws IllegalArgumentException      {@inheritDoc}
+//      * @throws IllegalStateException         {@inheritDoc}
+//      * @see #add(Object)
+//      */
+//     public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
+//         if (c == null)
+//             throw new NullPointerException();
+//         if (c == this)
+//             throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+//         final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
+//         lock.lock();
+//         try {
+//             boolean modified = false;
+//             for (E e : c)
+//                 if (linkLast(e))
+//                     modified = true;
+//             return modified;
+//         } finally {
+//             lock.unlock();
+//         }
+//     }
 
     /**
      * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this deque, in
@@ -794,7 +880,9 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      *
      * @return an array containing all of the elements in this deque
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public Object[] toArray() {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             Object[] a = new Object[count];
@@ -817,22 +905,22 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      * <p>If this deque fits in the specified array with room to spare
      * (i.e., the array has more elements than this deque), the element in
      * the array immediately following the end of the deque is set to
-     * <tt>null</tt>.
+     * {@code null}.
      *
      * <p>Like the {@link #toArray()} method, this method acts as bridge between
      * array-based and collection-based APIs.  Further, this method allows
      * precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may,
      * under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.
      *
-     * <p>Suppose <tt>x</tt> is a deque known to contain only strings.
+     * <p>Suppose {@code x} is a deque known to contain only strings.
      * The following code can be used to dump the deque into a newly
-     * allocated array of <tt>String</tt>:
+     * allocated array of {@code String}:
      *
      * <pre>
      *     String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);</pre>
      *
-     * Note that <tt>toArray(new Object[0])</tt> is identical in function to
-     * <tt>toArray()</tt>.
+     * Note that {@code toArray(new Object[0])} is identical in function to
+     * {@code toArray()}.
      *
      * @param a the array into which the elements of the deque are to
      *          be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
@@ -843,14 +931,14 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      *         this deque
      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             if (a.length < count)
-                a = (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(
-                    a.getClass().getComponentType(),
-                    count
-                    );
+                a = (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance
+                    (a.getClass().getComponentType(), count);
 
             int k = 0;
             for (Node<E> p = first; p != null; p = p.next)
@@ -864,6 +952,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     }
 
     public String toString() {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             return super.toString();
@@ -877,8 +966,16 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      * The deque will be empty after this call returns.
      */
     public void clear() {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
+            for (Node<E> f = first; f != null; ) {
+                f.item = null;
+                Node<E> n = f.next;
+                f.prev = null;
+                f.next = null;
+                f = n;
+            }
             first = last = null;
             count = 0;
             notFull.signalAll();
@@ -890,8 +987,9 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
     /**
      * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque in proper sequence.
      * The elements will be returned in order from first (head) to last (tail).
-     * The returned <tt>Iterator</tt> is a "weakly consistent" iterator that
-     * will never throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException},
+     * The returned {@code Iterator} is a "weakly consistent" iterator that
+     * will never throw {@link java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
+     * ConcurrentModificationException},
      * and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
      * construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
      * reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
@@ -906,8 +1004,9 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque in reverse
      * sequential order.  The elements will be returned in order from
      * last (tail) to first (head).
-     * The returned <tt>Iterator</tt> is a "weakly consistent" iterator that
-     * will never throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException},
+     * The returned {@code Iterator} is a "weakly consistent" iterator that
+     * will never throw {@link java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
+     * ConcurrentModificationException},
      * and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
      * construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
      * reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
@@ -921,7 +1020,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
      */
     private abstract class AbstractItr implements Iterator<E> {
         /**
-         * The next node to return in next
+         * The next node to return in next()
          */
          Node<E> next;
 
@@ -939,15 +1038,44 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
          */
         private Node<E> lastRet;
 
+        abstract Node<E> firstNode();
+        abstract Node<E> nextNode(Node<E> n);
+
         AbstractItr() {
-            advance(); // set to initial position
+            // set to initial position
+            final ReentrantLock lock = LinkedBlockingDeque.this.lock;
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
+                next = firstNode();
+                nextItem = (next == null) ? null : next.item;
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
         }
 
         /**
-         * Advances next, or if not yet initialized, sets to first node.
-         * Implemented to move forward vs backward in the two subclasses.
+         * Advances next.
          */
-        abstract void advance();
+        void advance() {
+            final ReentrantLock lock = LinkedBlockingDeque.this.lock;
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
+                // assert next != null;
+                Node<E> s = nextNode(next);
+                if (s == next) {
+                    next = firstNode();
+                } else {
+                    // Skip over removed nodes.
+                    // May be necessary if multiple interior Nodes are removed.
+                    while (s != null && s.item == null)
+                        s = nextNode(s);
+                    next = s;
+                }
+                nextItem = (next == null) ? null : next.item;
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
 
         public boolean hasNext() {
             return next != null;
@@ -967,52 +1095,39 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
             if (n == null)
                 throw new IllegalStateException();
             lastRet = null;
-            // Note: removeNode rescans looking for this node to make
-            // sure it was not already removed. Otherwise, trying to
-            // re-remove could corrupt list.
-            removeNode(n);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Forward iterator */
-    private class Itr extends AbstractItr {
-        void advance() {
             final ReentrantLock lock = LinkedBlockingDeque.this.lock;
             lock.lock();
             try {
-                next = (next == null)? first : next.next;
-                nextItem = (next == null)? null : next.item;
+                if (n.item != null)
+                    unlink(n);
             } finally {
                 lock.unlock();
             }
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Descending iterator for LinkedBlockingDeque
-     */
+    /** Forward iterator */
+    private class Itr extends AbstractItr {
+        Node<E> firstNode() { return first; }
+        Node<E> nextNode(Node<E> n) { return n.next; }
+    }
+
+    /** Descending iterator */
     private class DescendingItr extends AbstractItr {
-        void advance() {
-            final ReentrantLock lock = LinkedBlockingDeque.this.lock;
-            lock.lock();
-            try {
-                next = (next == null)? last : next.prev;
-                nextItem = (next == null)? null : next.item;
-            } finally {
-                lock.unlock();
-            }
-        }
+        Node<E> firstNode() { return last; }
+        Node<E> nextNode(Node<E> n) { return n.prev; }
     }
 
     /**
      * Save the state of this deque to a stream (that is, serialize it).
      *
      * @serialData The capacity (int), followed by elements (each an
-     * <tt>Object</tt>) in the proper order, followed by a null
+     * {@code Object}) in the proper order, followed by a null
      * @param s the stream
      */
     private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
         throws java.io.IOException {
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
         lock.lock();
         try {
             // Write out capacity and any hidden stuff
@@ -1040,6 +1155,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingDeque<E>
         last = null;
         // Read in all elements and place in queue
         for (;;) {
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
             E item = (E)s.readObject();
             if (item == null)
                 break;
diff --git a/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingQueue.java b/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingQueue.java
index dc56a0346654b57a5aada3aadd57abd1ccf56923..10f2b6540cde3cda1602b55220aef3558984a638 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingQueue.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingQueue.java
@@ -34,9 +34,14 @@
  */
 
 package java.util.concurrent;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
-import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
-import java.util.*;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.AbstractQueue;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
 
 /**
  * An optionally-bounded {@linkplain BlockingQueue blocking queue} based on
@@ -86,15 +91,43 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      * items have been entered since the signal. And symmetrically for
      * takes signalling puts. Operations such as remove(Object) and
      * iterators acquire both locks.
+     *
+     * Visibility between writers and readers is provided as follows:
+     *
+     * Whenever an element is enqueued, the putLock is acquired and
+     * count updated.  A subsequent reader guarantees visibility to the
+     * enqueued Node by either acquiring the putLock (via fullyLock)
+     * or by acquiring the takeLock, and then reading n = count.get();
+     * this gives visibility to the first n items.
+     *
+     * To implement weakly consistent iterators, it appears we need to
+     * keep all Nodes GC-reachable from a predecessor dequeued Node.
+     * That would cause two problems:
+     * - allow a rogue Iterator to cause unbounded memory retention
+     * - cause cross-generational linking of old Nodes to new Nodes if
+     *   a Node was tenured while live, which generational GCs have a
+     *   hard time dealing with, causing repeated major collections.
+     * However, only non-deleted Nodes need to be reachable from
+     * dequeued Nodes, and reachability does not necessarily have to
+     * be of the kind understood by the GC.  We use the trick of
+     * linking a Node that has just been dequeued to itself.  Such a
+     * self-link implicitly means to advance to head.next.
      */
 
     /**
      * Linked list node class
      */
     static class Node<E> {
-        /** The item, volatile to ensure barrier separating write and read */
-        volatile E item;
+        E item;
+
+        /**
+         * One of:
+         * - the real successor Node
+         * - this Node, meaning the successor is head.next
+         * - null, meaning there is no successor (this is the last node)
+         */
         Node<E> next;
+
         Node(E x) { item = x; }
     }
 
@@ -104,10 +137,16 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     /** Current number of elements */
     private final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
 
-    /** Head of linked list */
+    /**
+     * Head of linked list.
+     * Invariant: head.item == null
+     */
     private transient Node<E> head;
 
-    /** Tail of linked list */
+    /**
+     * Tail of linked list.
+     * Invariant: last.next == null
+     */
     private transient Node<E> last;
 
     /** Lock held by take, poll, etc */
@@ -151,18 +190,26 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
 
     /**
      * Creates a node and links it at end of queue.
+     *
      * @param x the item
      */
-    private void insert(E x) {
+    private void enqueue(E x) {
+        // assert putLock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
+        // assert last.next == null;
         last = last.next = new Node<E>(x);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Removes a node from head of queue,
+     * Removes a node from head of queue.
+     *
      * @return the node
      */
-    private E extract() {
-        Node<E> first = head.next;
+    private E dequeue() {
+        // assert takeLock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
+        // assert head.item == null;
+        Node<E> h = head;
+        Node<E> first = h.next;
+        h.next = h; // help GC
         head = first;
         E x = first.item;
         first.item = null;
@@ -172,7 +219,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     /**
      * Lock to prevent both puts and takes.
      */
-    private void fullyLock() {
+    void fullyLock() {
         putLock.lock();
         takeLock.lock();
     }
@@ -180,14 +227,21 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     /**
      * Unlock to allow both puts and takes.
      */
-    private void fullyUnlock() {
+    void fullyUnlock() {
         takeLock.unlock();
         putLock.unlock();
     }
 
+//     /**
+//      * Tells whether both locks are held by current thread.
+//      */
+//     boolean isFullyLocked() {
+//         return (putLock.isHeldByCurrentThread() &&
+//                 takeLock.isHeldByCurrentThread());
+//     }
 
     /**
-     * Creates a <tt>LinkedBlockingQueue</tt> with a capacity of
+     * Creates a {@code LinkedBlockingQueue} with a capacity of
      * {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}.
      */
     public LinkedBlockingQueue() {
@@ -195,10 +249,10 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     }
 
     /**
-     * Creates a <tt>LinkedBlockingQueue</tt> with the given (fixed) capacity.
+     * Creates a {@code LinkedBlockingQueue} with the given (fixed) capacity.
      *
      * @param capacity the capacity of this queue
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>capacity</tt> is not greater
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code capacity} is not greater
      *         than zero
      */
     public LinkedBlockingQueue(int capacity) {
@@ -208,7 +262,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     }
 
     /**
-     * Creates a <tt>LinkedBlockingQueue</tt> with a capacity of
+     * Creates a {@code LinkedBlockingQueue} with a capacity of
      * {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}, initially containing the elements of the
      * given collection,
      * added in traversal order of the collection's iterator.
@@ -219,8 +273,22 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      */
     public LinkedBlockingQueue(Collection<? extends E> c) {
         this(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
-        for (E e : c)
-            add(e);
+        final ReentrantLock putLock = this.putLock;
+        putLock.lock(); // Never contended, but necessary for visibility
+        try {
+            int n = 0;
+            for (E e : c) {
+                if (e == null)
+                    throw new NullPointerException();
+                if (n == capacity)
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Queue full");
+                enqueue(e);
+                ++n;
+            }
+            count.set(n);
+        } finally {
+            putLock.unlock();
+        }
     }
 
 
@@ -241,10 +309,10 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      * Returns the number of additional elements that this queue can ideally
      * (in the absence of memory or resource constraints) accept without
      * blocking. This is always equal to the initial capacity of this queue
-     * less the current <tt>size</tt> of this queue.
+     * less the current {@code size} of this queue.
      *
      * <p>Note that you <em>cannot</em> always tell if an attempt to insert
-     * an element will succeed by inspecting <tt>remainingCapacity</tt>
+     * an element will succeed by inspecting {@code remainingCapacity}
      * because it may be the case that another thread is about to
      * insert or remove an element.
      */
@@ -261,8 +329,8 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      */
     public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
         if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
-        // Note: convention in all put/take/etc is to preset
-        // local var holding count  negative to indicate failure unless set.
+        // Note: convention in all put/take/etc is to preset local var
+        // holding count negative to indicate failure unless set.
         int c = -1;
         final ReentrantLock putLock = this.putLock;
         final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
@@ -273,18 +341,13 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
              * not protected by lock. This works because count can
              * only decrease at this point (all other puts are shut
              * out by lock), and we (or some other waiting put) are
-             * signalled if it ever changes from
-             * capacity. Similarly for all other uses of count in
-             * other wait guards.
+             * signalled if it ever changes from capacity. Similarly
+             * for all other uses of count in other wait guards.
              */
-            try {
-                while (count.get() == capacity)
-                    notFull.await();
-            } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
-                notFull.signal(); // propagate to a non-interrupted thread
-                throw ie;
+            while (count.get() == capacity) {
+                notFull.await();
             }
-            insert(e);
+            enqueue(e);
             c = count.getAndIncrement();
             if (c + 1 < capacity)
                 notFull.signal();
@@ -299,7 +362,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      * Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue, waiting if
      * necessary up to the specified wait time for space to become available.
      *
-     * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful, or <tt>false</tt> if
+     * @return {@code true} if successful, or {@code false} if
      *         the specified waiting time elapses before space is available.
      * @throws InterruptedException {@inheritDoc}
      * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
@@ -314,23 +377,15 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
         putLock.lockInterruptibly();
         try {
-            for (;;) {
-                if (count.get() < capacity) {
-                    insert(e);
-                    c = count.getAndIncrement();
-                    if (c + 1 < capacity)
-                        notFull.signal();
-                    break;
-                }
+            while (count.get() == capacity) {
                 if (nanos <= 0)
                     return false;
-                try {
-                    nanos = notFull.awaitNanos(nanos);
-                } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
-                    notFull.signal(); // propagate to a non-interrupted thread
-                    throw ie;
-                }
+                nanos = notFull.awaitNanos(nanos);
             }
+            enqueue(e);
+            c = count.getAndIncrement();
+            if (c + 1 < capacity)
+                notFull.signal();
         } finally {
             putLock.unlock();
         }
@@ -342,7 +397,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     /**
      * Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue if it is
      * possible to do so immediately without exceeding the queue's capacity,
-     * returning <tt>true</tt> upon success and <tt>false</tt> if this queue
+     * returning {@code true} upon success and {@code false} if this queue
      * is full.
      * When using a capacity-restricted queue, this method is generally
      * preferable to method {@link BlockingQueue#add add}, which can fail to
@@ -360,7 +415,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         putLock.lock();
         try {
             if (count.get() < capacity) {
-                insert(e);
+                enqueue(e);
                 c = count.getAndIncrement();
                 if (c + 1 < capacity)
                     notFull.signal();
@@ -381,15 +436,10 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         final ReentrantLock takeLock = this.takeLock;
         takeLock.lockInterruptibly();
         try {
-            try {
-                while (count.get() == 0)
-                    notEmpty.await();
-            } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
-                notEmpty.signal(); // propagate to a non-interrupted thread
-                throw ie;
+            while (count.get() == 0) {
+                notEmpty.await();
             }
-
-            x = extract();
+            x = dequeue();
             c = count.getAndDecrement();
             if (c > 1)
                 notEmpty.signal();
@@ -409,23 +459,15 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         final ReentrantLock takeLock = this.takeLock;
         takeLock.lockInterruptibly();
         try {
-            for (;;) {
-                if (count.get() > 0) {
-                    x = extract();
-                    c = count.getAndDecrement();
-                    if (c > 1)
-                        notEmpty.signal();
-                    break;
-                }
+            while (count.get() == 0) {
                 if (nanos <= 0)
                     return null;
-                try {
-                    nanos = notEmpty.awaitNanos(nanos);
-                } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
-                    notEmpty.signal(); // propagate to a non-interrupted thread
-                    throw ie;
-                }
+                nanos = notEmpty.awaitNanos(nanos);
             }
+            x = dequeue();
+            c = count.getAndDecrement();
+            if (c > 1)
+                notEmpty.signal();
         } finally {
             takeLock.unlock();
         }
@@ -444,7 +486,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         takeLock.lock();
         try {
             if (count.get() > 0) {
-                x = extract();
+                x = dequeue();
                 c = count.getAndDecrement();
                 if (c > 1)
                     notEmpty.signal();
@@ -457,7 +499,6 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         return x;
     }
 
