rcu: Add a TINY_PREEMPT_RCU

Implement a small-memory-footprint uniprocessor-only implementation of
preemptible RCU.  This implementation uses but a single blocked-tasks
list rather than the combinatorial number used per leaf rcu_node by
TREE_PREEMPT_RCU, which reduces memory consumption and greatly simplifies
processing.  This version also takes advantage of uniprocessor execution
to accelerate grace periods in the case where there are no readers.

The general design is otherwise broadly similar to that of TREE_PREEMPT_RCU.

This implementation is a step towards having RCU implementation driven
off of the SMP and PREEMPT kernel configuration variables, which can
happen once this implementation has accumulated sufficient experience.

Removed ACCESS_ONCE() from __rcu_read_unlock() and added barrier() as
suggested by Steve Rostedt in order to avoid the compiler-reordering
issue noted by Mathieu Desnoyers (http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/8/16/183).

As can be seen below, CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU represents almost 5Kbyte
savings compared to CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU.  Of course, for non-real-time
workloads, CONFIG_TINY_RCU is even better.

	CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU

	   text	   data	    bss	    dec	   filename
	     13	      0	      0	     13	   kernel/rcupdate.o
	   6170	    825	     28	   7023	   kernel/rcutree.o
				   ----
				   7026    Total

	CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU

	   text	   data	    bss	    dec	   filename
	     13	      0	      0	     13	   kernel/rcupdate.o
	   2081	     81	      8	   2170	   kernel/rcutiny.o
				   ----
				   2183    Total

	CONFIG_TINY_RCU (non-preemptible)

	   text	   data	    bss	    dec	   filename
	     13	      0	      0	     13	   kernel/rcupdate.o
	    719	     25	      0	    744	   kernel/rcutiny.o
				    ---
				    757    Total
Requested-by: NLoïc Minier <loic.minier@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: NPaul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

include/linux/hardirq.h

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ static inline void account_system_vtime(struct task_struct *tsk)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(CONFIG_NO_HZ)
-#if defined(CONFIG_TINY_RCU)
+#if defined(CONFIG_TINY_RCU) || defined(CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU)
 extern void rcu_enter_nohz(void);
 extern void rcu_exit_nohz(void);
 

include/linux/init_task.h

@@ -82,11 +82,17 @@ extern struct group_info init_groups;
 # define CAP_INIT_BSET  CAP_FULL_SET
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
+#define INIT_TASK_RCU_TREE_PREEMPT()					\
+	.rcu_blocked_node = NULL,
+#else
+#define INIT_TASK_RCU_TREE_PREEMPT(tsk)
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU
 #define INIT_TASK_RCU_PREEMPT(tsk)					\
 	.rcu_read_lock_nesting = 0,					\
 	.rcu_read_unlock_special = 0,					\
-	.rcu_blocked_node = NULL,					\
-	.rcu_node_entry = LIST_HEAD_INIT(tsk.rcu_node_entry),
+	.rcu_node_entry = LIST_HEAD_INIT(tsk.rcu_node_entry),		\
+	INIT_TASK_RCU_TREE_PREEMPT()
 #else
 #define INIT_TASK_RCU_PREEMPT(tsk)
 #endif

include/linux/rcupdate.h

@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ struct rcu_head {
 };
 
 /* Exported common interfaces */
-extern void rcu_barrier(void);
 extern void rcu_barrier_bh(void);
 extern void rcu_barrier_sched(void);
 extern void synchronize_sched_expedited(void);
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ extern void rcu_init(void);
 
 #if defined(CONFIG_TREE_RCU) || defined(CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU)
 #include <linux/rcutree.h>
-#elif defined(CONFIG_TINY_RCU)
+#elif defined(CONFIG_TINY_RCU) || defined(CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU)
 #include <linux/rcutiny.h>
 #else
 #error "Unknown RCU implementation specified to kernel configuration"

include/linux/rcutiny.h

@@ -29,66 +29,51 @@
 
 void rcu_sched_qs(int cpu);
 void rcu_bh_qs(int cpu);
-static inline void rcu_note_context_switch(int cpu)
-{
-	rcu_sched_qs(cpu);
-}
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_TINY_RCU
 #define __rcu_read_lock()	preempt_disable()
 #define __rcu_read_unlock()	preempt_enable()
+#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_TINY_RCU */
+void __rcu_read_lock(void);
+void __rcu_read_unlock(void);
+#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_TINY_RCU */
 #define __rcu_read_lock_bh()	local_bh_disable()
 #define __rcu_read_unlock_bh()	local_bh_enable()
-#define call_rcu_sched		call_rcu
+extern void call_rcu_sched(struct rcu_head *head,
+			   void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu));
 
