There are some imperfections in balanced_dirty_ratelimit.

1) large fluctuations

The dirty_rate used for computing balanced_dirty_ratelimit is merely
averaged in the past 200ms (very small comparing to the 3s estimation
period for write_bw), which makes rather dispersed distribution of
balanced_dirty_ratelimit.

It's pretty hard to average out the singular points by increasing the
estimation period. Considering that the averaging technique will
introduce very undesirable time lags, I give it up totally. (btw, the 3s
write_bw averaging time lag is much more acceptable because its impact
is one-way and therefore won't lead to oscillations.)

The more practical way is filtering -- most singular
balanced_dirty_ratelimit points can be filtered out by remembering some
prev_balanced_rate and prev_prev_balanced_rate. However the more
reliable way is to guard balanced_dirty_ratelimit with task_ratelimit.

2) due to truncates and fs redirties, the (write_bw <=> dirty_rate)
match could become unbalanced, which may lead to large systematical
errors in balanced_dirty_ratelimit. The truncates, due to its possibly
bumpy nature, can hardly be compensated smoothly. So let's face it. When
some over-estimated balanced_dirty_ratelimit brings dirty_ratelimit
high, dirty pages will go higher than the setpoint. task_ratelimit will
in turn become lower than dirty_ratelimit.  So if we consider both
balanced_dirty_ratelimit and task_ratelimit and update dirty_ratelimit
only when they are on the same side of dirty_ratelimit, the systematical
errors in balanced_dirty_ratelimit won't be able to bring
dirty_ratelimit far away.

The balanced_dirty_ratelimit estimation may also be inaccurate near
@limit or @freerun, however is less an issue.

3) since we ultimately want to

- keep the fluctuations of task ratelimit as small as possible
- keep the dirty pages around the setpoint as long time as possible

the update policy used for (2) also serves the above goals nicely:
if for some reason the dirty pages are high (task_ratelimit < dirty_ratelimit),
and dirty_ratelimit is low (dirty_ratelimit < balanced_dirty_ratelimit),
there is no point to bring up dirty_ratelimit in a hurry only to hurt
both the above two goals.

So, we make use of task_ratelimit to limit the update of dirty_ratelimit
in two ways:

1) avoid changing dirty rate when it's against the position control target
   (the adjusted rate will slow down the progress of dirty pages going
   back to setpoint).

2) limit the step size. task_ratelimit is changing values step by step,
   leaving a consistent trace comparing to the randomly jumping
   balanced_dirty_ratelimit. task_ratelimit also has the nice smaller
   errors in stable state and typically larger errors when there are big
   errors in rate.  So it's a pretty good limiting factor for the step
   size of dirty_ratelimit.

Note that bdi->dirty_ratelimit is always tracking balanced_dirty_ratelimit.
task_ratelimit is merely used as a limiting factor.
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>

It's all about bdi->dirty_ratelimit, which aims to be (write_bw / N)
when there are N dd tasks.

On write() syscall, use bdi->dirty_ratelimit
============================================

    balance_dirty_pages(pages_dirtied)
    {
        task_ratelimit = bdi->dirty_ratelimit * bdi_position_ratio();
        pause = pages_dirtied / task_ratelimit;
        sleep(pause);
    }

On every 200ms, update bdi->dirty_ratelimit
===========================================

    bdi_update_dirty_ratelimit()
    {
        task_ratelimit = bdi->dirty_ratelimit * bdi_position_ratio();
        balanced_dirty_ratelimit = task_ratelimit * write_bw / dirty_rate;
        bdi->dirty_ratelimit = balanced_dirty_ratelimit
    }

Estimation of balanced bdi->dirty_ratelimit
===========================================

balanced task_ratelimit
-----------------------

balance_dirty_pages() needs to throttle tasks dirtying pages such that
the total amount of dirty pages stays below the specified dirty limit in
order to avoid memory deadlocks. Furthermore we desire fairness in that
tasks get throttled proportionally to the amount of pages they dirty.