-
     public E peek() {
         if (count.get() == 0)
             return null;
@@ -474,44 +515,48 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Unlinks interior Node p with predecessor trail.
+     */
+    void unlink(Node<E> p, Node<E> trail) {
+        // assert isFullyLocked();
+        // p.next is not changed, to allow iterators that are
+        // traversing p to maintain their weak-consistency guarantee.
+        p.item = null;
+        trail.next = p.next;
+        if (last == p)
+            last = trail;
+        if (count.getAndDecrement() == capacity)
+            notFull.signal();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Removes a single instance of the specified element from this queue,
-     * if it is present.  More formally, removes an element <tt>e</tt> such
-     * that <tt>o.equals(e)</tt>, if this queue contains one or more such
+     * if it is present.  More formally, removes an element {@code e} such
+     * that {@code o.equals(e)}, if this queue contains one or more such
      * elements.
-     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this queue contained the specified element
+     * Returns {@code true} if this queue contained the specified element
      * (or equivalently, if this queue changed as a result of the call).
      *
      * @param o element to be removed from this queue, if present
-     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this queue changed as a result of the call
+     * @return {@code true} if this queue changed as a result of the call
      */
     public boolean remove(Object o) {
         if (o == null) return false;
-        boolean removed = false;
         fullyLock();
         try {
-            Node<E> trail = head;
-            Node<E> p = head.next;
-            while (p != null) {
+            for (Node<E> trail = head, p = trail.next;
+                 p != null;
+                 trail = p, p = p.next) {
                 if (o.equals(p.item)) {
-                    removed = true;
-                    break;
+                    unlink(p, trail);
+                    return true;
                 }
-                trail = p;
-                p = p.next;
-            }
-            if (removed) {
-                p.item = null;
-                trail.next = p.next;
-                if (last == p)
-                    last = trail;
-                if (count.getAndDecrement() == capacity)
-                    notFull.signalAll();
             }
+            return false;
         } finally {
             fullyUnlock();
         }
-        return removed;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -551,22 +596,22 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      * <p>If this queue fits in the specified array with room to spare
      * (i.e., the array has more elements than this queue), the element in
      * the array immediately following the end of the queue is set to
-     * <tt>null</tt>.
+     * {@code null}.
      *
      * <p>Like the {@link #toArray()} method, this method acts as bridge between
      * array-based and collection-based APIs.  Further, this method allows
      * precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may,
      * under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.
      *
-     * <p>Suppose <tt>x</tt> is a queue known to contain only strings.
+     * <p>Suppose {@code x} is a queue known to contain only strings.
      * The following code can be used to dump the queue into a newly
-     * allocated array of <tt>String</tt>:
+     * allocated array of {@code String}:
      *
      * <pre>
      *     String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);</pre>
      *
-     * Note that <tt>toArray(new Object[0])</tt> is identical in function to
-     * <tt>toArray()</tt>.
+     * Note that {@code toArray(new Object[0])} is identical in function to
+     * {@code toArray()}.
      *
      * @param a the array into which the elements of the queue are to
      *          be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
@@ -577,6 +622,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      *         this queue
      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
         fullyLock();
         try {
@@ -586,7 +632,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
                     (a.getClass().getComponentType(), size);
 
             int k = 0;
-            for (Node p = head.next; p != null; p = p.next)
+            for (Node<E> p = head.next; p != null; p = p.next)
                 a[k++] = (T)p.item;
             if (a.length > k)
                 a[k] = null;
@@ -612,11 +658,14 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     public void clear() {
         fullyLock();
         try {
-            head.next = null;
-            assert head.item == null;
-            last = head;
+            for (Node<E> p, h = head; (p = h.next) != null; h = p) {
+                h.next = h;
+                p.item = null;
+            }
+            head = last;
+            // assert head.item == null && head.next == null;
             if (count.getAndSet(0) == capacity)
-                notFull.signalAll();
+                notFull.signal();
         } finally {
             fullyUnlock();
         }
@@ -629,30 +678,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException      {@inheritDoc}
      */
     public int drainTo(Collection<? super E> c) {
-        if (c == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        if (c == this)
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-        Node<E> first;
-        fullyLock();
-        try {
-            first = head.next;
-            head.next = null;
-            assert head.item == null;
-            last = head;
-            if (count.getAndSet(0) == capacity)
-                notFull.signalAll();
-        } finally {
-            fullyUnlock();
-        }
-        // Transfer the elements outside of locks
-        int n = 0;
-        for (Node<E> p = first; p != null; p = p.next) {
-            c.add(p.item);
-            p.item = null;
-            ++n;
-        }
-        return n;
+        return drainTo(c, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -666,34 +692,44 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
             throw new NullPointerException();
         if (c == this)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-        fullyLock();
+        boolean signalNotFull = false;
+        final ReentrantLock takeLock = this.takeLock;
+        takeLock.lock();
         try {
-            int n = 0;
-            Node<E> p = head.next;
-            while (p != null && n < maxElements) {
-                c.add(p.item);
-                p.item = null;
-                p = p.next;
-                ++n;
-            }
-            if (n != 0) {
-                head.next = p;
-                assert head.item == null;
-                if (p == null)
-                    last = head;
-                if (count.getAndAdd(-n) == capacity)
-                    notFull.signalAll();
+            int n = Math.min(maxElements, count.get());
+            // count.get provides visibility to first n Nodes
+            Node<E> h = head;
+            int i = 0;
+            try {
+                while (i < n) {
+                    Node<E> p = h.next;
+                    c.add(p.item);
+                    p.item = null;
+                    h.next = h;
+                    h = p;
+                    ++i;
+                }
+                return n;
+            } finally {
+                // Restore invariants even if c.add() threw
+                if (i > 0) {
+                    // assert h.item == null;
+                    head = h;
+                    signalNotFull = (count.getAndAdd(-i) == capacity);
+                }
             }
-            return n;
         } finally {
-            fullyUnlock();
+            takeLock.unlock();
+            if (signalNotFull)
+                signalNotFull();
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns an iterator over the elements in this queue in proper sequence.
-     * The returned <tt>Iterator</tt> is a "weakly consistent" iterator that
-     * will never throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException},
+     * The returned {@code Iterator} is a "weakly consistent" iterator that
+     * will never throw {@link java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
+     * ConcurrentModificationException},
      * and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
      * construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
      * reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
@@ -706,7 +742,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
 
     private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
         /*
-         * Basic weak-consistent iterator.  At all times hold the next
+         * Basic weakly-consistent iterator.  At all times hold the next
          * item to hand out so that if hasNext() reports true, we will
          * still have it to return even if lost race with a take etc.
          */
@@ -715,17 +751,13 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
         private E currentElement;
 
         Itr() {
-            final ReentrantLock putLock = LinkedBlockingQueue.this.putLock;
-            final ReentrantLock takeLock = LinkedBlockingQueue.this.takeLock;
-            putLock.lock();
-            takeLock.lock();
+            fullyLock();
             try {
                 current = head.next;
                 if (current != null)
                     currentElement = current.item;
             } finally {
-                takeLock.unlock();
-                putLock.unlock();
+                fullyUnlock();
             }
         }
 
@@ -733,54 +765,54 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
             return current != null;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Unlike other traversal methods, iterators need to handle:
+         * - dequeued nodes (p.next == p)
+         * - interior removed nodes (p.item == null)
+         */
+        private Node<E> nextNode(Node<E> p) {
+            Node<E> s = p.next;
+            if (p == s)
+                return head.next;
+            // Skip over removed nodes.
+            // May be necessary if multiple interior Nodes are removed.
+            while (s != null && s.item == null)
+                s = s.next;
+            return s;
+        }
+
         public E next() {
-            final ReentrantLock putLock = LinkedBlockingQueue.this.putLock;
-            final ReentrantLock takeLock = LinkedBlockingQueue.this.takeLock;
-            putLock.lock();
-            takeLock.lock();
+            fullyLock();
             try {
                 if (current == null)
                     throw new NoSuchElementException();
                 E x = currentElement;
                 lastRet = current;
-                current = current.next;
-                if (current != null)
-                    currentElement = current.item;
+                current = nextNode(current);
+                currentElement = (current == null) ? null : current.item;
                 return x;
             } finally {
-                takeLock.unlock();
-                putLock.unlock();
+                fullyUnlock();
             }
         }
 
         public void remove() {
             if (lastRet == null)
                 throw new IllegalStateException();
-            final ReentrantLock putLock = LinkedBlockingQueue.this.putLock;
-            final ReentrantLock takeLock = LinkedBlockingQueue.this.takeLock;
-            putLock.lock();
-            takeLock.lock();
+            fullyLock();
             try {
                 Node<E> node = lastRet;
                 lastRet = null;
-                Node<E> trail = head;
-                Node<E> p = head.next;
-                while (p != null && p != node) {
-                    trail = p;
-                    p = p.next;
-                }
-                if (p == node) {
-                    p.item = null;
-                    trail.next = p.next;
-                    if (last == p)
-                        last = trail;
-                    int c = count.getAndDecrement();
-                    if (c == capacity)
-                        notFull.signalAll();
+                for (Node<E> trail = head, p = trail.next;
+                     p != null;
+                     trail = p, p = p.next) {
+                    if (p == node) {
+                        unlink(p, trail);
+                        break;
+                    }
                 }
             } finally {
-                takeLock.unlock();
-                putLock.unlock();
+                fullyUnlock();
             }
         }
     }
@@ -789,7 +821,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
      * Save the state to a stream (that is, serialize it).
      *
      * @serialData The capacity is emitted (int), followed by all of
-     * its elements (each an <tt>Object</tt>) in the proper order,
+     * its elements (each an {@code Object}) in the proper order,
      * followed by a null
      * @param s the stream
      */
@@ -815,6 +847,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
     /**
      * Reconstitute this queue instance from a stream (that is,
      * deserialize it).
+     *
      * @param s the stream
      */
     private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
@@ -827,6 +860,7 @@ public class LinkedBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
 
         // Read in all elements and place in queue
         for (;;) {
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
             E item = (E)s.readObject();
             if (item == null)
                 break;
diff --git a/src/share/classes/sun/dyn/FilterGeneric.java b/src/share/classes/sun/dyn/FilterGeneric.java
index a99eb26c9eef9d1d8c7479069bc3479390129c26..a746ad21b95e8f5cfcb9e7e81cf88bd38b8c0d5c 100644
--- a/src/share/classes/sun/dyn/FilterGeneric.java
+++ b/src/share/classes/sun/dyn/FilterGeneric.java
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
- * Inc., 51 Franklin Sf, tifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  *
  * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
  * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
diff --git a/src/solaris/native/java/lang/UNIXProcess_md.c b/src/solaris/native/java/lang/UNIXProcess_md.c
index 041413574d4c53479ce58629c42b2a46a0fb80fb..3e1895926dff85845bb65976cef021169d854e89 100644
--- a/src/solaris/native/java/lang/UNIXProcess_md.c
+++ b/src/solaris/native/java/lang/UNIXProcess_md.c
@@ -50,27 +50,72 @@
 #include <limits.h>
 
 /*
- * (Hopefully temporarily) disable the clone-exec feature pending
- * further investigation and bug-fixing.
- * 32-bit (but not 64-bit) Linux fails on the program
- *   Runtime.getRuntime().exec("/bin/true").waitFor();
- * with:
- * #  Internal Error (os_linux_x86.cpp:683), pid=19940, tid=2934639536
- * #  Error: pthread_getattr_np failed with errno = 3 (ESRCH)
- * Linux kernel/pthread gurus are invited to figure this out.
+ * There are 3 possible strategies we might use to "fork":
+ *
+ * - fork(2).  Very portable and reliable but subject to
+ *   failure due to overcommit (see the documentation on
+ *   /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory in Linux proc(5)).
+ *   This is the ancient problem of spurious failure whenever a large
+ *   process starts a small subprocess.
+ *
+ * - vfork().  Using this is scary because all relevant man pages
+ *   contain dire warnings, e.g. Linux vfork(2).  But at least it's
+ *   documented in the glibc docs and is standardized by XPG4.
+ *   http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/vfork.html
+ *   On Linux, one might think that vfork() would be implemented using
+ *   the clone system call with flag CLONE_VFORK, but in fact vfork is
+ *   a separate system call (which is a good sign, suggesting that
+ *   vfork will continue to be supported at least on Linux).
+ *   Another good sign is that glibc implements posix_spawn using
+ *   vfork whenever possible.  Note that we cannot use posix_spawn
+ *   ourselves because there's no reliable way to close all inherited
+ *   file descriptors.
+ *
+ * - clone() with flags CLONE_VM but not CLONE_THREAD.  clone() is
+ *   Linux-specific, but this ought to work - at least the glibc
+ *   sources contain code to handle different combinations of CLONE_VM
+ *   and CLONE_THREAD.  However, when this was implemented, it
+ *   appeared to fail on 32-bit i386 (but not 64-bit x86_64) Linux with
+ *   the simple program
+ *     Runtime.getRuntime().exec("/bin/true").waitFor();
+ *   with:
+ *     #  Internal Error (os_linux_x86.cpp:683), pid=19940, tid=2934639536
+ *     #  Error: pthread_getattr_np failed with errno = 3 (ESRCH)
+ *   We believe this is a glibc bug, reported here:
+ *     http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=10311
+ *   but the glibc maintainers closed it as WONTFIX.
+ *
+ * Based on the above analysis, we are currently using vfork() on
+ * Linux and fork() on other Unix systems, but the code to use clone()
+ * remains.
  */
-#define USE_CLONE 0
 
-#ifndef USE_CLONE
-#ifdef __linux__
-#define USE_CLONE 1
-#else
-#define USE_CLONE 0
+#define START_CHILD_USE_CLONE 0  /* clone() currently disabled; see above. */
+
+#ifndef START_CHILD_USE_CLONE
+  #ifdef __linux__
+    #define START_CHILD_USE_CLONE 1
+  #else
+    #define START_CHILD_USE_CLONE 0
+  #endif
 #endif
+
+/* By default, use vfork() on Linux. */
+#ifndef START_CHILD_USE_VFORK
+  #ifdef __linux__
+    #define START_CHILD_USE_VFORK 1
+  #else
+    #define START_CHILD_USE_VFORK 0
+  #endif
 #endif
 
-#if USE_CLONE
+#if START_CHILD_USE_CLONE
 #include <sched.h>
+#define START_CHILD_SYSTEM_CALL "clone"
+#elif START_CHILD_USE_VFORK
+#define START_CHILD_SYSTEM_CALL "vfork"
+#else
+#define START_CHILD_SYSTEM_CALL "fork"
 #endif
 
 #ifndef STDIN_FILENO
@@ -95,6 +140,27 @@
 
 #define FAIL_FILENO (STDERR_FILENO + 1)
 