 #define rcu_init_sched()	do { } while (0)
-extern void rcu_check_callbacks(int cpu, int user);
 
-static inline int rcu_needs_cpu(int cpu)
-{
-	return 0;
-}
+extern void synchronize_sched(void);
 
-/*
- * Return the number of grace periods.
- */
-static inline long rcu_batches_completed(void)
-{
-	return 0;
-}
+#ifdef CONFIG_TINY_RCU
 
-/*
- * Return the number of bottom-half grace periods.
- */
-static inline long rcu_batches_completed_bh(void)
-{
-	return 0;
-}
+#define call_rcu		call_rcu_sched
 
-static inline void rcu_force_quiescent_state(void)
+static inline void synchronize_rcu(void)
 {
+	synchronize_sched();
 }
 
-static inline void rcu_bh_force_quiescent_state(void)
+static inline void synchronize_rcu_expedited(void)
 {
+	synchronize_sched();	/* Only one CPU, so pretty fast anyway!!! */
 }
 
-static inline void rcu_sched_force_quiescent_state(void)
+static inline void rcu_barrier(void)
 {
+	rcu_barrier_sched();  /* Only one CPU, so only one list of callbacks! */
 }
 
-extern void synchronize_sched(void);
+#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_TINY_RCU */
 
-static inline void synchronize_rcu(void)
-{
-	synchronize_sched();
-}
+void synchronize_rcu(void);
+void rcu_barrier(void);
+void synchronize_rcu_expedited(void);
 
-static inline void synchronize_rcu_bh(void)
-{
-	synchronize_sched();
-}
+#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_TINY_RCU */
 
-static inline void synchronize_rcu_expedited(void)
+static inline void synchronize_rcu_bh(void)
 {
 	synchronize_sched();
 }
@@ -117,15 +102,82 @@ static inline void rcu_exit_nohz(void)
 
 #endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ */
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_TINY_RCU
+
+static inline void rcu_preempt_note_context_switch(void)
+{
+}
+
 static inline void exit_rcu(void)
 {
 }
 
+static inline int rcu_needs_cpu(int cpu)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static inline int rcu_preempt_depth(void)
 {
 	return 0;
 }
 
+#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_TINY_RCU */
+
+void rcu_preempt_note_context_switch(void);
+extern void exit_rcu(void);
+int rcu_preempt_needs_cpu(void);
+
+static inline int rcu_needs_cpu(int cpu)
+{
+	return rcu_preempt_needs_cpu();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Defined as macro as it is a very low level header
+ * included from areas that don't even know about current
+ * FIXME: combine with include/linux/rcutree.h into rcupdate.h.
+ */
+#define rcu_preempt_depth() (current->rcu_read_lock_nesting)
+
+#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_TINY_RCU */
+
+static inline void rcu_note_context_switch(int cpu)
+{
+	rcu_sched_qs(cpu);
+	rcu_preempt_note_context_switch();
+}
+
+extern void rcu_check_callbacks(int cpu, int user);
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of grace periods.
+ */
+static inline long rcu_batches_completed(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of bottom-half grace periods.
+ */
+static inline long rcu_batches_completed_bh(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void rcu_force_quiescent_state(void)
+{
+}
+
+static inline void rcu_bh_force_quiescent_state(void)
+{
+}
+
+static inline void rcu_sched_force_quiescent_state(void)
+{
+}
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC
 
 extern int rcu_scheduler_active __read_mostly;

include/linux/rcutree.h

@@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ static inline void synchronize_rcu_bh_expedited(void)
 	synchronize_sched_expedited();
 }
 
+extern void rcu_barrier(void);
+
 extern void rcu_check_callbacks(int cpu, int user);
 
 extern long rcu_batches_completed(void);

include/linux/sched.h

@@ -1202,11 +1202,13 @@ struct task_struct {
 	unsigned int policy;
 	cpumask_t cpus_allowed;
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
+#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU
 	int rcu_read_lock_nesting;
 	char rcu_read_unlock_special;
-	struct rcu_node *rcu_blocked_node;
 	struct list_head rcu_node_entry;
+#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU */
+#ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
+	struct rcu_node *rcu_blocked_node;
 #endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU */
 