IOW we want to throttle tasks such that we match the dirty rate to the
writeout bandwidth, this yields a stable amount of dirty pages:

        dirty_rate == write_bw                                          (1)

The fairness requirement gives us:

        task_ratelimit = balanced_dirty_ratelimit
                       == write_bw / N                                  (2)

where N is the number of dd tasks.  We don't know N beforehand, but
still can estimate balanced_dirty_ratelimit within 200ms.

Start by throttling each dd task at rate

        task_ratelimit = task_ratelimit_0                               (3)
                         (any non-zero initial value is OK)

After 200ms, we measured

        dirty_rate = # of pages dirtied by all dd's / 200ms
        write_bw   = # of pages written to the disk / 200ms

For the aggressive dd dirtiers, the equality holds

        dirty_rate == N * task_rate
                   == N * task_ratelimit_0                              (4)
Or
        task_ratelimit_0 == dirty_rate / N                              (5)

Now we conclude that the balanced task ratelimit can be estimated by

                                                      write_bw
        balanced_dirty_ratelimit = task_ratelimit_0 * ----------        (6)
                                                      dirty_rate

Because with (4) and (5) we can get the desired equality (1):

                                                       write_bw
        balanced_dirty_ratelimit == (dirty_rate / N) * ----------
                                                       dirty_rate
                                 == write_bw / N

Then using the balanced task ratelimit we can compute task pause times like:

        task_pause = task->nr_dirtied / task_ratelimit

task_ratelimit with position control
------------------------------------

However, while the above gives us means of matching the dirty rate to
the writeout bandwidth, it at best provides us with a stable dirty page
count (assuming a static system). In order to control the dirty page
count such that it is high enough to provide performance, but does not
exceed the specified limit we need another control.

The dirty position control works by extending (2) to

        task_ratelimit = balanced_dirty_ratelimit * pos_ratio           (7)

where pos_ratio is a negative feedback function that subjects to

1) f(setpoint) = 1.0
2) df/dx < 0

That is, if the dirty pages are ABOVE the setpoint, we throttle each
task a bit more HEAVY than balanced_dirty_ratelimit, so that the dirty
pages are created less fast than they are cleaned, thus DROP to the
setpoints (and the reverse).

Based on (7) and the assumption that both dirty_ratelimit and pos_ratio
remains CONSTANT for the past 200ms, we get

        task_ratelimit_0 = balanced_dirty_ratelimit * pos_ratio         (8)

Putting (8) into (6), we get the formula used in
bdi_update_dirty_ratelimit():

                                                write_bw
        balanced_dirty_ratelimit *= pos_ratio * ----------              (9)
                                                dirty_rate
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>

Introduce the BDI_DIRTIED counter. It will be used for estimating the
bdi's dirty bandwidth.

CC: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
CC: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
CC: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>

CC: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
CC: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NJan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

bdi_forker_thread() clears BDI_pending bit at the end of the main loop.
However clearing of this bit must not be done in some cases which is
handled by calling 'continue' from switch statement. That's kind of
unusual construct and without a good reason so change the function into
more intuitive code flow.

CC: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
CC: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NJan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Vito said:

: The system has many usb disks coming and going day to day, with their
: respective bdi's having min_ratio set to 1 when inserted.  It works for
: some time until eventually min_ratio can no longer be set, even when the
: active set of bdi's seen in /sys/class/bdi/*/min_ratio doesn't add up to
: anywhere near 100.
:
: This then leads to an unrelated starvation problem caused by write-heavy
: fuse mounts being used atop the usb disks, a problem the min_ratio setting
: at the underlying devices bdi effectively prevents.

Fix this leakage by resetting the bdi min_ratio when unregistering the
BDI.
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Reported-by: NVito Caputo <lkml@pengaru.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

backing-dev: use synchronize_rcu_expedited instead of synchronize_rcu

synchronize_rcu sleeps several timer ticks. synchronize_rcu_expedited is
much faster.