+/* TODO: Refactor. */
+#define RESTARTABLE(_cmd, _result) do { \
+  do { \
+    _result = _cmd; \
+  } while((_result == -1) && (errno == EINTR)); \
+} while(0)
+
+/* This is one of the rare times it's more portable to declare an
+ * external symbol explicitly, rather than via a system header.
+ * The declaration is standardized as part of UNIX98, but there is
+ * no standard (not even de-facto) header file where the
+ * declaration is to be found.  See:
+ * http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/environ.html
+ * http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/xsh_chap02_02.html
+ *
+ * "All identifiers in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, except
+ * environ, are defined in at least one of the headers" (!)
+ */
+extern char **environ;
+
+
 static void
 setSIGCHLDHandler(JNIEnv *env)
 {
@@ -283,6 +349,36 @@ Java_java_lang_UNIXProcess_waitForProcessExit(JNIEnv* env,
     }
 }
 
+static ssize_t
+restartableWrite(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
+{
+    ssize_t result;
+    RESTARTABLE(write(fd, buf, count), result);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static int
+restartableDup2(int fd_from, int fd_to)
+{
+    int err;
+    RESTARTABLE(dup2(fd_from, fd_to), err);
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int
+restartableClose(int fd)
+{
+    int err;
+    RESTARTABLE(close(fd), err);
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int
+closeSafely(int fd)
+{
+    return (fd == -1) ? 0 : restartableClose(fd);
+}
+
 static int
 isAsciiDigit(char c)
 {
@@ -303,8 +399,8 @@ closeDescriptors(void)
      * the lowest numbered file descriptor, just like open().  So we
      * close a couple explicitly.  */
 
-    close(from_fd);             /* for possible use by opendir() */
-    close(from_fd + 1);         /* another one for good luck */
+    restartableClose(from_fd);          /* for possible use by opendir() */
+    restartableClose(from_fd + 1);      /* another one for good luck */
 
     if ((dp = opendir("/proc/self/fd")) == NULL)
         return 0;
@@ -316,7 +412,7 @@ closeDescriptors(void)
         int fd;
         if (isAsciiDigit(dirp->d_name[0]) &&
             (fd = strtol(dirp->d_name, NULL, 10)) >= from_fd + 2)
-            close(fd);
+            restartableClose(fd);
     }
 
     closedir(dp);
@@ -324,13 +420,15 @@ closeDescriptors(void)
     return 1;
 }
 
-static void
+static int
 moveDescriptor(int fd_from, int fd_to)
 {
     if (fd_from != fd_to) {
-        dup2(fd_from, fd_to);
-        close(fd_from);
+        if ((restartableDup2(fd_from, fd_to) == -1) ||
+            (restartableClose(fd_from) == -1))
+            return -1;
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static const char *
@@ -434,41 +532,30 @@ execve_with_shell_fallback(const char *file,
                            const char *argv[],
                            const char *const envp[])
 {
-#if USE_CLONE
+#if START_CHILD_USE_CLONE || START_CHILD_USE_VFORK
+    /* shared address space; be very careful. */
     execve(file, (char **) argv, (char **) envp);
     if (errno == ENOEXEC)
         execve_as_traditional_shell_script(file, argv, envp);
 #else
-    /* Our address space is unshared, so can mutate environ. */
-    extern char **environ;
+    /* unshared address space; we can mutate environ. */
     environ = (char **) envp;
     execvp(file, (char **) argv);
 #endif
 }
 
 /**
- * execvpe should have been included in the Unix standards.
- * execvpe is identical to execvp, except that the child environment is
+ * 'execvpe' should have been included in the Unix standards,
+ * and is a GNU extension in glibc 2.10.
+ *
+ * JDK_execvpe is identical to execvp, except that the child environment is
  * specified via the 3rd argument instead of being inherited from environ.
  */
 static void
-execvpe(const char *file,
-        const char *argv[],
-        const char *const envp[])
+JDK_execvpe(const char *file,
+            const char *argv[],
+            const char *const envp[])
 {
-    /* This is one of the rare times it's more portable to declare an
-     * external symbol explicitly, rather than via a system header.
-     * The declaration is standardized as part of UNIX98, but there is
-     * no standard (not even de-facto) header file where the
-     * declaration is to be found.  See:
-     * http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/environ.html
-     * http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/xsh_chap02_02.html
-     *
-     * "All identifiers in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, except
-     * environ, are defined in at least one of the headers" (!)
-     */
-    extern char **environ;
-
     if (envp == NULL || (char **) envp == environ) {
         execvp(file, (char **) argv);
         return;
@@ -538,13 +625,6 @@ execvpe(const char *file,
     }
 }
 
-static void
-closeSafely(int fd)
-{
-    if (fd != -1)
-        close(fd);
-}
-
 /*
  * Reads nbyte bytes from file descriptor fd into buf,
  * The read operation is retried in case of EINTR or partial reads.
@@ -587,6 +667,9 @@ typedef struct _ChildStuff
     const char **envv;
     const char *pdir;
     jboolean redirectErrorStream;
+#if START_CHILD_USE_CLONE
+    void *clone_stack;
+#endif
 } ChildStuff;
 
 static void
@@ -610,31 +693,40 @@ childProcess(void *arg)
     /* Close the parent sides of the pipes.
        Closing pipe fds here is redundant, since closeDescriptors()
        would do it anyways, but a little paranoia is a good thing. */
-    closeSafely(p->in[1]);
-    closeSafely(p->out[0]);
-    closeSafely(p->err[0]);
-    closeSafely(p->fail[0]);
+    if ((closeSafely(p->in[1])   == -1) ||
+        (closeSafely(p->out[0])  == -1) ||
+        (closeSafely(p->err[0])  == -1) ||
+        (closeSafely(p->fail[0]) == -1))
+        goto WhyCantJohnnyExec;
 
     /* Give the child sides of the pipes the right fileno's. */
     /* Note: it is possible for in[0] == 0 */
-    moveDescriptor(p->in[0] != -1 ?  p->in[0] : p->fds[0], STDIN_FILENO);
-    moveDescriptor(p->out[1]!= -1 ? p->out[1] : p->fds[1], STDOUT_FILENO);
+    if ((moveDescriptor(p->in[0] != -1 ?  p->in[0] : p->fds[0],
+                        STDIN_FILENO) == -1) ||
+        (moveDescriptor(p->out[1]!= -1 ? p->out[1] : p->fds[1],
+                        STDOUT_FILENO) == -1))
+        goto WhyCantJohnnyExec;
 
     if (p->redirectErrorStream) {
-      closeSafely(p->err[1]);
-      dup2(STDOUT_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO);
+        if ((closeSafely(p->err[1]) == -1) ||
+            (restartableDup2(STDOUT_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO) == -1))
+            goto WhyCantJohnnyExec;
     } else {
-      moveDescriptor(p->err[1] != -1 ? p->err[1] : p->fds[2], STDERR_FILENO);
+        if (moveDescriptor(p->err[1] != -1 ? p->err[1] : p->fds[2],
+                           STDERR_FILENO) == -1)
+            goto WhyCantJohnnyExec;
     }
 
-    moveDescriptor(p->fail[1], FAIL_FILENO);
+    if (moveDescriptor(p->fail[1], FAIL_FILENO) == -1)
+        goto WhyCantJohnnyExec;
 
     /* close everything */
     if (closeDescriptors() == 0) { /* failed,  close the old way */
         int max_fd = (int)sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX);
-        int i;
-        for (i = FAIL_FILENO + 1; i < max_fd; i++)
-            close(i);
+        int fd;
+        for (fd = FAIL_FILENO + 1; fd < max_fd; fd++)
+            if (restartableClose(fd) == -1 && errno != EBADF)
+                goto WhyCantJohnnyExec;
     }
 
     /* change to the new working directory */
@@ -644,7 +736,7 @@ childProcess(void *arg)
     if (fcntl(FAIL_FILENO, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) == -1)
         goto WhyCantJohnnyExec;
 
-    execvpe(p->argv[0], p->argv, p->envv);
+    JDK_execvpe(p->argv[0], p->argv, p->envv);
 
  WhyCantJohnnyExec:
     /* We used to go to an awful lot of trouble to predict whether the
@@ -659,13 +751,62 @@ childProcess(void *arg)
      */
     {
         int errnum = errno;
-        write(FAIL_FILENO, &errnum, sizeof(errnum));
+        restartableWrite(FAIL_FILENO, &errnum, sizeof(errnum));
     }
-    close(FAIL_FILENO);
+    restartableClose(FAIL_FILENO);
     _exit(-1);
     return 0;  /* Suppress warning "no return value from function" */
 }
 
+/**
+ * Start a child process running function childProcess.
+ * This function only returns in the parent.
+ * We are unusually paranoid; use of clone/vfork is
+ * especially likely to tickle gcc/glibc bugs.
+ */
+#ifdef __attribute_noinline__  /* See: sys/cdefs.h */
+__attribute_noinline__
+#endif
+static pid_t
+startChild(ChildStuff *c) {
+#if START_CHILD_USE_CLONE
+#define START_CHILD_CLONE_STACK_SIZE (64 * 1024)
+    /*
+     * See clone(2).
+     * Instead of worrying about which direction the stack grows, just
+     * allocate twice as much and start the stack in the middle.
+     */
+    if ((c->clone_stack = malloc(2 * START_CHILD_CLONE_STACK_SIZE)) == NULL)
+        /* errno will be set to ENOMEM */
+        return -1;
+    return clone(childProcess,
+                 c->clone_stack + START_CHILD_CLONE_STACK_SIZE,
+                 CLONE_VFORK | CLONE_VM | SIGCHLD, c);
+#else
+  #if START_CHILD_USE_VFORK
+    /*
+     * We separate the call to vfork into a separate function to make
+     * very sure to keep stack of child from corrupting stack of parent,
+     * as suggested by the scary gcc warning:
+     *  warning: variable 'foo' might be clobbered by 'longjmp' or 'vfork'
+     */
+    volatile pid_t resultPid = vfork();
+  #else
+    /*
+     * From Solaris fork(2): In Solaris 10, a call to fork() is
+     * identical to a call to fork1(); only the calling thread is
+     * replicated in the child process. This is the POSIX-specified
+     * behavior for fork().
+     */
+    pid_t resultPid = fork();
+  #endif
+    if (resultPid == 0)
+        childProcess(c);
+    assert(resultPid != 0);  /* childProcess never returns */
+    return resultPid;
+#endif /* ! START_CHILD_USE_CLONE */
+}
+
 JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
 Java_java_lang_UNIXProcess_forkAndExec(JNIEnv *env,
                                        jobject process,
@@ -678,9 +819,6 @@ Java_java_lang_UNIXProcess_forkAndExec(JNIEnv *env,
 {
     int errnum;
     int resultPid = -1;
-#if USE_CLONE
-    void *clone_stack = NULL;
-#endif
     int in[2], out[2], err[2], fail[2];
     jint *fds = NULL;
     const char *pprog = NULL;
@@ -694,6 +832,9 @@ Java_java_lang_UNIXProcess_forkAndExec(JNIEnv *env,
     c->argv = NULL;
     c->envv = NULL;
     c->pdir = NULL;
+#if START_CHILD_USE_CLONE
+    c->clone_stack = NULL;
+#endif
 
     /* Convert prog + argBlock into a char ** argv.
      * Add one word room for expansion of argv for use by
@@ -739,37 +880,15 @@ Java_java_lang_UNIXProcess_forkAndExec(JNIEnv *env,
 
     c->redirectErrorStream = redirectErrorStream;
 
-    {
-#if USE_CLONE
-        /* See clone(2).
-         * Instead of worrying about which direction the stack grows, just
-         * allocate twice as much and start the stack in the middle. */
-        const int stack_size = 64 * 1024;
-        if ((clone_stack = NEW(char, 2 * stack_size)) == NULL) goto Catch;
-        resultPid = clone(childProcess, clone_stack + stack_size,
-                          /* CLONE_VFORK | // works, but unnecessary */
-                          CLONE_VM | SIGCHLD, c);
-#else
-        /* From fork(2): In Solaris 10, a call to fork() is identical
-         * to a call to fork1(); only the calling thread is replicated
-         * in the child process. This is the POSIX-specified behavior
-         * for fork(). */
-        resultPid = fork();
-        if (resultPid == 0) {
-          childProcess(c);
-          assert(0);  /* childProcess must not return */
-        }
-#endif
-    }
+    resultPid = startChild(c);
+    assert(resultPid != 0);
 
     if (resultPid < 0) {
-        throwIOException(env, errno, "Fork failed");
+        throwIOException(env, errno, START_CHILD_SYSTEM_CALL " failed");
         goto Catch;
     }
 
-    /* parent process */
-
-    close(fail[1]); fail[1] = -1; /* See: WhyCantJohnnyExec */
+    restartableClose(fail[1]); fail[1] = -1; /* See: WhyCantJohnnyExec */
 
     switch (readFully(fail[0], &errnum, sizeof(errnum))) {
     case 0: break; /* Exec succeeded */
@@ -787,8 +906,8 @@ Java_java_lang_UNIXProcess_forkAndExec(JNIEnv *env,
     fds[2] = (err[0] != -1) ? err[0] : -1;
 
  Finally:
-#if USE_CLONE
-    free(clone_stack);
+#if START_CHILD_USE_CLONE
+    free(c->clone_stack);
 #endif
 
     /* Always clean up the child's side of the pipes */
diff --git a/src/windows/classes/sun/nio/fs/WindowsConstants.java b/src/windows/classes/sun/nio/fs/WindowsConstants.java
index 077a4893b2f6f3f7b6fdb7603efc14111d325dd2..a99f3fd448f0d24013032bb36a179cf71efe7d71 100644
--- a/src/windows/classes/sun/nio/fs/WindowsConstants.java
+++ b/src/windows/classes/sun/nio/fs/WindowsConstants.java
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ class WindowsConstants {
     public static final int ERROR_INVALID_DATA          = 13;
     public static final int ERROR_NOT_SAME_DEVICE       = 17;
     public static final int ERROR_NOT_READY             = 21;
+    public static final int ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION     = 32;
     public static final int ERROR_FILE_EXISTS           = 80;
     public static final int ERROR_INVALID_PARAMATER     = 87;
     public static final int ERROR_DISK_FULL             = 112;
diff --git a/src/windows/classes/sun/nio/fs/WindowsFileAttributes.java b/src/windows/classes/sun/nio/fs/WindowsFileAttributes.java
index f930eab98d3902d8ff11a88b8e998a9a6f9318f7..9a1e0bd1a15b169350459d48a94bd842b9442873 100644
--- a/src/windows/classes/sun/nio/fs/WindowsFileAttributes.java
+++ b/src/windows/classes/sun/nio/fs/WindowsFileAttributes.java
@@ -299,6 +299,9 @@ class WindowsFileAttributes
         throws WindowsException
     {
         if (!ensureAccurateMetadata) {
+            WindowsException firstException = null;
+
+            // GetFileAttributesEx is the fastest way to read the attributes
             NativeBuffer buffer =
                 NativeBuffers.getNativeBuffer(SIZEOF_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA);
             try {
@@ -310,9 +313,39 @@ class WindowsFileAttributes
                     .getInt(address + OFFSETOF_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA_ATTRIBUTES);
                 if ((fileAttrs & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) == 0)
                     return fromFileAttributeData(address, 0);
+            } catch (WindowsException x) {
+                if (x.lastError() != ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION)
+                    throw x;
+                firstException = x;
             } finally {
                 buffer.release();
             }
+
+            // For sharing violations, fallback to FindFirstFile if the file
+            // is not a root directory.
+            if (firstException != null) {
+                String search = path.getPathForWin32Calls();
+                char last = search.charAt(search.length() -1);
+                if (last == ':' || last == '\\')
+                    throw firstException;
+                buffer = getBufferForFindData();
+                try {
+                    long handle = FindFirstFile(search, buffer.address());
+                    FindClose(handle);
+                    WindowsFileAttributes attrs = fromFindData(buffer.address());
+                    // FindFirstFile does not follow sym links. Even if
+                    // followLinks is false, there isn't sufficient information
+                    // in the WIN32_FIND_DATA structure to know if the reparse
+                    // point is a sym link.
+                    if (attrs.isReparsePoint())
+                        throw firstException;
+                    return attrs;
+                } catch (WindowsException ignore) {
+                    throw firstException;
+                } finally {
+                    buffer.release();
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         // file is reparse point so need to open file to get attributes
diff --git a/test/com/sun/jdi/EnumTest.java b/test/com/sun/jdi/EnumTest.java
index be06c0f4524e6b46581d4eb0a63c48120f60c118..51d3a976ad57956d2600dc308e882b0b5154e3d6 100644
--- a/test/com/sun/jdi/EnumTest.java
+++ b/test/com/sun/jdi/EnumTest.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
  *  @author jjh
  *
  *  @run build TestScaffold VMConnection TargetListener TargetAdapter
- *  @run compile -source 1.5 -target 1.5 -g EnumTest.java
+ *  @run compile -g EnumTest.java
  *  @run main EnumTest
  */
 import com.sun.jdi.*;
diff --git a/test/com/sun/jdi/GenericsTest.java b/test/com/sun/jdi/GenericsTest.java
index 2220dd7bbfc8a7eb8f651e4965675c50a2da050d..5156e9d8e0958944bb9c2240be42b7ab3ac9f3bf 100644
--- a/test/com/sun/jdi/GenericsTest.java
+++ b/test/com/sun/jdi/GenericsTest.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
  *  @author jjh
  *
  *  @run build TestScaffold VMConnection TargetListener TargetAdapter
- *  @run compile -source 1.5 -target 1.5 -g GenericsTest.java
+ *  @run compile -g GenericsTest.java
  *  @run main GenericsTest
  */
 import com.sun.jdi.*;
diff --git a/test/com/sun/jdi/JdbVarargsTest.sh b/test/com/sun/jdi/JdbVarargsTest.sh
index 72d9561f54ceb4879780375982eeeca7b8acf653..82e0b18e60e7b1c039acd7f61b9fdaef45f9fdf3 100644
--- a/test/com/sun/jdi/JdbVarargsTest.sh
+++ b/test/com/sun/jdi/JdbVarargsTest.sh
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 #  @run shell JdbVarargsTest.sh
 