 #if defined(CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS) || defined(CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT)
@@ -1740,7 +1742,7 @@ extern void thread_group_times(struct task_struct *p, cputime_t *ut, cputime_t *
 #define tsk_used_math(p) ((p)->flags & PF_USED_MATH)
 #define used_math() tsk_used_math(current)
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
+#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU
 
 #define RCU_READ_UNLOCK_BLOCKED (1 << 0) /* blocked while in RCU read-side. */
 #define RCU_READ_UNLOCK_NEED_QS (1 << 1) /* RCU core needs CPU response. */
@@ -1749,7 +1751,9 @@ static inline void rcu_copy_process(struct task_struct *p)
 {
 	p->rcu_read_lock_nesting = 0;
 	p->rcu_read_unlock_special = 0;
+#ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
 	p->rcu_blocked_node = NULL;
+#endif
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->rcu_node_entry);
 }
 

init/Kconfig

@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ config TREE_RCU
 	  smaller systems.
 
 config TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
-	bool "Preemptable tree-based hierarchical RCU"
+	bool "Preemptible tree-based hierarchical RCU"
 	depends on PREEMPT
 	help
 	  This option selects the RCU implementation that is
@@ -366,8 +366,22 @@ config TINY_RCU
 	  is not required.  This option greatly reduces the
 	  memory footprint of RCU.
 
+config TINY_PREEMPT_RCU
+	bool "Preemptible UP-only small-memory-footprint RCU"
+	depends on !SMP && PREEMPT
+	help
+	  This option selects the RCU implementation that is designed
+	  for real-time UP systems.  This option greatly reduces the
+	  memory footprint of RCU.
+
 endchoice
 
+config PREEMPT_RCU
+	def_bool ( TREE_PREEMPT_RCU || TINY_PREEMPT_RCU )
+	help
+	  This option enables preemptible-RCU code that is common between
+	  the TREE_PREEMPT_RCU and TINY_PREEMPT_RCU implementations.
+
 config RCU_TRACE
 	bool "Enable tracing for RCU"
 	depends on TREE_RCU || TREE_PREEMPT_RCU

kernel/Makefile

@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_TREE_RCU) += rcutree.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU) += rcutree.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_TREE_RCU_TRACE) += rcutree_trace.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_TINY_RCU) += rcutiny.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU) += rcutiny.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_RELAY) += relay.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SYSCTL) += utsname_sysctl.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT) += delayacct.o

kernel/rcutiny.c

@@ -59,6 +59,14 @@ int rcu_scheduler_active __read_mostly;
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rcu_scheduler_active);
 #endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC */
 
+/* Forward declarations for rcutiny_plugin.h. */
+static void __rcu_process_callbacks(struct rcu_ctrlblk *rcp);
+static void __call_rcu(struct rcu_head *head,
+		       void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu),
+		       struct rcu_ctrlblk *rcp);
+
+#include "rcutiny_plugin.h"
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ
 
 static long rcu_dynticks_nesting = 1;
@@ -140,6 +148,7 @@ void rcu_check_callbacks(int cpu, int user)
 		rcu_sched_qs(cpu);
 	else if (!in_softirq())
 		rcu_bh_qs(cpu);
+	rcu_preempt_check_callbacks();
 }
 
 /*
@@ -162,6 +171,7 @@ static void __rcu_process_callbacks(struct rcu_ctrlblk *rcp)
 	*rcp->donetail = NULL;
 	if (rcp->curtail == rcp->donetail)
 		rcp->curtail = &rcp->rcucblist;
+	rcu_preempt_remove_callbacks(rcp);
 	rcp->donetail = &rcp->rcucblist;
 	local_irq_restore(flags);
 
@@ -182,6 +192,7 @@ static void rcu_process_callbacks(struct softirq_action *unused)
 {
 	__rcu_process_callbacks(&rcu_sched_ctrlblk);
 	__rcu_process_callbacks(&rcu_bh_ctrlblk);
+	rcu_preempt_process_callbacks();
 }
 
 /*
@@ -223,15 +234,15 @@ static void __call_rcu(struct rcu_head *head,
 }
 
 /*
- * Post an RCU callback to be invoked after the end of an RCU grace
+ * Post an RCU callback to be invoked after the end of an RCU-sched grace
  * period.  But since we have but one CPU, that would be after any
  * quiescent state.
  */
-void call_rcu(struct rcu_head *head, void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu))
+void call_rcu_sched(struct rcu_head *head, void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu))
 {
 	__call_rcu(head, func, &rcu_sched_ctrlblk);
 }
-EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(call_rcu);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(call_rcu_sched);
 