With 100Hz timer frequency, when we remove 10000 block devices with
"dmsetup remove_all" command, it takes 27 minutes. With this patch,
removing 10000 block devices takes only 15 seconds.
Signed-off-by: NMikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Add a "BdiWriteBandwidth" entry and indent others in /debug/bdi/*/stats.

btw, increase digital field width to 10, for keeping the possibly
huge BdiWritten number aligned at least for desktop systems.

Impact: this could break user space tools if they are dumb enough to
depend on the number of white spaces.

CC: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
CC: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
CC: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>

The estimation value will start from 100MB/s and adapt to the real
bandwidth in seconds.

It tries to update the bandwidth only when disk is fully utilized.
Any inactive period of more than one second will be skipped.

The estimated bandwidth will be reflecting how fast the device can
writeout when _fully utilized_, and won't drop to 0 when it goes idle.
The value will remain constant at disk idle time. At busy write time, if
not considering fluctuations, it will also remain high unless be knocked
down by possible concurrent reads that compete for the disk time and
bandwidth with async writes.

The estimation is not done purely in the flusher because there is no
guarantee for write_cache_pages() to return timely to update bandwidth.

The bdi->avg_write_bandwidth smoothing is very effective for filtering
out sudden spikes, however may be a little biased in long term.

The overheads are low because the bdi bandwidth update only occurs at
200ms intervals.

The 200ms update interval is suitable, because it's not possible to get
the real bandwidth for the instance at all, due to large fluctuations.

The NFS commits can be as large as seconds worth of data. One XFS
completion may be as large as half second worth of data if we are going
to increase the write chunk to half second worth of data. In ext4,
fluctuations with time period of around 5 seconds is observed. And there
is another pattern of irregular periods of up to 20 seconds on SSD tests.

That's why we are not only doing the estimation at 200ms intervals, but
also averaging them over a period of 3 seconds and then go further to do
another level of smoothing in avg_write_bandwidth.

CC: Li Shaohua <shaohua.li@intel.com>
CC: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>

Introduce the BDI_WRITTEN counter. It will be used for estimating the
bdi's write bandwidth.

Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>:
Move BDI_WRITTEN accounting into __bdi_writeout_inc().
This will cover and fix fuse, which only calls bdi_writeout_inc().

CC: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Reviewed-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NJan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>

Pass struct wb_writeback_work all the way down to writeback_sb_inodes(),
and initialize the struct writeback_control there.

struct writeback_control is basically designed to control writeback of a
single file, but we keep abuse it for writing multiple files in
writeback_sb_inodes() and its callers.

It immediately clean things up, e.g. suddenly wbc.nr_to_write vs
work->nr_pages starts to make sense, and instead of saving and restoring
pages_skipped in writeback_sb_inodes it can always start with a clean
zero value.

It also makes a neat IO pattern change: large dirty files are now
written in the full 4MB writeback chunk size, rather than whatever
remained quota in wbc->nr_to_write.
Acked-by: NJan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Proposed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>

Split the global inode_wb_list_lock into a per-bdi_writeback list_lock,
as it's currently the most contended lock in the system for metadata
heavy workloads.  It won't help for single-filesystem workloads for
which we'll need the I/O-less balance_dirty_pages, but at least we
can dedicate a cpu to spinning on each bdi now for larger systems.

Based on earlier patches from Nick Piggin and Dave Chinner.

It reduces lock contentions to 1/4 in this test case:
10 HDD JBOD, 100 dd on each disk, XFS, 6GB ram

lock_stat version 0.3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              class name    con-bounces    contentions   waittime-min   waittime-max waittime-total    acq-bounces   acquisitions   holdtime-min   holdtime-max holdtime-total
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vanilla 2.6.39-rc3:
                      inode_wb_list_lock:         42590          44433           0.12         147.74      144127.35         252274         886792           0.08         121.34      917211.23
                      ------------------
                      inode_wb_list_lock              2          [<ffffffff81165da5>] bdev_inode_switch_bdi+0x29/0x85
                      inode_wb_list_lock             34          [<ffffffff8115bd0b>] inode_wb_list_del+0x22/0x49
                      inode_wb_list_lock          12893          [<ffffffff8115bb53>] __mark_inode_dirty+0x170/0x1d0
                      inode_wb_list_lock          10702          [<ffffffff8115afef>] writeback_single_inode+0x16d/0x20a
                      ------------------
                      inode_wb_list_lock              2          [<ffffffff81165da5>] bdev_inode_switch_bdi+0x29/0x85
                      inode_wb_list_lock             19          [<ffffffff8115bd0b>] inode_wb_list_del+0x22/0x49
                      inode_wb_list_lock           5550          [<ffffffff8115bb53>] __mark_inode_dirty+0x170/0x1d0
                      inode_wb_list_lock           8511          [<ffffffff8115b4ad>] writeback_sb_inodes+0x10f/0x157