 classname=JdbVarargsTest
-compileOptions="-source 1.5 -target 1.5"
 createJavaFile()
 {
     cat <<EOF > $classname.java.1
diff --git a/test/com/sun/jdi/StepTest.java b/test/com/sun/jdi/StepTest.java
index 9c2344d09dbd21e6b86ab1a74a79c6ddfb9b9fa8..041507a8b9d7a9807e1e2f797bdeda7043104ef1 100644
--- a/test/com/sun/jdi/StepTest.java
+++ b/test/com/sun/jdi/StepTest.java
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  *  @author Gordon Hirsch
  *
  *  @run build TestScaffold VMConnection TargetAdapter TargetListener
- *  @run compile -g -target 1.5 MethodCalls.java
+ *  @run compile -g MethodCalls.java
  *  @run compile -g MethodCallsReflection.java
  *  @run compile -g ControlFlow.java
  *  @run build StepTest
diff --git a/test/com/sun/jdi/UTF8Test.java b/test/com/sun/jdi/UTF8Test.java
index b7b286658940039879abfbc6f218ff1ebc064976..4396770e0935cc2ef3267f00b95b78a715c14cde 100644
--- a/test/com/sun/jdi/UTF8Test.java
+++ b/test/com/sun/jdi/UTF8Test.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
  *  @author jjh
  *
  *  @run build TestScaffold VMConnection TargetListener TargetAdapter
- *  @run compile -g -source 1.5 UTF8Test.java
+ *  @run compile -g UTF8Test.java
  *  @run main UTF8Test
  */
 
diff --git a/test/com/sun/jdi/VarargsTest.java b/test/com/sun/jdi/VarargsTest.java
index ed4323e2d4f2b71c31c6a71cdbeb2afd9dcbb09b..1ea51ad245b28416ca662a12cea5590b8bd5c35e 100644
--- a/test/com/sun/jdi/VarargsTest.java
+++ b/test/com/sun/jdi/VarargsTest.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
  *  @author jjh
  *
  *  @run build TestScaffold VMConnection TargetListener TargetAdapter
- *  @run compile -g -source 1.5 -target 1.5 VarargsTest.java
+ *  @run compile -g VarargsTest.java
  *  @run main VarargsTest
  */
 import com.sun.jdi.*;
diff --git a/test/java/net/Authenticator/B4933582.sh b/test/java/net/Authenticator/B4933582.sh
index b103592f42d455ad289a320e2355e88072b5e257..0826063a8050487217b4ce6ac4968ea9cd04f628 100644
--- a/test/java/net/Authenticator/B4933582.sh
+++ b/test/java/net/Authenticator/B4933582.sh
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ case "$OS" in
     exit 1;
     ;;
 esac
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -d . -classpath ${TESTSRC}${FS}..${FS}..${FS}..${FS}sun${FS}net${FS}www${FS}httptest ${TESTSRC}${FS}B4933582.java
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -d . -classpath "${TESTSRC}${FS}..${FS}..${FS}..${FS}sun${FS}net${FS}www${FS}httptest" ${TESTSRC}${FS}B4933582.java
 rm -f cache.ser auth.save
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java -classpath ${TESTSRC}${FS}..${FS}..${FS}..${FS}sun${FS}net${FS}www${FS}httptest${PS}. B4933582 first
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java -classpath ${TESTSRC}${FS}..${FS}..${FS}..${FS}sun${FS}net${FS}www${FS}httptest${PS}. B4933582 second
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java -classpath "${TESTSRC}${FS}..${FS}..${FS}..${FS}sun${FS}net${FS}www${FS}httptest${PS}." B4933582 first
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java -classpath "${TESTSRC}${FS}..${FS}..${FS}..${FS}sun${FS}net${FS}www${FS}httptest${PS}." B4933582 second
diff --git a/test/java/net/DatagramSocket/SetDatagramSocketImplFactory/ADatagramSocket.sh b/test/java/net/DatagramSocket/SetDatagramSocketImplFactory/ADatagramSocket.sh
index ba8b7cb5184d304b437b1323a711fb01b81d3a65..18f7c0ea94cdf0799830641adef9dd767c8db062 100644
--- a/test/java/net/DatagramSocket/SetDatagramSocketImplFactory/ADatagramSocket.sh
+++ b/test/java/net/DatagramSocket/SetDatagramSocketImplFactory/ADatagramSocket.sh
@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PATHSEP=":"
     FILESEP="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PATHSEP=";"
+    FILESEP="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PATHSEP=";"
     FILESEP="\\"
diff --git a/test/java/net/Socket/OldSocketImpl.sh b/test/java/net/Socket/OldSocketImpl.sh
index 85845464f2bcf7bb927a38b318bf9b39fed09a95..50692f8e04553c6437f63a5e903f34b90799d313 100644
--- a/test/java/net/Socket/OldSocketImpl.sh
+++ b/test/java/net/Socket/OldSocketImpl.sh
@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/java/net/URL/B5086147.sh b/test/java/net/URL/B5086147.sh
index 53034443a80bd7edddc58494c853c9d5fe731250..aaa9eadf31c9d0b7c0c2ab8df9fd0f9825f2a1d7 100644
--- a/test/java/net/URL/B5086147.sh
+++ b/test/java/net/URL/B5086147.sh
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ case "$OS" in
   SunOS | Linux )
     exit 0
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/java/net/URL/runconstructor.sh b/test/java/net/URL/runconstructor.sh
index 93a80de4b3cb2b8e03193a36ba3401328363144e..30ae96a3c109f278289fbfa1e33a4ed76fcaf52c 100644
--- a/test/java/net/URL/runconstructor.sh
+++ b/test/java/net/URL/runconstructor.sh
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/java/net/URLClassLoader/B5077773.sh b/test/java/net/URLClassLoader/B5077773.sh
index 6dcba9c39a9fd0f19ac13a762322acf106a5c3c0..43bff5ad4a1cbb09dcfb3e30b614943ddcd9b298 100644
--- a/test/java/net/URLClassLoader/B5077773.sh
+++ b/test/java/net/URLClassLoader/B5077773.sh
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/java/net/URLClassLoader/sealing/checksealed.sh b/test/java/net/URLClassLoader/sealing/checksealed.sh
index e46ac2915ce0f846e72183a9184bfee9b168f697..191ff6f47500c30ce970ed7ebf89b99001a66d5a 100644
--- a/test/java/net/URLClassLoader/sealing/checksealed.sh
+++ b/test/java/net/URLClassLoader/sealing/checksealed.sh
@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"            
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
@@ -49,10 +53,10 @@ esac
 if [ x"$TESTJAVA" = x ]; then TESTJAVA=$1; fi
 if [ x"$TESTSRC" = x ]; then TESTSRC=.; fi
 
-CLASSPATH=.${PS}${TESTSRC}${FS}a${PS}${TESTSRC}${FS}b.jar
+CLASSPATH=".${PS}${TESTSRC}${FS}a${PS}${TESTSRC}${FS}b.jar"
 
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -classpath ${CLASSPATH} -d . ${TESTSRC}${FS}CheckSealed.java
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java -cp ${CLASSPATH} CheckSealed 1
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -classpath "${CLASSPATH}" -d . ${TESTSRC}${FS}CheckSealed.java
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java -cp "${CLASSPATH}" CheckSealed 1
 if [ $? != 0 ]; then exit 1; fi
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java -cp ${CLASSPATH} CheckSealed 2
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java -cp "${CLASSPATH}" CheckSealed 2
 if [ $? != 0 ]; then exit 1; fi
diff --git a/test/java/net/URLConnection/6212146/test.sh b/test/java/net/URLConnection/6212146/test.sh
index 29b187ab307e7171480bbc9e22555b8cfdf7167e..cdf970db41e954e1443d1cc0567dbf2c0bb2f31d 100644
--- a/test/java/net/URLConnection/6212146/test.sh
+++ b/test/java/net/URLConnection/6212146/test.sh
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel/BasicMulticastTests.java b/test/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel/BasicMulticastTests.java
index 6928bcded3edcb894073ce523a094dec1db01d64..86b9752ba0c109eaa836d24966acb9b8c8bceb93 100644
--- a/test/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel/BasicMulticastTests.java
+++ b/test/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel/BasicMulticastTests.java
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
  * @bug 4527345
  * @summary Unit test for DatagramChannel's multicast support
  * @build BasicMulticastTests NetworkConfiguration
+ * @run main BasicMulticastTests
  */
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
diff --git a/test/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel/MulticastSendReceiveTests.java b/test/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel/MulticastSendReceiveTests.java
index 11e3b0be068c28d59baf9e60177dc88a543f6e9d..bb1b7037571b897e8a8e38d394914e3f6af9662e 100644
--- a/test/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel/MulticastSendReceiveTests.java
+++ b/test/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannel/MulticastSendReceiveTests.java
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
  * @bug 4527345
  * @summary Unit test for DatagramChannel's multicast support
  * @build MulticastSendReceiveTests NetworkConfiguration
+ * @run main MulticastSendReceiveTests
  */
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
diff --git a/test/java/nio/file/Files/ContentType.java b/test/java/nio/file/Files/ContentType.java
index 8a2267ebd4e11e6a53e4d87b5ed71645ab86b5ec..fdbb9014ef67cdf35fc9d4f679c727c3230d4f4a 100644
--- a/test/java/nio/file/Files/ContentType.java
+++ b/test/java/nio/file/Files/ContentType.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
  * @summary Unit test for probeContentType method
  * @library ..
  * @build ContentType SimpleFileTypeDetector
+ * @run main ContentType
  */
 
 import java.nio.file.*;
diff --git a/test/java/nio/file/Path/Misc.java b/test/java/nio/file/Path/Misc.java
index 066cf6bedf964aa99959a90396874cbbeb1dd85c..07418844fd8e2eb2d38864c8fdc365b85aa6c104 100644
--- a/test/java/nio/file/Path/Misc.java
+++ b/test/java/nio/file/Path/Misc.java
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  */
 
 /* @test
- * @bug 4313887 6838333
+ * @bug 4313887 6838333 6866804
  * @summary Unit test for java.nio.file.Path for miscellenous methods not
  *   covered by other tests
  * @library ..
@@ -106,6 +106,28 @@ public class Misc {
         dir.checkAccess(AccessMode.WRITE);
         dir.checkAccess(AccessMode.READ, AccessMode.WRITE);
 
+        /**
+         * Test: Check access to all files in all root directories.
+         * (A useful test on Windows for special files such as pagefile.sys)
+         */
+        for (Path root: FileSystems.getDefault().getRootDirectories()) {
+            DirectoryStream<Path> stream;
+            try {
+                stream = root.newDirectoryStream();
+            } catch (IOException x) {
+                continue; // skip root directories that aren't accessible
+            }
+            try {
+                for (Path entry: stream) {
+                    try {
+                        entry.checkAccess();
+                    } catch (AccessDeniedException ignore) { }
+                }
+            } finally {
+                stream.close();
+            }
+        }
+
         /**
          * Test: File does not exist
          */
diff --git a/test/java/security/Security/ClassLoaderDeadlock/ClassLoaderDeadlock.sh b/test/java/security/Security/ClassLoaderDeadlock/ClassLoaderDeadlock.sh
index 02ab6fcfd50565c2c6500fbc04f7a8887580ec93..a1c1d80d696da7f4ee75a6b2d20559b63215574f 100644
--- a/test/java/security/Security/ClassLoaderDeadlock/ClassLoaderDeadlock.sh
+++ b/test/java/security/Security/ClassLoaderDeadlock/ClassLoaderDeadlock.sh
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PATHSEP=":"
     FILESEP="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PATHSEP=";"
+    FILESEP="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PATHSEP=";"
     FILESEP="\\"
@@ -81,7 +85,7 @@ ${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}javac \
 
 # run the test
 ${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}java \
-	-classpath ${TESTCLASSES}${PATHSEP}${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}Deadlock.jar \
+	-classpath "${TESTCLASSES}${PATHSEP}${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}Deadlock.jar" \
 	ClassLoaderDeadlock
 
 exit $?
diff --git a/test/java/security/Security/ClassLoaderDeadlock/Deadlock.sh b/test/java/security/Security/ClassLoaderDeadlock/Deadlock.sh
index 4ed9b785e5fbd2d86ac89480ae2fe64784bc1c65..e631389f023c295d5c1fbf93ac8f18218ea081de 100644
--- a/test/java/security/Security/ClassLoaderDeadlock/Deadlock.sh
+++ b/test/java/security/Security/ClassLoaderDeadlock/Deadlock.sh
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PATHSEP=":"
     FILESEP="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PATHSEP=";"
+    FILESEP="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PATHSEP=";"
     FILESEP="\\"
@@ -54,5 +58,5 @@ esac
 
 JAVA="${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}java"
 
-${JAVA} -cp ${TESTCLASSES}${PATHSEP}${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}Deadlock.jar Deadlock
+${JAVA} -cp "${TESTCLASSES}${PATHSEP}${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}Deadlock.jar" Deadlock
 
diff --git a/test/java/security/Security/signedfirst/Dyn.sh b/test/java/security/Security/signedfirst/Dyn.sh
index b64a6b6621bea1a5f9347e2b773089e730aac9fe..b897d5900a90a73b4ae797892d72cbdcaffc6532 100644
--- a/test/java/security/Security/signedfirst/Dyn.sh
+++ b/test/java/security/Security/signedfirst/Dyn.sh
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PATHSEP=":"
     FILESEP="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PATHSEP=";"
+    FILESEP="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PATHSEP=";"
     FILESEP="\\"
@@ -76,7 +80,7 @@ ${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}javac \
 
 # run the test
 ${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}java \
-	-classpath ${TESTCLASSES}${PATHSEP}${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}exp.jar \
+	-classpath "${TESTCLASSES}${PATHSEP}${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}exp.jar" \
 	DynSignedProvFirst
 
 exit $?
diff --git a/test/java/security/Security/signedfirst/Static.sh b/test/java/security/Security/signedfirst/Static.sh
index cec9df72279effab1823e1146633ce11126a55d5..519766f9d6087be57485a91d7bf97d7e23a66ccb 100644
--- a/test/java/security/Security/signedfirst/Static.sh
+++ b/test/java/security/Security/signedfirst/Static.sh
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PATHSEP=":"
     FILESEP="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PATHSEP=";"
+    FILESEP="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PATHSEP=";"
     FILESEP="\\"
@@ -70,14 +74,14 @@ rm StaticSignedProvFirst.class
 