 /*
  * Post an RCU bottom-half callback to be invoked after any subsequent
@@ -243,20 +254,6 @@ void call_rcu_bh(struct rcu_head *head, void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu))
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(call_rcu_bh);
 
-void rcu_barrier(void)
-{
-	struct rcu_synchronize rcu;
-
-	init_rcu_head_on_stack(&rcu.head);
-	init_completion(&rcu.completion);
-	/* Will wake me after RCU finished. */
-	call_rcu(&rcu.head, wakeme_after_rcu);
-	/* Wait for it. */
-	wait_for_completion(&rcu.completion);
-	destroy_rcu_head_on_stack(&rcu.head);
-}
-EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rcu_barrier);
-
 void rcu_barrier_bh(void)
 {
 	struct rcu_synchronize rcu;
@@ -289,5 +286,3 @@ void __init rcu_init(void)
 {
 	open_softirq(RCU_SOFTIRQ, rcu_process_callbacks);
 }
-
-#include "rcutiny_plugin.h"

kernel/rcutiny_plugin.h

 /*
- * Read-Copy Update mechanism for mutual exclusion (tree-based version)
+ * Read-Copy Update mechanism for mutual exclusion, the Bloatwatch edition
  * Internal non-public definitions that provide either classic
- * or preemptable semantics.
+ * or preemptible semantics.
  *
  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -17,11 +17,587 @@
  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
  *
- * Copyright IBM Corporation, 2009
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 Linaro
  *
  * Author: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
  */
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU
+
+#include <linux/delay.h>
+
+/* FIXME: merge with definitions in kernel/rcutree.h. */
+#define ULONG_CMP_GE(a, b)	(ULONG_MAX / 2 >= (a) - (b))
+#define ULONG_CMP_LT(a, b)	(ULONG_MAX / 2 < (a) - (b))
+
+/* Global control variables for preemptible RCU. */
+struct rcu_preempt_ctrlblk {
+	struct rcu_ctrlblk rcb;	/* curtail: ->next ptr of last CB for GP. */
+	struct rcu_head **nexttail;
+				/* Tasks blocked in a preemptible RCU */
+				/*  read-side critical section while an */
+				/*  preemptible-RCU grace period is in */
+				/*  progress must wait for a later grace */
+				/*  period.  This pointer points to the */
+				/*  ->next pointer of the last task that */
+				/*  must wait for a later grace period, or */
+				/*  to &->rcb.rcucblist if there is no */
+				/*  such task. */
+	struct list_head blkd_tasks;
+				/* Tasks blocked in RCU read-side critical */
+				/*  section.  Tasks are placed at the head */
+				/*  of this list and age towards the tail. */
+	struct list_head *gp_tasks;
+				/* Pointer to the first task blocking the */
+				/*  current grace period, or NULL if there */
+				/*  is not such task. */
+	struct list_head *exp_tasks;
+				/* Pointer to first task blocking the */
+				/*  current expedited grace period, or NULL */
+				/*  if there is no such task.  If there */
+				/*  is no current expedited grace period, */
+				/*  then there cannot be any such task. */
+	u8 gpnum;		/* Current grace period. */
+	u8 gpcpu;		/* Last grace period blocked by the CPU. */
+	u8 completed;		/* Last grace period completed. */
+				/*  If all three are equal, RCU is idle. */
+};
+
+static struct rcu_preempt_ctrlblk rcu_preempt_ctrlblk = {
+	.rcb.donetail = &rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.rcucblist,
+	.rcb.curtail = &rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.rcucblist,
+	.nexttail = &rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.rcucblist,
+	.blkd_tasks = LIST_HEAD_INIT(rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.blkd_tasks),
+};
+
+static int rcu_preempted_readers_exp(void);
+static void rcu_report_exp_done(void);
+
+/*
+ * Return true if the CPU has not yet responded to the current grace period.
+ */
+static int rcu_cpu_cur_gp(void)
+{
+	return rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gpcpu != rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gpnum;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check for a running RCU reader.  Because there is only one CPU,
+ * there can be but one running RCU reader at a time.  ;-)
+ */
+static int rcu_preempt_running_reader(void)
+{
+	return current->rcu_read_lock_nesting;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check for preempted RCU readers blocking any grace period.
+ * If the caller needs a reliable answer, it must disable hard irqs.
+ */
+static int rcu_preempt_blocked_readers_any(void)
+{
+	return !list_empty(&rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.blkd_tasks);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check for preempted RCU readers blocking the current grace period.