2.6.39-rc3 + patch:
                &(&wb->list_lock)->rlock:         11383          11657           0.14         151.69       40429.51          90825         527918           0.11         145.90      556843.37
                ------------------------
                &(&wb->list_lock)->rlock             10          [<ffffffff8115b189>] inode_wb_list_del+0x5f/0x86
                &(&wb->list_lock)->rlock           1493          [<ffffffff8115b1ed>] writeback_inodes_wb+0x3d/0x150
                &(&wb->list_lock)->rlock           3652          [<ffffffff8115a8e9>] writeback_sb_inodes+0x123/0x16f
                &(&wb->list_lock)->rlock           1412          [<ffffffff8115a38e>] writeback_single_inode+0x17f/0x223
                ------------------------
                &(&wb->list_lock)->rlock              3          [<ffffffff8110b5af>] bdi_lock_two+0x46/0x4b
                &(&wb->list_lock)->rlock              6          [<ffffffff8115b189>] inode_wb_list_del+0x5f/0x86
                &(&wb->list_lock)->rlock           2061          [<ffffffff8115af97>] __mark_inode_dirty+0x173/0x1cf
                &(&wb->list_lock)->rlock           2629          [<ffffffff8115a8e9>] writeback_sb_inodes+0x123/0x16f

hughd@google.com: fix recursive lock when bdi_lock_two() is called with new the same as old
akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanup bdev_inode_switch_bdi() comment
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>

Signed-off-by: NGustavo F. Padovan <padovan@profusion.mobi>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Fixes generated by 'codespell' and manually reviewed.
Signed-off-by: NLucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@profusion.mobi>

Protect the inode writeback list with a new global lock
inode_wb_list_lock and use it to protect the list manipulations and
traversals. This lock replaces the inode_lock as the inodes on the
list can be validity checked while holding the inode->i_lock and
hence the inode_lock is no longer needed to protect the list.
Signed-off-by: NDave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAl Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

We don't have proper reference counting for this yet, so we run into
cases where the device is pulled and we OOPS on flushing the fs data.
This happens even though the dirty inodes have already been
migrated to the default_backing_dev_info.
Reported-by: NTorsten Hilbrich <torsten.hilbrich@secunet.com>
Tested-by: NTorsten Hilbrich <torsten.hilbrich@secunet.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Code has been converted over to the new explicit on-stack plugging,
and delay users have been converted to use the new API for that.
So lets kill off the old plugging along with aops->sync_page().
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

PF_FLUSHER is only ever set, not tested, remove it.
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

writeback: do not sleep on the congestion queue if there are no congested BDIs or if significant congestion is not being encountered in the current zone

If congestion_wait() is called with no BDI congested, the caller will
sleep for the full timeout and this may be an unnecessary sleep.  This
patch adds a wait_iff_congested() that checks congestion and only sleeps
if a BDI is congested else, it calls cond_resched() to ensure the caller
is not hogging the CPU longer than its quota but otherwise will not sleep.