 # compile the test program
 ${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}javac \
-	-classpath ${TESTCLASSES}${PATHSEP}${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}exp.jar \
+	-classpath "${TESTCLASSES}${PATHSEP}${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}exp.jar" \
 	-d ${TESTCLASSES}${FILESEP} \
 	${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}StaticSignedProvFirst.java
 
 # run the test
 cd ${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}
 ${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}java \
-	-classpath ${TESTCLASSES}${PATHSEP}${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}exp.jar \
+	-classpath "${TESTCLASSES}${PATHSEP}${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}exp.jar" \
 	-Djava.security.properties=file:${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}Static.props \
 	StaticSignedProvFirst
 
diff --git a/test/java/util/Collection/MOAT.java b/test/java/util/Collection/MOAT.java
index f9d30f56217d23ab6ba2597f41b073f88ef6b670..d2b6b6869037bee4d5e1062c3cdd47394811596a 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Collection/MOAT.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Collection/MOAT.java
@@ -426,6 +426,36 @@ public class MOAT {
         q.poll();
         equal(q.size(), 4);
         checkFunctionalInvariants(q);
+        if ((q instanceof LinkedBlockingQueue) ||
+            (q instanceof LinkedBlockingDeque) ||
+            (q instanceof ConcurrentLinkedQueue)) {
+            testQueueIteratorRemove(q);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void testQueueIteratorRemove(Queue<Integer> q) {
+        System.err.printf("testQueueIteratorRemove %s%n",
+                          q.getClass().getSimpleName());
+        q.clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+            q.add(i);
+        Iterator<Integer> it = q.iterator();
+        check(it.hasNext());
+        for (int i = 3; i >= 0; i--)
+            q.remove(i);
+        equal(it.next(), 0);
+        equal(it.next(), 4);
+
+        q.clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+            q.add(i);
+        it = q.iterator();
+        equal(it.next(), 0);
+        check(it.hasNext());
+        for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++)
+            q.remove(i);
+        equal(it.next(), 1);
+        equal(it.next(), 4);
     }
 
     private static void testList(final List<Integer> l) {
@@ -451,6 +481,11 @@ public class MOAT {
     }
 
     private static void testCollection(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        try { testCollection1(c); }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+    }
+
+    private static void testCollection1(Collection<Integer> c) {
 
         System.out.println("\n==> " + c.getClass().getName());
 
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/Basic-X.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/Basic-X.java
index 4677062cc14ed83c553d05f1d9bf975b0378608f..2469417d25604a50579a9f9b21440a23ec8508e7 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/Basic-X.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/Basic-X.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class Basic$Type$ extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/Basic.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/Basic.java
index 3a957b2f4faded9e112a94aa756b7d8531a9256c..e973b186842efb47a934944d5b936d3e34e6525c 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/Basic.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/Basic.java
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
  * @summary Unit test for formatter
  * @bug 4906370 4962433 4973103 4989961 5005818 5031150 4970931 4989491 5002937
  *      5005104 5007745 5061412 5055180 5066788 5088703 6317248 6318369 6320122
- *      6344623 6369500 6534606 6282094 6286592 6476425
+ *      6344623 6369500 6534606 6282094 6286592 6476425 5063507
  *
  * @run shell/timeout=240 Basic.sh
  */
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBigDecimal.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBigDecimal.java
index da96391384c29325a3111e7eb288a0d23650f5a1..7f49988ee9d1445dd90ab4e7dc3d315b929a3f94 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBigDecimal.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBigDecimal.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicBigDecimal extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBigInteger.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBigInteger.java
index 4bba5a0fbe4889661f7ecc695fe37ef80c587feb..c7b3bc560021824b4848fab16c34c8b5cb0ee9e9 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBigInteger.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBigInteger.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicBigInteger extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBoolean.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBoolean.java
index ea60e388652e9d62c539a863df5fb2d252ca0d8f..d626fdaba1d7ac805ed50ee5819794d2ddb9241b 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBoolean.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBoolean.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicBoolean extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBooleanObject.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBooleanObject.java
index b4fbabb76b80b883836e09d8df99f4edc74265a6..b0a3ab3694d1185c5efc2e2f696af179f00cb7f1 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBooleanObject.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicBooleanObject.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicBooleanObject extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicByte.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicByte.java
index deaf37957e5940056c238c208445747c59e73ad8..8c6304454594cc23ab349d19766eca79685b0ab2 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicByte.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicByte.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicByte extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicByteObject.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicByteObject.java
index 06eb68ebd273ab7686b82d852421e8990782a59c..b2563784ee84b84e688ae22c1bbd724975ea125f 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicByteObject.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicByteObject.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicByteObject extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicChar.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicChar.java
index 5ada7b166e70aee2f1141f13846b794abf65b21d..cec8b76f58da6cea0b775744b2028dcac439b847 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicChar.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicChar.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicChar extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicCharObject.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicCharObject.java
index 1e7d05d543f41a747ee3b21f6e8eb7018c520225..4d1845977e35eddeb599d4d50e5073ce76d8bcce 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicCharObject.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicCharObject.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicCharObject extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDateTime.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDateTime.java
index fd42da06f70b6ee458a3c43b34375c5c18bdff4b..b30709d54657706771611c818afa04c1bff91c1e 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDateTime.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDateTime.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicDateTime extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDouble.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDouble.java
index d985b46b1a5015806dfec49d5fa100e35ed46fc2..5d5021717ec70c051f18778fcc8f59363988bc1a 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDouble.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDouble.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicDouble extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDoubleObject.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDoubleObject.java
index 70dfd2929e56b162a9532113f608f1edc8d4b5e4..1bbd67f18e92d8f0f2ddc11d8df221a561260443 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDoubleObject.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicDoubleObject.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicDoubleObject extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicFloat.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicFloat.java
index 122b44f1e75708fbdec8b68f78894d57a43e4782..c75921072610db0764ca07453f345de42822618f 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicFloat.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicFloat.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicFloat extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicFloatObject.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicFloatObject.java
index 64c874cf2d5354a28d64933ab44b240986862024..c64bbb0f9d623d91a7e8b507a755a88327a64e53 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicFloatObject.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicFloatObject.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicFloatObject extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicInt.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicInt.java
index 4010d2250e034cf60b995533851faaabb068a91c..5e42b45f76d9fcf6d0e50c52aaad7f8b7f4c01af 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicInt.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicInt.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicInt extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicIntObject.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicIntObject.java
index fe41ea2964b98dc96d3d14d0831ad77b0fcace82..a9728b5bbf04df610382137fd6998cab6d277422 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicIntObject.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicIntObject.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicIntObject extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicLong.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicLong.java
index fe232f1978e0d732603f80d216469b8a25d69652..41a74163050333932298b87d630d62e85bf7dcc6 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicLong.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicLong.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicLong extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicLongObject.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicLongObject.java
index c99e0ba3c2acb5494e641c7ddf6655fb063f2024..c41c711ec7c9d72a5c67dc9af6a3a57d1e16ceb7 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicLongObject.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicLongObject.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicLongObject extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicShort.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicShort.java
index 39079e4ad1e1c9970726e19fb966c6e2990812aa..e2e4e4c44f8eb7fb9fd60e572ce44fc105c3b7e9 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicShort.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicShort.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicShort extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicShortObject.java b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicShortObject.java
index e2dcc2301740e6866352d81aec81297e88f1722a..48b33d18d8573d3bb8f0efe22794e155292559d4 100644
--- a/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicShortObject.java
+++ b/test/java/util/Formatter/BasicShortObject.java
@@ -486,6 +486,10 @@ public class BasicShortObject extends Basic {
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         tryCatch("%-s", MissingFormatWidthException.class);
         tryCatch("%--s", DuplicateFormatFlagsException.class);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, 0.5f);
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, "hello");
+        tryCatch("%#s", FormatFlagsConversionMismatchException.class, null);
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
         // %h
diff --git a/test/java/util/TimSort/ArrayBuilder.java b/test/java/util/TimSort/ArrayBuilder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25194f6ca571cbabfa1826623d961f88b549e573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/java/util/TimSort/ArrayBuilder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009 Google Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+
+public enum ArrayBuilder {
+
+    // These seven are from  Tim's paper (listsort.txt)
+
+    RANDOM_INT {
+        public Object[] build(int len) {
+            Integer[] result = new Integer[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                result[i] = rnd.nextInt();
+            return result;
+        }
+    },
+
+    DESCENDING_INT {
+        public Object[] build(int len) {
+            Integer[] result = new Integer[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                result[i] = len - i;
+            return result;
+        }
+    },
+
+    ASCENDING_INT {
+        public Object[] build(int len) {
+            Integer[] result = new Integer[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                result[i] = i;
+            return result;
+        }
+    },
+
+    ASCENDING_3_RND_EXCH_INT {
+        public Object[] build(int len) {
+            Integer[] result = new Integer[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                result[i] = i;
+            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
+                swap(result, rnd.nextInt(result.length),
+                             rnd.nextInt(result.length));
+            return result;
+        }
+    },
+
+    ASCENDING_10_RND_AT_END_INT {
+        public Object[] build(int len) {
+            Integer[] result = new Integer[len];
+            int endStart = len - 10;
+            for (int i = 0; i < endStart; i++)
+                result[i] = i;
+            for (int i = endStart; i < len; i++)
+                result[i] = rnd.nextInt(endStart + 10);
+            return result;
+        }
+    },
+
+    ALL_EQUAL_INT {
+        public Object[] build(int len) {
+            Integer[] result = new Integer[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                result[i] = 666;
+            return result;
+        }
+    },
+
+    DUPS_GALORE_INT {
+        public Object[] build(int len) {
+            Integer[] result = new Integer[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                result[i] = rnd.nextInt(4);
+            return result;
+        }
+    },
+
+    RANDOM_WITH_DUPS_INT {
+        public Object[] build(int len) {
+            Integer[] result = new Integer[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                result[i] = rnd.nextInt(len);
+            return result;
+        }
+    },
+
+    PSEUDO_ASCENDING_STRING {
+        public String[] build(int len) {
+            String[] result = new String[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                result[i] = Integer.toString(i);
+            return result;
+        }
+    },
+
+    RANDOM_BIGINT {
+        public BigInteger[] build(int len) {
+            BigInteger[] result = new BigInteger[len];
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                result[i] = HUGE.add(BigInteger.valueOf(rnd.nextInt(len)));
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+
+    public abstract Object[] build(int len);
+
+    public void resetRandom() {
+        rnd = new Random(666);
+    }
+
+    private static Random rnd = new Random(666);
+
+    private static void swap(Object[] a, int i, int j) {
+        Object t = a[i];
+        a[i] = a[j];
+        a[j] = t;
+    }
+
+    private static BigInteger HUGE = BigInteger.ONE.shiftLeft(100);
+}
diff --git a/test/java/util/TimSort/README b/test/java/util/TimSort/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7add0be0a509a463d4c6f4fb54b9f6112254c725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/java/util/TimSort/README
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+This directory contains benchmark programs used to compare the
+performance of the TimSort algorithm against the historic 1997
+implementation of Arrays.sort.  Any future benchmarking will require
+minor modifications.
diff --git a/test/java/util/TimSort/SortPerf.java b/test/java/util/TimSort/SortPerf.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89b41bb75275620610667857fe7404e4682044a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/java/util/TimSort/SortPerf.java
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009 Google Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public class SortPerf {
+    private static final int NUM_SETS = 5;
+    private static final int[] lengths = { 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 1000000 };
+
+    // Returns the number of repetitions as a function of the list length
+    private static int reps(int n) {
+        return (int) (12000000 / (n * Math.log10(n)));
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        Sorter.warmup();
+
+        System.out.print("Strategy,Length");
+        for (Sorter sorter : Sorter.values())
+            System.out.print("," + sorter);
+        System.out.println();
+
+        for (ArrayBuilder ab : ArrayBuilder.values()) {
+            for (int n : lengths) {
+                System.out.printf("%s,%d", ab, n);
+                int reps = reps(n);
+                Object[] proto = ab.build(n);
+                for (Sorter sorter : Sorter.values()) {
+                    double minTime = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+                    for (int set = 0; set < NUM_SETS; set++) {
+                        long startTime = System.nanoTime();
+                        for (int k = 0; k < reps; k++) {
+                            Object[] a = proto.clone();
+                            sorter.sort(a);
+                        }
+                        long endTime = System.nanoTime();
+                        double time = (endTime - startTime) / (1000000. * reps);
+                        minTime = Math.min(minTime, time);
+                    }
+                    System.out.printf(",%5f", minTime);
+                }
+                System.out.println();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/java/util/TimSort/Sorter.java b/test/java/util/TimSort/Sorter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4867996490fa82558f5d66a60246d3962fd9263d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/java/util/TimSort/Sorter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009 Google Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+public enum Sorter {
+    TIMSORT {
+        public void sort(Object[] array) {
+            ComparableTimSort.sort(array);
+        }
+    },
+    MERGESORT {
+        public void sort(Object[] array) {
+            Arrays.sort(array);
+        }
+    };
+
+    public abstract void sort(Object[] array);
+
+    public static void warmup() {
+        System.out.println("start warm up");
+        Integer[] gold = new Integer[10000];
+        Random random = new java.util.Random();
+        for (int i=0; i < gold.length; i++)
+            gold[i] = random.nextInt();
+
+        for (int i=0; i < 10000; i++) {
+            for (Sorter s : values()) {
+                Integer[] test= gold.clone();
+                s.sort(test);
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("  end warm up");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/java/util/concurrent/BlockingQueue/OfferDrainToLoops.java b/test/java/util/concurrent/BlockingQueue/OfferDrainToLoops.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb85f7bb3abd39691ab7203acc0f66dd6b528f07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/java/util/concurrent/BlockingQueue/OfferDrainToLoops.java
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+/*
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
+ * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
+ * file:
+ *
+ * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
+ * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
+ * http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain
+ */
+
+/*
+ * @test
+ * @bug 6805775 6815766
+ * @summary Test concurrent offer vs. drainTo
+ */
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+
+@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
+public class OfferDrainToLoops {
+    void checkNotContainsNull(Iterable it) {
+        for (Object x : it)
+            check(x != null);
+    }
+
+    abstract class CheckedThread extends Thread {
+        abstract protected void realRun();
+        public void run() {
+            try { realRun(); } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        }
+        {
+            setDaemon(true);
+            start();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void test(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        test(new LinkedBlockingQueue());
+        test(new LinkedBlockingQueue(2000));
+        test(new LinkedBlockingDeque());
+        test(new LinkedBlockingDeque(2000));
+        test(new ArrayBlockingQueue(2000));
+    }
+
+    void test(final BlockingQueue q) throws Throwable {
+        System.out.println(q.getClass().getSimpleName());
+        final long testDurationSeconds = 1L;
+        final long testDurationMillis = testDurationSeconds * 1000L;
+        final long quittingTimeNanos
+            = System.nanoTime() + testDurationSeconds * 1000L * 1000L * 1000L;
+
+        Thread offerer = new CheckedThread() {
+            protected void realRun() {
+                for (long i = 0; ; i++) {
+                    if ((i % 1024) == 0 &&
+                        System.nanoTime() - quittingTimeNanos > 0)
+                        break;
+                    while (! q.offer(i))
+                        Thread.yield();
+                }}};
+
+        Thread drainer = new CheckedThread() {
+            protected void realRun() {
+                for (long i = 0; ; i++) {
+                    if (System.nanoTime() - quittingTimeNanos > 0)
+                        break;
+                    List list = new ArrayList();
+                    int n = q.drainTo(list);
+                    equal(list.size(), n);
+                    for (int j = 0; j < n - 1; j++)
+                        equal((Long) list.get(j) + 1L, list.get(j + 1));
+                    Thread.yield();
+                }}};
+
+        Thread scanner = new CheckedThread() {
+            protected void realRun() {
+                for (long i = 0; ; i++) {
+                    if (System.nanoTime() - quittingTimeNanos > 0)
+                        break;
+                    checkNotContainsNull(q);
+                    Thread.yield();
+                }}};
+
+        offerer.join(10 * testDurationMillis);
+        drainer.join(10 * testDurationMillis);
+        check(! offerer.isAlive());
+        check(! drainer.isAlive());
+    }
+
+    //--------------------- Infrastructure ---------------------------
+    volatile int passed = 0, failed = 0;
+    void pass() {passed++;}
+    void fail() {failed++; Thread.dumpStack();}
+    void fail(String msg) {System.err.println(msg); fail();}
+    void unexpected(Throwable t) {failed++; t.printStackTrace();}
+    void check(boolean cond) {if (cond) pass(); else fail();}
+    void equal(Object x, Object y) {
+        if (x == null ? y == null : x.equals(y)) pass();
+        else fail(x + " not equal to " + y);}
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        new OfferDrainToLoops().instanceMain(args);}
+    public void instanceMain(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        try {test(args);} catch (Throwable t) {unexpected(t);}
+        System.out.printf("%nPassed = %d, failed = %d%n%n", passed, failed);
+        if (failed > 0) throw new AssertionError("Some tests failed");}
+}
diff --git a/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedQueue/ConcurrentQueueLoops.java b/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/ConcurrentQueueLoops.java
similarity index 57%
rename from test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedQueue/ConcurrentQueueLoops.java
rename to test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/ConcurrentQueueLoops.java
index b0c4b68e10edd4e788abd562a8539673a3c4d934..73dfc65c768d4a6148e709b440237d1184274d35 100644
--- a/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedQueue/ConcurrentQueueLoops.java
+++ b/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/ConcurrentQueueLoops.java
@@ -33,9 +33,8 @@
 