+ * If the caller needs a reliable answer, it must disable hard irqs.
+ */
+static int rcu_preempt_blocked_readers_cgp(void)
+{
+	return rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gp_tasks != NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return true if another preemptible-RCU grace period is needed.
+ */
+static int rcu_preempt_needs_another_gp(void)
+{
+	return *rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.curtail != NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return true if a preemptible-RCU grace period is in progress.
+ * The caller must disable hardirqs.
+ */
+static int rcu_preempt_gp_in_progress(void)
+{
+	return rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.completed != rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gpnum;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Record a preemptible-RCU quiescent state for the specified CPU.  Note
+ * that this just means that the task currently running on the CPU is
+ * in a quiescent state.  There might be any number of tasks blocked
+ * while in an RCU read-side critical section.
+ *
+ * Unlike the other rcu_*_qs() functions, callers to this function
+ * must disable irqs in order to protect the assignment to
+ * ->rcu_read_unlock_special.
+ *
+ * Because this is a single-CPU implementation, the only way a grace
+ * period can end is if the CPU is in a quiescent state.  The reason is
+ * that a blocked preemptible-RCU reader can exit its critical section
+ * only if the CPU is running it at the time.  Therefore, when the
+ * last task blocking the current grace period exits its RCU read-side
+ * critical section, neither the CPU nor blocked tasks will be stopping
+ * the current grace period.  (In contrast, SMP implementations
+ * might have CPUs running in RCU read-side critical sections that
+ * block later grace periods -- but this is not possible given only
+ * one CPU.)
+ */
+static void rcu_preempt_cpu_qs(void)
+{
+	/* Record both CPU and task as having responded to current GP. */
+	rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gpcpu = rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gpnum;
+	current->rcu_read_unlock_special &= ~RCU_READ_UNLOCK_NEED_QS;
+
+	/*
+	 * If there is no GP, or if blocked readers are still blocking GP,
+	 * then there is nothing more to do.
+	 */
+	if (!rcu_preempt_gp_in_progress() || rcu_preempt_blocked_readers_cgp())
+		return;
+
+	/* Advance callbacks. */
+	rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.completed = rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gpnum;
+	rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.donetail = rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.curtail;
+	rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.curtail = rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.nexttail;
+
+	/* If there are no blocked readers, next GP is done instantly. */
+	if (!rcu_preempt_blocked_readers_any())
+		rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.donetail = rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.nexttail;
+
+	/* If there are done callbacks, make RCU_SOFTIRQ process them. */
+	if (*rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.donetail != NULL)
+		raise_softirq(RCU_SOFTIRQ);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Start a new RCU grace period if warranted.  Hard irqs must be disabled.
+ */
+static void rcu_preempt_start_gp(void)
+{
+	if (!rcu_preempt_gp_in_progress() && rcu_preempt_needs_another_gp()) {
+
+		/* Official start of GP. */
+		rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gpnum++;
+
+		/* Any blocked RCU readers block new GP. */
+		if (rcu_preempt_blocked_readers_any())
+			rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gp_tasks =
+				rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.blkd_tasks.next;
+
+		/* If there is no running reader, CPU is done with GP. */
+		if (!rcu_preempt_running_reader())
+			rcu_preempt_cpu_qs();
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * We have entered the scheduler, and the current task might soon be
+ * context-switched away from.  If this task is in an RCU read-side
+ * critical section, we will no longer be able to rely on the CPU to
+ * record that fact, so we enqueue the task on the blkd_tasks list.
+ * If the task started after the current grace period began, as recorded
+ * by ->gpcpu, we enqueue at the beginning of the list.  Otherwise
+ * before the element referenced by ->gp_tasks (or at the tail if
+ * ->gp_tasks is NULL) and point ->gp_tasks at the newly added element.