This is aimed at reducing some of the major desktop stalls reported during
IO.  For example, while kswapd is operating, it calls congestion_wait()
but it could just have been reclaiming clean page cache pages with no
congestion.  Without this patch, it would sleep for a full timeout but
after this patch, it'll just call schedule() if it has been on the CPU too
long.  Similar logic applies to direct reclaimers that are not making
enough progress.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

There is strong evidence to indicate a lot of time is being spent in
congestion_wait(), some of it unnecessarily.  This patch adds a tracepoint
for congestion_wait to record when congestion_wait() was called, how long
the timeout was for and how long it actually slept.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The use of the same inode list structure (inode->i_list) for two
different list constructs with different lifecycles and purposes
makes it impossible to separate the locking of the different
operations. Therefore, to enable the separation of the locking of
the writeback and reclaim lists, split the inode->i_list into two
separate lists dedicated to their specific tracking functions.
Signed-off-by: NNick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NDave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NAl Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

Properly initialize this backing dev info so that writeback code does not
barf when getting to it e.g. via sb->s_bdi.

Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NJan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

This patch fixes the following issue:

INFO: task mount.nfs4:1120 blocked for more than 120 seconds.
"echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs" disables this message.
mount.nfs4    D 00000000fffc6a21     0  1120   1119 0x00000000
 ffff880235643948 0000000000000046 ffffffff00000000 ffffffff00000000
 ffff880235643fd8 ffff880235314760 00000000001d44c0 ffff880235643fd8
 00000000001d44c0 00000000001d44c0 00000000001d44c0 00000000001d44c0
Call Trace:
 [<ffffffff813bc747>] schedule_timeout+0x34/0xf1
 [<ffffffff813bc530>] ? wait_for_common+0x3f/0x130
 [<ffffffff8106b50b>] ? trace_hardirqs_on+0xd/0xf
 [<ffffffff813bc5c3>] wait_for_common+0xd2/0x130
 [<ffffffff8104159c>] ? default_wake_function+0x0/0xf
 [<ffffffff813beaa0>] ? _raw_spin_unlock+0x26/0x2a
 [<ffffffff813bc6bb>] wait_for_completion+0x18/0x1a
 [<ffffffff81101a03>] sync_inodes_sb+0xca/0x1bc
 [<ffffffff811056a6>] __sync_filesystem+0x47/0x7e
 [<ffffffff81105798>] sync_filesystem+0x47/0x4b
 [<ffffffff810e7ffd>] generic_shutdown_super+0x22/0xd2
 [<ffffffff810e80f8>] kill_anon_super+0x11/0x4f
 [<ffffffffa00d06d7>] nfs4_kill_super+0x3f/0x72 [nfs]
 [<ffffffff810e7b68>] deactivate_locked_super+0x21/0x41
 [<ffffffff810e7fd6>] deactivate_super+0x40/0x45
 [<ffffffff810fc66c>] mntput_no_expire+0xb8/0xed
 [<ffffffff810fc73b>] release_mounts+0x9a/0xb0
 [<ffffffff810fc7bb>] put_mnt_ns+0x6a/0x7b
 [<ffffffffa00d0fb2>] nfs_follow_remote_path+0x19a/0x296 [nfs]
 [<ffffffffa00d11ca>] nfs4_try_mount+0x75/0xaf [nfs]
 [<ffffffffa00d1790>] nfs4_get_sb+0x276/0x2ff [nfs]
 [<ffffffff810e7dba>] vfs_kern_mount+0xb8/0x196
 [<ffffffff810e7ef6>] do_kern_mount+0x48/0xe8
 [<ffffffff810fdf68>] do_mount+0x771/0x7e8
 [<ffffffff810fe062>] sys_mount+0x83/0xbd
 [<ffffffff810089c2>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b

The reason of this hang was a race condition: when the flusher thread is
forking a bdi thread, we use 'kthread_run()', so we run it _before_ we make it
visible in 'bdi->wb.task'. The bdi thread runs, does all works, and goes sleep.
'bdi->wb.task' is still NULL. And this is a dangerous time window.

If at this time someone queues a work for this bdi, he does not see the bdi
thread and wakes up the forker thread instead! But the forker has already
forked this bdi thread, but just did not make it visible yet!

The result is that we lose the wake up event for this bdi thread and the NFS4
code waits forever.