 /*
  * @test
- * @bug 4486658
- * @compile -source 1.5 ConcurrentQueueLoops.java
- * @run main/timeout=230 ConcurrentQueueLoops
+ * @bug 4486658 6785442
+ * @run main ConcurrentQueueLoops 8 123456
  * @summary Checks that a set of threads can repeatedly get and modify items
  */
 
@@ -44,34 +43,75 @@ import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
 
 public class ConcurrentQueueLoops {
-    static final ExecutorService pool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
-    static AtomicInteger totalItems;
-    static boolean print = false;
+    ExecutorService pool;
+    AtomicInteger totalItems;
+    boolean print;
 
-    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
-        int maxStages = 8;
-        int items = 100000;
+    // Suitable for benchmarking.  Overriden by args[0] for testing.
+    int maxStages = 20;
 
+    // Suitable for benchmarking.  Overriden by args[1] for testing.
+    int items = 1024 * 1024;
+
+    Collection<Queue<Integer>> concurrentQueues() {
+        List<Queue<Integer>> queues = new ArrayList<Queue<Integer>>();
+        queues.add(new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Integer>());
+        queues.add(new ArrayBlockingQueue<Integer>(items, false));
+        //queues.add(new ArrayBlockingQueue<Integer>(count, true));
+        queues.add(new LinkedBlockingQueue<Integer>());
+        queues.add(new LinkedBlockingDeque<Integer>());
+
+        try {
+            queues.add((Queue<Integer>)
+                       Class.forName("java.util.concurrent.LinkedTransferQueue")
+                       .newInstance());
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+        } catch (InstantiationException e) {
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            // OK; not yet added to JDK
+        }
+
+        // Following additional implementations are available from:
+        // http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/concurrency-interest/index.html
+        // queues.add(new LinkedTransferQueue<Integer>());
+        // queues.add(new SynchronizedLinkedListQueue<Integer>());
+
+        // Avoid "first fast, second slow" benchmark effect.
+        Collections.shuffle(queues);
+        return queues;
+    }
+
+    void test(String[] args) throws Throwable {
         if (args.length > 0)
             maxStages = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
+        if (args.length > 1)
+            items = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
+
+        for (Queue<Integer> queue : concurrentQueues())
+            test(queue);
+    }
+
+    void test(final Queue<Integer> q) throws Throwable {
+        System.out.println(q.getClass().getSimpleName());
+        pool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+        print = false;
 
         print = false;
         System.out.println("Warmup...");
-        oneRun(1, items);
-        Thread.sleep(100);
-        oneRun(1, items);
+        oneRun(1, items, q);
+        //Thread.sleep(100);
+        oneRun(3, items, q);
         Thread.sleep(100);
         print = true;
 
         for (int i = 1; i <= maxStages; i += (i+1) >>> 1) {
-            oneRun(i, items);
+            oneRun(i, items, q);
         }
         pool.shutdown();
-        if (! pool.awaitTermination(Long.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS))
-            throw new Error();
+        check(pool.awaitTermination(Long.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS));
    }
 
-    static class Stage implements Callable<Integer> {
+    class Stage implements Callable<Integer> {
         final Queue<Integer> queue;
         final CyclicBarrier barrier;
         int items;
@@ -110,15 +150,11 @@ public class ConcurrentQueueLoops {
                 }
                 return new Integer(l);
             }
-            catch (Exception ie) {
-                ie.printStackTrace();
-                throw new Error("Call loop failed");
-            }
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); return null; }
         }
     }
 
-    static void oneRun(int n, int items) throws Exception {
-        Queue<Integer> q = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Integer>();
+    void oneRun(int n, int items, final Queue<Integer> q) throws Exception {
         LoopHelpers.BarrierTimer timer = new LoopHelpers.BarrierTimer();
         CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(n + 1, timer);
         totalItems = new AtomicInteger(n * items);
@@ -141,6 +177,22 @@ public class ConcurrentQueueLoops {
             System.out.println(LoopHelpers.rightJustify(time / (items * n)) + " ns per item");
         if (total == 0) // avoid overoptimization
             System.out.println("useless result: " + total);
-
     }
+
+    //--------------------- Infrastructure ---------------------------
+    volatile int passed = 0, failed = 0;
+    void pass() {passed++;}
+    void fail() {failed++; Thread.dumpStack();}
+    void fail(String msg) {System.err.println(msg); fail();}
+    void unexpected(Throwable t) {failed++; t.printStackTrace();}
+    void check(boolean cond) {if (cond) pass(); else fail();}
+    void equal(Object x, Object y) {
+        if (x == null ? y == null : x.equals(y)) pass();
+        else fail(x + " not equal to " + y);}
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        new ConcurrentQueueLoops().instanceMain(args);}
+    public void instanceMain(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        try {test(args);} catch (Throwable t) {unexpected(t);}
+        System.out.printf("%nPassed = %d, failed = %d%n%n", passed, failed);
+        if (failed > 0) throw new AssertionError("Some tests failed");}
 }
diff --git a/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/GCRetention.java b/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/GCRetention.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68e62734359571dee5aaf010b17d144b56228c07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/GCRetention.java
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+/*
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
+ * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
+ * file:
+ *
+ * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
+ * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
+ * http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain
+ */
+/*
+ * @test
+ * @bug 6785442
+ * @summary Benchmark that tries to GC-tenure head, followed by
+ * many add/remove operations.
+ * @run main GCRetention 12345
+ */
+
+import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque;
+import java.util.concurrent.PriorityBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class GCRetention {
+    // Suitable for benchmarking.  Overriden by args[0] for testing.
+    int count = 1024 * 1024;
+
+    final Map<String,String> results = new ConcurrentHashMap<String,String>();
+
+    Collection<Queue<Boolean>> queues() {
+        List<Queue<Boolean>> queues = new ArrayList<Queue<Boolean>>();
+        queues.add(new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Boolean>());
+        queues.add(new ArrayBlockingQueue<Boolean>(count, false));
+        queues.add(new ArrayBlockingQueue<Boolean>(count, true));
+        queues.add(new LinkedBlockingQueue<Boolean>());
+        queues.add(new LinkedBlockingDeque<Boolean>());
+        queues.add(new PriorityBlockingQueue<Boolean>());
+        queues.add(new PriorityQueue<Boolean>());
+        queues.add(new LinkedList<Boolean>());
+
+        try {
+            queues.add((Queue<Boolean>)
+                       Class.forName("java.util.concurrent.LinkedTransferQueue")
+                       .newInstance());
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+        } catch (InstantiationException e) {
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            // OK; not yet added to JDK
+        }
+
+        // Following additional implementations are available from:
+        // http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/concurrency-interest/index.html
+        // queues.add(new LinkedTransferQueue<Boolean>());
+        // queues.add(new SynchronizedLinkedListQueue<Boolean>());
+
+        // Avoid "first fast, second slow" benchmark effect.
+        Collections.shuffle(queues);
+        return queues;
+    }
+
+    void prettyPrintResults() {
+        List<String> classNames = new ArrayList<String>(results.keySet());
+        Collections.sort(classNames);
+        int maxClassNameLength = 0;
+        int maxNanosLength = 0;
+        for (String name : classNames) {
+            if (maxClassNameLength < name.length())
+                maxClassNameLength = name.length();
+            if (maxNanosLength < results.get(name).length())
+                maxNanosLength = results.get(name).length();
+        }
+        String format = String.format("%%%ds %%%ds nanos/item%%n",
+                                      maxClassNameLength, maxNanosLength);
+        for (String name : classNames)
+            System.out.printf(format, name, results.get(name));
+    }
+
+    void test(String[] args) {
+        if (args.length > 0)
+            count = Integer.valueOf(args[0]);
+        // Warmup
+        for (Queue<Boolean> queue : queues())
+            test(queue);
+        results.clear();
+        for (Queue<Boolean> queue : queues())
+            test(queue);
+
+        prettyPrintResults();
+    }
+
+    void test(Queue<Boolean> q) {
+        long t0 = System.nanoTime();
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            check(q.add(Boolean.TRUE));
+        System.gc();
+        System.gc();
+        Boolean x;
+        while ((x = q.poll()) != null)
+            equal(x, Boolean.TRUE);
+        check(q.isEmpty());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10 * count; i++) {
+            for (int k = 0; k < 3; k++)
+                check(q.add(Boolean.TRUE));
+            for (int k = 0; k < 3; k++)
+                if (q.poll() != Boolean.TRUE)
+                    fail();
+        }
+        check(q.isEmpty());
+
+        String className = q.getClass().getSimpleName();
+        long elapsed = System.nanoTime() - t0;
+        int nanos = (int) ((double) elapsed / (10 * 3 * count));
+        results.put(className, String.valueOf(nanos));
+    }
+
+    //--------------------- Infrastructure ---------------------------
+    volatile int passed = 0, failed = 0;
+    void pass() {passed++;}
+    void fail() {failed++; Thread.dumpStack();}
+    void fail(String msg) {System.err.println(msg); fail();}
+    void unexpected(Throwable t) {failed++; t.printStackTrace();}
+    void check(boolean cond) {if (cond) pass(); else fail();}
+    void equal(Object x, Object y) {
+        if (x == null ? y == null : x.equals(y)) pass();
+        else fail(x + " not equal to " + y);}
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        new GCRetention().instanceMain(args);}
+    public void instanceMain(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        try {test(args);} catch (Throwable t) {unexpected(t);}
+        System.out.printf("%nPassed = %d, failed = %d%n%n", passed, failed);
+        if (failed > 0) throw new AssertionError("Some tests failed");}
+}
diff --git a/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/IteratorWeakConsistency.java b/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/IteratorWeakConsistency.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..727f649565161249d8d256e18a36806985133c68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/IteratorWeakConsistency.java
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/*
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
+ * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
+ * file:
+ *
+ * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
+ * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
+ * http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain
+ */
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+
+/*
+ * @test
+ * @bug 6805775 6815766
+ * @summary Check weak consistency of concurrent queue iterators
+ */
+
+@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
+public class IteratorWeakConsistency {
+
+    void test(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        test(new LinkedBlockingQueue());
+        test(new LinkedBlockingQueue(20));
+        test(new LinkedBlockingDeque());
+        test(new LinkedBlockingDeque(20));
+        test(new ConcurrentLinkedQueue());
+        // Other concurrent queues (e.g. ArrayBlockingQueue) do not
+        // currently have weakly consistent iterators.
+        // test(new ArrayBlockingQueue(20));
+    }
+
+    void test(Queue q) throws Throwable {
+        // TODO: make this more general
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+            q.add(i);
+        Iterator it = q.iterator();
+        q.poll();
+        q.poll();
+        q.poll();
+        q.remove(7);
+        List list = new ArrayList();
+        while (it.hasNext())
+            list.add(it.next());
+        equal(list, Arrays.asList(0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9));
+        check(! list.contains(null));
+        System.out.printf("%s: %s%n",
+                          q.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+                          list);
+    }
+
+    //--------------------- Infrastructure ---------------------------
+    volatile int passed = 0, failed = 0;
+    void pass() {passed++;}
+    void fail() {failed++; Thread.dumpStack();}
+    void fail(String msg) {System.err.println(msg); fail();}
+    void unexpected(Throwable t) {failed++; t.printStackTrace();}
+    void check(boolean cond) {if (cond) pass(); else fail();}
+    void equal(Object x, Object y) {
+        if (x == null ? y == null : x.equals(y)) pass();
+        else fail(x + " not equal to " + y);}
+    static Class<?> thisClass = new Object(){}.getClass().getEnclosingClass();
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        new IteratorWeakConsistency().instanceMain(args);}
+    public void instanceMain(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        try {test(args);} catch (Throwable t) {unexpected(t);}
+        System.out.printf("%nPassed = %d, failed = %d%n%n", passed, failed);
+        if (failed > 0) throw new AssertionError("Some tests failed");}
+}
diff --git a/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedQueue/LoopHelpers.java b/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/LoopHelpers.java
similarity index 100%
rename from test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentLinkedQueue/LoopHelpers.java
rename to test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/LoopHelpers.java
diff --git a/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/RemovePollRace.java b/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/RemovePollRace.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3e4ee9feb845af60b0cda3833079c9c6dee1ad2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/java/util/concurrent/ConcurrentQueues/RemovePollRace.java
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+/*
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
+ * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
+ * file:
+ *
+ * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
+ * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
+ * http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain
+ */
+
+/*
+ * @test
+ * @bug 6785442
+ * @summary Checks race between poll and remove(Object), while
+ * occasionally moonlighting as a microbenchmark.
+ * @run main RemovePollRace 12345
+ */
+
+import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class RemovePollRace {
+    // Suitable for benchmarking.  Overriden by args[0] for testing.
+    int count = 1024 * 1024;
+
+    final Map<String,String> results = new ConcurrentHashMap<String,String>();
+
+    Collection<Queue<Boolean>> concurrentQueues() {
+        List<Queue<Boolean>> queues = new ArrayList<Queue<Boolean>>();
+        queues.add(new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Boolean>());
+        queues.add(new ArrayBlockingQueue<Boolean>(count, false));
+        queues.add(new ArrayBlockingQueue<Boolean>(count, true));
+        queues.add(new LinkedBlockingQueue<Boolean>());
+        queues.add(new LinkedBlockingDeque<Boolean>());
+
+        try {
+            queues.add((Queue<Boolean>)
+                       Class.forName("java.util.concurrent.LinkedTransferQueue")
+                       .newInstance());
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+        } catch (InstantiationException e) {
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            // OK; not yet added to JDK
+        }
+
+        // Following additional implementations are available from:
+        // http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/concurrency-interest/index.html
+        // queues.add(new LinkedTransferQueue<Boolean>());
+        // queues.add(new SynchronizedLinkedListQueue<Boolean>());
+
+        // Avoid "first fast, second slow" benchmark effect.
+        Collections.shuffle(queues);
+        return queues;
+    }
+
+    void prettyPrintResults() {
+        List<String> classNames = new ArrayList<String>(results.keySet());
+        Collections.sort(classNames);
+        int maxClassNameLength = 0;
+        int maxNanosLength = 0;
+        for (String name : classNames) {
+            if (maxClassNameLength < name.length())
+                maxClassNameLength = name.length();
+            if (maxNanosLength < results.get(name).length())
+                maxNanosLength = results.get(name).length();
+        }
+        String format = String.format("%%%ds %%%ds nanos/item%%n",
+                                      maxClassNameLength, maxNanosLength);
+        for (String name : classNames)
+            System.out.printf(format, name, results.get(name));
+    }
+
+    void test(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        if (args.length > 0)
+            count = Integer.valueOf(args[0]);
+        // Warmup
+        for (Queue<Boolean> queue : concurrentQueues())
+            test(queue);
+        results.clear();
+        for (Queue<Boolean> queue : concurrentQueues())
+            test(queue);
+
+        prettyPrintResults();
+    }
+
+    void await(CountDownLatch latch) {
+        try { latch.await(); }
+        catch (InterruptedException e) { unexpected(e); }
+    }
+
+    void test(final Queue<Boolean> q) throws Throwable {
+        long t0 = System.nanoTime();
+        final int SPINS = 5;
+        final AtomicLong removes = new AtomicLong(0);
+        final AtomicLong polls = new AtomicLong(0);
+        final int adderCount =
+            Math.max(1, Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() / 4);
+        final int removerCount =
+            Math.max(1, Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() / 4);
+        final int pollerCount = removerCount;
+        final int threadCount = adderCount + removerCount + pollerCount;
+        final CountDownLatch startingGate = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        final CountDownLatch addersDone = new CountDownLatch(adderCount);
+        final Runnable remover = new Runnable() {
+            public void run() {
+                await(startingGate);
+                int spins = 0;
+                for (;;) {
+                    boolean quittingTime = (addersDone.getCount() == 0);
+                    if (q.remove(Boolean.TRUE))
+                        removes.getAndIncrement();
+                    else if (quittingTime)
+                        break;
+                    else if (++spins > SPINS) {
+                        Thread.yield();
+                        spins = 0;
+                    }}}};
+        final Runnable poller = new Runnable() {
+            public void run() {
+                await(startingGate);
+                int spins = 0;
+                for (;;) {
+                    boolean quittingTime = (addersDone.getCount() == 0);
+                    if (q.poll() == Boolean.TRUE)
+                        polls.getAndIncrement();
+                    else if (quittingTime)
+                        break;
+                    else if (++spins > SPINS) {
+                        Thread.yield();
+                        spins = 0;
+                    }}}};
+        final Runnable adder = new Runnable() {
+            public void run() {
+                await(startingGate);
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    for (;;) {
+                        try { q.add(Boolean.TRUE); break; }
+                        catch (IllegalStateException e) { Thread.yield(); }
+                    }
+                }
+                addersDone.countDown();
+            }};
+
+        final List<Thread> adders   = new ArrayList<Thread>();
+        final List<Thread> removers = new ArrayList<Thread>();
+        final List<Thread> pollers  = new ArrayList<Thread>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < adderCount; i++)
+            adders.add(checkedThread(adder));
+        for (int i = 0; i < removerCount; i++)
+            removers.add(checkedThread(remover));
+        for (int i = 0; i < pollerCount; i++)
+            pollers.add(checkedThread(poller));
+
+        final List<Thread> allThreads = new ArrayList<Thread>();
+        allThreads.addAll(removers);
+        allThreads.addAll(pollers);
+        allThreads.addAll(adders);
+
+        for (Thread t : allThreads)
+            t.start();
+        startingGate.countDown();
+        for (Thread t : allThreads)
+            t.join();
+
+        String className = q.getClass().getSimpleName();
+        long elapsed = System.nanoTime() - t0;
+        int nanos = (int) ((double) elapsed / (adderCount * count));
+        results.put(className, String.valueOf(nanos));
+        if (removes.get() + polls.get() != adderCount * count) {
+            String msg = String.format
+                ("class=%s removes=%s polls=%d count=%d",
+                 className, removes.get(), polls.get(), count);
+            fail(msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    //--------------------- Infrastructure ---------------------------
+    volatile int passed = 0, failed = 0;
+    void pass() {passed++;}
+    void fail() {failed++; Thread.dumpStack();}
+    void fail(String msg) {System.err.println(msg); fail();}
+    void unexpected(Throwable t) {failed++; t.printStackTrace();}
+    void check(boolean cond) {if (cond) pass(); else fail();}
+    void equal(Object x, Object y) {
+        if (x == null ? y == null : x.equals(y)) pass();
+        else fail(x + " not equal to " + y);}
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        new RemovePollRace().instanceMain(args);}
+    public void instanceMain(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        try {test(args);} catch (Throwable t) {unexpected(t);}
+        System.out.printf("%nPassed = %d, failed = %d%n%n", passed, failed);
+        if (failed > 0) throw new AssertionError("Some tests failed");}
+    Thread checkedThread(final Runnable r) {
+        return new Thread() {public void run() {
+            try {r.run();} catch (Throwable t) {unexpected(t);}}};}
+}
diff --git a/test/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingQueue/OfferRemoveLoops.java b/test/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingQueue/OfferRemoveLoops.java
index e66dfb7042d835a33b3ef9e57568465910c21455..fbd0070a7a76ae50255bac55665ef280f1114625 100644
--- a/test/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingQueue/OfferRemoveLoops.java
+++ b/test/java/util/concurrent/LinkedBlockingQueue/OfferRemoveLoops.java
@@ -28,62 +28,74 @@
  * @author Martin Buchholz
  */
 