+ * The task will dequeue itself when it exits the outermost enclosing
+ * RCU read-side critical section.  Therefore, the current grace period
+ * cannot be permitted to complete until the ->gp_tasks pointer becomes
+ * NULL.
+ *
+ * Caller must disable preemption.
+ */
+void rcu_preempt_note_context_switch(void)
+{
+	struct task_struct *t = current;
+	unsigned long flags;
+
+	local_irq_save(flags); /* must exclude scheduler_tick(). */
+	if (rcu_preempt_running_reader() &&
+	    (t->rcu_read_unlock_special & RCU_READ_UNLOCK_BLOCKED) == 0) {
+
+		/* Possibly blocking in an RCU read-side critical section. */
+		t->rcu_read_unlock_special |= RCU_READ_UNLOCK_BLOCKED;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this CPU has already checked in, then this task
+		 * will hold up the next grace period rather than the
+		 * current grace period.  Queue the task accordingly.
+		 * If the task is queued for the current grace period
+		 * (i.e., this CPU has not yet passed through a quiescent
+		 * state for the current grace period), then as long
+		 * as that task remains queued, the current grace period
+		 * cannot end.
+		 */
+		list_add(&t->rcu_node_entry, &rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.blkd_tasks);
+		if (rcu_cpu_cur_gp())
+			rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gp_tasks = &t->rcu_node_entry;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Either we were not in an RCU read-side critical section to
+	 * begin with, or we have now recorded that critical section
+	 * globally.  Either way, we can now note a quiescent state
+	 * for this CPU.  Again, if we were in an RCU read-side critical
+	 * section, and if that critical section was blocking the current
+	 * grace period, then the fact that the task has been enqueued
+	 * means that current grace period continues to be blocked.
+	 */
+	rcu_preempt_cpu_qs();
+	local_irq_restore(flags);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Tiny-preemptible RCU implementation for rcu_read_lock().
+ * Just increment ->rcu_read_lock_nesting, shared state will be updated
+ * if we block.
+ */
+void __rcu_read_lock(void)
+{
+	current->rcu_read_lock_nesting++;
+	barrier();  /* needed if we ever invoke rcu_read_lock in rcutiny.c */
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__rcu_read_lock);
+
+/*
+ * Handle special cases during rcu_read_unlock(), such as needing to
+ * notify RCU core processing or task having blocked during the RCU
+ * read-side critical section.
+ */
+static void rcu_read_unlock_special(struct task_struct *t)
+{
+	int empty;
+	int empty_exp;
+	unsigned long flags;
+	struct list_head *np;
+	int special;
+
+	/*
+	 * NMI handlers cannot block and cannot safely manipulate state.
+	 * They therefore cannot possibly be special, so just leave.
+	 */
+	if (in_nmi())
+		return;
+
+	local_irq_save(flags);
+
+	/*
+	 * If RCU core is waiting for this CPU to exit critical section,
+	 * let it know that we have done so.
+	 */
+	special = t->rcu_read_unlock_special;
+	if (special & RCU_READ_UNLOCK_NEED_QS)
+		rcu_preempt_cpu_qs();
+
+	/* Hardware IRQ handlers cannot block. */
+	if (in_irq()) {
+		local_irq_restore(flags);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up if blocked during RCU read-side critical section. */
+	if (special & RCU_READ_UNLOCK_BLOCKED) {
+		t->rcu_read_unlock_special &= ~RCU_READ_UNLOCK_BLOCKED;
+
+		/*
+		 * Remove this task from the ->blkd_tasks list and adjust
+		 * any pointers that might have been referencing it.
+		 */
+		empty = !rcu_preempt_blocked_readers_cgp();
+		empty_exp = rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.exp_tasks == NULL;
+		np = t->rcu_node_entry.next;
+		if (np == &rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.blkd_tasks)
+			np = NULL;
+		list_del(&t->rcu_node_entry);
+		if (&t->rcu_node_entry == rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gp_tasks)
+			rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.gp_tasks = np;
+		if (&t->rcu_node_entry == rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.exp_tasks)
+			rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.exp_tasks = np;
+		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&t->rcu_node_entry);
+
+		/*
+		 * If this was the last task on the current list, and if
+		 * we aren't waiting on the CPU, report the quiescent state
+		 * and start a new grace period if needed.
+		 */
+		if (!empty && !rcu_preempt_blocked_readers_cgp()) {
+			rcu_preempt_cpu_qs();
+			rcu_preempt_start_gp();
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * If this was the last task on the expedited lists,