To fix the problem, we should use 'ktrhead_create()' for creating bdi threads,
then make them visible in 'bdi->wb.task', and only after this wake them up.
This is exactly what this patch does.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Split get_dirty_limits() into global_dirty_limits()+bdi_dirty_limit(), so
that the latter can be avoided when under global dirty background
threshold (which is the normal state for most systems).
Signed-off-by: NWu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix a bug where a lock is _bh nested within another _bh lock,
but forgets to use the _bh variant for unlock.

Further more, it's not necessary to test _bh locks, the inner lock
can just use spin_lock(). So fix up the bug by making that change.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

This patch makes sure we first initialize everything and set the BDI_registered
flag, and only after this we add the bdi to 'bdi_list'. Current code adds the
bdi to the list too early, and as a result I the

WARN(!test_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state)

in bdi forker is triggered. Also, it is in general good practice to make things
visible only when they are fully initialized.

Also, this patch does few micro clean-ups:
1. Removes the 'exit' label which does not do anything, just returns. This
   allows to get rid of few braces and 'ret' variable and make the code smaller.
2. If 'kthread_run()' fails, remove the error code it returns, not hard-coded
   '-ENOMEM'. Theoretically, some day 'kthread_run()' can return something
   else. Also, in case of failure it is not necessary to set 'bdi->wb.task' to
   NULL.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Add 2 new trace points to the periodic write-back wake up case, just like we do
in the 'bdi_queue_work()' function. Namely, introduce:

1. trace_writeback_wake_thread(bdi)
2. trace_writeback_wake_forker_thread(bdi)

The first event is triggered every time we wake up a bdi thread to start
periodic background write-out. The second event is triggered only when the bdi
thread does not exist and should be created by the forker thread.

This patch was suggested by Dave Chinner and Christoph Hellwig.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

The 'setup_timer()' function also calls 'init_timer()', so the extra
'init_timer()' call is not needed. Indeed, 'setup_timer()' is basically
'init_timer()' plus callback function and data pointers initialization.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Whe the first inode for a bdi is marked dirty, we wake up the bdi thread which
should take care of the periodic background write-out. However, the write-out
will actually start only 'dirty_writeback_interval' centisecs later, so we can
delay the wake-up.

This change was requested by Nick Piggin who pointed out that if we delay the
wake-up, we weed out 2 unnecessary contex switches, which matters because
'__mark_inode_dirty()' is a hot-path function.

This patch introduces a new function - 'bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed()', which
sets up a timer to wake-up the bdi thread and returns. So the wake-up is
delayed.

We also delete the timer in bdi threads just before writing-back. And
synchronously delete it when unregistering bdi. At the unregister point the bdi
does not have any users, so no one can arm it again.

Since now we take 'bdi->wb_lock' in the timer, which can execute in softirq
context, we have to use 'spin_lock_bh()' for 'bdi->wb_lock'. This patch makes
this change as well.

This patch also moves the 'bdi_wb_init()' function down in the file to avoid
forward-declaration of 'bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed()'.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Finally, we can get rid of unnecessary wake-ups in bdi threads, which are very
bad for battery-driven devices.

There are two types of activities bdi threads do:
1. process bdi works from the 'bdi->work_list'
2. periodic write-back

So there are 2 sources of wake-up events for bdi threads:

1. 'bdi_queue_work()' - submits bdi works
2. '__mark_inode_dirty()' - adds dirty I/O to bdi's

The former already has bdi wake-up code. The latter does not, and this patch
adds it.

'__mark_inode_dirty()' is hot-path function, but this patch adds another
'spin_lock(&bdi->wb_lock)' there. However, it is taken only in rare cases when
the bdi has no dirty inodes. So adding this spinlock should be fine and should
not affect performance.

This patch makes sure bdi threads and the forker thread do not wake-up if there
is nothing to do. The forker thread will nevertheless wake up at least every
5 min. to check whether it has to kill a bdi thread. This can also be optimized,
but is not worth it.

This patch also tidies up the warning about unregistered bid, and turns it from
an ugly crocodile to a simple 'WARN()' statement.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Currently, bdi threads can decide to exit if there were no useful activities
for 5 minutes. However, this causes nasty races: we can easily oops in the
'bdi_queue_work()' if the bdi thread decides to exit while we are waking it up.