+import java.util.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.*;
 
 public class OfferRemoveLoops {
-    private static void realMain(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+    void test(String[] args) throws Throwable {
         testQueue(new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(10));
         testQueue(new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>());
         testQueue(new LinkedBlockingDeque<String>(10));
         testQueue(new LinkedBlockingDeque<String>());
         testQueue(new ArrayBlockingQueue<String>(10));
         testQueue(new PriorityBlockingQueue<String>(10));
+        testQueue(new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<String>());
     }
 
-    private abstract static class ControlledThread extends Thread {
+    abstract class CheckedThread extends Thread {
         abstract protected void realRun();
         public void run() {
             try { realRun(); } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
         }
     }
 
-    private static void testQueue(final BlockingQueue<String> q) throws Throwable {
-        System.out.println(q.getClass());
-        final int count = 10000;
-        final long quittingTime = System.nanoTime() + 1L * 1000L * 1000L * 1000L;
-        Thread t1 = new ControlledThread() {
-                protected void realRun() {
-                    for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < count; i++)
-                        while (! q.remove(String.valueOf(i))
-                               && System.nanoTime() - quittingTime < 0)
-                            Thread.yield();}};
-        Thread t2 = new ControlledThread() {
-                protected void realRun() {
-                    for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < count; i++)
-                        while (! q.offer(String.valueOf(i))
-                               && System.nanoTime() - quittingTime < 0)
-                            Thread.yield();}};
+    void testQueue(final Queue<String> q) throws Throwable {
+        System.out.println(q.getClass().getSimpleName());
+        final int count = 1000 * 1000;
+        final long testDurationSeconds = 1L;
+        final long testDurationMillis = testDurationSeconds * 1000L;
+        final long quittingTimeNanos
+            = System.nanoTime() + testDurationSeconds * 1000L * 1000L * 1000L;
+        Thread t1 = new CheckedThread() {
+            protected void realRun() {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    if ((i % 1024) == 0 &&
+                        System.nanoTime() - quittingTimeNanos > 0)
+                        return;
+                    while (! q.remove(String.valueOf(i)))
+                        Thread.yield();
+                }}};
+        Thread t2 = new CheckedThread() {
+            protected void realRun() {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    if ((i % 1024) == 0 &&
+                        System.nanoTime() - quittingTimeNanos > 0)
+                        return;
+                    while (! q.offer(String.valueOf(i)))
+                        Thread.yield();
+                    }}};
         t1.setDaemon(true); t2.setDaemon(true);
         t1.start(); t2.start();
-        t1.join(10000); t2.join(10000);
+        t1.join(10 * testDurationMillis);
+        t2.join(10 * testDurationMillis);
         check(! t1.isAlive());
         check(! t2.isAlive());
     }
 
     //--------------------- Infrastructure ---------------------------
-    static volatile int passed = 0, failed = 0;
-    static void pass() { passed++; }
-    static void fail() { failed++; Thread.dumpStack(); }
-    static void unexpected(Throwable t) { failed++; t.printStackTrace(); }
-    static void check(boolean cond) { if (cond) pass(); else fail(); }
-    static void equal(Object x, Object y) {
+    volatile int passed = 0, failed = 0;
+    void pass() {passed++;}
+    void fail() {failed++; Thread.dumpStack();}
+    void fail(String msg) {System.err.println(msg); fail();}
+    void unexpected(Throwable t) {failed++; t.printStackTrace();}
+    void check(boolean cond) {if (cond) pass(); else fail();}
+    void equal(Object x, Object y) {
         if (x == null ? y == null : x.equals(y)) pass();
-        else {System.out.println(x + " not equal to " + y); fail(); }}
-
+        else fail(x + " not equal to " + y);}
     public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
-        try { realMain(args); } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
-
+        new OfferRemoveLoops().instanceMain(args);}
+    public void instanceMain(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        try {test(args);} catch (Throwable t) {unexpected(t);}
         System.out.printf("%nPassed = %d, failed = %d%n%n", passed, failed);
-        if (failed > 0) throw new Exception("Some tests failed");
-    }
+        if (failed > 0) throw new AssertionError("Some tests failed");}
 }
diff --git a/test/javax/crypto/SecretKeyFactory/FailOverTest.sh b/test/javax/crypto/SecretKeyFactory/FailOverTest.sh
index b433dedb2219bbfd4e560552c090937f362cdc51..6eef3944d9f81bbde620eb86ca329f76fd6aa3d3 100644
--- a/test/javax/crypto/SecretKeyFactory/FailOverTest.sh
+++ b/test/javax/crypto/SecretKeyFactory/FailOverTest.sh
@@ -56,6 +56,11 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    NULL=/dev/null
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     NULL=NUL
     PS=";"
@@ -69,7 +74,7 @@ esac
 
 ${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac \
     -d . \
-    -classpath ${TESTSRC}${FS}P1.jar${PS}${TESTSRC}${FS}P2.jar \
+    -classpath "${TESTSRC}${FS}P1.jar${PS}${TESTSRC}${FS}P2.jar" \
     ${TESTSRC}${FS}FailOverTest.java
 
 if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
@@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
 fi
 
 ${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java \
-    -classpath ${TESTSRC}${FS}P1.jar${PS}${TESTSRC}${FS}P2.jar${PS}. \
+    -classpath "${TESTSRC}${FS}P1.jar${PS}${TESTSRC}${FS}P2.jar${PS}." \
     FailOverTest
 result=$?
 
diff --git a/test/javax/security/auth/Subject/doAs/Test.sh b/test/javax/security/auth/Subject/doAs/Test.sh
index 9844c994968c0daeabe42f94d2f04e8f84fc631c..61c4d7cd6cfb5446f2d3fc3f813b8f27badc46f5 100644
--- a/test/javax/security/auth/Subject/doAs/Test.sh
+++ b/test/javax/security/auth/Subject/doAs/Test.sh
@@ -43,6 +43,11 @@ case "$OS" in
     FS="/"
     RM="/bin/rm -f"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    RM="rm"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/lib/security/java.policy/Ext_AllPolicy.sh b/test/lib/security/java.policy/Ext_AllPolicy.sh
index 357a586b443a44435de5826f9bee073ebafc934d..288dedf15fa27c4991a203f9ad7d6a38dc81bc55 100644
--- a/test/lib/security/java.policy/Ext_AllPolicy.sh
+++ b/test/lib/security/java.policy/Ext_AllPolicy.sh
@@ -56,6 +56,12 @@ case "$OS" in
     FS="/"
     TMP=/tmp
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    NULL=/dev/null
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    TMP=/tmp
+    ;;
   Windows_95 | Windows_98 | Windows_NT )
     NULL=NUL
     PS=";"
diff --git a/test/sun/net/www/MarkResetTest.sh b/test/sun/net/www/MarkResetTest.sh
index 61e73344b0ae77edc7d706bcb37bf95584fa4dc8..bf0b0ceb3c13f3bf0de6c38b3ab06545833af61e 100644
--- a/test/sun/net/www/MarkResetTest.sh
+++ b/test/sun/net/www/MarkResetTest.sh
@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/sun/net/www/http/ChunkedInputStream/ChunkedCharEncoding.sh b/test/sun/net/www/http/ChunkedInputStream/ChunkedCharEncoding.sh
index 615d1e5a293182f45d8a00f2b4030812397b1c80..06d10520ebb94f3ffdef6f9885bb40cb616a8e9d 100644
--- a/test/sun/net/www/http/ChunkedInputStream/ChunkedCharEncoding.sh
+++ b/test/sun/net/www/http/ChunkedInputStream/ChunkedCharEncoding.sh
@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/sun/net/www/http/HttpClient/RetryPost.sh b/test/sun/net/www/http/HttpClient/RetryPost.sh
index b72b168c2086a81d154dfe149fa004367787d14b..677a13cc69a9907f86604ed7cc0e0d1674eedc7a 100644
--- a/test/sun/net/www/http/HttpClient/RetryPost.sh
+++ b/test/sun/net/www/http/HttpClient/RetryPost.sh
@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/sun/net/www/protocol/jar/B5105410.sh b/test/sun/net/www/protocol/jar/B5105410.sh
index 3250ecba807b8e267793c776e8eaca11bf76a1d6..7b1d33ea4fb82067b97d255ccbcc941706f5864d 100644
--- a/test/sun/net/www/protocol/jar/B5105410.sh
+++ b/test/sun/net/www/protocol/jar/B5105410.sh
@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/sun/net/www/protocol/jar/jarbug/run.sh b/test/sun/net/www/protocol/jar/jarbug/run.sh
index 7db91d988625ef1cb954ae001eb9fccb3040945d..351614dde3d78a59b6d0d0802ed4abba13fda1c3 100644
--- a/test/sun/net/www/protocol/jar/jarbug/run.sh
+++ b/test/sun/net/www/protocol/jar/jarbug/run.sh
@@ -28,23 +28,54 @@
 # @summary various resource and classloading bugs related to jar files
 #set -x
 DEST=`pwd`
+
+OS=`uname -s`
+case "$OS" in
+  SunOS )
+    PS=":"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
+  Linux )
+    PS=":"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
+  Windows* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="\\"
+    ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    #
+    # javac does not like /cygdrive produced by `pwd`.
+    #
+    DEST=`cygpath -d ${DEST}`
+    ;;
+  * )
+    echo "Unrecognized system!"
+    exit 1;
+    ;;
+esac
+
 #
 # build jar1 
 #
-mkdir ${DEST}/jar1
-cd ${TESTSRC}/etc/jar1 
-cp -r . ${DEST}/jar1
-${TESTJAVA}/bin/javac -d ${DEST}/jar1 ${TESTSRC}/src/jar1/LoadResourceBundle.java
-${TESTJAVA}/bin/javac -d ${DEST}/jar1 ${TESTSRC}/src/jar1/GetResource.java
-cd ${DEST}/jar1
-${TESTJAVA}/bin/jar cfM jar1.jar jar1 res1.txt
+mkdir -p ${DEST}${FS}jar1
+cd ${TESTSRC}${FS}etc${FS}jar1 
+cp -r . ${DEST}${FS}jar1
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -d ${DEST}${FS}jar1 \
+    ${TESTSRC}${FS}src${FS}jar1${FS}LoadResourceBundle.java
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -d ${DEST}${FS}jar1 \
+    ${TESTSRC}${FS}src${FS}jar1${FS}GetResource.java
+cd ${DEST}${FS}jar1
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}jar cfM jar1.jar jar1 res1.txt
 mv jar1.jar ..
 #
 # build the test sources and run them
 #
-${TESTJAVA}/bin/javac -d ${DEST} ${TESTSRC}/src/test/*.java
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -d ${DEST} ${TESTSRC}${FS}src${FS}test${FS}*.java
 cd ${DEST}
-${TESTJAVA}/bin/java RunAllTests
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java RunAllTests
 result=$?
 if [ "$result" -ne "0" ]; then
     exit 1
diff --git a/test/sun/security/krb5/ConfPlusProp.java b/test/sun/security/krb5/ConfPlusProp.java
index e2c49a237a900abc2fcf5abb67951ea53df5a7fa..ac9ec81c2776a80b4b5e674e434e9e7ce88f2afa 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/krb5/ConfPlusProp.java
+++ b/test/sun/security/krb5/ConfPlusProp.java
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 /*
  * @test
  * @bug 6857795
- * @buf 6858589
+ * @bug 6858589
  * @summary krb5.conf ignored if system properties on realm and kdc are provided
  */
 
diff --git a/test/sun/security/pkcs11/Provider/ConfigQuotedString.sh b/test/sun/security/pkcs11/Provider/ConfigQuotedString.sh
index 4711e7e3cd3ccdd6e90a8e04d7aceba47bc60358..8974fe62d45387a04e508d1b5bf96fa73a19aac0 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/pkcs11/Provider/ConfigQuotedString.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/pkcs11/Provider/ConfigQuotedString.sh
@@ -68,6 +68,20 @@ case "$OS" in
     CP="cp"
     CHMOD="chmod"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    FS="/"
+    PS=";"
+    CP="cp"
+    CHMOD="chmod"
+    #
+    # javac does not like /cygdrive produced by `pwd`
+    #
+    TESTSRC=`cygpath -d ${TESTSRC}`
+    ;;
+  * )
+    echo "Unrecognized system!"
+    exit 1;
+    ;;
 esac
 