+		 * then we need wake up the waiting task.
+		 */
+		if (!empty_exp && rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.exp_tasks == NULL)
+			rcu_report_exp_done();
+	}
+	local_irq_restore(flags);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Tiny-preemptible RCU implementation for rcu_read_unlock().
+ * Decrement ->rcu_read_lock_nesting.  If the result is zero (outermost
+ * rcu_read_unlock()) and ->rcu_read_unlock_special is non-zero, then
+ * invoke rcu_read_unlock_special() to clean up after a context switch
+ * in an RCU read-side critical section and other special cases.
+ */
+void __rcu_read_unlock(void)
+{
+	struct task_struct *t = current;
+
+	barrier();  /* needed if we ever invoke rcu_read_unlock in rcutiny.c */
+	--t->rcu_read_lock_nesting;
+	barrier();  /* decrement before load of ->rcu_read_unlock_special */
+	if (t->rcu_read_lock_nesting == 0 &&
+	    unlikely(ACCESS_ONCE(t->rcu_read_unlock_special)))
+		rcu_read_unlock_special(t);
+#ifdef CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING
+	WARN_ON_ONCE(t->rcu_read_lock_nesting < 0);
+#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING */
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__rcu_read_unlock);
+
+/*
+ * Check for a quiescent state from the current CPU.  When a task blocks,
+ * the task is recorded in the rcu_preempt_ctrlblk structure, which is
+ * checked elsewhere.  This is called from the scheduling-clock interrupt.
+ *
+ * Caller must disable hard irqs.
+ */
+static void rcu_preempt_check_callbacks(void)
+{
+	struct task_struct *t = current;
+
+	if (!rcu_preempt_running_reader() && rcu_preempt_gp_in_progress())
+		rcu_preempt_cpu_qs();
+	if (&rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.rcucblist !=
+	    rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.donetail)
+		raise_softirq(RCU_SOFTIRQ);
+	if (rcu_preempt_gp_in_progress() && rcu_preempt_running_reader())
+		t->rcu_read_unlock_special |= RCU_READ_UNLOCK_NEED_QS;
+}
+
+/*
+ * TINY_PREEMPT_RCU has an extra callback-list tail pointer to
+ * update, so this is invoked from __rcu_process_callbacks() to
+ * handle that case.  Of course, it is invoked for all flavors of
+ * RCU, but RCU callbacks can appear only on one of the lists, and
+ * neither ->nexttail nor ->donetail can possibly be NULL, so there
+ * is no need for an explicit check.
+ */
+static void rcu_preempt_remove_callbacks(struct rcu_ctrlblk *rcp)
+{
+	if (rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.nexttail == rcp->donetail)
+		rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.nexttail = &rcp->rcucblist;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Process callbacks for preemptible RCU.
+ */
+static void rcu_preempt_process_callbacks(void)
+{
+	__rcu_process_callbacks(&rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Queue a preemptible -RCU callback for invocation after a grace period.
+ */
+void call_rcu(struct rcu_head *head, void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu))
+{
+	unsigned long flags;
+
+	debug_rcu_head_queue(head);
+	head->func = func;
+	head->next = NULL;
+
+	local_irq_save(flags);
+	*rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.nexttail = head;
+	rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.nexttail = &head->next;
+	rcu_preempt_start_gp();  /* checks to see if GP needed. */
+	local_irq_restore(flags);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(call_rcu);
+
+void rcu_barrier(void)
+{
+	struct rcu_synchronize rcu;
+
+	init_rcu_head_on_stack(&rcu.head);
+	init_completion(&rcu.completion);
+	/* Will wake me after RCU finished. */
+	call_rcu(&rcu.head, wakeme_after_rcu);
+	/* Wait for it. */
+	wait_for_completion(&rcu.completion);
+	destroy_rcu_head_on_stack(&rcu.head);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rcu_barrier);
+
+/*
+ * synchronize_rcu - wait until a grace period has elapsed.
+ *
+ * Control will return to the caller some time after a full grace
+ * period has elapsed, in other words after all currently executing RCU
+ * read-side critical sections have completed.  RCU read-side critical
+ * sections are delimited by rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock(),
+ * and may be nested.
+ */
+void synchronize_rcu(void)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC
+	if (!rcu_scheduler_active)
+		return;
+#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC */
+
+	WARN_ON_ONCE(rcu_preempt_running_reader());
+	if (!rcu_preempt_blocked_readers_any())
+		return;
+
+	/* Once we get past the fastpath checks, same code as rcu_barrier(). */