And even if we do not oops, but the bdi tread exits immediately after we wake
it up, we'd lose the wake-up event and have an unnecessary delay (up to 5 secs)
in the bdi work processing.

This patch makes the forker thread to be the central place which not only
creates bdi threads, but also kills them if they were inactive long enough.
This better design-wise.

Another reason why this change was done is to prepare for the further changes
which will prevent the bdi threads from waking up every 5 sec and wasting
power. Indeed, when the task does not wake up periodically anymore, it won't be
able to exit either.

This patch also moves the the 'wake_up_bit()' call from the bdi thread to the
forker thread as well. So now the forker thread sets the BDI_pending bit, then
forks the task or kills it, then clears the bit and wakes up the waiting
process.

The only process which may wain on the bit is 'bdi_wb_shutdown()'. This
function was changed as well - now it first removes the bdi from the
'bdi_list', then waits on the 'BDI_pending' bit. Once it wakes up, it is
guaranteed that the forker thread won't race with it, because the bdi is not
visible. Note, the forker thread sets the 'BDI_pending' bit under the
'bdi->wb_lock' which is essential for proper serialization.

And additionally, when we change 'bdi->wb.task', we now take the
'bdi->work_lock', to make sure that we do not lose wake-ups which we otherwise
would when raced with, say, 'bdi_queue_work()'.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

This patch re-structures the bdi forker a little:
1. Add 'bdi_cap_flush_forker(bdi)' condition check to the bdi loop. The reason
   for this is that the forker thread can start _before_ the 'BDI_registered'
   flag is set (see 'bdi_register()'), so the WARN() statement will fire for
   the default bdi. I observed this warning at boot-up.

2. Introduce an enum 'action' and use "switch" statement in the outer loop.
   This is a preparation to the further patch which will teach the forker
   thread killing bdi threads, so we'll have another case in the "switch"
   statement. This change was suggested by Christoph Hellwig.

This patch is just a small step towards the coming change where the forker
thread will kill the bdi threads. It should simplify reviewing the following
changes, which would otherwise be larger.

This patch also amends comments a little.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

The forker thread removes bdis from 'bdi_list' before forking the bdi thread.
But this is wrong for at least 2 reasons.

Reason #1: if we temporary remove a bdi from the list, we may miss works which
           would otherwise be given to us.

Reason #2: this is racy; indeed, 'bdi_wb_shutdown()' expects that bdis are
           always in the 'bdi_list' (see 'bdi_remove_from_list()'), and when
           it races with the forker thread, it can shut down the bdi thread
           at the same time as the forker creates it.

This patch makes sure the forker thread never removes bdis from 'bdi_list'
(which was suggested by Christoph Hellwig).

In order to make sure that we do not race with 'bdi_wb_shutdown()', we have to
hold the 'bdi_lock' while walking the 'bdi_list' and setting the 'BDI_pending'
flag.

NOTE! The error path is interesting. Currently, when we fail to create a bdi
thread, we move the bdi to the tail of 'bdi_list'. But if we never remove the
bdi from the list, we cannot move it to the tail either, because then we can
mess up the RCU readers which walk the list. And also, we'll have the race
described above in "Reason #2".

But I not think that adding to the tail is any important so I just do not do
that.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

This patch simplifies bdi code a little by removing the 'pending_list' which is
redundant. Indeed, currently the forker thread ('bdi_forker_thread()') is
working like this:

1. In a loop, fetch all bdi's which have works but have no writeback thread and
   move them to the 'pending_list'.
2. If the list is empty, sleep for 5 sec.
3. Otherwise, take one bdi from the list, fork the writeback thread for this
   bdi, and repeat the loop.

IOW, it first moves everything to the 'pending_list', then process only one
element, and so on. This patch simplifies the algorithm, which is now as
follows.

1. Find the first bdi which has a work and remove it from the global list of
   bdi's (bdi_list).
2. If there was not such bdi, sleep 5 sec.
3. Fork the writeback thread for this bdi and repeat the loop.