 # compile test
diff --git a/test/sun/security/pkcs11/Provider/Login.sh b/test/sun/security/pkcs11/Provider/Login.sh
index a41720b63dee647e3741b1593f30c1476d961ccd..6b285adb82d4967ea7b6731beae8b2ae8e814875 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/pkcs11/Provider/Login.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/pkcs11/Provider/Login.sh
@@ -69,6 +69,20 @@ case "$OS" in
     CP="cp"
     CHMOD="chmod"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    FS="/"
+    PS=";"
+    CP="cp"
+    CHMOD="chmod"
+    #
+    # javac does not like /cygdrive produced by `pwd`
+    #
+    TESTSRC=`cygpath -d ${TESTSRC}`
+    ;;
+  * )
+    echo "Unrecognized system!"
+    exit 1;
+    ;;
 esac
 
 # first make cert/key DBs writable
diff --git a/test/sun/security/provider/PolicyFile/getinstance/getinstance.sh b/test/sun/security/provider/PolicyFile/getinstance/getinstance.sh
index cb4325b464b25774109004218432e6a7a60498e9..9cb9d04de954aa96703a78fe3f534834b1f4ee10 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/provider/PolicyFile/getinstance/getinstance.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/provider/PolicyFile/getinstance/getinstance.sh
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/sun/security/ssl/com/sun/net/ssl/internal/ssl/SSLSocketImpl/NotifyHandshakeTest.sh b/test/sun/security/ssl/com/sun/net/ssl/internal/ssl/SSLSocketImpl/NotifyHandshakeTest.sh
index 9ebf5ee3f64d7dd4344c293b032ca0e4883c48b2..1f49a952fb36522d0ed73abeb2a277e235fcd10a 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/ssl/com/sun/net/ssl/internal/ssl/SSLSocketImpl/NotifyHandshakeTest.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/ssl/com/sun/net/ssl/internal/ssl/SSLSocketImpl/NotifyHandshakeTest.sh
@@ -43,10 +43,17 @@ fi
 OS=`uname -s`
 case "$OS" in
     SunOS | Linux )
+        FILESEP="/"
 	PATHSEP=":"
 	;;
 
+    CYGWIN* )
+        FILESEP="/"
+	PATHSEP=";"
+	;;
+
     Windows* )
+        FILESEP="\\"
 	PATHSEP=";"
 	;;
 esac
@@ -56,11 +63,13 @@ set -ex
 #
 # Compile the tests, package into their respective jars
 #
-${TESTJAVA}/bin/javac -d . \
-    ${TESTSRC}/NotifyHandshakeTest.java \
-    ${TESTSRC}/NotifyHandshakeTestHeyYou.java
-${TESTJAVA}/bin/jar -cvf com.jar com/NotifyHandshakeTest*.class
-${TESTJAVA}/bin/jar -cvf edu.jar edu/NotifyHandshakeTestHeyYou.class
+${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}javac -d . \
+    ${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}NotifyHandshakeTest.java \
+    ${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}NotifyHandshakeTestHeyYou.java
+${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}jar -cvf com.jar \
+    com${FILESEP}NotifyHandshakeTest*.class
+${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}jar -cvf edu.jar \
+    edu${FILESEP}NotifyHandshakeTestHeyYou.class
 
 #
 # Don't want the original class files to be used, because
@@ -73,11 +82,11 @@ rm -rf com edu
 # This is the only thing we really care about as far as
 # test status goes.
 #
-${TESTJAVA}/bin/java \
+${TESTJAVA}${FILESEP}bin${FILESEP}java \
     -Dtest.src=${TESTSRC} \
     -classpath "com.jar${PATHSEP}edu.jar" \
     -Djava.security.manager \
-    -Djava.security.policy=${TESTSRC}/NotifyHandshakeTest.policy \
+    -Djava.security.policy=${TESTSRC}${FILESEP}NotifyHandshakeTest.policy \
     com.NotifyHandshakeTest
 retval=$?
 
diff --git a/test/sun/security/ssl/sun/net/www/protocol/https/HttpsURLConnection/PostThruProxy.sh b/test/sun/security/ssl/sun/net/www/protocol/https/HttpsURLConnection/PostThruProxy.sh
index 3e66175cf668ba8c4f53d961d02ea62cf099d049..de5f0318e8b3e41385d3668f8495ad14571ebdfc 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/ssl/sun/net/www/protocol/https/HttpsURLConnection/PostThruProxy.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/ssl/sun/net/www/protocol/https/HttpsURLConnection/PostThruProxy.sh
@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
@@ -46,6 +50,7 @@ case "$OS" in
     ;;
 esac
 
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -d . ${TESTSRC}${FS}OriginServer.java ${TESTSRC}${FS}ProxyTunnelServer.java ${TESTSRC}${FS}PostThruProxy.java
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -d . ${TESTSRC}${FS}OriginServer.java \
+    ${TESTSRC}${FS}ProxyTunnelServer.java ${TESTSRC}${FS}PostThruProxy.java
 ${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java PostThruProxy ${HOSTNAME} ${TESTSRC}
 exit
diff --git a/test/sun/security/ssl/sun/net/www/protocol/https/HttpsURLConnection/PostThruProxyWithAuth.sh b/test/sun/security/ssl/sun/net/www/protocol/https/HttpsURLConnection/PostThruProxyWithAuth.sh
index 2a40eb790ce3601ba2eef123151d453499097b86..e9e20336222209e0cbea2112509ed9db00476dbc 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/ssl/sun/net/www/protocol/https/HttpsURLConnection/PostThruProxyWithAuth.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/ssl/sun/net/www/protocol/https/HttpsURLConnection/PostThruProxyWithAuth.sh
@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PS=":"
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PS=";"
     FS="\\"
@@ -46,6 +50,8 @@ case "$OS" in
     ;;
 esac
 
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -d . ${TESTSRC}${FS}OriginServer.java ${TESTSRC}${FS}ProxyTunnelServer.java ${TESTSRC}${FS}PostThruProxyWithAuth.java
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}javac -d . ${TESTSRC}${FS}OriginServer.java \
+    ${TESTSRC}${FS}ProxyTunnelServer.java \
+    ${TESTSRC}${FS}PostThruProxyWithAuth.java
 ${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}java PostThruProxyWithAuth ${HOSTNAME} ${TESTSRC}
 exit
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/AlgOptions.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/AlgOptions.sh
index 5501116b9c954f1a0902c9b254de9101e028484b..3dda55f30c2c7bb6511d57f68026fc2d797513bc 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/AlgOptions.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/AlgOptions.sh
@@ -53,6 +53,13 @@ case "$OS" in
     CP="${FS}bin${FS}cp -f"
     TMP=/tmp
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    NULL=/dev/null
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    CP="cp -f"
+    TMP=/tmp
+    ;;
   Windows_* )
     NULL=NUL
     PS=";"
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/PercentSign.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/PercentSign.sh
index a07011f0a2ac28a9ce8a7fba65474a05e4511731..3a9f315d01544ba16959b9d6b11f96f0333d7365 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/PercentSign.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/PercentSign.sh
@@ -53,6 +53,13 @@ case "$OS" in
     CP="${FS}bin${FS}cp -f"
     TMP=/tmp
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    NULL=/dev/null
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    CP="cp -f"
+    TMP=/tmp
+    ;;
   Windows_* )
     NULL=NUL
     PS=";"
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/oldsig.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/oldsig.sh
index 14668810446242fee4803e3bd05b72246301a710..d7420dc4f3e76487e1a4f54d1048216621b7cca5 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/oldsig.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/jarsigner/oldsig.sh
@@ -49,6 +49,13 @@ case "$OS" in
     CP="${FS}bin${FS}cp -f"
     TMP=/tmp
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    NULL=/dev/null
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    CP="cp -f"
+    TMP=/tmp
+    ;;
   Windows_* )
     NULL=NUL
     PS=";"
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/AltProviderPath.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/AltProviderPath.sh
index 7deb733c0958179ac287c30aeedc6a9d988e97be..8f253a76c9b47367d6f9c5bcd165f3fcbaf30263 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/AltProviderPath.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/AltProviderPath.sh
@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@ case "$OS" in
     FS="/"
     TMP=/tmp
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    NULL=/dev/null
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    TMP=/tmp
+    ;;
   Windows_* )
     NULL=NUL
     PS=";"
@@ -66,14 +72,21 @@ esac
 
 # the test code
 #genkey
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}keytool -genkey -v -alias dummyTestCA -keyalg "RSA" -keysize 1024 -sigalg "ShA1WithRSA" -dname "cn=Dummy Test CA, ou=JSN, o=JavaSoft, c=US" -validity 3650 -keypass storepass -keystore keystoreCA.dks -storepass storepass -storetype "dks" -provider "org.test.dummy.DummyProvider" -providerPath ${TESTCLASSES}
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}keytool -genkey -v -alias dummyTestCA \
+    -keyalg "RSA" -keysize 1024 -sigalg "ShA1WithRSA" \
+    -dname "cn=Dummy Test CA, ou=JSN, o=JavaSoft, c=US" -validity 3650 \
+    -keypass storepass -keystore keystoreCA.dks -storepass storepass \
+    -storetype "dks" -provider "org.test.dummy.DummyProvider" \
+    -providerPath ${TESTCLASSES}
 
 if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then 
     exit 1
 fi
 
 #Change keystore password
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}keytool -storepasswd -new storepass2 -keystore keystoreCA.dks -storetype "dks" -storepass storepass -provider "org.test.dummy.DummyProvider" -providerPath ${TESTCLASSES}
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}keytool -storepasswd -new storepass2 \
+    -keystore keystoreCA.dks -storetype "dks" -storepass storepass \
+    -provider "org.test.dummy.DummyProvider" -providerPath ${TESTCLASSES}
 
 if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then 
     exit 1
@@ -81,21 +94,29 @@ fi
 
 
 #Change keystore key password
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}keytool -keypasswd -alias "dummyTestCA" -keypass storepass -new keypass -keystore keystoreCA.dks -storetype "dks" -storepass storepass2 -provider "org.test.dummy.DummyProvider" -providerPath ${TESTCLASSES}
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}keytool -keypasswd -alias "dummyTestCA" \
+    -keypass storepass -new keypass -keystore keystoreCA.dks \
+    -storetype "dks" -storepass storepass2 \
+    -provider "org.test.dummy.DummyProvider" -providerPath ${TESTCLASSES}
 
 if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then 
     exit 1
 fi
 
 #Export certificate
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}keytool -v -export -rfc -alias "dummyTestCA" -file "dummyTestCA.der" -keystore keystoreCA.dks -storetype "dks" -storepass storepass2 -provider "org.test.dummy.DummyProvider" -providerPath ${TESTCLASSES}
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}keytool -v -export -rfc -alias "dummyTestCA" \
+    -file "dummyTestCA.der" -keystore keystoreCA.dks -storetype "dks" \
+    -storepass storepass2 -provider "org.test.dummy.DummyProvider" \
+    -providerPath ${TESTCLASSES}
 
 if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then 
     exit 1
 fi
 
 #list keystore
-${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}keytool -v -list -keystore keystoreCA.dks -storetype "dks" -storepass storepass2 -provider "org.test.dummy.DummyProvider" -providerPath ${TESTCLASSES}
+${TESTJAVA}${FS}bin${FS}keytool -v -list -keystore keystoreCA.dks \
+    -storetype "dks" -storepass storepass2 \
+    -provider "org.test.dummy.DummyProvider" -providerPath ${TESTCLASSES}
 
 if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then 
     exit 1
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/CloneKeyAskPassword.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/CloneKeyAskPassword.sh
index c5bbca9786c1daba5b3e90e6b01e782be049cb30..4934fc7b6ce3293ffff9610e1a7e11907e4823df 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/CloneKeyAskPassword.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/CloneKeyAskPassword.sh
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ case "$OS" in
     PATHSEP=":"
     FILESEP="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    PATHSEP=";"
+    FILESEP="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     PATHSEP=";"
     FILESEP="\\"
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/NoExtNPE.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/NoExtNPE.sh
index 3e929b5354f8040c008ca88e56151171ea13d1e6..80cc3c85aea40bd7eaae7b0ead766eeff4d7574f 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/NoExtNPE.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/NoExtNPE.sh
@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ case "$OS" in
   Linux )
     FILESEP="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    FILESEP="/"
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     FILESEP="\\"
     ;;
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/SecretKeyKS.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/SecretKeyKS.sh
index 96a1885db9f378052ef84932937563f0ae8308a3..787e37e04a5d3886e05fc0530c595dc919ee1beb 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/SecretKeyKS.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/SecretKeyKS.sh
@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ case "$OS" in
     FS="/"
     TMP=/tmp
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    NULL=/dev/null
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    TMP=/tmp
+    ;;
   Windows_* )
     NULL=NUL
     PS=";"
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/StandardAlgName.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/StandardAlgName.sh
index 77e9a98ef9379b78debe0346288ad6588b05ed1b..82e9e208e101c29d7905d01034c24f02bd3c2f5f 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/StandardAlgName.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/StandardAlgName.sh
@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@ case "$OS" in
     FS="/"
     TMP=/tmp
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    NULL=/dev/null
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    TMP=/tmp
+    ;;
   Windows_* )
     NULL=NUL
     PS=";"
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/i18n.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/i18n.sh
index 2d37ae976648e3257a83c6d6ae6d839e0dbb3426..33abf76f62ea0167b9a906e9633493b619e36d19 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/i18n.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/i18n.sh
@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@ case "$OS" in
     FS="/"
     TMP=/tmp
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    NULL=/dev/null
+    PS=";"
+    FS="/"
+    TMP=/tmp
+    ;;
   Windows* )
     NULL=NUL
     PS=";"
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/printssl.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/printssl.sh
index 9fc19cd9b209749c0250b88e0dace3366d36a35d..73bd21cb83bdfe437f9d6400ff93da19a49a7048 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/printssl.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/printssl.sh
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ case "$OS" in
   SunOS | Linux )
     FS="/"
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows_* )
     FS="\\"
     ;;
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/resource.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/resource.sh
index ab8e95205557a8fbf6685a177b9ec459673a06d4..1fc515217ae63e81a2fa9189b94c9ef721574490 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/resource.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/resource.sh
@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ case "$OS" in
     FS="/"
     TMP=/tmp
     ;;
+  CYGWIN* )
+    NULL=/dev/null
+    FS="/"
+    TMP=/tmp
+    ;;
   Windows_* )
     NULL=NUL
     FS="\\"
diff --git a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/standard.sh b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/standard.sh
index fe4a0a813128676f18ff61bbd65f1d0f0c4579bb..4328c6814540fe9028a4c254c22a1ff23f40d731 100644
--- a/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/standard.sh
+++ b/test/sun/security/tools/keytool/standard.sh
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 # @test
 # @summary (almost) all keytool behaviors
 # @author Weijun Wang
+# @run shell/timeout=600 standard.sh
 #
 # This test is always excecuted.
 #
@@ -43,11 +44,15 @@ fi
 # set platform-dependent variables
 OS=`uname -s`
 case "$OS" in
+  SunOS | Linux | CYGWIN* )
+    FS="/"
+    ;;
   Windows_* )
     FS="\\"
     ;;
   * )
-    FS="/"
+    echo "Unrecognized system!"
+    exit 1;
     ;;
 esac