+	rcu_barrier();
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(synchronize_rcu);
+
+static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(sync_rcu_preempt_exp_wq);
+static unsigned long sync_rcu_preempt_exp_count;
+static DEFINE_MUTEX(sync_rcu_preempt_exp_mutex);
+
+/*
+ * Return non-zero if there are any tasks in RCU read-side critical
+ * sections blocking the current preemptible-RCU expedited grace period.
+ * If there is no preemptible-RCU expedited grace period currently in
+ * progress, returns zero unconditionally.
+ */
+static int rcu_preempted_readers_exp(void)
+{
+	return rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.exp_tasks != NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Report the exit from RCU read-side critical section for the last task
+ * that queued itself during or before the current expedited preemptible-RCU
+ * grace period.
+ */
+static void rcu_report_exp_done(void)
+{
+	wake_up(&sync_rcu_preempt_exp_wq);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Wait for an rcu-preempt grace period, but expedite it.  The basic idea
+ * is to rely in the fact that there is but one CPU, and that it is
+ * illegal for a task to invoke synchronize_rcu_expedited() while in a
+ * preemptible-RCU read-side critical section.  Therefore, any such
+ * critical sections must correspond to blocked tasks, which must therefore
+ * be on the ->blkd_tasks list.  So just record the current head of the
+ * list in the ->exp_tasks pointer, and wait for all tasks including and
+ * after the task pointed to by ->exp_tasks to drain.
+ */
+void synchronize_rcu_expedited(void)
+{
+	unsigned long flags;
+	struct rcu_preempt_ctrlblk *rpcp = &rcu_preempt_ctrlblk;
+	unsigned long snap;
+
+	barrier(); /* ensure prior action seen before grace period. */
+
+	WARN_ON_ONCE(rcu_preempt_running_reader());
+
+	/*
+	 * Acquire lock so that there is only one preemptible RCU grace
+	 * period in flight.  Of course, if someone does the expedited
+	 * grace period for us while we are acquiring the lock, just leave.
+	 */
+	snap = sync_rcu_preempt_exp_count + 1;
+	mutex_lock(&sync_rcu_preempt_exp_mutex);
+	if (ULONG_CMP_LT(snap, sync_rcu_preempt_exp_count))
+		goto unlock_mb_ret; /* Others did our work for us. */
+
+	local_irq_save(flags);
+
+	/*
+	 * All RCU readers have to already be on blkd_tasks because
+	 * we cannot legally be executing in an RCU read-side critical
+	 * section.
+	 */
+
+	/* Snapshot current head of ->blkd_tasks list. */
+	rpcp->exp_tasks = rpcp->blkd_tasks.next;
+	if (rpcp->exp_tasks == &rpcp->blkd_tasks)
+		rpcp->exp_tasks = NULL;
+	local_irq_restore(flags);
+
+	/* Wait for tail of ->blkd_tasks list to drain. */
+	if (rcu_preempted_readers_exp())
+		wait_event(sync_rcu_preempt_exp_wq,
+			   !rcu_preempted_readers_exp());
+
+	/* Clean up and exit. */
+	barrier(); /* ensure expedited GP seen before counter increment. */
+	sync_rcu_preempt_exp_count++;
+unlock_mb_ret:
+	mutex_unlock(&sync_rcu_preempt_exp_mutex);
+	barrier(); /* ensure subsequent action seen after grace period. */
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(synchronize_rcu_expedited);
+
+/*
+ * Does preemptible RCU need the CPU to stay out of dynticks mode?
+ */
+int rcu_preempt_needs_cpu(void)
+{
+	if (!rcu_preempt_running_reader())
+		rcu_preempt_cpu_qs();
+	return rcu_preempt_ctrlblk.rcb.rcucblist != NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check for a task exiting while in a preemptible -RCU read-side
+ * critical section, clean up if so.  No need to issue warnings,
+ * as debug_check_no_locks_held() already does this if lockdep
+ * is enabled.
+ */
+void exit_rcu(void)
+{
+	struct task_struct *t = current;
+
+	if (t->rcu_read_lock_nesting == 0)
+		return;
+	t->rcu_read_lock_nesting = 1;
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+}
+
+#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU */
+
+/*
+ * Because preemptible RCU does not exist, it never has any callbacks
+ * to check.
+ */
+static void rcu_preempt_check_callbacks(void)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ * Because preemptible RCU does not exist, it never has any callbacks
+ * to remove.
+ */
+static void rcu_preempt_remove_callbacks(struct rcu_ctrlblk *rcp)
+{
+}
+
+/*
+ * Because preemptible RCU does not exist, it never has any callbacks
+ * to process.
+ */
+static void rcu_preempt_process_callbacks(void)
+{
+}
+
+#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU */
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC
 
 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>