IOW, now we find the first bdi to process, process it, and so on. This is
simpler and involves less lists.

The bonus now is that we can get rid of a couple of functions, as well as
remove complications which involve 'rcu_call()' and 'bdi->rcu_head'.

This patch also makes sure we use 'list_add_tail_rcu()', instead of plain
'list_add_tail()', but this piece of code is going to be removed in the next
patch anyway.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Currently, if someone submits jobs for the default bdi, we can lose wake-up
events. E.g., this can happen if 'bdi_queue_work()' is called when
'bdi_forker_thread()' is executing code after 'wb_do_writeback(me, 0)', but
before 'set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE)'.

This situation is unlikely, and the result is not very severe - we'll just
delay the execution of the work, but this is still not very nice.

This patch fixes the issue by checking whether the default bdi has works before
the forker thread goes sleep.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Currently the forker thread can lose wake-ups which may lead to unnecessary
delays in processing bdi works. E.g., consider the following scenario.

1. 'bdi_forker_thread()' walks the 'bdi_list', finds out there is nothing to
   do, and is about to finish the loop.
2. A bdi thread decides to exit because it was inactive for long time.
3. 'bdi_queue_work()' adds a work to the bdi which just exited, so it wakes up
   the forker thread.
4. but 'bdi_forker_thread()' executes 'set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE)'
   and goes sleep. We lose a wake-up.

Losing the wake-up is not fatal, but this means that the bdi work processing
will be delayed by up to 5 sec. This race is theoretical, I never hit it, but
it is worth fixing.

The fix is to execute 'set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE)' _before_ walking
'bdi_list', not after.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

This patch fixes a very unlikely race condition on the bdi forker thread error
path: when bdi thread creation fails, 'bdi->wb.task' may contain the error code
for a short period of time. If at the same time someone submits a work to this
bdi, we can end up with an oops 'bdi_queue_work()' while executing
'wake_up_process(wb->task)'.

This patch fixes the issue by introducing a temporary variable 'task' and
storing the possible error code there, so that 'wb->task' would never take
erroneous values.

Note, this race is very unlikely and I never hit it, so it is theoretical, but
nevertheless worth fixing.

This patch also merges 2 comments which were previously separate.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

The write-back code mixes words "thread" and "task" for the same things. This
is not a big deal, but still an inconsistency.

hch: a convention I tend to use and I've seen in various places
is to always use _task for the storage of the task_struct pointer,
and thread everywhere else.  This especially helps with having
foo_thread for the actual thread and foo_task for a global
variable keeping the task_struct pointer

This patch renames:
* 'bdi_add_default_flusher_task()' -> 'bdi_add_default_flusher_thread()'
* 'bdi_forker_task()'              -> 'bdi_forker_thread()'

because bdi threads are 'bdi_writeback_thread()', so these names are more
consistent.

This patch also amends commentaries and makes them refer the forker and bdi
threads as "thread", not "task".

Also, while on it, make 'bdi_add_default_flusher_thread()' declaration use
'static void' instead of 'void static' and make checkpatch.pl happy.
Signed-off-by: NArtem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Trace queue/sched/exec parts of the writeback loop. This provides
insight into when and why flusher threads are scheduled to run. e.g
a sync invocation leaves traces like:

     sync-[...]: writeback_queue: bdi 8:0: sb_dev 8:1 nr_pages=7712 sync_mode=0 kupdate=0 range_cyclic=0 background=0
flush-8:0-[...]: writeback_exec: bdi 8:0: sb_dev 8:1 nr_pages=7712 sync_mode=0 kupdate=0 range_cyclic=0 background=0

This also lays the foundation for adding more writeback tracing to
provide deeper insight into the whole writeback path.

The original tracing code is from Jens Axboe, though this version is
a rewrite as a result of the code being traced changing
significantly.
Signed-off-by: NDave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>

Move all code for the writeback thread into fs/fs-writeback.c instead of
splitting it over two functions in two files.
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>